Axse operatsiyasi - Operation Achse
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| Axse operatsiyasi | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qismi Italiya aksiyasi ning Ikkinchi jahon urushi | |||||||
 Asirga tushayotgan qurolsizlangan italiyalik askarlar Bolzano. | |||||||
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| Urushayotganlar | |||||||
 Italiya |  Germaniya Xorvatiya Ruminiya | ||||||
| Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar | |||||||
| Vittorio Ambrosio Mario Roatta Ezio Rosi (Asir) Mario Vercellino (Asir) | Albert Kesselring Ervin Rommel Gerd fon Rundstedt Maksimilian fon Vayxs Aleksandr Lyor Miroslav Navratil Horia Macellariu | ||||||
| Kuch | |||||||
| 60 bo'lim (Italiyada 26, Bolqonda 31, Frantsiyada 3 ta) | 40 ta bo'lim (Italiyada 17 ta, Bolqonda 19 ta, Frantsiyada 4 ta) | ||||||
| Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar | |||||||
| 20,000–30,000 o'ldirilgan 1.006.370 qurolsizlantirilgan Nemislar tomonidan ushlangan: 977 zirhli texnika 16 631 ta transport vositasi 17 058 ta artilleriya qurollari va minomyotlar ko'plab harbiy kemalar Ruminlar tomonidan ushlangan: 5 ta o'rta suv osti kemalari | Noma'lum | ||||||
Axse operatsiyasi (Nemis: Kuz Achse, "Case Eksa ") deb nomlangan Ishlash Alarik (Nemis: Unternehmen Alarich), italiyalik fashistlar tomonidan majburan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Germaniya operatsiyasi uchun kod nomi edi qurolsizlantirish Italiyadan keyin Italiya qurolli kuchlari sulh bilan Ittifoqchilar 1943 yil 3 sentyabrda. Nemislar bir necha kun ichida bir milliondan ortiq italyan qo'shinlarini qurolsizlantirdilar va Italiya harbiylari va davlatlarini yo'q qildilar.
Yiqilgandan keyin bir nechta Germaniya bo'linmalari Italiyaga kirib keldi Benito Mussolini 1943 yil iyulda, Italiya rasmiy ravishda hali ham Germaniyaning ittifoqchisi bo'lgan, yangi Italiya hukumatining noroziligiga qaramay Pietro Badoglio. The Kassibil sulh 8 sentyabr kuni ommaga ma'lum bo'ldi. Germaniya kuchlari Italiyadagi okkupatsiya zonalarini egallab olish uchun tez harakat qildilar Bolqon va janubiy Frantsiya va Italiyadagi italyan kuchlarini qurolsizlantirish uchun.
Ba'zi hollarda, ustun buyruqlarga ega bo'lmagan va ko'plab qochqinliklarga duch kelgan italyan qo'shinlari, ayniqsa, Yunoniston orolida nemislarga qarshilik ko'rsatdilar. Tsefaloniya, bu erda 5100 dan ortiq erkak 33-chi Acqui Bo'lim edi qirg'in qilingan o'q-dorilar tugagandan va taslim bo'lgandan keyin; yilda Rim, qirol oilasi va hukumat qochib ketganidan so'ng, poytaxt atrofida joylashgan italyan qo'shinlari tomonidan uyushtirilmagan mudofaa nemis hujumini engishga qodir emas edi. Bundan tashqari, alohida askarlar yoki butun birliklar, masalan 24-chi Pinerolo Bo'lim yilda Thessaly, mahalliy qarshilik harakatlariga o'tdi. Faqatgina Sardiniya, Korsika, Kalabriya va janubiy qismida Apuliya italiyalik qo'shinlar muvaffaqiyatli qarshilik ko'rsatishga va ittifoqchilar kelguniga qadar nemislarni ushlab turishga qodir edilar.
Germaniya rejasi
Birinchi nemis jangovar bo'linmalari Italiyaga ittifoqchilarning Italiya tuprog'iga ehtimoliy hujumidan mudofaasini kuchaytirish uchun yuborilgan edi, Germaniya va Italiya esa hali ham ittifoqdosh edilar. Italiyada nemis bo'linmalarini yaratish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishning so'nggi bosqichida qabul qilindi Tunis kampaniyasi; 1943 yil 9-mayda, ikki kundan keyin Tunisning qulashi, Germaniya oliy qo'mondonligi (OKW ) Italiya oliy qo'mondonligiga (Comando Supremo) uchta yangi Germaniya bo'linmasi tuzilishi haqida xabar berdi, asosan, ikkinchi darajali Germaniya birliklari evakuatsiya qilingan. Shimoliy Afrika. Ular Sardiniya qo'mondonligi (keyinroq) bo'ladi 90-chi engil piyoda diviziyasi ), Sitsiliya qo'mondonligi (keyinchalik 15-piyoda diviziyasi ) va "tayyor zaxira". Adolf Gitler shubhali kishiga yozgan Benito Mussolini chunki ular kuchaytirishga muhtoj zaif birliklar bo'lganligi sababli, Frantsiyadan yana ikkita nemis bo'linmasi yuboriladi. The Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Gyoring 1943 yil may oyining o'rtalarida kelib, Sitsiliyaga jo'natildi va 16-Panzer divizioni iyun boshida kelgan va g'arbga jo'natilgan Bari. 19 may kuni generalning shtab-kvartirasi Xans Xub "s XIV Panzer korpusi shuningdek, Janubiy Bosh qo'mondonning qo'mondonlik tarkibini mustahkamlash uchun Frantsiyadan yuborilgan (Oberbefehlshaber Süd), Feldmarshal Albert Kesselring.
1943 yil 20-may kuni Gitler o'zining shtab-kvartirasida uzoq davom etgan muhokamada fashistlar hukumatining siyosiy barqarorligi va italiyalik ittifoqdoshining qulashi xavfi borasida shubhalarini bildirdi. Nemis diplomatining maxsus ma'ruzasi Aleksandr fon Neyrat Italiya aholisining tobora pasayib borayotgan ruhiy holatini va yuqori darajalarda tarqalayotgan inglizparast kayfiyatni fosh qildi burjuaziya va harbiylar, va Gitler O'rta er dengizi mintaqasidagi vaziyat katta e'tiborga muhtoj ekanligiga amin edi va Italiya qulashi yoki Mussolini ag'darilgan taqdirda batafsil reja tuzish kerak edi. Italiyalik diplomatning nutqi haqida ko'proq ma'lumot Juzeppe Bastianini, tomonidan ma'lumot Geynrix Ximmler Italiyadagi odamlar va general Sitsiliyada Mario Roatta ishonchsiz deb topilgan Gitlerning shubhalarini kuchaytirdi.
21 may kuni feldmarshal Vilgelm Keytel, OKW boshlig'i, Italiyani eksa tomon qochishiga javob berish uchun ishlab chiqilgan ko'rsatmalar chiqardi. Rejada turli teatrlarda bir qator operatsiyalar ko'zda tutilgan edi: Alarich operatsiyasi, Italiya materikiga bostirib kirish; Konstantin operatsiyasi, Italiya kuchlarini zararsizlantirish Bolqon; Zigfrid operatsiyasi, mashg'uloti Italiya tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan hududlar yilda Janubiy Frantsiya; Frantsiya-Ispaniya chegarasini qo'riqlash uchun Nürnberg operatsiyasi; Frantsiya-Italiya chegarasidagi dovonlarni boshqarish uchun "Kopengagen" operatsiyasi.
Ayni paytda, O'rta er dengizi teatrida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan tahdidlarga duch kelish uchun Germaniya zaxiralari qayta joylashtirildi. Gitler, Bolqon yarim orolidan jiddiy xavotirda edi va Italiya va mahalliy partizan kuchlari o'rtasidagi hamkorlik shartnomalari tufayli Italiya rahbariyati va Mussolinining o'zi bilan ziddiyatga tushib, uni yuborishga qaror qildi. 1-Panzer bo'limi uchun Peloponnes va hatto Italiyaga o'zining uchta elitasini yuborish imkoniyatini ko'rib chiqdi Vaffen-SS zirhli bo'linmalar, hozirda joylashgan Sharqiy front uchun Citadel operatsiyasi.
17 iyun kuni Mussolini qisman rad etilgandan so'ng, shoshilinch ravishda kuchli ittifoqchi kuchlarga qarshi turish uchun kuch sifatida Germaniyaning ikkita zirhli diviziyasini so'radi. Mussolinining boshqa fikr o'zgarishi va generalning taklifi sabab bo'lgan yana bir tortishuvlardan so'ng Vittorio Ambrosio, Italiya qurolli kuchlari shtabi boshlig'i, Germaniyaning qo'shimcha kuchlarini rad etish va Frantsiyaga va Bolqonga joylashtirilgan italiyalik qo'shinlarni Italiyaga ko'chirish uchun, har doim yomonlashib borayotgan vaziyat (paytida Corkscrew operatsiyasi, Pantelleria 11 iyun kuni qarshiliksiz taslim bo'ldi) Gitlerni yana uchta nemis diviziyasini yuborishga undadi: 3-Panzergrenadierlar bo'limi, 29-Panzergrenadier diviziyasi (ikkalasi ham yo'q qilinganidan keyin Frantsiyada qayta tiklangan Stalingrad ), va 26-Panzer divizioni. Ularning oxirgisi joylashtirilgan Salerno 9-iyul kuni. 29-Panzergrenadier diviziyasi yuborildi Foggia iyun o'rtalarida va 3-Panzergrenadier bo'limi shimolga joylashtirildi Rim iyulning birinchi kunlarida. Ayni paytda, 24 iyun kuni Reyxsfyurer-SS Brigada ko'chirilgan edi Korsika va iyul o'rtalarida 76-chi Panzerkorps qo'mondoni (general Traugott Herr ) ham keldi.
Nemis kuchlarining Italiyaga ko'chirilishi
Sitsiliya istilosidan fashizmning qulashigacha
The Sitsiliyaga ittifoqchilar bosqini 1943 yil 10-iyulda boshlandi va Italiya va Germaniyaning qarshi hujumlariga qaramay mustahkam plyaj boshlarini o'rnatdi. Ikki mamlakat siyosiy va harbiy rahbarlari vaziyatning yomonlashishiga darhol munosabat bildirishdi. Rimda Ambrosio Germaniyadan Mussoliniga yordam so'rab, real bo'lmagan talablarni ilgari surdi. Italiyadagi nemis qo'mondonlari orasida, Eberxard fon Makensen va Albert Kesselring Italiyaning mudofaa qobiliyatiga nisbatan tobora ko'proq shubha bilan qaray boshladilar va kuchaytirishni so'radilar.
Italiyaning qulashidan tobora ko'proq xavotirga tushgan Gitler, uni yuborishga qaror qildi 1-Fallschirmjäger-Division zudlik bilan Sitsiliyaga, so'ngra shtab-kvartirasini yubordi XIV Panzer korpusi (ostida General Hube ) va joylashtirishga tayyor bo'lgan 29-Panzergrenadier bo'limi, ga Regjio Kalabriya. 17 iyulda Gitler Mussolini va uning hamkasblari bilan uchrashishga va ularning urushni davom ettirishga qaror qilganligini baholashga qaror qildi.
Uchrashuv yaqin edi Feltre 1943 yil 19-iyulda. Xuddi shu kuni, Rimga 500 dan ortiq ittifoqchilar bombardimonchilari hujum qildi monarxistlar, yuqori harbiy ofitserlar va hatto fashistlar rahbariyatining bir qismi tomonidan manevrlarni tezlashtirgan, urushdan chiqish yo'lini topish bilan tobora ko'proq shug'ullangan. Feltre uchrashuvidan unchalik foydasi yo'q edi. Ambrosio Italiyaning tanqidiy holatini aniq namoyish etishni va urushdan chiqib ketish uchun harakat erkinligini so'rashni iltimos qilganiga qaramay, Mussolini zaif va qat'iyatli bo'lmagan va faqat Italiyani himoya qilishda Germaniyadan ko'proq yordam so'ragan, Gitler esa foydasiga charchagan nutq so'zlagan oxirigacha kurashmoq. Bundan tashqari, Gitler vaziyatga optimistik nuqtai nazar bilan qaradi va texnik va operatsion qiyinchiliklarni eslatib, quruqlik va havo yordamini ko'paytirish bo'yicha Italiyaning ko'p sonli talablarini rad etdi. Ammo, u qat'iy talablarga quloq solmadi Jodl, Keitel va Warlimont: Italiyada Germaniya nazorati ostida birlashgan qo'mondonlik yaratish, Italiyaning shimoliy qismidagi ko'plab italyan qo'shinlarini janubga (ittifoqchilar hujum qilgan hududlarga qarab) ko'chirish va teatrdagi o'q kuchlarini generalga berish Volfram fon Rixtofen.
