Xall porti - Port of Hull

Xall porti
The P&O feribotlari Xall portidagi terminal
Manzil
Mamlakat	Angliya
Manzil	Kallston-Xull
Koordinatalar	53 ° 44′17 ″ N. 0 ° 19′55 ″ V / 53.738 ° N 0.332 ° Vt / 53.738; -0.332 (Xall porti)Koordinatalar: 53 ° 44′17 ″ N. 0 ° 19′55 ″ V / 53.738 ° N 0.332 ° Vt / 53.738; -0.332 (Xall porti)
Tafsilotlar
Tomonidan boshqariladi	Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari

The Xall porti ning tutashgan joyidagi port Hull daryosi va Humber Estariya in Kallston-Xull, ichida Yorkshirning Sharqiy minishi, Angliya.

Portdagi dengiz savdosi kamida 13-asrda kuzatilishi mumkin, dastlab asosan Xeyl daryosining chiqish qismida, Xeyven deb nomlangan yoki keyinchalik Eski Makon deb nomlangan. 1773 yilda Hull Dock Company tashkil topdi va Xullning birinchi dokasi ilgari egallab olingan quruqlikda qurilgan Hull shahar devorlari. Keyingi yarim asrda qadimgi istehkomlar o'rnida qadimgi shahar atrofidagi shaharcha doklari deb nomlanuvchi halqa qurildi. Birinchisi Dock (1778), (yoki Eski Dock, 1855 yildan keyin Qirolicha Dock nomi bilan mashhur), undan keyin Humber Dock (1809) va Junction Dock (1829). Yangi qurilganlarga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun temir yo'l dokasi (1846) kengaytmasi ochildi Xall va Selbi temir yo'li.

Daryoning sharqiy qismidagi birinchi doka Viktoriya Dok 1850 yilda ochilgan. G'arbdagi Humber qirg'oqlari bo'ylab doklar 1862 yilda G'arbiy Dock, keyinroq Albert Dock qurilishi bilan boshlangan. Uilyam Raytning kengaytmasi 1880 yilda ochilgan va 1883 yilda g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Sent-Endryu dokasi ochilgan. 1885 yilda Aleksandra Dok xuddi shu kompaniya tomonidan qurilgan yangi temir yo'l liniyasiga ulangan yangi sharqiy dok qurilgan. Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company. 1914 yilda King George Dock raqobatchi temir yo'l kompaniyalari, Hull and Barnsley kompaniyasi va Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l; bu 1969 yilda qirolicha Elizabeth Dock tomonidan kengaytirilgan. 2016 yildan boshlab Aleksandra shamol stantsiyasining qurilishida foydalanish uchun modernizatsiya qilinmoqda, zavod va daryoning yon bag'ri qurilib, "Green Port Hull" nomi bilan tanilgan.

Taun Doks, Viktoriya Dok va Sent-Endryu doklari 1970-yillarga kelib foydalanishdan chiqib ketgan va yopilgan edi. Keyinchalik ba'zilari to'ldirilgan va qayta ishlab chiqilgan, Humber va temir yo'l dokalari dam olish hunarmandchiligi uchun o'zgartirilgan. Xull Marina.

Portdagi boshqa ob'ektlar qatoriga Albert Dokdagi Humber qirg'og'ida yo'lovchi feribotlari va Evropa poezdlari uchun qurilgan Riverside Quay va Korporatsiya Pier ham kirgan. Humber feriboti suzib ketdi Nyu-Gollandiya, Linkolnshir. Ko'p sonli sanoat ishlari Hull daryosi tomonidan xizmat qilgan, u ham bir nechta quruq docklarni o'z ichiga olgan. Xulldan sharqda, Tuz oxiri yaqin Xedon 20-asrda neftni tarqatish punktiga aylandi, jo'natish uchun daryodagi ustunlar bilan va keyinchalik kimyoviy ish sifatida rivojlandi.

2020 yildan boshlab asosiy port tomonidan boshqariladi Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari va yiliga bir million yo'lovchiga xizmat ko'rsatishi taxmin qilinmoqda; bu Buyuk Britaniya uchun asosiy yumshoq daraxtlarni import qilish portidir.^[1]

Tarix

Fon

Tomonidan 17-asr xaritasi Venslav Xollar turli xil pozitsiyalarni namoyish etish stithes Haven va shahar devorining istehkomlari.

Hull shimoliy tomonidagi port uchun tabiiy ravishda foydali holatda joylashgan Humber Estuary, janub tomon burilishning g'arbiy qismida (o'rtacha) chuqurroq suv paydo bo'ladi; va Hull daryosi xuddi shu vaqtda Humberga oqib chiqadi.^{[2][xarita 1]}

Xall tarixidagi port sifatida muhim voqea uning Qirol tomonidan sotib olinishi bo'ldi Edvard I. 1297 yilda u tovarlarni chet elga eksport qilish mumkin bo'lgan yagona portga aylandi Yorkshir.^[3] Shunday qilib XIII-XIV asrlarda Hull jun eksporti uchun inglizlarning yirik porti bo'lgan,^{[eslatma 1]} buning ko'p qismi Flandriya, sharob asosiy import hisoblanadi.^{[4][2-eslatma]} Bu davrda Hull daryosi o'sha paytdagi muhim shaharga qadar suzib yurish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi Beverli (1269) va Xullni Beverliga bog'laydigan yo'llar qurildi Tutilish va regia orqali o'rtasida Hessl va Beverli yaqin Anlaby (taxminan 1302).^[3]

XV asrga kelib, bilan savdo Gansiya ligasi muhim bo'lib qoldi. Xuddi shu davrda ingliz mato sanoatining o'sishi Xulldan mato eksporti ko'paygan, jun eksporti esa kamaygan.^[5] XVI asr port orqali savdo qilinadigan matolarning miqdorini sezilarli darajada pasayishiga olib keldi, ammo qo'rg'oshinning eksporti oshdi.^[6] XVII asrning oxiriga kelib Xall sohada Londondan keyin uchinchi port bo'lgan Bristol, qo'rg'oshin va mato eksporti va importi bilan zig'ir va kenevir shuningdek temir va smola Boltiq bo'yidan.^[7]

1773 yilgacha savdo Old Harbor orqali olib borilgan, shuningdek The Haven deb nomlanuvchi bir qator iskala Hull daryosining g'arbiy qirg'og'ida,^[3-eslatma] omborlar va savdogarlarning uylari High Street bo'ylab wharves-ga orqada.^[4-eslatma]

Hull Dock kompaniyasi

Hull Dock Company kompaniyasining ikkinchi ofislari (1820 yilda qurilgan), sobiq malika qirg'og'iga kirish joyiga yaqin

Hull Dock Company kompaniyasining uchinchi ofislari (1871 yilda qurilgan), Queen's and Prince's Dock o'rtasidagi avvalgi kavşakta

XVIII asrga kelib, Xavenning tobora ko'payib borayotgan savdo hajmi uchun yaroqsiz ekanligi tobora ravshanlashib bormoqda: u nafaqat tor, balki to'lqinli va daryodan loy to'planib qolishiga moyil bo'lgan.^[9][10] O'zgarishlarning qo'shimcha rag'batlantiruvchisi bojxonachilar yuklarni haddan tashqari kechiktirmasdan eksport uchun tovarlarni osongina tekshirib, tortib olishlari mumkin bo'lgan "qonuniy to'siq" talabidir.^[11]

1773 yilda Hull korporatsiyasi, Hull Trinity House va Hull savdogarlari Dok kompaniyasini tuzdilar,^[10] Britaniyadagi birinchi qonuniy dock kompaniyasi.^[12] Toj tarkibidagi erni berdi Xull shahar devorlari dock qurilishi uchun,^[13] va 1774 yilda Dock Company kompaniyasiga 100000 funtgacha aktsiyalar va qarzlar evaziga pul yig'ish imkonini beradigan parlament to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilindi; Shunday qilib Xallning birinchi doki (Old Dock) (a ho'l dok ) qurilishni boshladi.^[9][10] Shahar devorlari bo'ylab yurgan "Taun doklari" deb nomlanuvchi uchta dok, kompaniya tomonidan 1778-1829 yillarda qurilgan: Old Dock, keyinchalik Queen's Dock, (1778), Humber Dock (1809) va Junction Dock, keyinchalik Prince's Dock, (1829).^[14][15][16] Town Docks (Railway Dock) kengaytmasi 1846 yilda o'sha paytda yaqinda ochilgan terminalning shimolida qurilgan. Xall va Selbi temir yo'li.^[14] Xull daryosining sharqiy qismida joylashgan Xall (Viktoriya Dok) docki 1845-1850 yillarda qurilgan; bu yog'och savdosi uchun asosiy dokga aylandi va keyingi yigirma yil ichida yirik yog'och suv havzalari qurilishi bilan kengaytirildi.^[17]

1860 yilda tobora ko'payib borayotgan savdo hajmi va bug 'kemalarining kattalashishi uchun mos keladigan yangi doklarni targ'ib qilish va qurish uchun raqib kompaniya - West Dock Company tashkil etildi; sxemasi Hull korporatsiyasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi, Hull Trinity House, Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l (NER) va Xulldagi turli shaxslar. Rejalashtirilgan dock uchun joy Hull daryosining g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Humber qirg'og'ida edi. Keyinchalik Dock Company xuddi shu lavozimda katta dock taklif qildi, 1861 yilda parlament qonuni bilan sanktsiyalangan^{[5-eslatma][19]} Ushbu dock 1869 yilda Albert Dock deb nomlangunga qadar Western Dock deb nomlangan; 1880 yilda Uilyam Rayt Dok ochilgan.^[18] Uilyam Rayt Dockning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Humber qirg'og'idagi uchinchi dok (St Andrew's Dock) 1883 yilda ochilgan.^[20] Uchta dock temir yo'l orqali yuklarni jo'natish uchun juda mos edi, chunki ular Xull markazida tugagan Selbi-Xull temir yo'l liniyasidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri janubida va unga parallel bo'lgan.

