Kallston-Xull - Kingston upon Hull

Kallston-Xull
Shahar va unitar hokimiyat
Top: Tunda chuqurlik, Qirolicha bog'lari va dengiz muzeyi O'rta: Xall kolleji va Uilberfors yodgorligi Pastki qismida: Xall meriyasi, Ferens badiiy galereyasi
Gerb
Ichida ko'rsatilgan Yorkshirning Sharqiy minishi
Kallston-Xull Angliya ichida joylashgan joy Angliya xaritasini ko'rsatish Kallston-Xull Buyuk Britaniya ichida joylashgan joy Birlashgan Qirollikning xaritasini ko'rsatish Kallston-Xull Evropa ichida joylashgan joy Evropa xaritasini ko'rsatish
Koordinatalari: 53 ° 44′40 ″ N. 00 ° 19′57 ″ V / 53.74444 ° N 0.33250 ° Vt / 53.74444; -0.33250Koordinatalar: 53 ° 44′40 ″ N. 00 ° 19′57 ″ V / 53.74444 ° N 0.33250 ° Vt / 53.74444; -0.33250
Suveren davlat	Birlashgan Qirollik
Mamlakat	Angliya
Mintaqa	Yorkshire va Humber
Tantanali tuman	Yorkshirning Sharqiy minishi
Tashkil etilgan	12-asr
Shahar holati	1897
Ma'muriy shtab	• Gildxol
Hukumat
• turi	Unitar hokimiyat
• tanasi	Xall shahar kengashi
• Etakchilik	Rahbar va kabinet
• Ijro etuvchi	Mehnat
• Lord Mayor	Lin Petrini (L)
• Kengash rahbari	Stiv Breydi (L)
• Bosh ijrochi	Mett Jyuks
Maydon
• er	27,59 kvadrat mil (71,5 km)2)
Aholisi  (2019 yil o'rtalarida)
• Shahar	259,778 (64-o'rinni egalladi )
• daraja	(64-o'rinni egalladi )
• zichlik	9,030 / kvadrat milya (3,486 / km)2)
• Shahar	573,300 (LUZ )
• Etnik kelib chiqishi (2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish)[1]	89,7% oq inglizlar 0,3% oq irland 4.1% Boshqa oq rang 1,1% S. Osiyo 1,2% qora 1,3% Aralash poyga 2,3% xitoy va boshqa (0,8% xitoy)
Demonim (lar)	Xullensian
Vaqt zonasi	UTC + 0 (Grinvich vaqti )
• Yoz (DST )	UTC + 1 (Britaniya yozgi vaqti )
Pochta indeksi maydoni	HU
Kodlarni terish	01482
ISO 3166-2	GB-KHL
ONS kodi	00FA (ONS) E06000010 (GSS)
NUTS 3	UKE11
Birlamchi aeroport	Humberside aeroporti (Kingston on Hull tashqarisida)
Kengashlar	57
Deputatlar	Deputatlar ro'yxati Emma Xardi (L ) Diana Jonson (L ) Karl Tyorner (L )
Veb-sayt	hull.gov.uk

Kallston-Xull, odatda qisqartiriladi Hull, a port shahri va unitar hokimiyat ichida Yorkshirning Sharqiy minishi, Angliya.^[2] Bu yotadi Hull daryosi unda to'qnashuv bilan Humber Estaryo, ichkaridan 25 milya (40 km) ichkarida Shimoliy dengiz, Sharqdan 50 milya (80 km) Lids, Janubi-sharqdan 55 milya (55 km) York va 87 km shimoliy-sharqda joylashgan Sheffild.^[2] 259,778 nafar aholi bilan (taxminan 2019 yil o'rtalarida) Xull to'rtinchi yirik shahar hisoblanadi Yorkshire va Humber.

Xayldagi Uayk shahri XII asr oxirida rohiblar tomonidan tashkil etilgan Meaux Abbey ularning junini eksport qiladigan port sifatida.Renamed Xull-Xons shahri 1299 yilda Xull a bozor shaharchasi,^[3] harbiy ta'minot porti,^[4] savdo markazi,^[5] baliq ovlash va kit ovlash markazi va sanoat metropoliya.^[4]Xull ilk jang teatri bo'lgan Ingliz fuqarolik urushlari.^[5] Uning 18-asrdagi parlament a'zosi, Uilyam Uilberfors ni bekor qilishda muhim rol o'ynadi qul savdosi Britaniyada.^[6]

Ikkinchi Jahon urushida katta zarar ko'rgandan so'ng ("Xall Blits "), Xull postindustriyaviy pasayish davrini o'tkazdi,^[7] ijtimoiy mahrumlik, ta'lim va politsiya choralari bo'yicha noqulay natijalarga erishish. 21-asrning boshlarida, oldin sarf-xarajatlar o'sishi 2000 yillarning oxiri tanazzul shaharda chakana savdo, tijorat, uy-joy va kommunal xizmatlar qurilishiga katta miqdordagi yangi xarajatlar ko'rildi.

Turistik diqqatga sazovor joylarga Hull People Memorial, tarixiy eski shahar va muzey mahallasi, Xull Marina va Chuqur akvarium. Sport jamoalari qatoriga EFL Ligasi Birinchi futbol klubi kiradi Xall Siti va regbi ligasi klublari Xall FK & Xall Kingston Rovers va "Xall Yunayted" futbol klubi.

The Xall universiteti 1927 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, hozirda 16000 dan ortiq talaba tahsil oladi. Xull 2017 edi Buyuk Britaniyaning madaniyat shahri va o'sha yili shahar Ferens badiiy galereyasi nufuzli mehmonni qabul qildi Tyorner mukofoti.^[8]

Tarix

Kingston upon Hull shimoliy qirg'oqda joylashgan Humber Estuary uning irmog'i og'zida Hull daryosi. Hull daryosi vodiysida azaldan aholi yashaydi Neolitik davri, ammo hozirgi shahar hududida sezilarli darajada joylashtirilganligi to'g'risida dalillar kam.^[9] Bu hudud odamlar uchun jozibali edi, chunki u obod bo'lganlarga kirish imkoniyatini berdi hinterland va suzib yuriladigan daryolar, ammo bu joy kambag'al, olis, pasttekis va toza suvsiz edi. Dastlab u Mayton qishlog'ining chekka qismi bo'lib, Uayk nomini olgan. Ism skandinaviya so'zidan kelib chiqqan deb o'ylashadi Vik kirish yoki sakson tilidan Wic turar joy yoki boshpana degan ma'noni anglatadi.^[10][11]

Hull daryosi yuk tashish uchun qulay joy edi, uning savdosi junni eksport qilishni o'z ichiga olgan Meaux Abbey Myton kompaniyasiga tegishli edi. 1293 yilda Uayk shahri qirol Edvard I tomonidan abbatlikdan olingan bo'lib, u 1299 yil 1 aprelda uni qirol nizomi aholi punktining nomini o'zgartirdi Xull ustiga King shahri yoki Xall on apl Xall. Nizom arxivlarida saqlanadi Gildxol.^[5]