Uchrashuvdan so'ng Gitler Mussolinining ruhiyatini ko'targaniga amin edi. Feldmarshal Ervin Rommel uyushtirilayotgan kuchlarga mas'ul etib qo'yilgan edi Bavariya Italiya qochib ketgan taqdirda aralashish uchun ("Alaric Operation"). Rommel Italiyaning "xiyonati" bilan Germaniyadan uzilib qoladigan Sitsiliya va Italiyaning janubidagi nemis qo'shinlarining taqdiridan xavotirda edi. Ammo Gitler Rommelning ogohlantirishlariga e'tibor bermadi. 21 iyulda Gitler "Alarik" ni rejalashtirishni to'xtatishga va Italiyaga nemis qo'shimchalarini yuborishga qaror qildi.
25 iyulda, Mussolinining qulashi haqida xabar topmasdan oldin, Gitler Italiyaga oltita Heer diviziyasini, shu jumladan panzer bo'linmasini va uchta Vaffen-SS diviziyasini yubordi. Rommel va uning shtab-kvartirasi (keyinchalik u erda tashkil etilgan) Myunxen ) ga yuborildi Saloniki Bolqonda yangi armiya guruhini boshqarish.
25 iyuldan keyin Germaniyaning qarshi choralari
Shunday qilib Gitler va Germaniya rahbariyati kutilmaganda qabul qilindi 25 iyulda Mussolinining qulashi; elchi Xans Georg von Makensen va harbiylar tomonidan noto'g'ri ma'lumotlar tufayli attaşe fon Rintelen, ular uchrashuv deb o'ylamadilar Fashizmning Buyuk Kengashi fashistik rejimga tahdid solishi mumkin edi va ular buning o'rniga Mussolini bilan hamkorlikni kuchaytirishi mumkin deb o'ylashdi Uchinchi reyx. Mussolinining qulashi va Marshal boshchiligidagi harbiy hukumat tuzilishi haqidagi xabar Pietro Badoglio Gitlerni hayratda qoldirdi va g'azablandi; u Badoglio va italiyalik diplomatlar tomonidan berilgan kafolatlariga qaramay, rejim o'zgarishi Italiya tomon burilishining boshlanishi ekanligini, bu Janubiy Italiyada jang qilayotgan nemis kuchlariga va butun Vermaxtning Janubiy Evropada bo'lishiga xavf tug'dirishini darhol angladi.
Avvaliga Gitler Rimni bosib olish va Badoglioni, qirol va yangi hukumat a'zolarini hibsga olish uchun mavjud bo'lgan kuchlar bilan darhol aralashish haqida o'ylardi; ammo tez orada u o'z fikrini o'zgartirdi va Jodl va Rommel (ular Gretsiyadan zudlik bilan chaqirib olingan) bilan birgalikda "Alarich" operatsiyasini rejalashtirishni qayta faollashtirishga qaror qildilar, italiyaliklar tomon qochib ketishiga munosabat bildirish va tezda bosib olish uchun batafsil reja tuzdilar. etarlicha qo'shimcha yuborganidan keyin Italiya yarim oroli. Kesselringga tomonlarning o'zgarishiga tayyor bo'lish va o'z kuchlarini Sitsiliya, Sardiniya va Janubiy Italiyadan olib chiqishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish kerakligi aytilgan; yangi operatsion rejalar bilan yangi ko'rsatmalar chiqarildi.
Bir necha kun ichida "Zigfrid", "Konstantin" va "Kopengagen" rejalari tasdiqlandi (may oyidan boshlab tayyor) va yangi operatsiyalar o'rganildi: "Shvarts" Rimda Italiya hukumatini qo'lga olish uchun, "Axse" qo'lga olish Italiya floti, "Eiche" Mussolini asirlikdan ozod qilish, Rimni esa "Talaba". 28-iyulda Gitler operativ rejalashtirishni ko'rib chiqdi: "Konstantin" va "Alarich" rejalari Italiya va Bolqonni bosib olishning yagona rejasiga birlashtirildi, u "Axse" deb nomlandi. 5 avgustda Admiral Ruge tavsiyasiga binoan va Rimning italiyalik mudofaasi kuchaygani sababli "Shvarts" rejasidan voz kechildi. Gitler va Germaniya rahbariyati uchun yana bir muammo Mussolinining taqdiri va Viktor Emanuel III ning Gitler bilan uchrashishdan bosh tortishi haqida batafsil ma'lumot etishmasligidan kelib chiqdi, bu esa Italiyaning yangi rahbariyatiga to'satdan hujum qilish uchun sabab bo'lar edi.
Rejalashtirish ishlari olib borilayotgan paytda, Vermaxt komandasi italiyaliklar qochib ketgan paytda operatsiyalarni amalga oshirish uchun zarur bo'linmalarni uzatishni boshladilar. 27 iyuldan boshlab 2. Fallschirmjäger-Division general Hermann-Bernhard Rammke Janubiy Frantsiyadan havoga ko'chirildi Pratica di Mare aviabazasi, italiyalik buyruqlarni ham, Kesselringni ham hayratga solgan harakat, chunki ikkalasi ham oldindan ogohlantirilmagan edi. Ayni paytda, 31 iyul kuni general Kurt talabasi (11-havo-desant korpusi qo'mondoni va Rammening parashyutchilari qo'mondonligini olishi kerak) va SS-Hauptsturmführer Otto Skorzeni ichida Kesselringga etib bordi Frascati va unga "Shvarts" rejasini tasvirlab berdi, ammo uni tez orada Gitler bekor qildi.
Ayni paytda, 26-iyul soat 12:00 da Rommel Salonikidan qaytib keldi Rastenburg, yangi buyruqni qoldirib Armiya guruhi F Feldmarshalga Maksimilian fon Vayxs va 29 iyulda u Myunxenda soxta buyruqni qabul qildi Auffrischungsstab Myunxen, 14-avgustga ko'chiriladigan yangi armiya guruhi yaratilishini yashirish uchun Boloniya nomi bilan Armiya guruhi B va Shimoliy Italiyada "Axse" operatsiyasini amalga oshirishi mumkin edi.
26-iyul soat 02:15 da 215-piyoda diviziyasi Italiyaga kirib kelgan birinchi nemis bo'limi edi Liguriya, esa Panzergrenadier Division Feldherrnhalle va 715-piyoda diviziyasi Frantsiya-Italiya chegarasidagi alp dovonlari orqali o'tishni himoya qilish uchun joylashtirilgan. Italiya qo'mondonliklari norozilik bildirishdi va ba'zi bahonalar bilan bo'linmalar oqimini to'xtatishga urinishdi, ammo Kesselring 1 avgust kuni Italiya Oliy qo'mondonligi orqali aralashdi va 305-piyoda diviziyasi oldin piyoda yurishdi Genuya va keyin La Spezia. Ayni paytda Italiyaga ko'proq nemis birliklari kirdi: the 76-piyoda diviziyasi, 2-avgust kuni, yo'nalish Savona; The 94-piyoda diviziyasi, 4 avgust kuni, yo'nalish Susa undan keyin Alessandriya; 87-korpus shtab-kvartirasi (general) Gustav-Adolf fon Zangen ), ular 11 avgustda o'zlarini tashkil etishdi Acqui va yangi kelgan uchta Germaniya diviziyasiga qo'mondonlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi.
O'tish paytida nemis qo'shinlari bilan Italiya qo'mondonligi va bo'linmalari o'rtasida ba'zi to'qnashuvlar va hodisalar sodir bo'lgan Brenner dovoni; Rommel Italiya garnizonining kuchayishi va tog 'dovonlarini qazib olish to'g'risidagi yangiliklardan xavotirlanib, Kampfgruppe Foyershteynni 26-Panzer diviziyasi va 44-piyoda diviziyasi, ular umumiy dushmanga qarshi Italiyaga yordam berish uchun yuborilganligini aytish uchun buyruqlar bilan. Rimdagi Italiya oliy qo'mondonligi va Italiyaning 26-korpusi qo'mondoni general Gloriya Bozen, qattiq shikoyat qildi va qurolli reaktsiyaga tahdid qildi, ammo 1 avgustda Kesselring aralashuvidan so'ng inqiroz o'tdi va nemis bo'linmalariga ruxsat berildi; 44-piyoda diviziyasi Bozenga etib borib, Brenner dovoni ustidan nazoratni o'z zimmasiga oldi va shu tariqa Germaniya bilan transalpin aloqasini ta'minladi.
25 iyuldan so'ng, Gitler dastlab darhol Italiyaga yuborishga qaror qildi 1-SS Panzer bo'limi Leybstandart SS SS Adolf Gitler va II SS Panzer bo'limi Das Reyx, Sharqiy frontdagi xavfli vaziyatga qaramay. Feldmarshal Von Klyujning noroziliklari va Sharqdagi vaziyatning yanada yomonlashishi Gitlerni faqat Leybstandart Adolf Gitlerni og'ir qurolsiz yuborishga majbur qildi. Ushbu bo'linma 3 avgust kuni Brenner dovonidan o'tib, so'ngra o'zini o'rtasida joylashtirdi Parma va Regjio Emiliya. Bu tez orada transferi bilan davom etdi 65-piyoda diviziyasi dan Villach uchun Ravenna –Rimini maydonini va uzatishni 24-Panzer divizioni dan Tirol ga Modena 30 avgustgacha. 3 avgustda Vaffen-SS Generaloberst Pol Xusser ning shtab-kvartirasi bilan Regjio Emiliyaga etib bordi II SS Panzer korpusi, keladigan uchta bo'linmani boshqarish.
Italiyaga kirgan so'nggi Germaniya bo'limi 71-piyoda diviziyasi dan ko'chirilgan Daniya shimoliy hududga Lyublyana 7 avgustda va 25 avgustdan boshlab kirishni boshladi Friuli italiyaliklarning dushmanlik harakatlaridan va Sharqiy tog 'konlarini qazib olishdan qo'rqgan Rommelning buyrug'iga binoan. Italiya oliy qo'mondonligi bilan yana bir bor to'qnashuvdan so'ng, yana bir bor qurolli to'qnashuvlarga olib keldi, bu vaziyat Fon Rintelenning aralashuvi bilan hal qilindi va diviziya muammosiz oldinga siljidi Gemona, Goriziya va Opicina; 2 sentyabrga qadar u to'liq joylashtirilgan Julian Mart.
8 sentyabr 1943 yil
Ittifoqning tugashi
Mussolini hokimiyatdan chetlatilgandan so'ng, Badoglio boshchiligidagi yangi hukumat urushni Germaniya bilan birga davom ettirish to'g'risida rasmiy ravishda e'lon qildi va Germaniya rahbariyatini uning eksa ishiga sodiqligiga ishontirdi, ammo shu bilan birga u bir qator ishlarni boshladi ittifoqchilar bilan yashirin muzokaralarni boshlash, urushdan chiqish va tomonlarning to'satdan o'zgarishi oqibatlaridan qochish uchun aralashgan urinishlar. Vaqtni qo'lga kiritish zarurati Italiyaning yangi hukumatini ittifoqqa sodiqligini namoyish qilishga undadi va Germaniya ittifoqchisining Italiya yarim orolini himoya qilishda faolroq ishtirok etishini va shu tariqa Germaniya bo'linmalarining ko'payishini so'radi. Germaniyaning Italiyaga tahdidi.