1885 yilda Aleksandra Dock ochildi; u egalik qilgan va boshqargan Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company. Bu Dock Company-ning Xalldagi dok-inshootlarga monopoliyasini tugatdi va dock ayblovlari uchun ikki kompaniya o'rtasida narxlarni pasaytirishga olib keldi. Dock kompaniyasi zarar bilan ishlagan va 1886 yildan boshlab kompaniyani yirik tashkilotga birlashtirishga intilgan - bu aniq tanlov Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'lidir.^[21] 1891 yilda Dock kompaniyasi Albert Dockni yaxshilash uchun Shimoliy Sharqqa kapital so'rab murojaat qildi, natijada Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l Dock kompaniyasining aktsiyalari evaziga Dock Company aktsiyalari va qarzlarini sotib oldi. Albert Dockni takomillashtirish o'rniga Shimoliy Sharqiy Aleksandr Dockning sharqidagi yangi dokga ancha katta mablag 'sarflashga qaror qildi; ammo, bu taklifga Xall ham, Barnsli ham, Xall Korporatsiyasi ham qarshi chiqdi. Dock Company va NER qonuniy ravishda 1893 yilda birlashtirilgan; Parlament to'g'risidagi Qonunning birlashishga imkon beradigan bandlaridan biri kelgusi etti yil davomida dokni yaxshilash uchun taxminan 500 ming funt sterling sarflanishini nazarda tutgan edi.^[22]

Xall va Barnsli kompaniyalarini himoya qiluvchi 1893 yilgi birlashma to'g'risidagi qonunning bandlari NERga yangi chuqur suv bazasini yaratishni maslahat bermasdan to'sib qo'ydi. Xall va Barnsli temir yo'li (H&BR). Bu Alexandra Dockning sharqiy qismidagi dock uchun qo'shma taklifni taqdim etishga olib keldi va 1899 yilda "Hull Joint Dock Act" sifatida qabul qilindi.^[23] Yangi dok 1914 yilda qirol Jorj Dok sifatida ochilgan.^[24]

Dock egalik (1922–)

Xall va Barnsli temir yo'li 1922 yilda Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l tarkibiga kirdi,^[25] Hull-dagi doklarni yana bitta kompaniyaning javobgarligiga aylantirish. The 1921 yilgi temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun NER ning birlashishiga olib keldi London va Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l 1923 yilda.^[25] 1948 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning transport operatsiyalarining aksariyati Transport to'g'risidagi qonun 1947 yil ichiga Britaniya transport komissiyasi, shu jumladan port va temir yo'l operatsiyalari London Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'li (LNER). 1962 yilda British Transport Docks Board tomonidan tashkil etilgan Transport qonuni 1962 yil. 1981 yilda kompaniya tomonidan xususiylashtirildi Transport qonuni 1981 yil va Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari shakllandi. O'sha yil oxirida, doklar urib tushirildi F0 / T0 to'foni 23 noyabr kuni, shu kuni rekord darajadagi umummilliy tornado epidemiyasining bir qismi sifatida.^[26] Tornado juda zaif edi, natijada zarar cheklangan bo'lib qoldi; o'sha kuni Xullning shimoliy-sharqiy turar-joy atrofida ikkinchi, kuchli tornado yuz berdi.

Docklar

Xall dock xaritasi v. 1912 (to'liq temir yo'l tarmog'i ko'rsatilmagan)

Shahar doklari

Old Dock

Queen's Dock, Hull 1922 yilda

1700-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib Xull daryosi yoki Old Harbor daryosidagi kemalarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi shu darajaga etdiki, kemalar shikastlanishiga olib keldi, shuningdek, yuk tashish va jo'natishni kechiktirishga olib keldi. Shuning uchun Xalldagi inshootlarni kengaytirish bo'yicha ba'zi taxminiy tekshiruvlar boshlandi. 1760-yillarning oxiriga kelibgina Xall korporatsiyasi harakat qildi va yangi port uchun mos joy qidirish uchun geodeziklarni ish bilan ta'minladi. Xuddi shu paytni o'zida, HM bojxona xususiy portlarda olib o'tilayotgan yuklarni tekshirish va yangi dock yoki iskala ichiga kiritilgan bojxona protseduralari - "qonuniy qayiq" ni tekshirish zarurati tugatilishini so'radi.^[27][28]

Tomonidan dastlabki so'rovnoma Robert Mylne va Jozef Robson Hull daryosining sharqiy qismida yangi portni tavsiya qildi. Sharqiy sohilda o'rnatilgan rivojlanish u erda yangi portni to'xtatishga moyil bo'lsa-da, xuddi shu manfaatlar savdo-sotiqning g'arbiy qirg'og'idan allaqachon o'rnatilgan joydan uzoqlashishini xohlamas edi. 1770-yillarning boshlarida, Jon Grundy Hull daryosiga taklif etilayotgan yangi suv toshqini ta'sirini baholash uchun Hull daryosining drenajiga ishongan erlarga egalik qiluvchi qishloq xo'jaligi mutaxassislari bilan shartnoma tuzilgan. Grundining 1772 yildagi hisobotida daryoni kengaytirish yoki orqasidagi kanaldan foydalanish taklif qilingan Hull Citadel yoki Hull shahar devorlarining harbourage va drenaj uchun mo'ljallangan xandagi. Grundy, shuningdek, nam va quruq doklarni sotib olish uchun kanaldagi eshiklardan foydalanishni taklif qildi.^[29] Hisobotlar narx bo'yicha tayyorlangan (Jon Vuler ) va daryoga ta'siri (Jon Smeaton ) Grundining shaharning zovuri joylashgan joyni qurish taklifi. Dock narxi 55000 funt sterlingdan 60000 funtgacha, kvay 11000 funtdan 12000 funtgacha bo'lgan. Smeatonning hisobotida daryo oqimi bilan bog'liq hech qanday muammo yuzaga kelmagan. Ikkala hisobot 1773 yil boshida taqdim etilgandan so'ng, Korporatsiya va Bojxona tez orada rejani davom ettirishga kelishib oldilar. Drenajga ta'sir ko'rsatishi sababli cheklangan qarshilik bilan 1774 yilda qurilish uchun dalolatnoma olingan.^[30]

Old Dock, Xulldagi birinchi dock, 1775 va 1778 yillarda dizayni bo'yicha qurilgan Genri Berri va Jon Grundy, kichik; Lyuk Xolt Jon Smeatonning tavsiyasi bilan tayinlangan rezident muhandis sifatida ishlagan.^[31] Qurilishda dok 1,703 x 254 fut (519 x 77 m) uzunlikda,^{[32][2-xarita]} qulfning kengligi bo'ylab uzunligi 200 x 36,5 fut (61,0 x 11,1 m) va chuqurligi 24,5 fut (7,5 m),^[33] qulflangan daryo havzasi 212 x 80 fut (65 x 24 m) ga teng edi.^[34]

Dock kirish Shimoliy ko'prik janubida Hull daryosida edi,^[3-xarita] va dokning o'zi shimoliy devor bo'ylab Beverley darvozasiga qadar g'arbiy-janubi-g'arbda qurilgan.^[6-eslatma] Dock devorlari Bramley Fall toshli mahalliy g'ishtdan qilingan engish parcha.^[32] Devorning old konstruktsiyasi uchun tsement suv o'tkazmaydigan qilib ishlatilgan pozzolana Italiyadan import qilingan.^[9][33] Devorlarga qoziq qilish quyidagilardan iborat edi qoziqlar pastki tayanch qismida 12 dan 9 dyuymgacha (300 dan 230 mm gacha) 3 dyuymgacha (76 mm) torayish shpallar 12 dan 6 dyuymgacha (300 dan 150 mm gacha) chuqurlik o'rilgan qoziqlarga.^[36] Dock qurilishi paytida qazilgan allyuvium asosan shimolga quruqlikda yotqizilgan va erni 1,5 metrga ko'targan - keyinchalik er qurish uchun sotilgan.^[32]

Ba'zi bir ishlar etarli emasligi isbotlandi, bu keyinchalik qayta qurishni talab qildi.^[9][37] Zaif er bilan bog'liq muammolar 1776 yilda dok qurib bo'lingandan oldin dock devorlarining siljishiga olib keldi. Xolt ham, Berri ham yumshoqroq erlarda qo'shimcha qoziq tashlashni tavsiya qilishgan, ammo haddan tashqari hukmronlik qilingan. Devorlarning keyingi harakati qo'shimcha qoziq zarurligini isbotladi. 1778 yilga kelib dock devorlarining ayrim qismlari o'z joylaridan 3 fut (0,9 m) ga siljitildi, bu esa devorlarning yomon dizayni va uning devorlari tufayli yomonlashdi. tayanch tayanchlari. Hull daryosining qulfida boshqa muammolar yuzaga keldi va qulf havzasining shimoliy devori qurilish tugamay qulab tushdi.^[38] Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga qaramay, dok 1778 yil 22 sentyabrda rasmiy ravishda ochildi.^[39] To'liq qulashni oldini olish uchun 1780-yillarda qulfni qayta tiklash kerak edi,^[40] va 1814 yilda rahbarligi ostida qulf va havza tiklandi Oqsoqol Jon Renni doimiy muhandis sifatida Jorj Miller bilan.^[41][42]

Qulf bilan g'isht tiklandi pozzuolana ohak, Bramli kuz toshiga duch keldi. Qayta tiklangandan so'ng qulfning kengligi 120,75 x 38 fut (36,80 x 11,58 m), pervazlardan 24,5 fut (7,5 m) balandlikda edi;^[43] suvning chuqurligi oqimga qarab 15 dan 20 futgacha (4,6 va 6,1 m).^[44] Dockga kiraverishda foydalanishga qulayligi uchun muvozanatlashgan golland tipidagi ikki qavatli ko'prikli ko'prik odamlarga qulfdan o'tishga imkon berdi.^[9] Ko'prikning asosiy qismi quyma temir edi Ayden va Etvell ning Rafli temir ishlari (Bredford).^[45] Qulf havzasi bir vaqtning o'zida yangi Humber Dock-da ishlatilgan dizayni bilan qayta tiklandi - yangi havzaning uzunligi 213 fut (65 m), 80,5 dan 71 futgacha (24,5 dan 21,6 m) kenglik yuqoridan tortib toraygan. pastki. Ham qulf, ham havza 1815 yil 13-noyabrda qayta ochilgan.^[46]