1440 yilda boshqa nizom kiritilgan shahar va shahar hokimi, sherif va o'n ikki kishidan iborat mahalliy hokimiyatni tashkil etdi aldermenlar.^[5]

Uning ichida Xallga qo'llanma (1817), J. C. Craggs, Edvardni sotib olish va shahar nomini olish uchun rang-barang fon beradi. Uning yozishicha, qirol va ovchilar guruhi quyonni boshlagan, "ularni Xull daryosining yoqimli qirg'oqlari bo'ylab Uayk qishlog'iga olib borgan ... [Edvard], o'zining oldidagi manzara bilan maftun bo'lib, shu paytgacha bo'lgan foydali vaziyatni zavq bilan tomosha qildi. qarovsiz va tushunarsiz burchak. U shohlikni chet el bosqinchiligiga qarshi xavfsizroq qilish va shu bilan birga uning tijoratini amalga oshirish uchun ham itoatkor bo'lishini taxmin qildi. Ushbu fikrlarga binoan, Kreygz davom etmoqda, Edvard Meaux Abbotidan er sotib oldi, o'zi uchun manor zali qurdi, shahar ichida rivojlanishni rag'batlantiruvchi e'lonlarni chiqardi va unga qirol apellyatsiyasini taqdim etdi, King's Town.^[12]

Port davomida Edvard I uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qilgan Shotlandiya mustaqilligining birinchi urushi keyinchalik Angliyaning sharqiy qirg'og'idagi eng yirik portga aylandi. U jun va jun matolarni eksport qilish, vino va yog'ochni chetdan olib kelish orqali rivojlandi. Xull shuningdek, bilan rivojlangan savdo-sotiqni o'rnatdi Boltiq bo'yi ning bir qismi sifatida portlar Hanseatic League.^[13]

O'rta asrlarning boshlaridan Xullning asosiy savdo aloqalari Shotlandiya va Evropaning shimoliy qismi bilan bo'lgan. Skandinaviya, Boltiqbo'yi va past mamlakatlar Xull savdogarlari uchun asosiy savdo maydonlari bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, Frantsiya, Ispaniya va Portugaliya bilan savdo-sotiq mavjud edi.

Janob Uilyam de la Pole shaharning birinchi meri bo'lgan.^[14] Rivojlangan savdogar de la Pole hukumatda taniqli bo'lgan oilani tashkil etdi.^[5] Xull savdo oilasining yana bir muvaffaqiyatli o'g'li episkop edi Jon Alkok, kim asos solgan Xesus kolleji, Kembrij va Xalldagi gimnaziya homiysi bo'lgan.^[5] Amerika qit'asi va shaharning dengiz aloqalari kashf etilgandan keyin savdoning o'sishi virusli shtammning paydo bo'lishida muhim rol o'ynagan deb o'ylashadi. sifiliz Xull orqali va undan Evropaga Yangi dunyo.^[15]

1866 yilda Xull

Shahar XVI va XVII asr boshlarida gullab-yashnagan,^[5] va Xallning boyligi bu davrda saqlanib qolgan bir qancha obod binolar shaklida saqlanib qolgan, shu jumladan Wilberforce uyi, hozirda hayotini hujjatlashtirgan muzey Uilyam Uilberfors.^[5]

Davomida Ingliz fuqarolar urushi, Hull katta bo'lganligi sababli strategik ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi qurol u erda joylashgan. Urushning juda erta davrida, 1642 yil 11 yanvarda qirol Nyukasl grafligi Parlament Serni nomzodini ilgari surgan paytda Xull gubernatori Jon Xotam va o'g'li kapitan Jon Xotamdan birdaniga shaharni xavfsizligini ta'minlashni iltimos qildi.^[5] Ser Jon Xotem va Xall korporatsiyasi uni qo'llab-quvvatlashini e'lon qildi Parlament va rad etdi Karl I shaharga kirish.^[5] Charlz I ushbu voqealarga javoban shaharni qurshovga olish.^[5] Ushbu qamal parlament kuchlari bilan parlament kuchlari o'rtasida ochiq to'qnashuvni to'xtatishga yordam berdi Royalistlar.^[5]

Parlament ko'chasi, a Gruzin shahar markazidagi trassa, uzoqdan Uaytfriargeyt bilan

Kit ovlash 19-asrning o'rtalariga qadar shaharning boyliklarida katta rol o'ynagan.^[5]

Yelkan kuchi bug 'chiqara boshlagach, Xallning savdo aloqalari butun dunyoga tarqaldi. Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya va Janubiy Amerikaning muzlatilgan go'sht savdosiga xizmat ko'rsatadigan doklar ochildi. Xull shuningdek butun Buyuk Britaniyaga xizmat ko'rsatadigan rivojlangan ichki va qirg'oq savdo tarmog'ining markazi bo'lgan.^[16]

19-asrning ikkinchi yarmi davomida va Birinchi Jahon urushiga qadar bo'lgan Xall porti Shimoliy Evropa ko'chmanchilarining Yangi dunyoga ko'chishida katta rol o'ynadi, minglab muhojirlar shaharga suzib ketdilar va ma'muriy maqsadlarda to'xtab Liverpulga, so'ngra Shimoliy Amerikaga yo'l oldilar.^[17]

Yo'lovchilar tashishdagi ushbu o'sishga parallel ravishda paydo bo'ldi Hullning Uilson chizig'i (1825 yilda tashkil etilgan Tomas Uilson ). 20-asrning boshlariga kelib, kompaniya asosan Shimoliy dengiz yo'lovchi marshrutlarini monopollashtirishi va keyinchalik birlashishi va qo'shilishi natijasida dunyoning eng yirik xususiy transport kompaniyasi bo'lib, dunyoning turli qismlariga 100 dan ortiq kemalar suzib ketdi. Wilson Line sotildi Ellerman chiziqlari - uning o'zi Xallda tug'ilgan magnat (va Britaniyaning o'sha paytdagi eng boy odami) ser Jon Ellerman.^[18]

"Xall" ning farovonligi undan bir necha o'n yil oldin avjiga chiqqan Birinchi jahon urushi; aynan shu vaqt ichida, 1897 yilda shahar maqomi berildi.^[4] Kit ovlash sohasi tanazzulga uchraganidan so'ng, asosiy e'tibor dengiz tubiga o'tdi trolga chiqish gacha Angliya-Islandiya cod urushi 1975-1976 yillar. Ushbu bahs oxirida qo'yilgan shartlar Xullning iqtisodiy tanazzulini boshlagan.^[5]

Hullning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan ko'plab shahar atrofi 1930 yillarda qurilgan, xususan, Willerby Road va Anlaby Park, shuningdek, Uilerbi o'zi. Bu 20-asrning eng katta Britaniyadagi uy-joy portlashining bir qismi edi (ehtimol har doimgidek).