Italiya rahbariyati kelayotgan nemis kuchlariga qarshi yordam va obstruktivizmni va janubda, Germaniya diviziyalarini joylashtirish bo'yicha so'rovlarni navbatma-navbat almashtirish orqali ushbu qiyin bosqichni ushlab turishga harakat qildi; allaqachon 31 iyul kuni Ambrosio va Kesselring uchrashuvi davomida yangi nemis bo'linmalarining joylashuvi va roli to'g'risida bahslar boshlandi. Yilda bo'lib o'tgan konferentsiyada Tarvisio 6 avgust kuni Italiya tashqi ishlar vaziri o'rtasida Raffaele Guariglia, Ambrosio, Yoaxim fon Ribbentrop va Keitel (SS qo'riqchilarining tahdidli ishtiroki bilan), o'zaro ishonchsizlik aniq bo'ldi; Ambrosio nemis bo'linmalarini to'qqizdan o'n oltitagacha oshirishni, ammo ularni Janubiy Italiyada ittifoqchilarga qarshi joylashtirishni so'radi, Keytel va Warlimont esa buning o'rniga yangi nemis bo'linmalari strategik zaxira kuchi sifatida Markaziy va Shimoliy Italiyada joylashtirilishini aytdilar.
So'nggi uchrashuv 15 avgust kuni Boloniyada generallar Roatta va Jodl o'rtasida bo'lib o'tdi, unga Rommel hamrohlik qildi (u Shimoliy Italiyada yangi B guruhining qo'mondoni etib tayinlangan edi) va SS SS qo'riqchisi Leybstandart Adolf Gitler; qismini nemislar Italiyaga eslashga rozi bo'lishdi Italiya 4-armiyasi Frantsiyaning janubiy qismidan, ammo ular Roattaning Germaniya kuchlarini joylashtirilishi haqidagi rejalaridan xavotirda edilar, agar ular qochib ketgan taqdirda, ularni izolyatsiya qilish va ittifoqchilar tomonidan yo'q qilinish xavfiga duchor qilgandek edi. Uchrashuv muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va nemis generallarini, Roattaning ishonchlariga qaramay (ehtimol Ittifoqchilar bilan aloqalar to'g'risida Ambrosio hali xabar bermagan bo'lishi mumkin), ular Italiya nuqsonga yo'l qo'ymasligiga ishontirib, "biz sakslar emasmiz!" , italiyalik nuqson yaqinda. Uchrashuvdagi muhit shu qadar keskin ediki, nemis delegatsiyasi ular zaharlanishidan qo'rqib, italiyaliklar taklif qilgan oziq-ovqat va ichimliklardan bosh tortdilar.
Shuning uchun Italiya xiyonatiga qarshi tayyorgarlik tezda davom etdi; bo'ysunuvchi buyruqlarga batafsil dispozitsiyalar berildi, ular o'z navbatida tezkorlik va samaradorlik bilan ishlashning batafsil operativ rejalarini o'rganib chiqdilar. Germaniya rahbariyati Italiya qurolli kuchlarining kuchsiz qarshiligini kutgan va vaziyatni tezda hal qilishga umid qilgan. Italiyadagi Vermaxtning qurol-yarog 'idorasi vakili general Von Xorstig allaqachon Janubiy Italiyada boyliklarni talon-taroj qilish va harbiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan fabrikalar va infratuzilmalarni muntazam ravishda yo'q qilish rejalarini tayyorlamoqda. Avgust oyining oxirida Gitler Italiyaga o'zining yangi vakillarini - diplomatni yubordi Rudolf Rahn (elchi Von Makkensenni almashtirgan) va general Rudolf Tussaint, Von Rintelen o'rnini harbiy attashe qilib olgan.
Kesselring OKW buyrug'i bilan general Xans Xubga (XIV Panzer korpusi qo'mondonligi) o'zining to'rtta bo'linmasini Sitsiliyadan olib chiqib ketilishini va uning tarkibiga qayta joylashishni tashkil etishga vakolat bergan edi. Kalabriya, uni Xube 17 avgustda mohirlik bilan amalga oshirdi (Lehrgang operatsiyasi ). Sitsiliyadagi nemis qo'shinlarining aksariyati samarali jangovar chekinishdan so'ng, dovondan o'tishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi Messinaning bo'g'ozlari va hatto og'ir uskunalarning katta qismini tejash uchun. Keyingi kunlarda Xyub XIV Panzer korpusini (16-Panzer diviziyasi, 15-Panzergrenadier diviziyasi va Herman Goring diviziyasi) orasidagi hududga joylashtirdi. Neapol va Salerno, 1-parashyutchi diviziyasi yuborilgan paytda Apuliya va 76-Panzerkorps bilan general Herr 26-Panzer Diviziyasi va 29-Panzergrenadier Diviziyasining bir qismi bilan Kalabriya mudofaasini o'z zimmasiga oldi; uning buyrug'i bo'g'ozlar bo'ylab Ittifoqdoshlar hujumida kechikish harakatlarini amalga oshirish edi.
Haqiqatan ham 3 sentyabr kuni XIII korpus ning Britaniya sakkizinchi armiyasi ostida Umumiy Bernard Law Montgomery dan shimoli-g'arbiy bo'g'ozlarni kesib o'tgan Regjio Kalabriya (Baytown operatsiyasi ), juda ko'p qarshiliklarga duch kelmasdan qo'nishdi va qirg'oq yo'llari bo'ylab ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakatlanishni boshlashdi Pitszo Kalabro va Kroton. 76-Panzerkorps qo'shilishdan qochib, asta-sekin shimol tomon chekindi.
Sulh kelishuvi
Kichik ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan shaxslarning (elchixona rasmiysi Blasko Lanza D'Ajeta, Tashqi ishlar vazirligi rasmiysi Alberto Berio, sanoatchi Alberto Pirelli) ittifoqchilar bilan bog'lanish va Italiyani urushdan chiqish uchun muzokaralarni boshlashga qaratilgan ba'zi bir real bo'lmagan va samarasiz urinishlaridan so'ng, ehtimol xavfli o'z xohishiga ko'ra taslim bo'lish va nemislar tomonidan bosib olinish oqibatlari, 12 avgust kuni general Juzeppe Kastellano, Ambrosioning maslahatchisi, Rimni tark etdi Madrid, u erda u Buyuk Britaniya elchisi Ser bilan uchrashdi Semyuel Xare. Ikkinchisi Cherchillga xabar berdi va keyin Kastellanoni yo'naltirdi Lissabon 17 avgust kuni Ittifoq emissarlari bilan birinchi uchrashuv, general Valter Bedell Smit va siyosiy maslahatchilar Kennet Strong va Jorj Frost Kennan, bo'lib o'tdi. Ittifoqchilarning iyul oyining oxirida Ittifoq hukumatlari tomonidan aniq belgilab qo'yilgan talablari mutlaqo so'zsiz taslim bo'lishni talab qildi; Badoglio unga Italiyaning urushdan chiqib ketishini va ittifoqchilar bilan kuchli harbiy hamkorlikni, shu jumladan, o'n beshta ingliz va amerika bo'linmalarining aralashuvini talab qilgani uchun Kastellano o'zini juda katta to'siqlarga duch keldi. poytaxtni himoya qilish va nemis reaktsiyasiga qarshi kurashish uchun bir vaqtda sulh e'lon qilinishi bilan bir vaqtda Rimning shimoliga va janubiga qo'nish. Kastellano va Bedell Smit o'rtasidagi yangi uchrashuv paytida Kassibile, Sitsiliya, 31 avgust kuni Italiya vakili yana bir marta ittifoqchilarning tezkor tafsilotlari tarkibiga kirishni talab qildi; Rimni va Italiya hukumatini himoya qilish uchun Amerika havo-desant diviziyasining aralashuvi (Gigant 2 operatsiyasi ) kelishib olindi. 1 sentyabrda qirol Guariglia va Ambrosio o'rtasida o'tkazilgan maslahatlashuvdan so'ng, ittifoqchilar sulh shartlarini qabul qilish uchun radio orqali murojaat qilishdi.
3 sentyabr kuni Kastellano va Bedell Smit imzoladilar Kassibilening sulh shartnomasi, Britaniya va Amerika hukumatlari vakillari ishtirokida, Garold Makmillan va Robert Daniel Merfi; ammo italiyaliklarning taslim bo'lishini e'lon qilish vaqti haqida jiddiy xatolik yuz berdi. Badoglio hukumati nemis qo'shinlariga qarshi qarshilikni tashkil qilish uchun ko'proq vaqt topishga umid qildi va e'lonni kamida 12 sentyabrgacha qoldirdi. Faqatgina 8 sentyabr kechasida Badoglio Generaldan saboq oldi Maksvell Teylor (ning ikkinchi buyrug'i 82-havo-desant diviziyasi, uning aralashuvi "Giant 2" uchun rejalashtirilgan, yashirincha Rimga yuborilgan) o'sha general Duayt Eyzenxauer shu kuni kechqurun e'lon qiladi. Badoglio e'tiroz bildirdi va bekorga yana bir kechiktirishga harakat qildi; Germaniya reaktsiyasidan juda xavotirda bo'lgan italiyalik rahbarlar va generallar general Teylorda dahshatli taassurot qoldirishdi, u ittifoqchilar qo'mondonligiga "Giant 2" operatsiyasidan voz kechishni maslahat berdi, chunki u juda katta miqdordagi tartibsizlikni hisobga olgan holda muvaffaqiyatsiz deb topildi. Rim atrofida joylashgan italyan kuchlari.
8 sentyabr kuni ertalab, Ittifoq bombardimonchilari Kesselringning Fraskatidagi shtab-kvartirasini bombardimon qildilar. Ular maqsadlarini bajara olmagan va tinch aholining katta talofatlariga sabab bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Ittifoq floti Fors ko'rfaziga yaqinlashdi Salerno ishga tushirish Ko'chki operatsiyasi (ning asosiy qo'nish joyi 5-Amerika armiyasi general Mark Ueyn Klark ). Badoglio tobora xavotirlanib, Eyzenxauerni yubordi a telegram sulh to'g'risidagi e'lonni kechiktirishni so'rab. Buyrug'iga binoan ittifoqchilarning bosh qo'mondoni Vashington ittifoqchi davlatlar rahbarlarining so'rovini qat'iyan rad etishdi, niyatlarini tahdid ohangida tasdiqlashdi va "Giant 2" operatsiyasini bekor qilishdi.
8 sentyabr kuni soat 18:00 da shoshilinch va dramatik toj kengashi bo'lib o'tdi Quirinale saroyi; qirol, Badoglio, Ambrosio, Guariglia, general Giacomo Carboni (rahbari Harbiy razvedka xizmati va komandiri Corpo d'Armata Motocorazzato poytaxtni himoya qilish vazifasi), general Antonio Sorice (urush vaziri), admiral Raffaele De Courten (Dengiz vaziri), general Renato Sandulli (harbiy-havo kuchlari vaziri), general Paolo Puntoni, general Juzeppe De Stefanis va mayor Luidji Marchesi (Ambrosio kotibi) ishtirok etishdi. Eyzenxauer tomonidan berilgan aniq ko'rsatmalar va sulh to'g'risidagi xorijiy radiolarda tarqalgan birinchi tartibsizliklarga duch kelgan Italiya rahbariyati, qizg'in bahs-munozaralardan so'ng Karboni Kastellanoning xatti-harakatlarini qaytarib olishni taklif qilishgacha borganida, nihoyat Marchesi bilan kelishib oldilar. muqarrar ravishda ittifoqchilarga bergan so'zlarini bajarishi va yangiliklarni tasdiqlashi kerak. 18:30 da General Eyzenxauer Jazoir radiosida nutq so'zlab, sulh shartnomasini rasman e'lon qildi va 19:42 da Badoglio o'z navbatida jamoat xizmatlari orqali e'lon qildi. EIAR. Oldingi kunlarda Rimdagi Germaniya vakillariga ittifoqqa eng yuqori darajalarda sodiqlik haqida yana bir bor bayonotlar berildi; 3 sentyabrda Badoglioning o'zi Raxnga Germaniya tomonida qolishga qat'iy qaror qilganligini tasdiqladi va 6 sentyabrda ham general Tussent italiyaliklar ittifoqchilarning qattiq talablarini rad etdi deb o'ylardi. Hatto 8 sentyabr kuni ertalab Raxn shoh bilan uchrashdi va ikkinchisi uni taslim bo'lmaslik haqidagi qaroriga ishontirdi va tushdan keyin Roatta telefon orqali chet eldan kelayotgan xabarlar targ'ibotchi yolg'on ekanligini yana bir bor tasdiqladi. Shunday qilib, Rann ajablanib, 8 sentyabr kuni soat 19:00 da Berlin tomonidan sulh to'g'risidagi ogohlantirish haqida ogohlantirgandan so'ng, u Guariglia bilan uchrashdi va u darhol xabarni tasdiqladi va Italiyaning urushdan va o'qdan chiqib ketishi haqida gapirib berdi. ittifoq. Rahn achchiq javob qildi, keyin shoshilinch ravishda Tussaint va elchixona xodimlari bilan birga Rimni tark etdi va Kesselringning shtab-kvartirasi joylashgan Fraskati tomon yo'l oldi.