Dock boshqa docklar qurilguncha Dock deb nomlangan,^[47] u Old Dock deb nomlanganida.^[48] Rasmiy ravishda 1855 yilda Qirolicha qirg'og'i deb nomlangan.^{[7-eslatma][8-eslatma]}

Dock 1930 yilda yopilgan va Korporatsiyaga 100000 funt sterlingga sotilgan. Keyinchalik u to'ldirilib, dekorativ bog'larga aylantirildi Qirolichaning bog'lari.^[50][51]

Humber Dock

Humber Dock 1952 yilda

Old Dock-ga kirish Hull daryosi orqali bo'lganligi sababli, kemalar gavjum daryo orqali dockga kirish bilan bog'liq muammolar mavjud edi. 1781 yilda Old Dockni Xumberga ulash uchun kanal taklif qilingan. Umuman olganda, dengiz orqali olib boriladigan savdo hali ham o'sib borardi.^[52] Bojxona tomonidan uchta mustaqil hisobot topshirildi Tomas Morris, Uilyam Jessop va Jozef Xuddart 1793 yilda ikkinchi dockning o'tirgan joyida. Uchalasi ham shahar devorlari xandaqining janubiy uchidagi dok va Garnizon deb nomlanuvchi Xull Citadel joyidagi dok deb hisoblashdi. Ikkita xabarda yangi dockni shahar zovuriga o'tirish tavsiya qilingan va eski va yangi dockni birlashtiruvchi kanal taklif qilingan. Keyinchalik Dock Company foydalanishga topshirildi Jon Xadson va John Longbotham shahar arig'idagi dockni tekshirish va xarajatlarni qoplash, shuningdek boshqa yaxshilanishlar.^[41] Qisman Dok kompaniyasining letargiyasi tufayli yangi dokni hayotga tadbiq etishda biroz kechikishlar bo'ldi, ammo 1802 yilga kelib Parlamentda ikkinchi dok qurish uchun qonun loyihasi qabul qilindi - yana shahar devorlari yo'lidan yurib, bu Gessl darvozasidan shimol tomonga qarab.^[52]

Jon Renni va Uilyam Chapman muhandis sifatida ishlagan.^[53][54] Ular shaharning ariqchasida Xumberga 84000 funt sterling bo'lgan havzasi bo'lgan dock uchun optimistik xarajatlar smetasini taqdim etishdi. Eski dock devorlarining joylashishi va qulashi bilan bog'liq tajriba qulflash va dock devorlarini ancha jiddiy qurilishiga olib keldi, ammo ba'zi bir cho'kishlar hali ham sodir bo'ldi.^[55] Endi dock devorlari burchakli qoziq poydevorlar ustida turar edi, devor massasi vertikalga qarama-qarshi bo'lgan er yuzi og'irligi bilan sayoz burchak ostida edi.^[56] Qulfni tagligi teskari kamardan iborat bo'lib, uning dizayni 1814 yilgi qayta tiklangan Old Dock qulfida ham ishlatilgan.^[57] Qulf qudug'ini qurish paytida chuchuk suvli buloq topilgan,^[9-eslatma] qurilishda qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqaradi.^[58] Bahor qulflangan chuqurda muammolarni keltirib chiqarmoqda, ba'zi cho'kishlar unga tegishli (1812); Jeyms Uoker Natijada 1830 yilda qulflash bo'yicha keyingi tuzatish ishlarini olib bordi.^[59]

Jon Harrap sayt muhandisi edi.^[60][61] Qurilish 1803 yilda boshlangan va 1809 yilda 220 000 funt evaziga qurib bitkazilgan.^[62] Qozuvlardan olingan loy loydan Xumer qirg'og'ida yangi zamin yaratishda, yuqori loy qatlami bilan ishlarga g'isht ishlab chiqarishda ham foydalanilgan.^{[58][10-eslatma]}

Dock kirish Humberdan tashqi havzasi orqali tirgaklari bo'lgan.^[4-xarita] Dockning o'zi 914 fut (279 m) uzunlik va 342 fut (104 m), qulfning uzunligi 158 fut (48 m) va 42 fut (13 m) kengligi bo'lgan. Suv chuqurligi suv oqimiga qarab mavsumiy ravishda 21 dan 26 futgacha (6,4 dan 7,9 metrgacha) o'zgargan.^{[62][5-xarita]} Qulfni ikki barg kesib o'tdi belanchak ko'prik, Oyden va Etuell tomonidan umumiy uzunligi 81 fut 9 dyuym (24.92 m) va eni 8 fut 3 dyuym (2.51 m), temir yo'ldan oltita asosiy qovurg'a mavjud.^[65]

Dock birinchi bo'lib 1808 yil 3-dekabrda suv bilan to'ldirilgan va 1809 yil 30-iyunda rasmiy ravishda ochilgan. Qurilish qiymati Dock Company, Hull Corporation va Hull Trinity House o'rtasida taqsimlangan,^[66] 1802 aktining matnida ko'rsatilganidek.^[67]

Humber Dock 1968 yilda yopilgan, 1983 yilda qayta ochilgan Xull Marina.^[61] Qulfning ustidagi qulflash, qulflash va burilish ko'prigi (1846 yilda o'zgartirilgan)^[68]), endi ro'yxatdagi tuzilmalar.^[69] Burilish ko'prigi (Vellington ko'chasi ko'prigi) 2007 yilda tiklangan.^[68][70]

Junction Dock

The Knyazlar Junction Dock-dagi savdo markazi

Humber Dock qurilishi uchun 1802 yildagi Qonunning bir sharti shundan iborat ediki, Dock kompaniyasi docklarda tushirilgan tovarlarning o'rtacha tonnasi ma'lum darajaga etganida Old va Humber rokalari o'rtasida uchinchi dock qurishi kerak edi. Ushbu shart 1825 yilda qondirilgan. Parlamentning talab qilingan qonuni 1824 yilda qabul qilingan va uchinchi dokning qurilishi 1826 yilda boshlangan.^[71]

Ushbu dock, Junction Dock, Old va Humber Docklar o'rtasida qurilgan va ulangan.^[6-xarita] Bu eski Xull shaharchasini uchta dock, daryo va daryolar bilan chegaralangan orolga aylantirdi,^[48] va taxminan eski chiziqlar bo'ylab qurilgan Beverli va Myton darvozalari orasidagi istehkomlar,^[72] 1802 aktida ko'rsatilganidek.^[73][74]

Uni Jeyms Uolker Tomas Thorton bilan va keyinchalik ishlab chiqqan Jon Timperley doimiy muhandis sifatida.^[75][76] Qurilish uchun 186 ming funt sterling sarflangan.^{[77][11-eslatma]} Dock devorlari dizayni bilan Humber Dock devorlariga o'xshash edi, qulflar ham teskari, kamar osti bilan.^[78] Da koferdam shimoliy qulfni qurishda foydalanilgan qochqinning buzilishi natijasida Eski dok devorining 18 metr atrofida qulashi va qulashi sabab bo'ldi;^[75][79] qoldiqlarni olib tashlash a yordamida amalga oshirildi sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'i va devor qoziq bilan ta'mirlandi.^[80]

Dock 1829 yilda ochilgan va uzunligi 645 fut (197 m) va kengligi 407 fut (124 m) bo'lgan, har bir uchida qulf 36 metr (11 m) kenglikda va har birining ustiga ko'prik o'rnatilgan.^[81] Ko'priklar muvozanatli ko'tarish turiga ega edi; ikkala ko'prik va qulflar ham Hunter va inglizlardan (Bow, London), temir temir bilan Alfreton, Derbishir.^[82] 1855 yilda, tashrifi sharafiga Prince's Dock deb o'zgartirildi Qirolicha Viktoriya va Albert, shahzoda konsort.^[7-eslatma]

Dock 1968 yilda yopilgan.^[83] Dock-ning bir qismi hali ham mavjud, ammo Humber Dock-ga ulanmasdan. The Knyazlar savdo markazi, 1991 yilda ochilgan,^[83] dockning bir qismi ustki qismida qurilgan. Endi dokda favvora mavjud.^[84]

Temir yo'l dokasi

Dock kompaniyasi 1844 yil may oyida yangi filial dokini qurishga murojaat qildi,^[85] va 1844 yil Kingston-upon-Hull Dok qonuni bilan vakolatlarni qo'lga kiritdi, bu esa sharqiy dock (keyinchalik Viktoriya Dock) qurilishiga imkon berdi. 1844 yil oxirlarida kompaniya filial dokini kengaytirishga murojaat qildi,^[86] 1845 yil Kingston-upon-Hull Dock to'g'risidagi qonun bilan tasdiqlangan.