Xall Blits

Shaharning porti va sanoat inshootlari, shu bilan birga unga yaqin joylashgan materik Evropa va katta daryoda joylashganligi uchun qulaylik, bombardimon qilingan reydlar natijasida juda keng zarar ko'rdi Ikkinchi jahon urushi; shahar markazining katta qismi vayron qilingan.^[5] Xullda 95% uylari buzilgan yoki vayron bo'lgan, bu Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Londondan tashqari, buzilgan yoki vayron qilingan binolar soni bo'yicha eng kuchli bombardimon qilingan Britaniya shahri yoki shahri bo'lgan.^[19] Shaharga uyushtirilgan havo hujumlarida 1200 dan ortiq odam halok bo'ldi, 3000 ga yaqin kishi jarohat oldi.^[20]

Bomba hujumining eng yomoni 1941 yilda sodir bo'lgan. O'sha paytda mamlakatning qolgan qismi tomonidan vayronagarchilik haqida ko'p narsa ma'lum emas edi, chunki radio va gazeta xabarlarining aksariyati Xull ismini oshkor qilmagan, balki uni "shimoli-sharqiy shahar" deb atagan. "yoki" shimoliy qirg'oq shaharchasi ".^[21] Urushdan keyingi yillarda shahar markazining katta qismi tiklandi. Yaqinda 2006 yil tadqiqotchilari mahalliy arxivlardan urush paytida portlatilmagan bomba Xulldagi yangi qayta ishlangan Boom ostiga ko'milishi mumkinligi haqidagi hujjatlarni topdilar.^[22][23]

Madaniyat shahri

2017 yilda Xull "Madaniyat shahri" unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi^[24] Raqamli, madaniyat, ommaviy axborot vositalari va sport bo'limi tomonidan. Shahar ichida jamoat joylarida shaharni va uning yangi berilgan nomini targ'ib qilish uchun bir qator festivallar bo'lib o'tdi. Yil boshida 25000 kishini jalb qilgan ulkan fişek namoyish bo'ldi. Bundan tashqari, Xall infratuzilmasining rivojlanishi shahar markazida yangi yo'laklar ishlab chiqarilishi bilan yuzaga keldi. Bayramda spektakl namoyish etildi Lil Nas X chuqur akvariumda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Boshqaruv

The Gildxol

Keyingi 1888 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun, Xull a okrug tumani, Yorkshirning Sharqiy haydashidan mustaqil bo'lgan mahalliy hukumat okrugi. Ushbu okrug tarkibida tarqatib yuborilgan Mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun 1972 yil, 1974 yil 1 aprelda u a bo'lganida metropoliten bo'lmagan tuman yangi yaratilganlarning Shire tumani Humberside. Humberside (va uning tuman kengashi ) 1996 yil 1 aprelda bekor qilindi va Xull a unitar hokimiyat maydoni.^[25]

Hozir shaharning bir darajali mahalliy hokimiyati Xall shahar kengashi (rasman Kingston-on Xall shahar kengashi), qarorgohi Gildxol shahar markazida.^[26] Kengash Buyuk Britaniyaning 2004 va 2005 yillarda ham eng yomon natijalarga erishgan vakili sifatida belgilangan edi, ammo 2006 yilda ikki yulduzli "adekvat darajadagi yaxshilanish" kengashi sifatida baholandi va 2007 yilda "yaxshi" holati bilan ikki yulduzini saqlab qoldi.^{[27][28][29][30]} 2008 yildagi korporativ faoliyatni baholashda shahar "yaxshilanmoqda" maqomini saqlab qoldi, ammo uch yulduzli reytingga ko'tarildi.^[31]

The Liberal-demokratlar shahar Kengashining umumiy boshqaruvini qo'lga kiritdi 2007 yil mahalliy saylovlar, biron bir partiya ko'pchilik bo'lmagan bir necha yilni yakunladi.^[32] Ular nazoratni saqlab qolishdi 2008 yil mahalliy saylovlar ko'pchilik ovoz bilan^[33] va 2010 yil mahalliy saylovlar.^[34] Buyuk Britaniyadan keyin 2011 yilgi mahalliy saylovlar, Mehnat partiyasi kengash nazoratini qo'lga kiritdi,^[35] ularning ko'pligini oshirish 2012^[36] va quyidagilarni saqlab qoldi 2014 yil mahalliy saylovlar.^[37] Ular ko'pchilikni bittaga ko'paytirdilar 2015 yilgi mahalliy saylovlar,^[38] lekin uni yo'qotdi 2016 yilgi mahalliy saylovlar.^[39] In 2018 yilgi mahalliy saylovlar Kengashlarning barchasi chegaralarni o'zgartirgandan so'ng, o'rindiqlar sonini 2 taga kamaytirgandan so'ng saylovga qatnashdi.^[40] Leyboristlar kengash ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolishdi, ammo aksariyat qisqartirilgan ovoz bilan 2019 yilgi mahalliy saylovlar kengash tarkibida hech qanday o'zgarish bo'lmadi.^[41]

Shahar parlamentning uchta a'zosini qaytarib berdi Jamiyat palatasi va oxirgi umumiy saylovlarda, yilda 2019, uchta Leyborist deputatni sayladi: Emma Xardi,^[42] Diana Jonson^[43] va Karl Tyorner.^[44]

Uilyam Uilberfors Xullning sobiq deputatlaridan eng taniqli. U shaharda tug'ilgan va uning a'zosi bo'lgan Hull 1780 yildan 1784 yilgacha mustaqil a'zosi etib saylangan Yorkshir.^[45][46]

Hull panoramasi shimoliy qirg'oq bo'ylab Humber yaqin Pol, bilan Yorkshire Wolds shahar orqasida ko'tarilgan

Hull yagona shahar bo'lib, rasmiy hukumat tomonidan belgilangan asosiy shahar maydonini tashkil etadi Xall va Xumber portlari shahar mintaqasi.^[47]

Geografiya

The Hull daryosi to'lqin to'sig'i

Kallston-on Xall shimoliy qirg'oqda joylashgan Humber Estuary.^[2] Shahar markazi Xull daryosining g'arbiy qismida va Xumberga yaqin joylashgan.^[2] Shahar ustiga qurilgan allyuvial va bo'r jinslarini qoplagan muzlik yotqiziqlari, ammo uning ostidagi bo'r relyefga ta'sir qilmaydi. Shahar ichidagi er odatda juda tekis va atigi 2 metrdan 4 metrgacha (6,5 dan 13 futgacha). dengiz sathidan yuqori. Saytning nisbatan tekisligi tufayli qurilishda jismoniy cheklovlar kam va ko'plab ochiq joylar qurish uchun bosimga duchor bo'ladi.^[48]

Ning cherkovlari Dripul, Marfleet, Skulkoatlar 19 va 20-asrlarda Satton cherkovining aksariyati Xull tumaniga singib ketgan. Ularning hududining katta qismi qurilgan va ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy jihatdan ular azaldan shahar bilan ajralmas bo'lib kelgan. 20-asrning oxirlarida faqat Satton taniqli qishloq markazini saqlab qoldi, ammo janubda va sharqda rivojlanib kelayotgan shahar atrofi unga etib bordi. Shunga qaramay, to'rtta qishloqlar asosan qishloq xususiyatiga ega bo'lib, ular tumanga singib ketguncha - 1837 yilda Dripul va Skulkoatlar, 1882 yilda Marflit va 1929 yilda Satton.^[49] Shaharning hozirgi chegaralari qat'iy belgilangan va ko'plarini istisno qiladi metropoliten maydoni yaqin qishloqlar, ulardan qaysi biri Kottingem eng kattasi.^[50] Shahar Yorkshirning Sharqiy Riding qishloqlari bilan o'ralgan.