Dastlabki ajablanib bo'lishiga qaramay, aniq rejalashtirilgan va batafsil tartibga solingan nemislarning javobi tezkor va samarali bo'ldi; 17:00 da Rastenburgga bir necha kun bo'lganidan keyin qaytib kelgan Gitler Ukraina Feldmarshalning shtab-kvartirasida Erix fon Manshteyn, tez orada sulh tuzish to'g'risida a BBC uzatish va o'ta qat'iyat bilan harakat qildi. 19:50 da, Badoglio e'lonini tugatgandan bir necha daqiqa o'tgach, general Jodlning yordamchisi "Achse" kodli so'zini barcha bo'ysunuvchi buyruqlarga tarqatdi; bu nemis kuchlari uchun O'rta dengizning barcha urush teatrlarida Italiya kuchlariga hujum qilish uchun signal bo'ldi.
Italiyada Italiya kuchlarining tarqatib yuborilishi
Noaniqlik va chalkashlik
Italiya oliy qo'mondonliklari sulh bitimiga qadar bir necha hafta ichida qo'mondonlar va qo'shinlarga urushdan chiqib ketganda va Germaniyaning mumkin bo'lgan tajovuzlarida o'zini tutishi kerak bo'lgan ko'rsatmalar bergan; bu buyruqlar 10-avgustda Italiya armiyasi shtabi tomonidan chiqarilgan 111-sonli buyruq, 26-avgustda general Roatta (Ambrosioning buyrug'i bilan) asosiy periferik buyruqlarga (faqat o'n ikki nusxada) bergan OP 44 Memorandumi va No 6-sentabrda Oliy qo'mondonlik tomonidan uchta qurolli kuchlar shtabiga berilgan va 1-sonli va 2-sonli Memorandumlar, kuchlarni turli teatrlarga joylashtirish to'g'risida ko'rsatmalar mavjud.
Ammo bu umumiy ko'rsatmalar, batafsil ma'lumotga ega emas va deyarli qo'llanilmaydi (shuningdek, haddan tashqari maxfiylik choralari tufayli); ular samarasiz edi va ular 8 sentyabr kuni kechqurun Badoglioning xabarining noaniqligi bilan birga, tomonlarning o'zgarishi va Germaniya kuchlarining tajovuzkorligi haqidagi kutilmagan yangiliklar to'g'risida italyan kuchlarining periferik buyruqlarini chalkashtirishga hissa qo'shdilar. ushbu buyruqlar orasida ishonchsizlik va qat'iyatlilik. Italiya qurolli kuchlarining holati 8 sentyabr kuni kechqurun Ambrosio tomonidan berilgan qarama-qarshi ko'rsatmalar bilan yomonlashdi, bu Germaniyaning hujumlari paytida mudofaa choralarini ko'rishga qaratilgan har qanday tashabbusni chekladi va 9 sentyabr kechasida Roatta ayniqsa talab qildi. qo'shinlar o'rtasida tartibsizlik va "fitnalar" dan saqlanish uchun.
Darhol taslim bo'lishni yoki tahdid va qo'rqitish bilan hamkorlik qilishni talab qiladigan nemis bo'linmalarining samaradorligi bilan duch kelgan italiyalik qo'mondonlarning aksariyati, shuningdek, Vermaxtning harbiy salohiyatining ta'sirchan obro'sidan qo'rqishadi va uzoq vaqt davomida yoqtirilmagan uzoq muddatli urushdan charchagan. har qanday qarshilik ko'rsatish niyatidan voz kechgan; bir nechta istisnolardan tashqari na buyruq va na rahbarlarsiz qolgan qo'shinlar tez-tez tarqalib ketishdi.
Italiyadagi nemis kuchlarining ahvoli aslida qiyin bo'lgan; Rommel o'zining "B" guruhi bilan shimoliy hududlarni egallash va o'sha hududdagi italyan kuchlarining har qanday qarshiligini zararsizlantirish vazifasini osonroq bajargan, ammo Kesselring qo'mondonlik qilgan Armiya guruhi C, 8 sentyabrdan keyin katta qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi: Fraskati bombardimonidan so'ng, u "Axse" kodli so'z bilan aloqa qilishni zo'rg'a uddaladi va shuningdek, 16-Panzer Diviziyasining faqat bir qismi joylashgan Salerno yaqinidagi ittifoqchilar qo'nish to'g'risida xabar topdi. Dastlab, u bir vaqtning o'zida ittifoqchilarning oldinga siljishini ushlab tura olmasligidan va Rimga qarshi o'z missiyasini bajara olmasligidan qo'rqardi.
Hatto OKW Janubiy Italiyadagi sakkizta nemis diviziyasini yo'qotish imkoniyatini ko'rib chiqdi; Ammo Kesselring katta qobiliyatni namoyish etdi va uning kuchlari qobiliyat va samaradorlik bilan kurashdilar. Rommelning Janubiy Italiyadan tezda chiqib ketish va orqaga chekinish bo'yicha maslahatiga qaramay La Spezia -Rimini qatori, Kesselring o'z kuchlarini ajratib olish va yo'q qilishdan qochishga hamda Salernodagi ittifoqchilar plyajboshiga muammo tug'dirishga, ba'zi bir muvaffaqiyat bilan qarshi hujumga o'tishga muvaffaq bo'ldi (u erda 14 va 76-chi Panzerkorps, uchta Panzer bo'linmasi va ikkita Panzergrenadier bo'linmasi bilan massajdan so'ng) va keyin Neapoldan shimolga minimal yo'qotish bilan chekinish, shu bilan bir vaqtda "Axse" rejasini amalga oshirish va o'z kuchlarining bir qismi bilan Rimni bosib olish.
Rimning qulashi
Siyosiy va harbiy rahbariyatni himoya qilish va Germaniyaning mumkin bo'lgan hujumiga qarshi turish uchun Italiya qo'mondonligi Rim atrofidagi hududga juda ko'p sonli qo'shin to'plagan edi; asosiy kuch general Karbonining Corpo d'Armata Motocorazzato tarkibiga kirgan. 135-zirhli "Ariete II" diviziyasi, 136-zirhli diviziya Centauro II, 10-motorli bo'linma Piave va 21-piyoda diviziyasi Granatieri di Sardegna. Rimni himoya qilish uchun topshirilgan boshqa qismlar 103-motorli bo'linma Piacenza (General Giovanni Zangheri 17-korpusining bir qismi), 12-piyoda diviziyasi Sassari va ba'zi batalyonlari 13-piyoda diviziyasi Re va 7-piyoda diviziyasi Lupi di Toscana; Umuman olganda, taxminan 55000 erkak va 200 kishi bor edi zirhli jangovar texnika, bu sohada nemis kuchlari bo'yicha son ustunligi bilan.
Rim yaqinidagi nemis kuchlari shtab-kvartirasi Pratica di Mare-da joylashgan General Kurt Studentning 11-desant korpusidan iborat edi; Korpus tarkibiga Rimning janubida harakatga tayyor bo'lgan 2-parashyutchilar diviziyasi (general Uolter Barentin) va 3-Panzergrenadier diviziyasi (general) kirdi. Fritz-Xubert Grasser ), 26-Panzer diviziyasining zirhli batalyoni bilan mustahkamlangan (Kampfgruppe Byusing) o'rtasida joylashgan Orvieto va Bolsena ko'li, Rim shimolida. Ushbu qismlar tarkibida 26000 ga yaqin odam va bir necha yuzlab zirhli jangovar texnika bor edi va 8-sentabr kuni kechqurun Kesselring tomonidan ishga tushirildi: allaqachon soat 20:30 da ular Mezzokamino yonilg'i omboriga hujum qilishdi va nemis parashyutchilari zudlik bilan janubiy tomonga taraqqiy eta boshladilar. Piacenza Division tomonidan Lanuvio, Albano Laziale va Ardea.
Ga yetgandan keyin EUR tumani 21:30 da, 2-parashyutchi diviziyasi Piacenza va Granatieri di Sardegna diviziyalarining ayrim qismlarini mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va yarim soatdan keyin, Ostiensis orqali, ga yetdi Magliana ko'prik. Ayni paytda, 3-Panzergrenadier bo'limi shimoldan shimoldan ilgarilab ketdi Aurelia orqali, Kassiya orqali va Flaminiya orqali, lekin yaqinda to'xtatildi Brachiano ko'li zirhli divizion Ariete II tomonidan (general Raffaele Cadorna ) va ba'zi muzokaralardan so'ng uning avansini to'xtatdi. Buning o'rniga parashyutchilar o'z harakatlarini boshlashdi; Maglianada Germaniya kuchlari va Graneteeri di Sardegna o'rtasida Ariete II diviziyasining zirhli bo'linmalari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan, ammo 9 sentyabr soat 02:00 da shiddatli janglar boshlandi. Ciampino aeroporti qo'lga olindi va bir soatdan keyin nemis qo'shinlari kirib kelganligi haqida xabar keldi Tor Sapienza, birga Prenestina orqali, shahar markazidan atigi sakkiz km uzoqlikda.
Ambrosioning Kesselring bilan bog'lanishga, shaharni tark etishga qaror qilish haqidagi ba'zi noaniq buyruqlaridan so'ng, tobora ko'payib borayotgan yangiliklar siyosiy va harbiy rahbariyatni turtki bo'ldi. Roatta qirol va Badoglioni Rimni tark etishni nasihat qildi Tiburtina orqali, keyin u o'z kuchlariga chekinishga harakat qilishni buyurdi Tivoli va nihoyat u Karbonini hech qanday tartibsiz qoldirib, o'zi shaharni tark etdi. Carboni o'z navbatida fuqarolik kiyimida qochib ketdi, so'ngra 10 sentyabr kuni ertalab vaziyat buzilganida shaharga qaytdi. Umumiy Umberto Utili, Bosh shtab Operatsion bo'limi boshlig'i, 9 sentyabr kuni ertalab Bosh shtab rasmiy ravishda tarqatib yuborilgan deb e'lon qildi; bo'ysunuvchi buyruqlar va qo'shinlarda gangib qolish va chalkashlik alomatlari namoyon bo'ldi.
Ayni paytda, 9 sentyabr kuni soat 5: 10da qirol va Badoglio, yuqori lavozimli ofitserlar, obro'li kishilar va oila a'zolari bilan birga Rimdan etti mashinada qochib ketishdi; hech qanday qiyinchiliklarga duch kelmasdan, ular Tivoli va Avezzano va etib bordi Peskara va keyinroq Ortona, bu erda ko'proq qochgan ofitserlar yig'ilgan edi. U erda qirol, uning qarindoshlari, Badoglio, Ambrosio va Roatta kemaga chiqishdi korvet Baionetta, etib kelgan Brindisi at 14:30 on 10 September, the city having already been reached by Allied troops which had safely landed in Italian-controlled Taranto (the Buyuk Britaniyaning 1-desant diviziyasi ), Brindisi, and Bari (two divisions of the 5th Corps) during Slapstick operatsiyasi.