Railway Dock, Humber Dockning g'arbiy tomonida Kingston ko'chasidan shimol tomonga bog'langan va boshqa shahar dokalaridan kichikroq bo'lgan. 13130 ​​kvadrat fut (1220 metr)²),^[7-xarita] taxminan 716 x 165 fut (218 x 50 m) 106000 funt evaziga qurilgan. U 1846 yil 3-dekabrda ochilgan.^[87][88] Dock Company muhandisi edi J. B. Xartli, shuningdek, sharqiy dokdagi muhandis.^[89]

Uning asosiy maqsadi yangi qurilgan Xall va Selbi temir yo'llariga tovarlarni olib o'tish edi.^[14] yo'lovchilar terminali Humber Dockning g'arbiy qismida temir yo'l ko'chasiga qaragan va uning mollari shimolga to'kilgan (qarang Manor House Street temir yo'l stantsiyasi ). Temir yo'l liniyalari, shuningdek, mollar omboridan Humber dokiga qadar bo'lgan.^[90]

Humber Dock singari, dok 1968 yilda yopilgan va 1984 yilda Xull Marina tarkibiga kirgan.^[91]

Viktoriya Dok

Sharqda Queen's Dock taklif qilingan shaharcha doklari rejasi (1839)

1825 yilda Junction Dock qurilganidan so'ng, port va uning savdosi sezilarli darajada o'sishda davom etdi va bu yangi dokga bo'lgan talabni keltirib chiqardi.^[92] 1838 yilda yangi dockni ilgari surish uchun mustaqil kompaniya - Queen's Dock Company tashkil etildi. Taxminan 12 gektar maydonni (4.9 ga) tashkil etadigan yangi dock, qirolichaning dock deb nomlanishi kerak,^[8-eslatma] tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Jeyms Oldxem taxminan 12 gektar maydon uchun Dripul Hull daryosining sharqida va Qal'a daryoning Xumber bilan tutashgan joyi yaqinida. Tavsiya etilgan dokda Xumber va Xallga kirish joylari bo'lgan. Ushbu sxema uchun 180 ming funt sterling miqdorida kapital taklif qilingan.^[87][93] Parlamentda qonun loyihasini yuritish 1838 yilda boshlangan.^{[94][12-eslatma]}

Dock kompaniyasi xuddi shunday taklifni qabul qilganidan keyin Queen's Dock Company loyihadan voz kechdi.^[95] 1839 yil sentyabrda Jeyms Uolkerdan dok uchun rejalarni tuzishni so'rashdi,^[96] parlamentda qonun loyihasini ko'rib chiqish jarayoni o'sha yil oxirida boshlangan.^[97] Dock-ning asosiy maqsadi shahar savdo maydonchalarini bo'shatish bilan ko'paygan yog'och savdosiga moslashish edi;^[98] muqobil rejalar, shuningdek, g'arbiy dock va Eski Makoni (daryo Hull) dockga aylantirishni o'z ichiga olgan.^[99] Uokerning doki qurilgan dokga o'xshash edi,^[13-eslatma] Hamberga ham, Xall daryosiga ham kirish joylari bilan.^[14-eslatma] Loyiha sharqqa o'tmishdagi suv havzalari bilan kengaytirishga imkon berdi.^[100]

1840 yildagi qonun loyihasi mahalliy qarshilik tufayli qaytarib olingan. 1844 yilda kompaniya yana Parlamentga yana o'sha joyda joylashgan dock uchun qonun loyihasini, shuningdek boshqa ishlarni, shu jumladan Railway Dock bilan qaytib keldi.^[92][103] Yangi sharqiy dokni va temir yo'l dokasini qurish uchun ruxsat 1844 yilda berilgan; ushbu yangi dokning qurilishi 1845 yilda boshlangan va 1850 yilda 300 000 funt sterling evaziga yakunlangan.^[104] Ushbu loyiha uchun Dock Company muhandisi J. B. Xartli; reja umumiy shaklda Jeyms Uokerning dizayniga o'xshash edi.^[89] Poydevor toshining rasmiy qo'yilishi 1845 yil 5-noyabrda bo'lib o'tdi va rasmiy ochilish 1850-yil 3-iyulda, dokga Viktoriya Dok nomi berilib, sharafiga Qirolicha Viktoriya.^[87]

Dockning maydoni taxminan 12,83 gektarni (5,19 ga) tashkil etdi, Yarim Tide havzasi 3 gektar (1,2 ga), tashqi havzasi Humberga 2,75 gektar (1,11 ga) va Dripul havzasi 1,125 gektar (0,455 ga).^[15-eslatma] Ba'zi jihatdan dok Walkerning 1840 yilgi taklifiga qaraganda biroz kattaroq dizaynga ega edi. Suv chuqurligi 27,5 dan 22 futgacha (8,4 dan 6,7 m gacha) (buloqdan to to'lqingacha), Xumber va Xall daryosiga kirishlar mos ravishda 60 va 45 fut (18 va 14 m) kenglikda bo'lgan.^[105] Ikkita kirish joyi bor edi. Kattaroq kirish joyi Humber tomon edi. Tashqi havzadan u ikkita parallel qulf orqali Yarim Tide havzasiga olib bordi,^{[16-eslatma][8-xarita]} va keyin dockning o'ziga.^[9-xarita] Ikkinchi kirish Old Dok va Dripul ko'prigidan janubdagi Xull daryosiga; Drypool havzasi deb nomlanuvchi ikkinchi qulflangan maydonga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ochilgan tashqi qulfga ega edi.^{[10-xarita][17-eslatma]} Birinchi yog'och suv havzasi dock qurilganidan ko'p o'tmay qo'shilgan.^[107]

1845 yilda York, Xull va Sharqiy va G'arbiy Yorkshir temir yo'llari dan temir yo'l liniyasini taklif qildi York East Dock-da tugashi kerak bo'lgan Xullga. Natijada, York va Shimoliy Midland temir yo'li (Y & NMR) sharqiy dokni temir yo'l tarmog'iga ulash uchun o'z sxemasini taklif qilishga majbur bo'ldi.^[108][109] Y & NMR Viktoriya Dok filiali 1853 yilda ochilgan.^[110]

1863 yilda dockning o'zi sharq tomon 8 gektar (3,2 ga) ga kengaytirildi, shuningdek, dockning sharqida 12 gektar (4,9 ga) bo'lgan yana bir yog'och suv havzasi (№ 2). Yarim Tide havzasining sharqidagi asl yog'och suv havzasi (№1) Xumberdan qaytarib olingan erlar orqali kengaytirildi.^[104] 1875 yilda ikkita suv havzasining maydoni 14 va 8 gektarni tashkil etdi (5,7 va 3,2 ga).^[105]

Dockning g'arbiy chegarasi Hull Citadel tomonidan aniqlangan bo'lib, u Dock kompaniyasiga sotilgan va 1864 yilda buzib tashlangan. Keyinchalik bu joy yog'och saqlash uchun ishlatilgan.^[17] Sobiq Qal'aning yer qismi ishlatilgan Martin Samuelson va Kompaniyasi (keyinchalik Humber Iron Works) kema qurish uchun,^[111] va keyinroq Kuk, Welton va Gemmell (1883 yildan 1902 yilgacha).^[112][113] C. va V. Erl shuningdek, Viktoriya Dockga qo'shni va janubdagi Humer qirg'og'ida kema qurish inshootlari (1851 yilda tashkil etilgan) mavjud edi.^[114]

Sharqiy yog'och havzasining shimoliy-g'arbiy burchagining bir qismi (№ 2) to'ldirilgan v. 1900 dockning shimolidagi temir yo'l sxemasi o'zgarganligi sababli.^[115] 1930-yillarning oxirlarida London va Shimoliy-Sharqiy temir yo'l (LNER) 2-sonli suv havzasiga kirishni yopdi va uning janub tomonini qisman to'ldirdi va sharqda joylashgan dastgoh uchun yog'och saqlash va pervazlarni kengaytirdi. Earle's Shipbuilding, temir yo'l bilan bog'langan yog'ochga ishlov berish inshootlarini kengroq takomillashtirish doirasida.^[116][117]

20-asrning ikkinchi yarmiga kelib, ikkala suv havzasi ham daraxtzorlar va pervazlar yaratish bilan to'ldirildi;^[115] ushbu foydalanish tartibi yopilguncha saqlanib qoldi.^[118] Dock-ning eng katta ishlatilishlaridan biri yog'och savdosi edi. Shuningdek, mollarni olib kelish uchun mollar so'yish joylari va sovuqxonalar mavjud edi; ko'mir ham dok orqali eksport qilindi.^[119]

Dock 1970-yillarda yopilgan va to'ldirilgan. Ushbu er 1980-yillarning oxirlarida uy-joy massivini qurish uchun ishlatilgan.^[120] Humber qismidagi dokga kirish havzasi doimiy muhrlangan bo'lsa ham qoladi.^[17]

G'arbiy Dock

Albert Dok

Zamonaviy Albert Dock (2007)

Alderman Tomas Tompson 18-asrning 30-yillarida G'arbiy Xalldagi Humer qirg'og'idagi dokni ilgari surgan edi. 1860 yilda Hull korporatsiyasi, Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l, Xall Trinity uyi va Xallning etakchi arboblari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan West Dock Company bu joyda dokni ilgari surish uchun tashkil etildi. Kompaniya taxminan 1000 yard (910 m) uzunlikdagi va 14 gektar maydonni (5,7 ga) tashkil etishni taklif qildi. Bunga javoban Hull Dock kompaniyasi raqib sxemasini ilgari surdi; ikkalasi ham parlamentga qo'yildi va Dock kompaniyasi 1861 yilda qonunni oldi.^{[121][18-eslatma]}

1861 yildagi Hull Dock qonuni bilan Humber qirg'og'ida yangi dock qurilishi sanktsiyalangan. Dock qurilishi paytida yana ikkita akt qabul qilindi: 1866 yilgi akt dockni g'arbiy tomonga, 1867 yildagi akt esa g'arbga va janubga yanada kengaytirishga imkon berdi.^{[124][19-eslatma]} 1861 yilda sanksiya qilingan dokning uzunligi 2500 fut (760 m) bo'lishi kerak edi, 1866 yilgi akt uzunligi 3350 fut (1020 m) ga va yopiq maydon 22,8 gektarga (9,2 ga) va suvning chuqurligi 29 dan 24,5 futgacha ( 8.8 dan 7.5 m gacha) baland buloqdan to to'lqinlargacha. G'arbdagi qulflar, suv havzalari va qaytarib olingan erlarni o'z ichiga olgan umumiy er maydoni 76 gektarni (31 ga) tashkil etdi.^[125] Muhandis edi John Hawkshaw; sayt muhandisi edi J. C. Hawkshaw.^[126]