Kingston-on Xallning kengayishi

Hullning ba'zi joylari dengiz sathidan yoki undan pastroq bo'lgan erlarda yotadi. Hull Tidal Surge to'sig'i Hull daryosi Humber Estaryosiga qo'shiladigan nuqtada va g'ayritabiiy yuqori to'lqinlar kutilayotgan paytlarda tushiriladi. U yiliga 8 dan 12 martagacha ishlatiladi va taxminan 10000 kishining uylarini suv toshqinlaridan himoya qiladi.^[51] Uning past darajasi tufayli Xall global isish tufayli suv toshqini xavfi darajasida bo'lishi kutilmoqda.^[52]

Davomida Hullning ko'plab joylari suv ostida qoldi 2007 yil iyun oyida Buyuk Britaniyada toshqinlar yuz berdi,^[53] 8600 ta uy va 1300 ta korxona zarar ko'rdi.^[54]

Tarixiy ma'noda, Xallga Humberdan kelayotgan fasl va bo'ron toshqini ta'sir ko'rsatgan;^[55] so'nggi jiddiy toshqinlar 1950-yillarda, 1953, 1954 va 1959 yil qishida bo'lgan.^[56]

2008 yil 27 fevral kuni GMT 00:56 atrofida Xall 48 km shimolda joylashgan epitsentri ning zilzila 5.3 o'lchamlari Rixter shkalasi qariyb 10 soniya davom etdi. Bu dunyoning ushbu qismi uchun juda katta zilzila edi.^[57] Yana bir zilzila 2018 yil 10-iyun kuni erta tongda sodir bo'ldi.^[58]

Iqlim

Joylashgan Shimoliy Angliya, Xullda mo''tadil dengiz iqlimi mavjud bo'lib, unda o'rta kenglik depressiyalari o'tishi ustunlik qiladi. Kundan-kunga ob-havo juda o'zgaruvchan va uning isishi ta'siri Gulf Stream mintaqani kengligi bo'yicha yumshoq qiladi. Mahalliy ravishda, Penninlarning yomg'ir soyasi ta'siri tufayli bu hudud Britaniya shimoliy orollaridagi shimol tomonning aksariyat mintaqalariga qaraganda quyoshli, shuningdek ancha quruqroq. Kabi o'xshash kenglikda g'arbiy qirg'oq mintaqalariga qaraganda bir oz iliqroq "Liverpul" yozda dengiz havosidan kuchli himoya qilish, shuningdek qishda sovuqroq va Shimoliy dengiz shamoli yozda shaharni ichki hududlarga qaraganda sovuqroq tutadi. Shuningdek, u iyulning o'rtacha maksimal harorati 21,5 ° C dan (70,7 ° F) oshadigan eng shimoliy hududlardan biridir, ammo bu shaharning o'zi atrofida juda yaxshi joylashtirilgan ko'rinadi. 2007 yil iyun oyida toshqin shahar hududlariga katta zarar etkazdi. Qurg'oqchilik va jazirama 2003, 2006 va yaqinda 2018 yilda sodir bo'lgan.^[59]

Yozilgan mutlaq maksimal harorat 34,4 ° C (93,9 ° F),^[60] 1990 yilning avgustida belgilangan. Odatda, eng iliq kun 28,8 ° C (83,8 ° F) ga etishi kerak,^[61] ozgina bo'lsa ham 10 kun ichida^[62] "o'rtacha" yilda 25,1 ° S (77,2 ° F) yoki undan yuqori haroratga erishishi kerak. Barcha o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlar 1981-2010 yillar davriga to'g'ri keladi.

Mutlaq minimal harorat -11,1 ° C (12,0 ° F),^[63] 1982 yil yanvarida qayd etilgan. Qish kenglik uchun yumshoq bo'lib, qor o'rtacha yiliga ikki marta yog'adi va asosan erishdan oldin bir yoki ikki kun turadi. Biroq, tez-tez bulutli va Shimoliy dengiz shamollari uni aslidan ko'ra sovuqroq his qiladi. O'rtacha 32,5 kecha havo sovuq haqida xabar berishi kerak. Kuchli qor yog'ishi vaqti-vaqti bilan, masalan, 2010 yildagidek sodir bo'ladi.

1981 yil 23 noyabrda, rekord o'rnatilish paytida mamlakat bo'ylab tornado epidemiyasi, Xull ikkita tornado bilan to'qnashdi. Birinchisi, juda zaif F0 / T0 tornado deb baholanib, pastga tegdi Xall porti mahalliy vaqt bilan 13:30 dan sal oldin. Buning ortidan bir necha daqiqadan so'ng Xullning shimoliy-sharqiy atrofidagi turar-joy binolariga zarar etkazadigan F1 / T2 tornado kuchliroq bo'ldi.^[64]

Demografiya

Ga ko'ra 2001 yil Buyuk Britaniyada aholini ro'yxatga olish, Xallda 104288 xonadonda yashovchi 243 589 kishi bor edi. Aholi zichligi gektariga 34,1 ni tashkil etdi.^[69] Uylarning umumiy sonining 47,85% i ijaraga olingan, milliy ko'rsatkichga nisbatan 31,38%.^[70] 1991 yilgi Buyuk Britaniyada o'tkazilgan aholini ro'yxatga olishdan keyin aholining soni 7,5% ga kamaydi,^[69] va 2006 yil iyul oyida rasmiy ravishda 256,200 deb baholandi.^[71]

2001 yilda taxminan 53000 kishi 16 yoshgacha, 174000 kishi 16-74 yoshda va 17000 yosh 75 yoshdan katta bo'lgan.^[69] Umumiy aholining 97,7% oq tanli va eng ozchilik etnik guruh o'zlarini etnik xitoy deb hisoblagan 749 kishidan iborat edi. Xullda Buyuk Britaniyadan tashqarida tug'ilganlarning 3 foizi yashagan.^[69][72] 2006 yilda eng katta ozchilik etnik guruh bo'lgan Iroq kurdlari 3000 ga baholanganlar. Ushbu odamlarning aksariyati boshpana berish to'g'risidagi arizalari ko'rib chiqilayotgan paytda shahar ichki ishlar vazirligi tomonidan joylashtirilgan.^[73] 2001 yilda shahar 71,7% xristian edi. Aholining yana 18 foizi o'zlarini dinga e'tiqod qilmaganliklarini bildirgan, 8,4 foizi esa hech qanday diniy aloqalarini bildirmagan.^[69]