Meanwhile, the defenses of Rome had completely collapsed; in the south, the German paratroopers fought a series of sporadic fights against the Granatieri di Sardegna and units of the Ariete II at Magliana and Cecchignola; at 17:00 on 9 September, Magliana was abandoned by Italian forces and the 2nd Parachutist Division proceeded with its advance, arriving near Porta San-Paolo kechqurun. In the north, the armored fighting vehicles of the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division had restarted their advance; after fighting against the bulk of the Ariete II, they captured Manziana, Monterosi (at 14:00), and Brachiano (at 17:00), while more German units of the same Division advanced towards Civitavecchia va Kampfgruppe Büsing yetdi Sezano va La Storta.
At 20:00 the Piave and Ariete II divisions, as they had been ordered, left their positions and retreated towards Tivoli, while units of the Sassari and Re divisions were deployed along the Via Cassia and Via Salaria. The parachutists of Major Valter Gericke, whom had been parachuted at 09:00 over Monterotondo with the task of capturing the Italian Army headquarters (which however had already been abandoned), were engaged in hard fighting, which they ended in success in the evening of 9 September; meanwhile, units of the 2nd Parachutist Division attacked Porta San Paolo, two kilometers from Venetsiya Piazza, held by Granatieri di Sardegna units and groups of civilian volunteers. The German troops, mainly consisting in veterans, overcame this resistance after some fierce fighting, and reached the center of Rome in the morning of 10 September. Umumiy Zigfrid Vestfal, Chief of Staff of Army Group C, had started negotiations with Colonel Giaccone of the Centauro II Armoured Division (the former "M" Armoured Division, composed of qora ko'ylaklar whose allegiances were highly doubtful, which had led the Italian commands to decide to keep it away from the battle), on instructions from Kesselring and Student, in the evening of 9 September. After a series of threats and an ultimatum, Westphal obtained the capitulation of Rome by the afternoon of 10 September, after discussions with Generals Carboni and Sorice and Marshal Enriko Kavigliya, while German artillery was already firing directly inside the city. Westphal promised to spare the city and authorized the creation of a provisional Italian command under General Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo.
This evanescent agreement was soon revoked by the Germans; by 15 September all Italian troops were disarmed, on 23 September Calvi di Bergolo was arrested and the German and RSI forces, under Generals Stahel and Chieli, respectively, assumed control of the city; despite this, they stated that the status of "ochiq shahar " was maintained. This status was never recognized by the Allies, and the Germans exploited it to use Rome as a key logistic junction for the supplies sent to the frontline.
Meanwhile, the Italian units that had retreated towards Tivoli dissolved; a considerable part of the Sassari and Piacenza divisions and of the 211-qirg'oq diviziyasi escaped capture and crossed the frontline, thus joining the Allies, but most of the men of the ten Italian divisions in the area were disarmed. Only a small part of them, however, were interned or deported; the majority was allowed to return to their homes. Overall German casualties for the capture of Rome were about a hundred dead and about 500 wounded, while Italian casualties were 984 killed, of whom 659 were soldiers, 121 civilians, and 204 "unidentified".
Disintegration of Italian forces in southern Italy
Field Marshal Kesselring, despite being busy with avoiding the isolation of his forces and containing the Allied attacks launched in three different landing areas (Salerno, Apulia and Calabria), still managed to retain control of the situation and to carry out the tasks assigned within the "Achse" plan. He managed to quickly dissolve the Italian forces stationed in his area, to capture Rome, and to disengage mobile units that were to be sent south against the Allies (the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division, after capturing Rome, reached Salerno on 12 September), but he had to restrict himself to summarily disarming the majority of the captured soldiers, then sending them back to their homes. Only 24,294 of the 102,340 Italian soldiers captured by Army Group C were held captive.
Italian forces in Kampaniya were weak and were quickly overwhelmed by the German troops; The Neapol garrison was destroyed after two days of resistance by a German armored column, and its commander, Colonel Olivier, was executed. The 19th Corps was dissolved on 11 September after its commander, General Del Tetto, abandoned his command post to take shelter in a monastery; The Pasubio 9-motorli bo'limi (stationed in the Naples area), which was still being re-formed after its near destruction on the Eastern Front, was immediately disarmed, while in the Salerno area the 222-qirg'oq bo'limi was attacked and dispersed by the 16th Panzer Division, and its commander, General Ferrante Vincenzo Gonzaga, was killed after refusing to surrender.
The 7-Italiya armiyasi of General Mario Arisio was stationed in Calabria, Bazilikat and Apulia; German forces in these regions were scarce, and were being moved north. On 9 September, the 7th Army headquarters in Potenza were attacked by surprise and captured by German troops, but the overall weakness of the German forces and the swift intervention of the Allied forces helped the Italian units, the majority of whom maintained unit cohesion. The 9th Corps (General Roberto Lerici) held central and northern Apulia, despite the collapse of the 209-qirg'oq diviziyasi; Umumiy Nikola Bellomo held the harbour of Bari until Allied forces arrived, while more south the 51st Corps of General De Stefani held its positions between Grottagli va Lecce bilan Legnano 58-piyoda diviziyasi, 152-piyoda diviziyasi Piceno va 210-qirg'oq bo'limi. The situation of the 31st Corps (General Mercalli), stationed in Calabria with three coastal divisions and the 104-motorli bo'lim Mantova, was more difficult: it was attacked by the 76th Panzerkorps and sustained casualties, and part of the 185th Parachute Regiment decided to remain loyal to the previous alliance with Germany and joined the 1st German Parachute Division.
Umumiy Frido von Senger va Etterlin, the German commander in Sardinia, was ordered by Kesselring to withdraw to Korsika with the 90th Panzergrenadier Division. This manoeuvre was a complete success; the Italian forces present in the area (consisting of the 184-havo-desant diviziyasi Nembo, Kalabriyadagi 31-piyoda diviziyasi, Sabauda 30-piyoda diviziyasi, 47-piyoda diviziyasi Bari, 203-qirg'oq bo'limi, 204-qirg'oq diviziyasi va 205-qirg'oq diviziyasi ), under General Antonio Basso, lacked mobility and did not go into action until 12 September; due to previous agreements made with the German commands, they did not impede the transfer of the German forces to Corsica, which was completed by 18 September with a few wounded caused by a skirmish near Oristano. A battalion of the Nembo Division, which had reacted negatively to the news of the armistice, mutinied, killed the divisional chief of staff, Colonel Alberto Bechi Lucerna, and joined the 90th Panzergrenadier Division.
In Corsica, after initial confusion and fruitless negotiations, General Giovanni Magli, commander of the 7th Corps (20-piyoda diviziyasi Friuli va 44-piyoda diviziyasi Kremona ), attacked the Waffen-SS "Reichführer-SS" brigade, while some French units landed at Ayaksio 12 sentyabrda. On 13 September, following the arrival of the 90th Panzergrenadier Division from Sardinia, Bastiya (qayerda a previous German attempt to capture the port and Italian shipping had been thwarted by Italian ships ) fell in German hands, but the Wehrmacht Supreme Command ordered General Von Senger to leave the island and withdraw to Piombino. The German forces were evacuated from Corsica by 4 October, despite attacks by the Italian and French forces (the latter consisting of the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division).
On 12 September, paratrooper units under Major Xarald Mors, which also included the SS officer Otto Skorzeny (who had located the different prisons where Mussolini had been held), carried out Operation "Eiche" and freed Mussolini from detention in Campo Imperatore, Gran Sasso; this was an essential premise for the creation of a new fascist collaborationist government wanted by Hitler.
Disintegration of Italian forces in central and northern Italy
The strategic situation in central and northern Italy was much more favorable to the Germans than in the south. Army Group B, under Field Marshal Rommel, had a considerable number of troops, was far away from possible Allied intervention, and its units were deployed so as to be ready to intervene against Italian units, which were much less prepared and lacked clear orders. Moreover, the behavior of many of the Italian commanders further favored the success of the "Achse" plan: the local Italian superior commands, mostly concerned with avoiding riots, devastation, and popular insurrections, refused the help of civilians in the resistance, sometimes autonomously dissolved their units, and started negotiations with the Germans for an uneventful handover. Even the civilian leadership of the major cities carried out the instructions of the chief of police, Carmine Senise, mostly aimed at avoiding riots, and thus collaborated with the German authorities. Under such circumstances, Rommel carried out his task with speed and efficiency, while many Italian units quickly disintegrated and offered little resistance; Army Group B strictly carried out the orders about the internment of Italian troops, and by 20 September, 183,300 of the 13,000 officers and 402,000 soldiers captured had already been sent to Germany.
German units in Pyemont quickly neutralized the Italian units; yilda Turin (where General Enrico Adami Rossi refused to arm the civilians – on 18 August, he had ordered his men to fire on the crowd during a popular demonstration – and immediately initiated negotiations) and Novara (where General Casentino surrendered his entire command) the high commands did not attempt any resistance, immediately handed over their weapons and surrendered with their disintegrating units; Adami Rossi surrendered as soon as German armored units entered Turin (he later joined the Italian Social Republic).In Liguriya, by 11 September the German troops of the 87th Corps (76th and 94th Infantry Division) and the 51st Corps (65th and 305th Infantry Division) occupied all positions, while the 16th Italian Corps (105th Motorised Division Rovigo va 6-Alp tog'lari bo'limi Alpi Graie ) dissolved; German units also entered the naval base of La Spezia, but the Italian fleet had already sailed, while ships unable to sail had been scuttled or sabotaged.
Yilda Milan, General Vittorio Ruggero, commander of the garrison, bought time for 48 hours and then reached an agreement with a German colonel of the 1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler"; Ruggero dissolved without a fight the 5-piyoda diviziyasi Cosseria, which was being re-formed after the heavy losses suffered in Rossiya, and already on the following day the Waffen-SS units broke the agreement, occupied Milan and arrested Ruggero, who was sent to POW camps in Germany along with his soldiers. After a brief resistance, the garrison of Verona and its commander, General Guglielmo Orengo, were disarmed and deported by the German forces.
Qaramay Alp devorlari fortifications, Italian units quickly disintegrated also in Trentino -Janubiy Tirol: by 9 September, the two alpine divisions of the 35th Corps of General Alessandro Gloria (2-tog 'bo'limi Tridentina va 4-tog'li divizion Cuneense, but under re-constitution after their destruction on the Eastern Front) were immediately attacked and disarmed by the 44th German Infantry Division, which was already deployed south of Brenner Pass, and by the "Doelha" Brigade; faqat ichida Rovereto did some units resist until the morning of 10 September, before surrendering. Yilda Emiliya, the 2nd SS-Panzerkorps of General Paul Hausser occupied the territory and destroyed the weak Italian units in the area without difficulty: the 24th Panzer Division and "Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler" quickly entered Modena va Boloniya; The 3-otliqlar diviziyasi Amedeo Duca d'Aosta, which was being re-formed after the losses suffered in Russia, was disarmed, and the soldiers taken prisoner.
The 71st German Infantry Division encountered more difficulty in occupying Friuli va Julian Mart; Holbuki 3-tog 'bo'limi Julia va Sforzeskaning 2-tog'li piyoda diviziyasi, both being re-formed after their destruction in Russia, were soon disarmed, the 52-motorli divizion Torino put up resistance in Goriziya, where workers formed the first partisan groups. Meanwhile, Slovene partisan formations invaded part of this region, where they often inflicted bloody reprisals against the Italian civilian population. Only towards the end of the month, the 71st German Infantry Division, assisted by Italian collaborationist soldiers of the Italian Social Republic, regained control of the situation, repelled the Yugoslav partisans and occupied all the territory. Yilda Triest, General Alberto Ferrero, after fruitless talks with anti-fascist representatives, started negotiations with the Germans and then abandoned the city, and 90,000 Italian soldiers in the area, abandoned without orders, surrendered without a fight.