Qurilish 1862 yil oktyabrda boshlangan,^[127] 1864 yil may oyida Uilyam Rayt qo'ygan shimoliy dok devorining poydevori bilan.^[126] Janubiy dock devorlari va vayronalari qaytarib olingan erlarda edi va asarlarni uch qismga ajratib turadigan koferdamlar qurilgan. Quay devorlari qum va ohak eritmasidan tosh bilan qurilgan Xorsfort loy va qum orqali qazish natijasida erishilgan loy qatlamlariga yotqizilgan o'rtacha 10 fut (3,0 m) qalinlikdagi beton asoslarga. Qurilish paytida, 1866 yil 17-sentyabrda janubdagi dok devorlaridan biri yorilib, Xumberni suv bosishiga imkon berdi. Buzilish 13-oktabrga qadar tiklandi.^[127] Qulfni qurish paytida qazish ishlari "qaynoq" lar bilan bog'liq edi,^[9-eslatma] bu ishni susaytirdi. Furunkullar 1866 yil 17-sentabrda daryo bo'yida suv buzilishiga olib kelib, buzilishiga olib keldi. Noyabr oyida, asarlarni himoya qilish uchun janubiy devordan Humber dok yaqinidagi qirg'oqqa qadar uzunligi 120 metr bo'lgan to'g'on qurilishi boshlandi. Furunkullar 1867-yil 3-martda qulflangan kabinada paydo bo'ldi va poydevorni tugatish uchun keng ixtisoslashtirilgan tuzatish ishlarini talab qildi, 20-noyabrga qadar furunkullar oqimi bilan shug'ullanish kerak edi.^[130] Qurilish paytida yuzaga kelgan qiyinchiliklar tufayli dastlab 400 fut (120 m) bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan qulfning uzunligi 320 fut (98 m) ga qisqartirildi. Kengligi 24 metrni tashkil etdi.^[131]

Dock-dagi texnika, shu jumladan kapstanlar va qulf eshiklari tomonidan ishlangan gidravlik kuch. Dock o'zlarining elektr ta'minotini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, ular har ikkala gidravlik tizimni gidravlik akkumulyator orqali 700 funt sterling bilan quvvatlaydigan 40 ot kuchiga ega (30 kVt) bug 'dvigatelini ta'minlaydigan uchta (6,1 x 1,8 m) (diametri uzunlikdagi) qozonlardan iborat. kvadrat dyuymga (4800 kPa), shuningdek, drenaj tarmog'idagi suvni tortib olishga qodir.^[132] Ishlar, shuningdek, Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'lning Hull va Selby liniyalari tovarlari liniyalarini va yo'laklarini (1864) qayta ko'rib chiqishni talab qildi.^[133] Qurilishni tugatgandan so'ng, NER-ga ulanishni o'z ichiga oldi va ikkala yo'lakchada ikki baravarga yoki kengroq temir yo'llarga ega bo'lib, relslar gidravlik boshqariladigan burilish to'siq ko'prigidan qulf kirish qismidan o'tib ketdi. Dockning yon tomonlari dockning g'arbidagi NER tizimiga ulangan.^[134][132]

Yuk tashish faoliyati uchun asosiy dokdan tashqarida kichik bir iskala qurildi Manchester, Sheffild va Linkolnshir temir yo'li (MS&LR). Ikkala iskala ham, asosiy dok ham qisman to'ldirilgan 5 gektarlik (2,0 ga) kirish havzasiga olib bordi. v. 1875 MS&LR uchun ko'proq joy yaratish.^[135] (Shuningdek qarang Temir yo'l daryosi.)

Dock narxi 559.479 funt sterlingni tashkil etdi, shundan qazish ishlari uchun 113.582 funt sterling, dock devorlari uchun shunga o'xshash miqdor va qulf eshiklari va mexanizmlarini hisobga olmaganda butun qulf konstruktsiyalari uchun 88655 funt sterling.^[136] Uels shahzodasi va malikasi huzurida ochildi (Albert Edvard, Uels shahzodasi, keyinchalik Edvard VII va Aleksandra, Uels malikasi ) 1869 yilda va Albert Dok deb nomlangan.^{[18][137][11-xarita]}

Ham Albert, ham Uilyam Rayt doklari 1972 yilda tijorat kemalari uchun yopilgan va baliq doklari sifatida foydalanishga aylantirilgan. Hull baliq floti 1975 yilda docklarga ko'chib o'tdi.^[137] 2010 yildan boshlab ikkala dock umumiy yuk tashish uchun foydalanishda qolmoqda,^[138] shuningdek, Hull baliq ovlash sanoatining ancha qisqartirilgan joyi.^[139]

2013 yil dekabr oyida a Shimoliy dengizdagi bo'ronning ko'tarilishi va yuqori oqim (Xaver sikloni ) Albert Dockni daryo bo'yidagi Quay qirg'og'idan va qulf eshiklari orqali ag'darib tashlashga olib keldi, natijada Xall shahar markazida toshqin yuzaga keldi.^[140][141] Natijada, toshqindan mudofaani yaxshilash sxemasi ikki yilga ilgari surildi;^[142] 6,3 million funt sterlingli toshqindan mudofaani yaxshilash bo'yicha ishlar, shu jumladan, balandligi 3,120 fut (950 m) balandligi 3 fut 3 dyuym (1 m) balandlikdagi devor 2014 yil noyabr oyida boshlangan;^[143] devor 2015 yil noyabrgacha qurib bitkazildi.^[144]

Uilyam Rayt Dok

Albert Dock hali qurilishi paytida, Dock Company 1866 yilda dockning g'arbiy tomon kengayishiga imkon beradigan yana bir harakatni va 1867 yilda esa g'arb va janubga yanada kengayishni ta'minladi.^{[124][20-eslatma]}

Qurilish 1873 yilda boshlangan,^[145] muhandis sifatida R. A. Marillier va maslahat muhandisi sifatida Jon Hawkshaw bilan.^[135] Dock Albert Dock-ning 60 gektarlik (18 m) kanal orqali uzatiladigan 8 gektarlik (3,2 ga) kengaytmasi sifatida rejalashtirilgan. Poydevor toshini rasmiy ravishda 1876 yilda Uilyam Rayt qo'ygan.^[146]

Dock 1880 yilda ochilgan va Dock kompaniyasi raisi nomi bilan Uilyam Rayt Dok deb nomlangan.^[18] Dock hajmi 5,75 gektar (2,33 ga) edi.^{[147][12-xarita]}

2013 yildagi kuchli bo'ron (Xaver siklon) dokning shimoli-g'arbiy devoriga zarar etkazdi - natijada Associated British Ports (ABP) taxminan 22000 kvadrat fut (2000 m) to'ldirishga harakat qildi.²) ta'mirlash uchun dokning.^[148]

Daryo bo'yidagi Quay

Daryo bo'yidagi Quay 1922 yilda

1904 yilda o'sha paytda Xall doklarining asosiy egasi bo'lgan Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l (NER) Parlamentga Xumer daryosi bo'yida, Albert Dock va unga tegishli asarlar yonida kema qurish vakolatlarini so'rab murojaat qildi.^[149] Uzunligi 5,580 fut (1700 m) gacha bo'lgan suv toshqini qurish va oddiy buloq oqimlarining past suv sathidan 16 fut (4,9 m) chuqurlikda chuqurlashtirish uchun ruxsat 1905 yilda olingan.^[150]

The quay was designed as a deep water quay for foodstuffs and other goods requiring rapid handling It avoided delays in entering locks, or having to wait for a low tide to turn.^[150][151] Additional works included construction of a two-storey warehouse for the fruit trade on the adjacent side of the Albert Dock, and the replacement of the single line railway swing bridge over the dock's entrance with a double track bridge.^[152]

A quay of 2,500 feet (760 m) was constructed along the timbered wharf outward from Albert Dock, extending around 90 feet (27 m) farther into the estuary. The construction consisted of a bank of Middlesbrough slag around 40 feet (12 m) in depth deposited abutting the former quay wall, with about a 45° facing slope supported at the base by sheet piling. The quay's remaining support was formed on Moviy saqich va Qarag'ay qarag'ay yog'och qoziqlar, spaced around 10 feet (3.0 m). The long Blue Gum piles extended above ground level to form the supports for the structure's roof. As built, the quay was equipped with hydraulically powered capstans for shunting, and electric cranes; a water supply for ship supply and fire fighting was fitted, and gas lighting used.^[153] The electrical equipment was supplied by Kraven birodarlar. Hydraulic power was supplied via an akkumulyator minorasi which also functioned as a soat minorasi^[154] but was demolished after the Second World War.^[155]

The pier also incorporated a passenger station for continental boat trains.^[151][156] 600 feet (180 m) of the quay was equipped for passenger traffic, with the quay decking raised 3 feet (0.91 m) to provide a platform.^[157] The station was used as a terminus for boat trains.^[158][159]

The quay came into use in 1907.^[160] Initial operations were by the Lankashir va Yorkshir temir yo'li (L&YR) and NER's joint ferry to Zeebrugge, followed by ships to Norway operated by Uilson chizig'i, and to Rotterdam by the Xull va Niderlandiyaning paroxodlik kompaniyasi.^[154] The quay was fully completed by 1911.^[161]

Ikkinchi jahon urushida Xall Blits, the quay was destroyed by fires started by enemy bombing in May 1941.^[160][162] In the 1950s, a new 1,065-foot (325 m) long concrete quay was constructed and officially opened in 1959.^[160] The south side of Albert Dock was modernised to a similar design as the new Riverside Quay in 1964.^{[160][163][13-xarita]}

St Andrew's Dock

The silted dock in 2005

St Andrew's Dock was constructed at the same time as the extension of Albert Dock. The initial scheme was for a 10-acre (4.0 ha) dock, 1,802 feet (549 m) in length, entered from the Humber by a 250 by 50 feet (76 by 15 m) long by wide dock. As with the Albert Dock extension, the engineers were Marillier and Hawkshaw.^[135]

The dock was opened in 1883, directly to the west of William Wright Dock, with an area of over 10.5 acres (4.2 ha).^[20] Originally intended to be used for coal handling, it was used entirely for the fishing industry.^{[164][21-eslatma]}

The dock was extended by about 10 acres (4.0 ha) after the Hull Dock Company was taken over by the North Eastern Railway, with work beginning in 1894. This work included the construction of slipways for boat repair.^[20] The new dock, St Andrew's Dock Extension, was connected at the west end via a channel; the slipways were at the far west end.^[165] While under construction, a cofferdam at the west end burst. This resulted in practically every vessel in the dock being damaged. The £20,000 damages included the destruction of three steamers and three other vessels.^[166] The cause was thought to be underground springs released during the pile driving and excavations.^{[167][9-eslatma]}