Anlaby yo'lidagi ko'p qavatli uylar

Shuningdek, 2001 yilda shahar mehnatga layoqatli yoshdagi ishsizlarning yuqori ulushiga ega bo'lib, ularning 6,2% tashkil etdi, bu 376 ta mahalliy va unitar hokimiyatlar orasida 354-o'rinni egalladi. Angliya va Uels.^[69] Ishga ketgan masofa 95,957 ish bilan band bo'lganlarning 64,578 nafari uchun 4,8 km dan kam bo'lgan. Yana 18 031 kishi ish joyiga 3,1 dan 6,2 milya (5 va 10 km) masofani bosib o'tdi. Ishga kelish uchun jamoat transportidan foydalanadiganlar soni 12 915 kishini tashkil etgan bo'lsa, avtoulovlarda sayohat qilganlar soni 53443 kishini tashkil etdi.^[69]

Universitet palatasidagi erkaklar 2016 yilda Angliya va Uelsdagi barcha bo'limlardan 69,4 yoshda tug'ilishida to'rtinchi eng past umr ko'rishgan.^[74]

Iqtisodiyot

Yog 'urug'ini qayta ishlash zavodi

Xull iqtisodiyoti savdo va dengizchilik, birinchi navbatda kit ovlash va keyinchalik dengiz baliqchiligiga asoslangan. Kabi savdogarning uylari Blaydes uyi va ba'zi omborlar Hull daryosida savdo-sotiq joylashgan Eski shaharda omon qoladi, keyinchalik Xumer rokasiga o'tib ketadi. Yana bir yirik sanoat edi moyli urug ' maydalash. 70-yillarda baliqchilik sanoati pasaygan bo'lsa ham Cod urushlari, shahar gavjum port bo'lib qolmoqda va yiliga 13 million tonna yuk tashiydi.^[75] Port operatsiyalari tomonidan boshqariladi Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari va portdagi boshqa kompaniyalarda 5000 kishi ishlaydi. Portning bevosita faoliyati natijasida yana 18 ming kishi ish bilan ta'minlangan.^[76]Baliqchilikning kamayishi o'rnini to'ldirish uchun shaharning port maydoni har xil bo'lgan O'tkazib yuboriladigan parom Evropa qit'asiga xizmatlar. Hozir ushbu paromlar har yili milliondan ziyod yo'lovchini tashiydi.^[77]Xull ijod qilish orqali bo'sh vaqt sanoatini ekspluatatsiya qildi Xull Marina shahar markazidagi eski Humber va temir yo'l dokalaridan. U 1983 yilda ochilgan va yaxtalar va kichik suzib yuradigan kemalar uchun 270 ta bekatga ega.

Shahardagi sanoat kimyo va sog'liqni saqlash sohalariga yo'naltirilgan. Bir nechta taniqli ingliz kompaniyalari, shu jumladan BP, Smit va jiyani va Reckitt Benckiser, Xallda qulayliklarga ega.^[78]Sog'liqni saqlash sohasini ilmiy tadqiqotlar muassasalari yanada yaxshilaydi Xall universiteti Yaralarni davolash instituti va Xull York tibbiyot maktabi hamkorlik.^[79] So'nggi yillarda baliq ovlash va og'ir sanoatning pasayishi bilan chakana savdo, turizm, san'at va keyingi va oliy ta'lim sohalari iqtisodiy yangilanish va shaharning obro'sini ko'tarish jarayonida tobora muhim rol o'ynamoqda. 2009 yilda Xalldagi korxonalar yillik tovar ayirboshlash hajmini deyarli 8 milliard funt sterlingga etkazgan deb taxmin qilingan va 5 milliondan ziyod tashrif buyuruvchilar Xall iqtisodiyotiga deyarli 210 million funt qo'shmoqda.^[80]

Chakana savdo

Shahzoda Quay Savdo markazi Prince's Dock ustiga qurilgan

Yorkshirning Sharqiy Ridingdagi eng yirik aholi punkti va mahalliy transport markazi sifatida Hull chakana xaridorlar uchun tabiiy diqqat markazidir. Xalldagi yirik do'konlarga kiradi Debenxemlar, Frayzer uyi va qulab tushgunga qadar Britaniya uy do'konlari (BHS). Shahar markazida uchta asosiy savdo markazi mavjud, Sent-Stivenniki, Knyazlar va Prospekt markazi. Shuningdek, qator "chakana savdo bog'lari" va shahar atrofidagi savdo markazlari, shu jumladan St Andrews Quay chakana savdo parki Humber bankida va Kingswood chakana savdo parki (Kingswood).

Hull shuningdek, shahar markazida va tashqarisida ko'plab savdo ko'chalariga ega. Shahar tashqarisidagi asosiy savdo ko'chalari - Gessl yo'li, Holderness yo'li, Chanterlands avenyu, Beverli-rud, Knyazlar xiyoboni va Newland avenyu.^[81] Bundan tashqari, shahar markazida ikkita yopiq savdo maydonchalari mavjud: Hepworth Arcade va Paragon Arcade.

The Sent-Stivenniki yonida joylashgan Ferenswaydagi savdo markazini rivojlantirish Hull Paragon Interchange 560,000 kvadrat metrni (52,000 m) tashkil etadi²Ushbu sxema 2007 yilda ochilgan. U 24 soat davomida ishlaydigan Tesco Extra super do'koni tomonidan bog'langan va ko'plab do'konlar, oziq-ovqat shoxobchalari, mehmonxona va 7 ekranli kinoteatr bilan ta'minlangan. Sent-Stivenning rivojlanishi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqobatdosh Knyazlar Savdo markazi (1991), yopiq ustidagi ustunlar ustiga qurilgan Prince's Dock, va turli xil do'kon do'konlari va oziq-ovqat shoxobchalari joylashgan. Dastlab u to'rt qavatli chakana qavatlar bilan qurilgan, "pastki" deb nomlanuvchi, eng yuqori qavatli uy bilan a Vue 2007 yil dekabridan beri kino.^[82] St Stephens ochilgandan beri, shahar markazidagi xarid qilish sxemalari Princes Quay atrofidan uzoqlashdi va natijada piyoda yurish kamaydi.^[83]

The Istiqbol markazi Prospekt ko'chasida kichikroq, qadimgi savdo markazi bo'lib, katta maydonlardan foyda ko'radi va bir qator tarmoq do'konlari, banklar va moda chakana savdo uylari joylashgan.^[84] Uning filiallari mavjud Botinkalar, Klerniki, katta Wilko, Poundlend, V H Smit, Islandiya, va Xullning asosiy pochtasi.^[85] Bransholme shahridagi shahar markazidan tashqarida North Point savdo markazi (Bransholme Savdo Markazi) shu kabi mashhur tarmoq do'konlarini va byudjetga yo'naltirilgan chakana savdo do'konlarini o'z ichiga oladi Boyz va Heron Foods.