In central Italy north of Rome, the 5th Italian Army of General Mario Caracciolo di Feroleto, headquartered in Orte, was dissolved on 11 September, and its soldiers were disarmed and interned; The Ravenna 3-tog 'piyoda diviziyasi, bosh qarorgohi Grosseto, and the coastal formations of the northern Tirren dengizi disintegrated, and German units entered the cities; Livorno was captured on 10 September. Yilda Florensiya, General Chiappa Armellini immediately allowed the Germans to enter the city; Colonel Chiari in Arezzo and Colonel Laurei in Massa gave up their forces without attempting any resistance. Italian units and civilian volunteers in Piombino repelled a German landing attempt between 10 and 11 September, killing or capturing some hundreds of German soldiers, but on 12 September the Italian superior commands surrendered the town to the Germans.
Army Group B completed its task by 19 September, occupying all of central and northern Italy, disarming and capturing a great part of the Italian troops and sizable booty, that included 236 armored fighting vehicles, 1,138 dala qurollari, 536 tankga qarshi qurollar, 797 zenit qurollari, 5,926 avtomatlar and 386,000 rifles. Along with 13,000 officers and 402,000 Italian soldiers, 43,000 Allied prisoners, previously held by the Italians, were also captured. Rommel organized a quick transfer to Germany of the captured Italian soldiers, which were sent through the Brenner Pass, partly by train, partly on foot.
Disintegration of Italian forces abroad
Frantsiya
The 4-Italiya armiyasi of General Mario Vercellino, consisting of the 5-tog 'bo'limi Pusteriya, 2-otliqlar diviziyasi Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro va 48-piyoda diviziyasi Taro, yo'lda edi Proventsiya to Italy when news of the armistice came; panic immediately spread among the troops, and rumors about the aggressiveness and brutality of the German troops caused demoralization and disintegration of the units towards the border. The army, dispersed between France, Piedmont and Liguria, disintegrated between 9 and 11 September, under the pressure of the converging German forces of Field Marshals Gerd fon Rundstedt (from Provence) and Erwin Rommel (from Italy).
Taking advantage of the disintegration of the Italian units, the German troops swiftly captured all positions: the 356th and 715th Infantry Division entered Toulon va ga yetdi Var river, while the Panzergrenadier Division Felderrnhalle occupied the riviera till Menton. Mont-Senis pass, held by Italian units, was attacked in a qisqich harakati by German units from France (units of the 157th and 715th Infantry Division) and Piedmont (units of the Leybstandart Adolf Gitler, coming from Turin); the Italian garrison defended the pass for some time, then surrendered after blowing up part of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel. Most soldiers of the 4th Army dispersed and tried to reach their homes; some others decided to remain with the Germans, whereas sizeable groups chose to oppose the occupation and went into the mountains, where they joined groups of anti-fascist civilians and thus formed the first partisan groups in Piedmont. On 12 September, General Vercellino formally dissolved his Army, while General Operti secured the Army treasure, part of which would later be used to fund the resistance.
Bolqon
Italian forces in the Bolqon (Sloveniya, Dalmatiya, Xorvatiya, Bosniya, Gersegovina, Chernogoriya, Albaniya va Gretsiya ) amounted to over 30 divisions and 500,000 soldiers, who had been engaged for two years in waging counter-partizan operations against Yugoslav and Greek partisans. Italian forces in the area consisted of the 2-armiya (Umumiy Mario Robotti ) in Slovenia and Dalmatia, of the 9-armiya (Umumiy Lorenzo Dalmazzo ), stationed in Albania and under the control of Army Group East of General Ezio Rosi (which also included the troops in Bosnia and Montenegro), and of the 11-armiya (General Vecchierelli) in Greece, the latter under Armiya guruhi E general Aleksandr Lyor.
Italian troops in the area were exhausted after years of wearing anti-partisan operations, characterized by brutalities, reprisals and repression, and were isolated in a hostile territory, mixed with numerous German divisions (over 20 divisions of Army Group F of Field Marshal Von Weichs, and of Army Group E of General Löhr) and Croat collaborationist units whom, on 9 September, immediately severed all ties with Italy and joined Germany in the fight against the former ally. Without any land connection, and with confusing and vague orders, units quickly disintegrated and many soldiers were disarmed, captured and deported to Germany. However, Italian soldiers in this area fought with more determination than the units left in Italy, suffering heavy casualties and harsh reprisals by the German units.
Some units managed to escape capture and joined Yugoslav or Greek partisan formations, subsequently fighting alongside them; the population was often friendly towards the soldiers, and helped them. German forces, less numerous but more mobile, determined and well-led, and enjoying complete havo ustunligi, quickly prevailed, brutally crushing Italian resistance, often summarily executing Italian officers, and occupying all the Balkan region; 393,000 Italian soldiers were captured and deported, about 29,000 joined the Germans, 20,000 joined Partisan formations, and 57,000 dispersed or hid and tried to survive.
The 5th, 11th and 18th Corps which formed the 2nd Army, stationed in Slovenia, Croatia and Dalmatia, were attacked by two Croat and three German divisions; Umumiy Gastone Gambara, commander of the 11th Corps, started negotiations in Fiume and then abandoned his troops on 14 September, leaving them to be captured; Pola also fell without resistance. On 11 September the divisions stationed in Dalmatia were ordered to avoid any resistance in the hope of a peaceful repatriation, but the subordinate units refused, and started fighting against the Germans. The 14-piyoda divizion Isonzo, 22-piyoda diviziyasi Cacciatori delle Alpi va 153-piyoda divizion Macerata were dissolved, whereas the Lombardiya 57-piyoda diviziyasi va 154-piyoda diviziyasi Murge resisted in Susak va Karlovak; The 158-piyoda diviziyasi Zara surrendered on 10 September and its commanders were deported, while in Split The 15-piyoda diviziyasi Bergamo made an agreement with Yugoslav partisans and defended the town till 27 September against the 7-SS ko'ngilli tog 'bo'limi Prins Evgen, yuborilgan Mostar; after surrender, three Italian generals (Alfonso Cigala Fulgosi, Raffaele Pelligra and Angelo Policardi) and 46 officers were executed. The 1-otliq diviziyasi Evgenio di Savoyya, stationed in Dalmatia, was dispersed.
Italian forces in Albaniya consisted of the six divisions of the 9th Army (General Dalmazzo); the headquarters of Army Group East (General Rosi) was in Tirana. Left without clear orders, Italian commanders showed indecision and insufficient fighting spirit; on the contrary, German forces (Superior Command "Kroazia" with two chasseurs divisions, one mountain division and the 1st Panzer Division) acted swiftly and with great aggressiveness. In the morning of 11 September, the command of Army Group East was surrounded and General Rosi was immediately captured along with his officers, while General Dalmazzo did not react to the German attacks, did not issue any order of resistance and started negotiations with the Germans, hastening the disintegration of his forces.
The 11-piyoda diviziyasi Brennero (whose commander, General Princivalle, kept an ambivalent behavior), 38-piyoda diviziyasi Pugli, 49-piyoda diviziyasi Parma va 53-piyoda diviziyasi Arezzo handed over their weapons and were dissolved (most men of the Brennero Division however managed to return to Italy by sea, while a considerable part of the men of the Arezzo Division escaped and joined the partisans), while the 41-piyoda diviziyasi Firenze (Umumiy Arnaldo Azzi ) va 151-piyoda diviziyasi Perujiya (General Ernesto Chiminello) tried to resist. The Firenze Division faced the Germans in battle but was defeated near Kruja, after which the Division was dissolved and its men joined the partisan formations; the Perugia Division retreated to Porto Edda after a fighting retreat and some of its men managed to embark on ships headed for Italy, but most of the division, weakened by the exhausting march through the Albanian mountains and the continuous attacks, was surrounded and surrendered on 22 September, after which General Chiminello and 130 officers were executed. Some survivors joined the partisans, forming the Antonio Gramsci batalyoni.Over 15,000 dispersed Italian soldiers were sheltered by the population; the 21st German Mountain Corps established its headquarters in Tirana already on 10 September. Overall, about 90,000 Italian soldiers were captured in Albania, whereas a further 45,000 evaded capture and dispersed around the country; some of them were sheltered by the population in exchange for their labour, while many others succumbed to cold and starvation (British documents estimated mortality among Italian soldiers in Albania at about one hundred deaths per day in the winter of 1943-1944).[1][2][3]
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the 18-piyoda diviziyasi Messina resisted for four days, while the 32-piyoda diviziyasi Marche tried to defend Dubrovnik, but the German forces crushed its resistance; the commander of the Division, General Giuseppe Amico, was captured by the Germans during a parley and released to convince his men to surrender, but he instead rallied them against the Germans. Recaptured later, he was executed. In Montenegro, the 23-piyoda diviziyasi Ferrara disintegrated, while the 155-piyoda diviziyasi Emiliya himoya qildi Kotor ko'rfazi till 16 September, then it had to surrender; ning askarlari Venesiyaning 19-piyoda diviziyasi va 1-tog 'bo'limi Taurinense joined Tito's partisans and formed the "Garibaldi" partisan Division, which kept fighting against the Germans, despite some violent "incomprehensions" with the Yugoslavs, till March 1945.
Materikda Gretsiya, as elsewhere, uncertainty and ambivalent behavior of the Italian superior officers favored a rapid German success; Italian forces in this region, consisting of the 11-armiya shtab-kvartirasi bilan Afina, were subordinate to Army Group E of General Löhr, whom had numerically inferior but more efficient units (three chasseurs divisions, part of the 1st Panzer Division and a Luftwaffe field division). General Carlo Vecchierelli, commander of the 11th Army, issued at first an order dictating that no initiatives were to be taken against the Germans, and on 9 September, believing the German assurances of safe-conducts to return to Italy, he ordered his troops to avoid any resistance and hand over the weapons to the Germans, without fighting.
The consequence was the disintegration of most of the units: the 29-piyoda diviziyasi Piemonte, 36-tog'li piyoda diviziyasi Forlì, 37-tog'li piyoda diviziyasi Modena, 56-piyoda diviziyasi Kasale va 59-tog'li piyoda diviziyasi Kalyari were easily disarmed and their soldiers were captured and sent to Germany. The 24-piyoda diviziyasi Pinerolo ichida joylashgan Saloniya, rejected Vecchiarelli's orders; General Adolfo Infante, after fighting in Larissa, retreated to the Pindus massif, where he tried to obtain collaboration of the ELAS partizanlar. At first the Greek partisans agreed, but then they attacked the Aosta Cavalry Division to capture their weapons; Infante left for Italy, and his men were dispersed among the local population under the guidance of EAM/ELAS in order to be fed and survive the winter.
After being ordered to disarm his unit or transfer it to German command, Anjeliko Karta qo'mondoni 51-piyoda diviziyasi Siena stationed in east Krit, decided to side against the Italian Social Republic. U bilan bog'landi Maxsus operatsiyalar ijro etuvchi (SOE) through the division's counter-intelligence officer, arranging that he and members of his staff sympathetic to the Allied cause be smuggled to Egypt along with the defense plans for the east of the island. After abandoning his car north-east of Neapoli Diversiya sifatida Carta va uning o'rtoqlari janubi-g'arbiy tomon qadam qo'ydilar. Nemis patrullari va kuzatuv samolyotlaridan qochib, u a Motorli Torpedo qayig'i Sautsouroga etib borishda Mersa Matruh ertasi kuni tushdan keyin, 1943 yil 23 sentyabrda.[4] [5]
Ionian Islands and the Dodecanese
German commands believed that it would be of great importance to retain control of the Ion orollari va Dekodan, garrisoned by Italian troops, as they were believed to be of great strategic importance as a peripheral naval and air base and a defensive stronghold against possible Allied attacks on the Balkan front. Therefore, German forces launched a series of operations aimed at capturing the most important of these islands, with a sizable concentration of land and air forces. These operations caused some bloody battles against the Italian garrisons (who tried to resist, relying on their numerical superiority, geographical isolation and in some cases Allied assistance) and atrocities after surrender.
The Allies, despite insistence from Uinston Cherchill who supported a powerful Allied intervention in these islands to support the Italian garrisons and to secure valuable naval and air bases (which would turn useful for attacks on the southern Balkan front of "Evropa qal'asi "), only sent weak contingents with scarce air support, and were thus unable to change the course of the events, which progressively turned in favor of the Wehrmacht.