In the late 1930s, plans were made for improvements and expansion at the dock.^[168][169] By 1938 the major part of the plans had been postponed, with no expansion of the dock.^[170] In 1947, discussions about improvements to the dock's slipways were resumed, but no work was done.^[171]

The dock was in use until 1975 when the fishing industry was moved to Albert Dock at which point it closed.^[172] Partial filling in of the dock began in the 1980s. The western part has been redeveloped into the St Andrews Quay retail park,^[173][174] while the eastern part of the dock around the entrance was declared a tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi in 1990 because of its social historic interest.^[164] The dock entrance, and some shipping company buildings remain in situ, but the remains of the dock are completely silted up.^{[164][14-xarita]}

In 2013, the charity St Andrew's Dock Heritage Park Action Group (STAND) selected a design for a memorial to the 6,000 Hull trawlermen who lost their lives in the fishing industry, to be sited next to the Humber at the dock.^{[175][176][177][178]}

Aleksandra Dok

Map of 1914 showing the Alexandra Dock, extended Victoria Dock, Town and West Docks, and the rail systems of the H&BR and the NER

Alexandra Dock, Hull in 1922

The Alexandra Dock was built between 1881 and 1885 on land reclaimed from the Humber as part of developments built by the Hull Barnsley & West Riding Junction Railway and Dock Company. Its design was by Jeyms Aberneti, and carried out by a partnership of engineers James Oldham va George Bohn, bilan A. C. Hurtzig as resident engineer. Pudratchilar edi Lukas va Aird. The dock machinery, including lock gates and unloading equipment, was hydraulically powered and supplied by Armstrong, Mitchell & Company.^[179][180] Pumping machines for the dry docks, and to regulate the water level of the main dock were supplied by Gwynne and Company (London)—two 400 horsepower (300 kW) high pressure condensing engines drove markazdan qochiradigan nasoslar, the engines powered by six Lankashir qozonlari.^[181]

The dock was built to the east of Victoria Dock with an outlet to the Humber. Water to fill the dock came from the Holderness Drain, which was intended to minimise the silting up of the dock that would be caused by ingress of water from the Humber. The dock had an area of 46.5 acres (18.8 ha), on a site of 192 acres (78 ha) of which 152 acres (62 ha) was on land within the tidal range of the Humber, requiring the construction of a 6,000 foot (1,800 m) embankment to reclaim the land. Steam and hydraulically powered equipment was used to aid the construction of the dock.^{[182][179][183]} Blows (or "Boils"^[9-eslatma]) were encountered during the construction of the lock foundations, and at a point in the dock wall, which threatened to undermine the foundations and required remedial work.^[184] The dock walls were planned to be built of chalk rubble faced with ashlar. Ish tashlash masonlar led to some lower sections of the walls being built using portland tsement. The tops of the dock walls were faced with granit.^[185] Dredged material from the creation of a channel from the entrance to the deep water channel in the Humber was used to infill parts of the made walls in the dock and to embank the foreshore to the east of the dock.^[186]

The dock was opened on 16 July 1885 and named after Aleksandra, Uels malikasi. The cost of the works was £1,355,392.^[179]

The entrance lock was 550 feet (170 m) long and 85 feet (26 m) wide. Ikki gravitatsiya doklari, one 500 feet (150 m) long and 60 feet (18 m) wide, the other a little larger, were built at the north-east corner of the dock. The dock's primary purpose was the export of coal.^{[183][15-xarita]}

In 1899, the dock was expanded by 7 acres (2.8 ha),^[183][187] officially opened on 25 September 1899.^[188] The extended area added approximately 0.5 miles (0.8 km) of quayside and was built to the same depth as the earlier dock, with the dock walls now constructed of concrete. The contractor was Whitaker and Sons of Horsforth, Leeds, under R. Pawley of the H&BR. The extension was originally fitted for the handling of coal and pit props, with four coal hoists.^[189]

A pier onto the Humber Estuary (West Wharf) was added in 1911,^[190] the pier was 1,350 feet (410 m) long with a 18 feet (5.5 m) minimum depth of water at spring tides and was equipped with electric conveyors for the transportation of coal.^{[156][map 16]}

Alexandra Dock closed in 1982,^[191] at which time the connection to the rail network was removed.^[192] In 1991, the dock re-opened^[191] but without a rail connection.^[193]

In the early 1990s, part of the port land was developed as a dredged aggregate marine terminal and plant, operated as Humber Sand and Gravel Co. (est. 1993), a joint venture between Xanson (formerly ARC) and CEMEX.^{[194][195][196]} a concrete batching plant was built on the dock land in the late 1990s for Ready Mix Concrete Ltd. (later CEMEX UK Materials^[197]).^[198]

In the 1990s, development of a riverside container terminal, Quay 2000, was proposed.^[199] The scheme, later named Quay 2005,^[200] was to be built at the site of the West Wharf.^[201] A public enquiry was required, due to objections from residents of the Viktoriya Dok qishlog'i.^[202] The inspector recommended refusal of the scheme, but the decision was over-ruled by the Transport bo'limi,^[203] and the project gained approved in December 2005.^[204] The Associated British Ports (Hull) Harbour Revision Order 2006 allowing the work came into effect in 2006.^[205] Construction of the facility, renamed Hull Riverside Container Terminal, was initially planned to be complete by 2008;^[206][207] construction of the terminal was delayed,^[208] and the scheme was later adapted to attract an offshore wind power business to the port.^[209] (Qarang § Green Port Hull.)

As of 2010 the dock handled cargoes including aggregates, bulk agricultural products, bulk chemicals and wood, and also had a Ro-Ro terminal.^[139]

Green Port Hull

2011 yil yanvar oyida, Simens va Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari imzolangan anglashuv memorandumi (MOU) concerning the construction of wind energy machine manufacturing plant at Alexandra Dock.^{[210][211][212]} Infrastructure for the proposed development would also make use of the planned Quay 2005 riverside facilities, which had already gained planning consent, and had an extant atrof muhitni yumshatish da Chowder Ness.^[213][214] The site was favoured because of its relative proximity to planned large-scale wind farms in the Shimoliy dengiz (Dogger banki, Xornsi va Sharqiy Angliya massivi wind farms), and the presence of existing port infrastructure.^[215]

The Quay 2005 scheme included reclamation of 19 acres (7.5 ha) of land west of the dock entrance, on the banks of the Humber Estuary. In the original scheme the reclaimed area was roughly a right trapezoid which projected well over 330 feet (100 m) into the Humber, with a south facing front of over 1,300 feet (400 m);^{[216][22-eslatma]} the instrument also allowed dredging of the quay and approaches of up to 38 feet (11.5 m) below diagramma ma'lumotlari.^[217]

The development, Green Port Hull, included the Quay 2005 estuary wharf, repurposed as a facility for wind turbine logistics. It also required the infilling of the dock west of the lock gates with about 28,000,000 cu ft (780,000 m³) of material to create additional land for operations. The initial plan included a nacelle factory of up to 380,000 square feet (35,000 m²), plus office, warehousing, and external storage areas, as well as a vertolyot maydonchasi and a wind turbine of up to 6 MW. The works were to take up most of the dock area except for land around, and including, dry dock facilities in the north-east corner. Businesses located in the dock were to be relocated, primarily to other sites within the Port of Hull.^{[218][23-eslatma]}

Initial expectations were for construction to begin in 2012 and the facility to be operational by 2014.^[219] The conclusion of the agreement was delayed because of planning issues and uncertainties over the UK's renewable energy policy.^[220] Relocation of existing businesses had taken place by 2012.^[221]

The Siemens and ABP 2011 MOU agreement was finalised in March 2014.^{[222][24-eslatma]} ABP investment in the port facilities was estimated at £150 million, and Siemens investment at £160 million across the two sites. The facility was expected to become operational between 2016 and 2017.^[222] Plans for the turbine factory were submitted and approved in 2014.^{[224][25-eslatma]} The contract (about £100 million) for dock civil engineering work was awarded to a joint venture of GRAMAM va Lagan Construction Group, bilan CH2M tepalik as consulting engineers.^[225] Rasmiy poydevor yaratish took place in January 2015.^[226] Revised plans for the site submitted in April 2015 included only a blade manufacturing factory at the site, together with storage and other logistics facilities for wind farm installation work, with no nacelle production.^[227] VolkerFitspatrick was awarded the contract to construct the blade factory in July 2015.^[228] Clugston guruhi was contracted to construct an associated service and logistics building in September 2015.^[229]

"Dead Bod" graffiti on West Wharf (2007)

As part of the development, the Dead Bod graffiti, painted by Captain Len (Pongo) Rood in the 1960s on one of the West Wharf buildings, which had become a landmark to Humber shipping, was removed and saved for posterity.^[230][231]In early 2017, after restoration, the Dead Bod was temporarily removed to the Humber Street Gallery in Hull as part of the City of Culture 2017 bayramlar.^[232]

The blade factory was formally inaugurated in the presence of Biznes, energetika va sanoat strategiyasi bo'yicha davlat kotibi, Greg Klark 2016 yil 1-dekabrda.^[233] The factory scheme has an expected lifespan of around 30 years, after which the site would be returned to general port use.^[234]

Hull Joint Dock

Aerial view of King George and Queen Elizabeth docks (1995)

The NER began planning for a rival dock east of Alexandra Dock in the 1890s. This led eventually to a joint agreement between the NER and the Hull and Barnsley Railway (HBR), and an Act of Parliament in 1899, the Joint Dock Act. Construction of the dock was delayed until 1906 and was completed in 1914, at which point the new dock became officially known as the King George Dock. An extension arm of the dock to the south-east, sharing the same lock, was opened as the Queen Elizabeth Dock in 1969. In 1993, the dock gained a terminal outside the lock gates, on the banks of the Humber, known as River Terminal 1. It is now known as Rotterdam Terminal, used by Shimoliy dengiz paromlari.