Shahar filiali Vulvortniki King Edward Street-da 2008 yilda yopilgan,^[86]filiali kabi T J Xyuz birinchisining saytida C&A 2011 yil avgust oyida bosh kompaniyalarning bankrotliklaridan so'ng Ferensway-da do'kon.^[87]

Bir qator byudjet va chegirmali chakana sotuvchilar, shu jumladan to'rtta filial mavjud Boyz, Primark, Tovuslar. Xallda supermarketlar tanlovi mavjud, shu jumladan bir nechta filiallar Tesco, Sainsbury's, Morrisonlar, Kooperativ va byudjet oziq-ovqat do'konlari.

Elektr sotuvchisi Kometalar guruhi sifatida shaharda tashkil etilgan Comet Batareya do'konlari cheklangan 1933 yilda; kompaniyaning birinchi super do'koni Xallda 1968 yilda ochilgan.^[88] Kabi boshqa chakana sotuvchilar Heron Foods va Jeksonlar Xullda ham o'z faoliyatini boshladi.

Rivojlanish, 2000–2010

Bitta Xumber Kvays Jahon savdo markazi Hull & Humber, Spenser guruhi, RBS va Jon Li

Sent-Stivenning chakana savdo loyihasidan tashqari, bir qator boshqa tijorat, ofis va xizmatlarni rivojlantirish 21-asrning birinchi o'n yilligida rejalashtirilgan yoki amalga oshirilgan. Eng mashhur loyihaning biri - Xumer daryosi yonida qurilgan 165 million funt sterlingli Humber Quays konstruktsiyasi bo'lib, u Jahon Savdo Markazi maqomini oldi. Jahon savdo markazi Hull & Humber.^[89] Loyihaning 1-bosqichi ikkita ofis binosi va 51 ta yangi kvartirani o'z ichiga oladi.^[90] Ikkinchi bosqichda 200 xonali yangi 4 yulduzli mehmonxona, restoran va yanada sifatli ofis xonalari bo'lishi kutilmoqda.^[91] 50 darajali yopiq Edwardian Trinity Market, II daraja ro'yxatdagi bino, va Xepvortning Arkadasi 2000-yillarning oxirida modernizatsiya qilingan va ta'mirlangan.^[92][93] Shahar markazidagi temir yo'l stantsiyasi va unga tutashgan avtovokzal ham qayta qurilgan va rasmiy ravishda 2009 yilda ochilgan Hull Paragon Interchange.

Shuningdek, bir qancha yirik qurilishlar, shu jumladan, Hull daryosining sharqiy qirg'og'ida 100 million funt sterlingga mo'ljallangan turar-joy qurilishi rejalashtirilgan Bumdaryo bo'yidagi 600 dan ortiq hashamatli kvartiralar, do'konlar, butiklar, bistro kafelar, 120 o'rinli hashamatli mehmonxona va sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim muassasalarini o'z ichiga oladi.^[94] Shuningdek, rejalashtirilgan va qurilmagan Quay West ga kengaytma Knyazlar savdo markazi, bu 2010 yilda bekor qilingan.^[95][96]

The 2000 yillarning oxiri tanazzul binolarni rivojlantirish bo'yicha ko'plab loyihalarni to'xtatib qo'ydi.^[97] Bundan tashqari, "Hull Forward" mahalliy rivojlanish agentligi 2010 yil iyun oyida davlat byudjetining davlat xarajatlarini qisqartirishi sababli mablag'ni yo'qotdi.^[98][99] va mintaqaviy rivojlanish agentligi, Yorkshir forvardi bekor qilindi.^[100][101]

"Boom" taraqqiyoti shaharning yangi pog'onali pog'onasi bilan bog'lanishi kerak edi, Lane ko'prigi, Hull daryosi bo'ylab.^[102][103] Ko'prik rasman 2013 yil iyun oyida ochilgan.^[104]

14,5 million funt sterling miqdorida investitsiya Tarmoqli temir yo'l port yuk temir yo'l liniyasining imkoniyatlarini oshirish uchun ishlatilgan Hull Docks filiali, (2008 yil yakunlandi); Loyiha sig'imini kuniga 10 ta poezddan 22 taga etkazishga mo'ljallangan edi.^[105][106]

Rivojlanish, 2010 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar

2011 yil yanvar oyida Siemens shamol quvvati va Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari qurilishiga oid anglashuv memorandumini imzoladi shamol turbinasi Aleksandr Dokdagi ishlab chiqarish zavodi. Reja, shamol turbinalarini tashish uchun foydalaniladigan kemalarning to'xtashiga va yuklanishiga imkon berish uchun dokning biroz o'zgarishini talab qiladi.^[107] Zavodni rejalashtirish uchun arizalar 2011 yil dekabr oyida topshirilgan,^[108] va 2014 yilda tasdiqlangan, 75 metrlik (246 fut) pichoqlar 6 MVt uchun offshor model.^[109][110] Ning yaratilishi korxona zonasi, Humber Enterprise Zone, 2011 yilda sanoatni yanada rivojlantirishni rag'batlantirish uchun e'lon qilingan Humber Estuary mintaqa.^[111][112]

12,5 gektar maydon (5,1 ga) energiya uchun chiqindilar Mintaqadagi qiymati 150 million funt sterling bo'lgan Spencer Group tomonidan qurilishi rejalashtirilgan. 2011 yil o'rtalarida e'lon qilingan va "Energiya ishlari" deb nomlangan,^[113] taklif etilayotgan zavod yiliga 200 ming tonnagacha organik materialni qayta ishlaydi, energiya chiqindilarni gazlashtirish jarayonida ishlab chiqariladi.^[113][114]

2014 yil iyul oyida Meva bozorida qurilish uchun joy ajratish uchun buzish boshlandi C4DI (Raqamli innovatsiyalar markazi), maqsadi Xall va Sharqiy Yorkshirda texnologik sohani rivojlantirishdir.^[115]Bino 2015 yilning dekabrida qurib bitkazilgan.^[116]

Trinity Market-ga 1,6 million funt sterlingni yangilash 2016 yilda boshlangan.^[117]

2017 yil mart oyida Eski shahar hududi tomonidan Heritage Action 10 zonalaridan biri sifatida belgilandi Tarixiy Angliya foyda bilan bu maydon 6 million funt sterling miqdorida pul oladi.^[118]

Madaniyat

Muzeylar Bog'ning kvartal burchagi

Xallda bir necha milliy ahamiyatga ega muzeylar mavjud. Shahar Xullda tug'ilgan va yashagan ba'zi taniqli aktyorlar va yozuvchilar bilan teatrlashtirilgan an'analarga ega. Shahar san'ati va merosi so'nggi paytlarda qayta tiklanish uchun tashrif buyuruvchilarni jalb qilishda va turizmni rag'batlantirishda muhim rol o'ynadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Xull turli xil me'morchilikka ega va uni parklar va xiyobonlar, qator haykallar va zamonaviy haykallar to'ldiradi. Shahar muallifni ilhomlantirdi Val Wood u o'zining shaharda eng ko'p sotilgan ko'plab romanlarini yaratgan.^[119] 1995 yildan buyon har yili o'tkazib kelinayotgan Wilberforce Medalioni Wilberforce ma'ruzasi va mukofoti Hull va uning tarixiy rolini nishonlaydi. Uilyam Uilberfors inson huquqlarini suiiste'mol qilishga qarshi kurashda.^[120][121]

2013 yil aprel oyida Xall bu taklifni ilgari surdi Buyuk Britaniyaning madaniyat shahri 2017 yilda,^[122] 2013 yil iyun oyida to'rt kishining qisqa ro'yxatiga kirdi Dandi, "Lester" va Suonsi ko'rfazi.^[123] 2013 yil 20-noyabrda, Mariya Miller, Madaniyat kotibi, Xull mukofotga sazovor bo'lish uchun g'olib bo'lganligini e'lon qildi Buyuk Britaniyaning madaniyat shahri 2017.^[124]

Monopoliya Deep va St Stephens kabi diqqatga sazovor joylarni o'z ichiga olgan Xullga qaratilgan versiyasini chiqardi.^[125]

Muzeylar

Wilberforce uyi, Uilyam Wilberforcega bag'ishlangan muzey uyi.