Yilda Krit, 51-piyoda diviziyasi Siena was immediately neutralized and disarmed by the German forces in the island (the "Kreta" fortress brigade and the 22-havo qo'nish bo'limi, faxriysi Germaniyaning Gollandiyaga bosqini va Sebastopolni qamal qilish ); part of the Italian soldiers joined the Germans, whereas most of them were imprisoned and transferred to mainland Greece by sea, but at least 4,700 of them drowned in the sinking by Allied air and submarine attacks of two of the ships that were carrying them (Sinfra va Petrella ). Rodos also quickly fell to the Germans; Italian forces there (the 50-piyoda diviziya Regina va qismi 6-piyoda diviziyasi Kuneo, with 34,000 men), enjoyed numerical superiority over the German forces of General Kleeman (7,000 men of the "Rhodos" Division), but after noaniq jang the Italian commander, Admiral Inigo chempioni, surrendered when the Germans threatened to launch heavy bombings against the town of Rhodes. Karpatos was occupied by German forces on 13 September, after Campioni had ordered the island garrison to surrender. Over 6,500 Italian soldiers of the Rhodes garrison died after surrender, most of them in the sinking of the steamers Oria va Donizetti that were carrying them to mainland Greece; Campioni was later executed by Fascist authorities for having defended the island.
British units landed in Leros va Kos, where they joined the Italian garrisons in contrasting the German invasion (carried out by the 22nd Air Landing Division), but mediocre coordination, better German efficiency and German air supremacy led to a German victory and the capture of both islands. Kos fell on 4 October, with 2,500 Italian and 600 British soldiers taken prisoners; 96 Italian officers, including the garrison commander (Colonel Felice Leggio), were ijro etildi. Leros, defended by its 7,600-strong Italian garrison reinforced by 4,500 British soldiers, resisted for much longer; after weeks of continuous bombing, on 12 November 2,700 German soldiers landed or were parachuted in different points of the island and, despite numerical inferiority, they prevailed by 16 September, forcing both Italians and British to surrender. The Italian commander, Rear Admiral Luidji Mascherpa, was later executed by RSI authorities, like Campioni.
The most tragic events took place in the Ionian Islands, namely Korfu va Tsefaloniya, which the German command considered to be of utmost importance for defense of the Balkan coast against possible Allied landings. The Italian garrison on Cephalonia, consisting in the 33-tog 'piyoda diviziyasi Acqui with 11,500 men under General Antonio Gandin, at first did not take any initiative against the much smaller German garrison (2,000 mountain troops under Lieutenant Colonel Hans Barge), and waited for clear orders. On 11 September, the Germans presented an ultimatum which ordered the Italians to surrender; Gandin at first decided to hand over the weapons, but after signs of protest and unrest among his men, he decided to resist. On 13 September, after receiving clear orders from the superior commands in Brindisi, Gandin rejected the ultimatum and attacked the German landing craft attempting to reach the island.
On 15 September, the Germans intervened in force, landing five battalions of mountain troops of the 1-tog 'bo'limi Edelveys general Hubert Lanz tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi o'ziyurar qurollar. The Germans repelled the Italian attack and then, after fierce fighting, went on the offensive on 21 September and forced the Italians to surrender at 11:00 on 22 September. After the surrender, the Germans began a bloody reprisal; General Gandin, about 400 officers and 4,000 to 5,000 men of the Acqui Division were executed. 1,300 men had previously been killed in the battle, and another 1,350 subsequently perished in the sinking of ships that were carrying them to mainland Greece.In Corfu the 4,500-strong Italian garrison easily overpowered and captured the 500-strong German garrison; the German prisoners were transferred by sea to Italy (and their presence in Italian hands is probably the reason that prevented the Germans from committing another full-scale massacre like in Cephalonia), while the garrison was reinforced by 3,500 more men.Biroq 24-25 sentyabr kunlari orasida Luftwaffe ko'magi bilan ko'proq nemis kuchlari orolga kelib tushishdi va 26 sentyabrda italiyaliklar, yuzlab odamlarini yo'qotib, o'q-dorilarini tugatgandan so'ng, taslim bo'ldilar. Italiyalik qo'mondon, polkovnik Luidji Lusignani 28 zobiti bilan birga qatl etildi; 1302 nafar italiyalik mahbus motorli kemaning cho'kishi natijasida halok bo'ldi Mario Roselli ularni materikka o'tkazish kerak edi.
Italiya floti
Sulh bitimlari Italiya flotining taslim bo'lishini talab qildi, chunki harbiy kemalarning "yo'q qilinishi" Italiya qirollik floti O'rta dengizdagi ittifoqchi dengiz kuchlarini kamaytirishga imkon beradi. Armiya hamkasblari singari, Italiya dengiz floti qo'mondonlari ham qat'iyat va qobiliyat etishmasligini namoyon etishdi; shtab boshlig'i, admiral Raffaele de Courten sulh to'g'risida oldindan ogohlantirgan 8-sentabr oqshomigacha u parkni bajarishi yoki topshirishi kerakmi yoki uni buzishni buyuradimi, bir qarorga kelmagan. Bundan tashqari, 8 sentyabr oqshomigacha De Courten Admiralga xabar bermadi Karlo Bergamini, joylashgan Italiyaning asosiy harbiy kemalari qo'mondoni La Spezia, sulh to'g'risida. Faqat o'sha paytda u sarosimaga tushgan Bergaminiga o'z kemasi bilan suzib ketishni buyurdi La Maddalena.
Shu zahotiyoq De Kurten Badoglio va qirolning Brindisiga qochishida qo'shildi va shu tariqa u o'z buyrug'idan voz kechdi va Rimda o'zining shtab boshlig'ining o'rinbosari admiralni qoldirdi. Luidji Sansonetti. Ikkinchisi, o'zining xavfli ahvoliga qaramay, De Kurten yana qo'mondonlikni qabul qilganiga qadar, 12 sentyabrgacha dengizdagi kemalar bilan radio aloqasini saqlab turdi. Bergamini, istamagan zobitlarini buyruqlarga rioya qilish zarurligiga ishontirish uchun yig'ilishdan so'ng, suzib ketdi La Spezia faqat 9 sentyabr soat 03:00 da; Natijada Italiya floti kunduzi ko'rindi va soat 14: 00da yangi ishlayotgan Germaniya samolyotlari tomonidan hujumga uchradi Fritz X boshqariladigan bombalar, Bergamini flagmanini cho'ktirdi "Roma". Bergamini 1393 kishisi bilan birga halok bo'ldi. "Roma"singil kema Italiya zarar ko'rgan.
Filimning qolgan qismi cho'kib ketganidan so'ng, endi Admiral ostida Romeo Oliva, Maltaga yo'l oldi. Bir nechta esminets va torpedo qayiqlari olish uchun ortda qoldi "Roma"omon qolganlar, va keyin yetib Balear orollari, ular Ispaniya hukumati tomonidan internirlangan joyda; ulardan ikkitasi, Pegaso va Impetuoso, yaqinda chayqalishdi Mahon ularning internirlanishini yoki ittifoqchilarga topshirilishini istamagan qo'mondonlari tomonidan. Filoning asosiy qismi (shu jumladan, jangovar kemalar) Italiya va Vittorio Veneto va beshta engil kreyser) 10 sentyabrda Maltaga etib bordi; jangovar kemalarni o'z ichiga olgan Tarantodan kichikroq kuch Duilio va Andrea Darya va Admiral ostida uchta engil kreyser Alberto Da Zara, allaqachon u erga ko'chirilgan edi. Keyingi kunlarda yana bir qator Italiya kemalari, asosan torpedo qayiqlari, korvettalar va suvosti kemalari Maltaga oqib kelishdi; so'nggi Italiya harbiy kemasi, Giulio Sezare, u erga 13 sentyabr kuni etib kelgan.
Italiya dengiz flotining operatsion kemalarining aksariyati Ittifoq nazorati ostidagi portlarga etib borgan bo'lsa, ba'zilari yo'lda nemis kemalari va samolyotlari tomonidan cho'kib ketgan; ular orasida yo'q qiluvchilar Kvintino Sella, Ugolino Vivaldi va Antonio Da Noli, torpedo qayiqlari T 6 va T 8, korvet Berenice, suvosti kemasi Topazio (noaniq sharoitda Ittifoq samolyoti tomonidan cho'ktirildi), qurol qayig'i Avrora, yordamchi kreyser Piero Foscari, o'q-dorilarni tashish Buffoluto, ta'mirlash kemasi Quarnaro va minelayer Pelagosa, shuningdek, bir nechta motorli torpedo qayiqlari, suvosti kemalari va kichikroq hunarmandchilik. Qurbonlar orasida kontr-admiral ham bor edi Federiko Martinengo, Italiya dengiz osti kemalariga qarshi qo'mondon, dengiz osti quvg'inida halok bo'lgan VAS 234 nemis bilan to'qnashuv paytida R qayiqlar.
In Qora dengiz, besh kishilik italyan floti CB-sinf o'rta suv osti kemalari Ruminiya harbiy-dengiz kuchlari tomonidan qo'lga olindi va Germaniyaning kuchli noroziligiga qaramay, Ruminiya dengiz qo'mondoni kontr-admiral Horia Macellariu, uning o'rnida turdi va beshta midget suv osti kemalari uchun yangi qo'shimchalar bo'lib qoldi Ruminiya Qirollik floti.[6][7][8]
Krit va Gretsiyada nemis kuchlari ustun bo'lgan Italiya harbiy kemalari tomonidan boshqa taqdirni kutib olishdi; faqat torpedo qayig'i Monzambano qochishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ikkita esminets va to'rtta torpedo qayig'i qo'lga olindi. Bundan tashqari, torpedo qayig'i Insidioso ichida ushlangan Pola, torpedo qayig'i T 7 ichida ushlangan Gruj, torpedo qayig'i Juzeppe Missori ichida ushlangan Durres (opa-singil, Rosolino Pilo, shuningdek qo'lga olindi, ammo keyinchalik uning ekipaji nemis soqchilarini engib, Italiya nazorati ostidagi portga) va suvosti kemalariga etib bordi. Franchesko Rismondo va H 6 ushlangan Bonifacio. Dengiz osti kemalari Ametista va Serpente qo'mondonlari tomonidan ta'qib qilingan Ancona. Sulh shartnomasi shuningdek, ta'mirlash yoki ta'mirlash ishlarini olib borayotgan yoki mexanik buzilishlardan aziyat chekkan yoki dengizga chiqa olmaydigan barcha kemalarning yo'qolishini anglatadi; ularga jangovar kema ham kiritilgan Kavur, og'ir kreyserlar Goriziya va Bolzano, engil kreyser Taranto, sakkizta esminets, o'n uchta torpedo qayig'i, sakkizta korvet va yigirma suv osti kemasi. Ularning aksariyati shafqatsiz yoki sabotaj qilingan, qolganlari qo'lga olingan. Nemis kuchlari, shuningdek, qurilayotgan bir qator kemalarni qo'lga kiritdilar; ular orasida to'liq bo'lmagan aviatashuvchi Akila va bir nechta Capitani Romani sinfidagi kreyserlar, Ariete sinfidagi torpedo qayiqlari, Gabbiano sinfidagi korvetlar, Flutto sinfidagi suvosti kemalari va R sinfidagi transport suvosti kemalari. "Ariete" va "Gabbiano" sinfidagi ko'plab kemalar nemislar tomonidan to'ldirilib, xizmatga kirishdi Kriegsmarine.
Italiya dengiz flotining aksariyat ofitserlari va odamlari ittifoqchilarga taslim bo'lish buyrug'idan qattiq hafsalasi pir bo'lgan; intizom saqlanib qoldi, ammo ba'zi bo'ysunmaslik, isyon va ba'zi kemalarni topshirishga yo'l qo'ymaslik urinishlari bo'lgan. Eng ko'zga ko'ringan epizodlar - yuqorida aytib o'tilgan torpedo qayiqlarining chayqalishi Pegaso va Impetuoso, kontr-admiralni hibsga olish Jovanni Galati, kemalarni soqit qilishni va jangovar kema ekipaji qismining isyonini talab qildi Giulio Sezare, uning komandirini qamoqqa tashlagan va kemani tortib olishni rejalashtirgan, ammo oxir-oqibat buyruqlarni bajarishga ishontirilgan.