King George Dock (1914–)

By the early 1890s further expansion of the port facilities at Hull were required, in particular dock and handling facilities for large coal carrying vessels, as well as facilities for the new steam trawlers. The NER had been in discussion with the Hull Dock Company regarding investment and working arrangements, this led to a takeover of the Dock Company by the NER.^[235]

In 1892, the board of the NER had decided that a greater investment of around £1,000,000 in a new dock east of Alexandra Dock would be better spent than expending a smaller sum, of around £22,000, on expanding the entrance to the Dock Company's Albert Dock. It put Bills before Parliament for the amalgamation of the Dock Company, and for a new dock.^[26-eslatma] Both Bills were rejected; the amalgamation Bill was resubmitted in 1893, with clauses protecting the interests of the Hull and Barnsley Railway (HBR), which feared the possibility of a rival dock adjacent to their own Aleksandra Dok. As such, the Bill contained clauses requiring the NER to inform the HBR of any planned dock to the east and allow them the option to join as partners in any such development. The North Eastern Railway (Hull Docks) Act was passed, and the amalgamation took place in 1893.^[22] The NER submitted Bills for extensive dock improvements in Hull in 1897,^[27-eslatma] and again in 1898 with an expanded improvement scheme,^[28-eslatma] both of which were abandoned over responsibilities regarding dredging the river. The following year the NER submitted a Bill for a new dock east of Alexandra, jointly with the HBR, including new connecting rail lines^[29-eslatma]—this was passed as the Hull Joint Dock Act, 1899.^[236]

The two companies estimated (1899) the cost of the development at £1,419,555, of which the dock and lock were estimated at £1,194,160; the scheme was expected to take seven years to complete.^[237] The act had specified a dock of 60 acres (24 ha) which was expected to have been completed by 1906. The initial construction was reduced to 32 acres (13 ha) due to the high cost of the tenders received for the original design.^[238] The Hull Joint Dock Act, 1906, made minor modifications to the original scheme, and extended the time for the construction of the dock.^{[30-eslatma][238]}

Construction of the dock was contracted to S. Pearson va O'g'il 1906 yilda,^[239] with an estimated value of £850,000.^[240] Shu bilan birga, Buyuk Markaziy temir yo'l 's rival, Immingem Dok, was under construction on the south bank of the Humber.^[241] Most of the dock site was beyond the bank of the Humber as it then existed, requiring reclamation of ground from the Humber foreshore. Two temporary banks were constructed, enclosing 30 and 50 acres (12 and 20 ha), plus a timber dam beyond the southernmost bank closing off the soon-to-be-constructed lock. The underlying glacial geology of the Humber, due to underground water pressure,^[9-eslatma] was weak and quicksand strata.^[242] By early 1911 the embankments enclosing the new dock area were nearly complete. as were most of the excavations for the dock itself, and the dock's walls. The dock's lock required insertion of steel sheet piles as far as 47 feet (14 m) below the bottom of the lock to create a watertight surround for the construction, as a result of water containing gravel in the underlying geology.^[243] The dock walls were of concrete, faced and coped with Staffordshire blue bricks va granit. Some dock walls were built as sloped constructions, with ko'k saqich timber wharfing, due to poor ground conditions preventing satisfactory foundations.^[242]

1914 single storey ferro-concrete storage shed, north-western arm, north quay.^[31-eslatma] (2007)

As built in 1914, the dock had a water area of 53 acres (21 ha) and consisted of a central area of around 1,000 by 1,050 feet (300 by 320 m) connected to the river by a lock running north-east to south-west. Two main arms to the north-east and north-west were initially constructed, both around 1,350 feet (410 m) long. The western arm had warehousing facilities,^[31-eslatma] while the central and eastern part of the northernmost quay had six coaling berths designed to allow ships to dock diagonally at the dockside. The main lock was itself 750 by 85 feet (229 by 26 m) long divided into two sections of 500 and 250 feet (152 and 76 m) by another set of gates.^[17-xarita] Water depth in the lock would be between 19.75 and 42.25 feet (6.02 and 12.88 m) between low water and high spring tides, while the dock itself was to be maintained at a minimum depth of 32 feet 8 inches (9.96 m). The design allowed for expansion through two further arms to the south-east and south-west, giving a potential ultimate area of around 85 acres (34 ha).^[245] Two graving docks were sited at the eastern end of the north-eastern arm of 550 by 66 feet (168 by 20 m) and 450 by 72 feet (137 by 22 m), each with a water depth of up to 22 feet (6.7 m).^[246][247]

Much of the dock equipment was operated by electricity, supplied at 440V from the Hull Corporation, including electric coal conveyors, cranes, and dock lighting, as well as powering pumps used to supply hydraulic power.^[245][244] Hydraulic equipment (from Xethorn Deyvi of Leeds) was used for lock and dry dock gates, and for the coal tippers.^[245][244] Cranes were supplied by Royce Limited (Manchester), Craven Brothers, and a floating crane by Werfo Gusto (A. F. Smulders ); coal handling equipment was from Raytton boshlig'i.^[244] The machinery and mechanism for the lock gates were manufactured by the Hydraulic Engineering Company (Chester); the centrifugal pumps and electric motors for draining the dry docks were made by W. H. Allen Bedford.^[248]

On 26 June 1914, Qirol Jorj V visited Hull and formally opened the Hull Joint Dock. The dock was subsequently named King George Dock in his honour.^{[239][249][250]} The dock's design was undertaken by Ser Benjamin Beyker va janob Jon Vulf-Barri.^[250][251] Uning qurilishi tomonidan nazorat qilingan T. M. Newell va R. Pawley, bilan W. Ebdon as resident engineer, and T. L. Norfolk as superintendent of equipment construction.^[244] Architectural design of the dock's offices was by the NER's architect Uilyam Bell.^[244]

1919 Grain Silo (2007)

A 40,000 t (39,000 long tons; 44,000 short tons) temir-beton donli silos was under construction in 1914 at the end of the north-western quay^[244] and was complete by 1919.^[250] The main building consisted of two blocks 96 by 241 feet (29 by 73 m) wide by long, each holding 144 storage bins each 12 feet (3.7 m) square and 50 feet (15 m) deep. Each building block was connected to either the north or south quays of the north-west quay via a receiving house with weighing equipment, and by subways under the quayside, extending for 900 feet (270 m). The foundations for the building and the quay subways were constructed by the dock contractors (S. Pearson), the main building was built by the British Reinforced Concrete Engineering Company, and the grain handling equipment supplied by Henry Simon Limited (Manchester).^[252]

In 1959, the British Transport Commission authorised a £4,750,000 improvement scheme for the dock. The largest part of the scheme (£2,000,000) was the extension of the north quay by the total removal of coal loading equipment, and conversion of the echelon (diagonal) berthing arrangement on the far north and north-east dock walls into standard straight dockside. Other improvements included replacement of timber quay structures with concrete ones (specifically the south-west arm), over 400,000 square feet (37,000 m²) of storage in single-storey sheds, new electric cranes, and additional grain handling equipment, as well as investment in mobile mechanical handling equipment including forkliftlar va mobile cranes. Also included in the works were expansion of the grain silo capacity and an impounding station designed to maintain the dock water at a high level.^[253][254]

In 1965, the creation of berths for use by roll-on roll-off ferries began, increasing use of the dock for unit freight transport.^[250]

Queen Elizabeth Dock extension (1969–)

In 1968, work on a 28 acres (11 ha) extension to King George Dock built on reclaimed land to the south-east of the dock was begun. The extension was officially opened in August 1969 by Qirolicha Yelizaveta II and named Queen Elizabeth Dock.^{[160][18-xarita]}

Recent history (1970–)

A container terminal was opened in 1971 at Queen Elizabeth Dock. Two roll on-roll off terminals were opened in 1973 and by 1975 there were six such terminals in the two docks.^[160][255]

1984 yilda, Anglia Oils (hozir Orxus Karlshamn ) opened an automated o'simlik yog'i refinery on the King George Dock estate.^[256]

PD portlari (originally Humberside Sea and Land Services) began operating the Hull Container Terminal in 1990. By the mid-2000s throughput was over 100,000 TEU per annum, with Samskip as the primary customer.^[257]

"Hull All Weather Terminal".^[32-eslatma] (2007)

In 1993, River Terminal 1, a terminal for large roll-on roll-off vessels, constructed at a cost of £12 million, opened on the banks of the Humber Estuary south of the King George Dock.^{[258][19-xarita]} A covered terminal was opened in 1997, initially built for steel handling for British Steel Corporation.^{[259][32-eslatma]} It was renamed Hull All-Weather Terminal in 2009, and the facilities were expanded to allow the handling of other weather sensitive goods, including dry bulks, paper, and agribulks (fertiliser).^[260][261] A covered shed for paper products (Finland Terminal), opened in 2000, had expanded to 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m²) by 2006.^[262]

In 2001, new facilities were inaugurated on the banks of the Humber. The Rotterdam Terminal (on the site of the 1993 River Terminal 1), was built at a cost of £14.3 million to serve the P&O Shimoliy dengiz paromlari ' new ships, the Rotterdam faxri va Hullning mag'rurligi, used on the Hull-Rotterdam route.^[263]

The 1919 grain silo was demolished in 2010–11.^[264][265]

As of 2010, other facilities at the two docks included a 850,000 cu ft (24,000 m³) cold store and passenger services to Zeebrugge. The company AarhusKarlshamn operates a large vegetable-based oil products processing plant at the dock, and the Kingston Terminal at the south-east of Queen Elizabeth Dock is used for import of coal products. In 2010, there were ten roll on-roll off berths within the two docks.^[139]

In 2013, a 1,000,000 t (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) per year capacity sea to rail biomass facility, with a 164 foot (50 m) silo was constructed to supply Drax elektr stantsiyasi.^[266][267] The facility was officially opened by Councillor Mary Glew, Lord Xall meri, 2014 yil dekabrda.^[268][269] A 160 by 390 foot (50 by 120 m) specialised biomass dry bulk warehouse was opened in late 2015.^[270][271]