Muzeylar kvartali

Muzeylar mahallasi - Eski shaharning qoq markazidagi Katta ko'chada joylashgan bino. U to'rtta muzeyni dam olish bog'i atrofida birlashtiradi. Ushbu ish 5,1 million funt sterlingni tashkil qildi va 1998 yildan 2003 yilgacha rasmiy ravishda ochilgan Gloucester gersogi.^{[126][127][128]}

Muzeylar Wilberforce uyi, tug'ilgan joyi Uilyam Uilberfors (1759-1833), Britaniyalik siyosatchi, bekor qiluvchi va ijtimoiy islohotchi; The Arktik korsasi, a chuqur dengiz trauleri 1999 yilda qo'shni muzey kemasiga aylantirildi Hull daryosi; The Hull va East Riding muzeyi, mintaqa arxeologiyasi va tarixini namoyish etish; va Streetlife transport muzeyi Bu qadimgi avtoulovlar, saqlanib qolgan jamoat transporti vositalari va ot aravalarining katta to'plamini o'z ichiga oladi.^[127]

Boshqalar

Boshqa muzeylarga quyidagilar kiradi Hull dengiz muzeyi Viktoriya maydonida Spurn Lightship,^[129] va Chuqur, a ommaviy akvarium.^[130]

San'at galereyalari

"O'lik Bod "Alexandra Dock-dagi iskala ustida asl joyidagi devor

Street Art Hull madaniyatining katta qismidir va uni butun shahar bo'ylab topish mumkin

Fuqarolik san'at galereyasi Ferens badiiy galereyasi qirolicha Viktoriya maydonida, II darajadagi ro'yxatdagi bino.^[131] Uning nomi berilgan Tomas Ferens buning uchun kim mablag 'ajratgan.^[132] Boshqa galereyalarga 2017 yilda Xull madaniyat shahri tarkibida ochilgan sobiq Fruit Market binosidagi uch qavatli Humber ko'chasi galereyasi kiradi.^[133] Bunga endi "O'lik Bod", dastlab Aleksandriya dokida chizilgan va mahalliy diqqatga sazovor joyga aylangan grafit kiradi.^[134] Boshqa kichik ko'rgazma maydonlari mavjud.^[135]

Vizual madaniyat va haykaltaroshlik

Dengiz rassomi Jon Uord (1798–1849) Xallda tug'ilgan, ishlagan va vafot etgan va o'z davrining etakchi kema rassomi.^[136]Rassom va qirol akademik professori Devid Remfri (1942 yilda tug'ilgan) Xallda o'sgan va Xall san'at kollejida (hozirgi Linkoln universitetining bir qismi) 1959 yildan 1964 yilgacha tahsil olgan. Uning o'qituvchisi Jerald T Xarding London Qirollik san'at kollejida o'qigan va kichik Abbey mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan. 1957 yilda Rimdagi Britaniya maktabi tomonidan sayohat uchun stipendiya.^[137] Remfry 1975 va 2005 yillarda Ferens badiiy galereyasida ikkita shaxsiy ko'rgazmasini o'tkazgan.

Xallda Wilberforce yodgorligi kabi bir qator tarixiy haykallar mavjud Qirolichaning bog'lari Bozor maydonidagi zarhal qirol Uilyam III haykali (mahalliy aholi "Qirol Billi" nomi bilan tanilgan). Xallda tug'ilgan haykal mavjud Emi Jonson Prospekt ko'chasida.^[138] So'nggi yillarda Xall atrofida bir qator zamonaviy badiiy haykallar va meros yo'llari o'rnatildi. Ular qatoriga qaraydigan raqamni o'z ichiga oladi Humber Islandiyada egizak bo'lgan "Voyage" deb nomlangan. 2011 yil iyul oyida ushbu badiiy asar o'g'irlanganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.^[139][140] Tashqarida akula haykali bor Chuqur va Spring Bank burchagidagi Britannia uyining tashqarisida "Nur minorasi" deb nomlangan favvora va o'rnatish.

Lowgate-da etti dengiz baliqlari yo'lining bir qismi

Seven Seas Fish Trail Xullning baliq ovlash merosini belgilab beradi va uning izdoshlarini shaharning eski va yangi qismlari bo'ylab olib boradi, yulka ustiga o'yib yozilgan turli xil muhrlardan so'ng.^[141] Spring Bank bo'ylab yugurib, shuningdek, fillar izi mavjud bo'lib, mahalliy rassom tomonidan jamoat a'zolari naqshlariga tosh toshlar o'yilgan. Ushbu yo'l Viktoriya hayvonot bog'larini va fil har kuni o'z uyidan Bahor banki bo'ylab hayvonot bog'iga va orqaga qarab ketayotib, yo'lda do'konda zanjabil uchun to'xtab yurganida eslaydi. Albany Street-da uy hayvonlari mahalliy aholi ishtirokidagi loyihada namoyish etiladi va natijada Albani ko'chasining pastki qismida gippo ("Suv oti") haykallari yaratiladi; o'rtadagi orolda magistralida muvozanatlashayotgan fil; va ikkita ayiq ustunlarga ko'tarilib, bir-birlariga qo'l cho'zib, Olbani ko'chasiga, Spring Bankdan kiraverishda ochiq yo'l ochib berishdi. Ko'cha bo'ylab hayvonlarning boshqa haykaltaroshlik tafsilotlari ko'cha aholisi ishtirokini rassomlar va rassomlar bilan mashg'ulotlar orqali yoki o'zlarining mustaqil ishlari orqali anglatadi.^[142]

2010 yilda Xall shahar markazida ommaviy san'at tadbiri Qurbaqalar bilan Larkin 40 ta alohida bezatilgan ulkan qurbaqa modellarini markaziy qism sifatida namoyish etdi Larkin 25 festival. Ushbu haykallarning aksariyati keyinchalik xayriya maqsadida sotilib, yangi egalariga etkazilgan.^[143][144] Xallning Paragon almashinuviga tashrif buyuruvchilarni endi yangi haykal kutib oladi Filipp Larkin 2010 yil 2 dekabrda namoyish etilgan.^[145]