Italiya savdo flotidan qolgan narsalarning aksariyati nemis kuchlari tomonidan Italiya portlarida qo'lga olindi.
Italiya havo kuchlari
The Italiya qirollik havo kuchlari sulh shartnomasi tomonidan butunlay ajablanib qabul qilindi, shuningdek, bu holda yuqori buyruqlar beparvolik va qobiliyatsizlikni ko'rsatdi; shtab boshlig'i general Renato Sandalli 5 sentyabrgacha bo'ysunuvchilariga xabar bermadi, keyin 8 sentyabrga o'tar kechasi generalga buyruq berdi. Juzeppe Santoro rejalashtirilgan direktivani ("Memorandum № 1") ijro etuvchi buyruqlarini chiqarmasdan Brindisiga qochib ketgan. Italiya havo bazalari hech qanday aniq buyruq olmadi va shu tariqa havo kuchlari nemis bosqinchilariga qarshi ishlatilmadi, ular buning o'rniga tashabbusni qo'lga kiritdilar va qolgan samolyotlarning aksariyati joylashgan Shimoliy Italiyadagi asosiy havo bazalarini tezda egallab oldilar. Faqatgina 11 sentyabrda Santoro barcha bo'linmalarga ittifoqchilar nazorati ostidagi havo bazalariga etib borishni buyurdi, Rim aviabazalari qo'mondoni general Ilari esa muzokaralarni boshladi va bazalar va samolyotlarni nemislarga topshirdi. Taxminan 800 operatsion samolyotdan atigi 246 tasi Ittifoqchilar nazorati ostidagi hududga etib borishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, samolyotlarning uchdan ikki qismi nemislar qo'liga tushdi va 43 tasi urib tushirildi. Luftwaffe janubga uchayotganda samolyotlar. Ba'zi qiruvchi qismlar Axis bilan qolishga qaror qildilar va yadroni tashkil qildilar Milliy respublika havo kuchlari.
Natijada
10 sentyabrda allaqachon OKW buyrug'i Italiya harbiy apparati yo'q qilinishini e'lon qilgan birinchi kommyunikeni e'lon qildi. Ko'plab italiyalik birliklar bir necha kun yoki bir necha hafta davomida Yunoniston orollari va Bolqonlarda jang qilib, Korsika, Sardiniya, Apuliya va Kalabriya ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolishgan bo'lsa-da, Italiya armiyasining asosiy bo'linmalari bir necha kun davomida keng tarqalib ketgan cho'llarda samarali ravishda tarqatib yuborilgan edi. .
"Axse" ning muvaffaqiyati va uning ikkinchi darajali operatsiyalari bilan Vermaxt O'rta er dengizi teatridagi eng muhim strategik pozitsiyalarni ta'minlash va katta operativ qiyinchiliklarni engib o'tish orqali muhim strategik muvaffaqiyatga erishdi; Germaniyaning tükenmekte bo'lgan resurslarini birlashtirishda foydali bo'lgan juda ko'p miqdorda qurol-yarog ', asbob-uskunalar va manbalarni qo'lga kiritdi. 20000 dan ortiq italiyalik askarlar jangda o'ldirilgan va 800000 ga yaqin kishi asirga olingan; ularning 13000 dan ortig'i Egey orollaridan Yunoniston materigigacha olib borgan bir nechta kemalarning cho'kib ketishiga g'arq bo'lgan, qolganlari tan olinmagan harbiy asir holati va "o'rniga tasniflanganItaliya harbiy internirlari "va ekspluatatsiya qilingan majburiy mehnat Germaniyaning urush sanoatida. Ularning 50 minggacha nemis asirligida o'lgan.
O'rta Yer dengizidagi maqsadlari ancha cheklangan (Italiyani urushdan chetlatish va nemis kuchlarining bir qismini jalb qilish) va strategik rejalashtirish inglizlar va amerikaliklar o'rtasida og'ir ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqargan ittifoqchilar Italiya qulashidan foydalana olmadilar va Italiya yarim orolida ikki yildan kamroq davom etgan kampaniya davomida cheklanib qolishdi, bu juda ko'p quruqlik va havo kuchlari va resurslarini talab qildi. Biroq, nemislar, asosan, Sharqiy va G'arbiy jabhalarda ko'proq foydali bo'lgan, ammo bu urushni janubdan uzoqlashtirishga imkon beradigan ko'p sonli mobil va malakali bo'linmalarni Italiya va Bolqonga yo'naltirishlari kerak edi. Germaniya mintaqalari, qurol ishlab chiqarishda katta ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan boy sanoat mintaqalarini himoya qilish va Italiya fashistik hukumatini shakllantirishning siyosiy va tashviqot maqsadiga erishish uchun rasmiy ravishda hali ham uchinchi reyxga ittifoqdosh.
Italiya davlati va urush mashinasining to'satdan va to'liq qulashi asosan siyosiy va harbiy rahbariyat tomonidan yo'l qo'yilgan xatolar, ularning tashabbuslarining norealligi, haqiqiy muvofiqlik to'g'risida noto'g'ri tushuncha tufayli yuzaga keldi.[tushuntirish kerak ] Italiya rahbariyatining qaroriga ko'ra ittifoqchilarning maqsadi va ittifoqchilarga taslim bo'lish, ammo nemislarga qarshi kurashish emas. Bo'ysunuvchi buyruqlarga aniq buyruqlarning etishmasligi, rahbariyatning shaxsiy xavfsizligi va uning institutsional davomiyligi, hatto qurolli kuchlarning qarshilik ko'rsatish qobiliyatiga zarar etkazish uchun berilgan ahamiyat, bo'linmalarning parchalanishiga olib keldi. jasur va jangovar ruhning ba'zi holatlariga qaramay nemislarning hujumlari va repressiyalariga rahbarlik qildi.
Raqamlar
Nemis hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, Italiya kuchlari qurolsizlantirilgan 1 006 370 ta. Mintaqalar bo'yicha buzilganlar:
- Shimoliy Italiyada 415,682
- Italiyaning janubiy qismida 102,340
- Frantsiyada 8.722
- Yugoslaviyada 164 986 ta
- Yunoniston materikida va Egey orollarida 265 ming kishi
Bunday katta armiyani qurolsizlantirish natijasida ko'plab qurol-yarog 'va harbiy texnika musodara qilindi:
- 1.285.871 miltiq
- 39 007 pulemyot
- 13,906 MAB 38 avtomatlar
- 8 736 minomyot
- 2754 dala qurol
- 5,568 ta boshqa artilleriya buyumlari
- 16 631 ta transport vositasi
- 977 zirhli texnika
Faqat 197000 italiyalik askar nemislar qatorida urushni davom ettirdi. Ba'zi 94000 kishi, asosan fashistlar, darhol ushbu variantni tanladi. Qolganlari, taxminan 103,000 erkaklar, hibsda ushlab turishni tanlagan Italiya ijtimoiy respublikasi nemis mehnat lagerlaridagi og'ir sharoitlardan qochish. 600,000 va 650,000 orasida nemis mehnat lagerlarida qoldi, bu erda ularning 37000 dan 50000 gacha qismi halok bo'lgan. 1943 yil sentyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan janglar paytida 20,000 dan 30,000 gacha bo'lgan italiyalik askarlar o'ldirilgan,[9] Egey dengizidagi harbiy asir kemalarining cho'kib ketishi natijasida yana 13000 kishi halok bo'ldi.
Adabiyotlar
- ^ Beyli, Roderik (2011 yil 31 oktyabr). "Eng yirtqich viloyat: burgut yurtidagi davlat". Tasodifiy uy. Olingan 16 may 2017 - Google Books orqali.
- ^ Hanbury-Tenison, Robin (2014 yil 30-iyun). "Burgutlar mamlakati: Evropaning unutilgan mamlakati bo'ylab sayohat qilish". I.B.Tauris. Olingan 16 may 2017 - Google Books orqali.
- ^ Fischer, Bernd Yurgen (1999 yil 1-yanvar). "Albaniya urushda, 1939-1945". Xursat. Olingan 16 may 2017 - Google Books orqali.
- ^ Ley Fermor 2014 yil, 1-3 betlar.
- ^ Koukounas 2013 yil, p. 115.
- ^ Lourens Paterson, Po'lat va muz: Arktika va Qora dengizdagi qayiqdagi jang 1941-45
- ^ Jeymi Prenatt, Mark Stil, Eksa o'rta suv osti kemalari: 1939-45, p. 15
- ^ Pol Kemp, Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Midget Submarines, p. 65
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2011-07-22. Olingan 2011-02-04.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
Manbalar
- Elena Aga Rossi, Una nazione allo sbando. 8-sentyabr 1943 yil, Bolonya, il Mulino, 2003 yil, ISBN 978-88-15-11322-1.
- Roberto Battalya, Storia della Resistenza italiana, Torino, Einaudi, 1964, ISBN non esistente.
- Eddi Bauer, Storia controversa della seconda guerra mondiale, vol. V, Novara, De Agostini, 1971, ISBN non esistente.
- Giorgio Bocca, Storia dell'Italia partigiana, Milano, Mondadori, 1995 yil, ISBN 88-04-40129-X.
- Frederik Uilyam Deakin, La brutale amicizia. Mussolini, Gitler e la caduta del fascismo italiano, Torino, Einaudi, 1990 yil, ISBN 88-06-11821-8.
- Renzo De Felice, Mussolini l'alleato. Crisi e agonia del rejimi, Torino, Einaudi, 1996 yil, ISBN 88-06-14031-0.
- Renzo De Felice, Mussolini l'alleato. La guerra civile, Torino, Einaudi, 1997 yil, ISBN 88-06-14996-2.
- Karlo D'Este, 1943, Sitsiliyadagi sbarco, Milano, Mondadori, 1990 yil, ISBN 88-04-33046-5.
- Xelmut Xayber, Men Gitler bilan so'zma-so'z gaplashaman, Gorizia, LEG, 2009 yil, ISBN 978-88-6102-042-9.
- Devid Irving, La guerra di Gitler, Roma, Settimo Sigillo, 2001, ISBN.
- Yan Kershou, Gitler. 1936-1945 yillar, Milano, Bompiani, 2001 yil ISBN 88-452-4969-7.
- Lyuts Klinkhammer, 1943-1945 yillarda Italiyada L'occupazione tedesca, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2007 yil, ISBN 978-88-339-1782-5.
- Erix Kuby, 1943 yil, Il tradimento tedesco, Milano, BUR, 1996 yil, ISBN 88-17-11674-2.
- Koukounas, Demosfen (2013). Η ίorίa της τapos [Kasb tarixi] (yunon tilida). II. Afina: Livani. ISBN 978-960-14-2687-7.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Ley Fermor, Patrik (2014). Generalni o'g'irlash: Kritdagi operatsiya va SOE. London: Jon Myurrey. ISBN 978-1-4447-9658-2.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
- Erik Morris, La guerra yaroqsiz, Milano, Longanesi va C., 1993 yil, ISBN 88-304-1154-X.
- Janni Oliva, Men vinti e i liberati. 8 sentyabr 1943-25 aprel 1945 yil: storia di due anni, Milano, Mondadori, 1994 yil, ISBN 88-04-36897-7.
- Marko Patricelli, Settembre 1943. I giorni della vergogna, Bari, Editori laterza, 2009, ISBN 978-88-420-8827-1.
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- Marko Pilikon Chiodo, Nome della resa-da. L'Italia nella seconda gerra mondiale (1940-1945), Milano, Mursiya, 1990 yil, ISBN 88-425-0654-0.
- Giorgio Rochat, Le guerre italiane 1935-1943 yillar, Torino, Einaudi, 2005 yil, ISBN 88-06-16118-0.
- Uilyam L. Shirer, Storia del Terzo Reyx, Torino, Einaudi, 1990 yil, ISBN 88-06-11698-3.
- Roberto Zedda, Oristano il Ponte Mannu 1943 yil, Oristano, E.P. d'O., 2012 yil.