Boshqa inshootlar

Quruq doklar

In addition to the dry docks in King George, Alexandra, and William Wright Docks, there were dry docks on the sides of the River Hull.^[272] Hull Central Dry Dock (also known as South End Dock) on the west bank of the River Hull near to its outfall onto the Humber Estuary^[21-xarita] was the largest, being 345 feet (105 m) long with an entrance of 51 feet (16 m),^[272] the dock having been extended several times.^[273] Built in 1843 and later extended, the dock has been disused since 1992 and is now a II sinf ro'yxatdagi tuzilma.^{[273][274][275]} In September 2013 the City Council approved plans by Watergate Developments Ltd to turn the dock into an open-air entertainment venue.^[276][277] This is part of an adjacent office space development, known as the Centre for Digital Innovation (C4Di),^[278] tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Wykeland as @TheDock.^[279] Construction work on the C4Di building began late 2014.^[280] In December 2014, construction began on a concrete dam wall permanently sealing the dock.^[281]

On the east bank of the River Hull were Crown Dry Dock,^[22-xarita] 104 by 21 feet (31.7 by 6.4 m)^[272] halfway between the river outfall and the entrance to Victoria Dock's Drypool Basin. Farther upstream was Union Dock, 214 by 48.5 feet (65.2 by 14.8 m),^[272] opposite the entrance to Queen's Dock,^[23-xarita] dating to the first half of the 1800s,^[282] and a third dock farther upstream.^[24-xarita]

On the west bank of the River Hull, there were ship repair facilities just within the city walls at North Gate on the river dating back as far as the 15th century, with slipways by the 18th century. The entrance to Queen's Dock was later built in this area, and two dry docks remain: North Bridge Dry Dock and No. 1 Dry Dock to the north and south of Queen's Dock basin, respectively. Shimoliy ko'prik quruq dok^[25-xarita] and No. 1 Dry Dock^{[map 26]} were smaller dry docks of around 150 feet (46 m) long and with entrances less than 40 feet (12 m) wide.^[272] Both were extended in the latter part of the 19th century.^[283][284] The northernmost of the two docks is a Grade II listed structure.^[285] Additionally, the former Queen's Dock basin was converted to an enclosed dock after the main dock was infilled.^{[286][287][3-xarita]}

Quays, wharfs and piers

Victoria Pier, Minerva Pier behind, Albert Dock entrance lock and Riverside Quay in distance

In addition to the Riverside Quay at Albert Dock, the former pier at Alexandra Dock, and the roll-on roll-off river terminal at King George Dock, there are other water side berths at the port, both on the Humber and on the River Hull.

The Corporation Jetty (or Old Corporation Pier, also known as Brownlow's Jetty) was between Limekiln Creek and the Humber Dock west pier.^[27-xarita] The construction of the West Dock necessitated the demolition of the old pier.^[288][289] The Hull and Selby Railway (1840) had a wharf at Limekiln Creek, a small north-south running harbour. This was also used by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) which operated a engilroq service from it.^{[290][291][28-xarita]} The Creek was stopped up as a result of the building of the West Dock in the 1860s.^[292] As a provision of the 1861 act replacement facilities were provided for the railway companies, at a place called Railway Creek.^[293][294] The Railway Creek was constructed as part of the works for the new West Dock (Albert Dock); beginning in 1863, a new harbour was formed east of Limekiln Creek; the Limekiln Creek was kept open until the alternative provision for the NER and MS&LR companies had been made.^[295] Following the completion of the works, the small east-west running Railway Creek harbour connected at its east end to the Albert Dock basin.^{[296][29-xarita]} In 1873, the NER had a warehouse built at the site, designed by Tomas Prosser va tomonidan o'zgartirilgan Benjamin Burley, both NER architects.^{[297][33-eslatma]}

Corporation Pier, constructed in 1810, was parallel to the mainland but not directly connected to it;^[298] it was converted to a "T"-shaped pier in 1847.^[298] It was used as the terminus of the Hull to Yangi Gollandiya ferry, initially run by the MS&LR and later by the LNER and British Rail, until the service ended in 1981 because of the opening of the Humber ko'prigi.^[299] It was renamed Victoria Pier in 1854.^{[63][34-eslatma][30-xarita]} A railway booking office latterly named Hull Victoria Pier was established here v. 1849 by the MS&LR, and closed on 25 June 1981 with the cessation of the ferry service.^[300] The pier has been altered several times. A floating pontoon was added in 1877 and removed in 1980;^[298] an upper Promenade was added in 1882,^[301] and removed in the mid-20th century. As of 2005, the primary wooden structure is "L"-shaped.^[298]

To the west of Victoria Pier were the "L"-shaped piers enclosing the Humber Dock basin,^[302][303] The Humber Dock piers were modified from a diagonal arrangement (NE/SW) to a pier square to the dock (N/S) in around 1840.^{[304][305][35-eslatma]} The West Pier became defunct v. 1875 when the entrance basin of the Albert Dock was partially filled to provide more accommodation for the MS&LR, creating Island Wharf. Island Wharf was separated from the mainland by a channel known as Albert Channel which was filled in in the 1960s.^{[135][306][307]} In 2004, construction began on an office development known as Humber Quays on the site. The first building was completed in 2006, a second office building was completed in 2007.^[308]

The eastern pier was a wooden structure, from the 1920s known as the 'Minerva Pier';^[309] it was replaced by a steel walled pier in the latter part of the 20th century.^[310][311]

As of 2010, the remaining piers are still used to harbour vessels, but are not used for cargo handling.

The River Hull had extensive stithes, wharfs and warehouses along its length; the Old Harbour could accommodate vessels up to 200 feet (61 m), the river being navigable for vessels up to 180 feet (55 m) for 2 miles (3.2 km).^[312] As of 2010, cargo handling has mostly ceased in the Old Harbour. Barges are still used for transportation of vegetable and mineral oils farther upstream within the boundaries of Hull including to J. R. Rix & Sons Ltd,^[313] The Croda chemicals vegetable oil chemical processing plant^[314] va Cargill vegetable oil plant in Toshsozlik.

Salt End jetties

Da Tuz oxiri, a jetty (No. 1 Oil Jetty) for the importation of bulk mineral oil was constructed in 1914 by the North Eastern and Hull and Barnsley railway companies, connected to a tank fermasi at Salt End. The jetty was constructed extending 1,500 feet (460 m) into the Humber, giving a water depth of 30 ft (9.1 m) at low spring tides.^[156][315] Chemical industrial development fed by the oil imports would develop into the chemical site at Salt End, now known as BP Saltend.

No. 2 Jetty was constructed in 1928 westward of No. 1, and a reinforced concrete structure, No. 3 Jetty, was built in 1958. The original No. 1 jetty was demolished and replaced with a new structure in 1959.^[160] No. 2 jetty was demolished in 1977.^[316] As of 2010, both Nos. 1 and 3 jetties remain in use.^[31-xarita]

Port welfare

Seafarers arriving at the port are provided with practical and welfare support via the services of a port chaplain.^[317]

Disasters, accidents and war damage

Explosion of the PS Ittifoq

In 1837 the packet steamer Ittifoq exploded in the Humber Dock basin,^[318] resulting in the death of over twenty people including bystanders on the dock side, and many injuries; the vessel itself sank.^[319][320]

R38 airship disaster

In 1921, an R38-class airship broke apart while performing a sharp turn near Victoria Pier. It then exploded, and the flaming wreckage crashed into the Humber near the Victoria Pier, killing 45 of the 49 passengers on board.^[321]

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

During the Second World War, the Hull docks were actively targeted. In addition to mines in the Humber,^[322] the docks in Hull were bombed. All of them were damaged. The wooden Riverside Quay at Albert Dock was totally destroyed in 1941.^[323]

Olovlar

Major fires destroyed the fish market at St Andrews Dock in 1929, and a general cargo shed at Humber Dock in 1951.^[324] In 1970, a vehicle carrying liquefied gas struck the top of a road subway leading to the William Wright and St Andrew's docks, resulting in a gas explosion and fire. The incident caused two deaths and 17 serious injuries.^[325][326]

Acid leak

On 18 September 2017, emergency crews attended a large-scale acid leak which had caused a vapour cloud to form over King George Dock. Humberside yong'in va qutqaruv xizmati warned nearby residents to close doors and windows as a precautionary measure, after a tank containing 580 t (570 long tons; 640 short tons) of xlorid kislota sprang a leak at the dock late in the day. By the early hours of 19 September 2017, firefighters confirmed that wind was blowing the vapour away from houses near the United Molasses site, where the leak occurred and declared the area near the dock safe.

However, within 24 hours emergency crews had returned to the site following a change in wind direction. A number of emergency service vehicles, including an ambulance could be seen waiting on standby nearby. The acid was later transferred on to tankers to be taken away safely. Eight people reported feeling unwell as a result of the incident. Four were assessed at the scene and discharged immediately and four were taken to hospital for further assessment. All were ultimately discharged after showing no further symptoms. The Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi confirmed that there appeared to be no leakage into the Humber or any other environmental impact.^[327]

Shuningdek qarang

Museums in Hull with exhibits relevant to the port

• Arktik korsasi
• Hull dengiz muzeyi
• Spurn Lightship
• Streetlife transport muzeyi

Izohlar

Aktlar va qonunchilik

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

Xaritalar va belgi koordinatalari

Tashqi havolalar

Zamonaviy

• "Port of Hull". Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 26 oktyabrda. Olingan 18 fevral 2013.

Tarixiy

• Brigham, T. (2008). "Hull marina gateway site, Fruit market strategic development area, Kingston upon Hull: Assessment of Archaeological Potential (Humber Archaeology Report No. 262)" (PDF). Humber Field Archaeology. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2012 yil 20 martda. Olingan 18 fevral 2013.
• Evans, Nicholas J. (1999). "Migration from Northern Europe to America via the Port of Hull, 1848–1914". www.norwayheritage.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 8 martda. Olingan 18 fevral 2013.

Tasvirlar

• "Xall". Associated British Ports, Humber Estuary Services. Olingan 26 sentyabr 2013.
• Miles, Philip C. (1990). Hull's Waterfront. Dalesman. ISBN  1-85568-007-6.
• "Postcards of Hull". www.hullwebs.co.uk. Olingan 22 fevral 2013.
  • "Postcards from Hull – Victoria and Corporation Pier". www.hullwebs.co.uk. Olingan 22 fevral 2013.
• "Hull Barges and Dock". hulldockbargeworld.weebly.com. Olingan 5 iyul 2014. Historical photographs of docks and shipping