2019 yilda Xull atrofida bir qator ko'k plakatlar paydo bo'ldi Muqobil meros loyiha.^[146]Badiiy loyiha Xullni shaharga aylantiradigan unchalik ma'lum bo'lmagan va qiziq faktlarni nishonlash uchun ishlab chiqilgan. Yonoqlarda turli xil tillar va kulgili ko'k plakatlar tunda Chip Spice-dan hamma narsani nishonlagan holda paydo bo'ldi^[147] ga Chiroyli janub. Yangi plakatlar muntazam ravishda paydo bo'lishda davom etmoqda va ularning mazmuni shaharda vaqti-vaqti bilan turli xil fikrlarga ega.^[148][149]

Teatrlar

Xall yangi teatri

Shaharda ikkita asosiy teatr mavjud. Xall yangi teatri 1939 yilda ochilgan,^[150] 2016–17 yillarda 16 million funt sterlingga ega ta'mirlangan bu musiqiy, opera, balet, drama, bolalar shoulari va pantomimani namoyish etadigan eng katta maydon.^[151][152]The Hull Truck teatri 1971 yilda tashkil etilgan kichikroq mustaqil teatr.^[153]muntazam ravishda spektakllarni namoyish etadi, xususan, yozganlari Jon Godber.^[154]2009 yil aprel oyidan beri Hull Truck teatri yangi 14,5 million funt sterlingga, 440 o'rinli joyga ega bo'ldi Sent-Stivenning korpusi rivojlanish.^{[155][156][157]} Bu 2011 yilda buzilgan binolar majmuasi bo'lgan Bahor ko'chasidagi Xall yuk mashinalari teatrining sobiq uyi o'rnini egalladi.^[158] Dramaturg Alan Plater Xallda tarbiyalangan va Xall yuk mashinalari teatri bilan bog'liq bo'lgan.

Xall bir nechta faxriy sahna va televizion aktyorlarni yaratdi. Janob Tom Kurtten, Yan Karmikl va Maureen Lipman Xallda tug'ilib o'sgan. Yosh aktyorlar Reece Shearsmith, Debra Stivenson, Liam Jerrard va Liam Garrigan Xullda ham tug'ilganlar.

1914 yilda ularning soni 29 ta edi Xulldagi kinoteatrlar ammo ularning aksariyati endi yopildi. Birinchi maqsadli kinoteatr Jorj ko'chasidagi Shahzoda zali bo'lib, 1910 yilda Xull teatri magnat tomonidan ochilgan, Uilyam Morton.^[159] Keyinchalik u Curzon deb o'zgartirildi.^[160]

Bonus Arena, 2018 yil iyul oyida ochilgan

2018 yil 25-iyulda yangi 3000 o'rin maydon shahar markazida jamoatchilikka ochildi.^[161] Rasmiy ravishda 2018 yil 20-avgustda ochilgan Van Morrison konsert.^[162]

She'riyat

Xull shoirlarning e'tiborini avstraliyalik muallif qanchalik jalb qilgan bo'lsa Piter Porter uni "Angliyaning eng she'riy shahri" deb ta'riflagan.^[163]

Filipp Larkin o'zining ko'plab she'rlarini Xullda o'rnatgan; shular jumlasiga "Whitsun to'ylari "," Toads "va" Here ".^[164] Shotlandiyada tug'ilgan Duglas Dann "s Terri ko'chasi, ishchilar sinfi Xull hayotining portreti, 70-yillarning eng yaxshi she'riy to'plamlaridan biridir.^[165]Dunn forged close associations with such Hull poets as Peter Didsbury va Shon O'Brayen; the works of some of these writers appear in the 1982 Bloodaxe anthology A Rumoured City, a work that Dunn edited.^[166] Andrew Motion, o'tgan Shoir laureati, lectured at the University of Hull between 1976 and 1981,^[167] va Rojer McGough u erda o'qigan. Both poets spoke at the Humber Mouth Festival in 2010.^[168] Contemporary poets associated with Hull are Maggie Hannan,^[169] Devid Uitli,^[170] va Caitriona O'Reilly.^[171]

17-asr metafizik poet and parliamentarian Endryu Marvell was born nearby, grew up and was educated in the city.^[172][173] There is a statue in his honour in the Market Square (Trinity Square), set against the backdrop of his alma mater Hull grammatika maktabi.

Musiqa

Klassik

In the field of classical music, Hull is home to Sinfonia UK Collective (formerly Hull Sinfonietta, founded in 2004), a national and international touring group that serves Hull and its surrounding regions in its role as Ensemble in Residence at University of Hull,^[174] va shuningdek Xull Filarmoniya orkestri, one of the oldest amateur orchestras in the country.^[175] and formerly The Hull Philharmonic Youth Orchestra, established in 1952,^[176]the Hull Choral Union, the Hull Bach Choir – which specialises in the performance of 17th- and 18th-century choral music - the Hull Male Voice Choir, the Arterian Singers and two Gilbert va Sallivan Societies: the Dagger Lane Operatic Society and the Hull Savoyards are also based in Hull. There are two brass bands, the East Yorkshire Motor Services Band, who are the current Angliyaning shimolida Maydon Guruch tasmasi Chempionlar,^[177][178] and East Riding of Yorkshire Band who are the 2014 North of England Regional Champions within their section.^[179]

Hull City Hall annually plays host to major British and European symphony Orchestras with its 'International Masters' orchestral concert season.^[180] During the 2009–10 season visiting orchestras included the St Petersburg Symphony Orchestra va Chexiya milliy simfonik orkestri.^[181] Internationally renowned touring pop, rock, and comedy acts also regularly play the City Hall.^[180]

In September 2013 a five-year partnership with the Qirollik filarmonik orkestri was announced by the City Council.^[182]

Rock, pop and folk

Grafton Street, birthplace of the Housemartins va the Beautiful South

On the popular music scene, in the 1960s, Mik Ronson of the Hull band Sichqonlar bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qildi Devid Boui and was heavily involved in production of the album Ziggy Stardustning ko'tarilishi va qulashi va Marsdan kelgan o'rgimchaklar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ronson later went on to record with Lou Rid, Bob Dilan, Morrissi va the Wildhearts.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} There is a Mick Ronson Memorial Stage in Qirolichaning bog'lari Xallda.^[183] The 1960s were also notable for the revival of English folk music, of which the Hull-based quartet, the Watersons were prominent exponents. JSST performed and recorded a concert, at the Hull City Hall, on 15 February 1970.^[184]

In the 1980s, Hull groups such as the Red Guitars, uy bekalari va Qizdan boshqa hamma narsa found mainstream success, followed by Kingmaker 1990-yillarda.^[185] Pol Xiton, sobiq a'zosi uy bekalari went on to front the Beautiful South.^[186] Another former member of the Housemartins, Norman Cook, now performs as Fatboy Slim.^[187] In 1982, Hull-born Paul Anthony Cook, Stuart Matthewman and Paul Spencer Denman formed the group Sade. In 1984, the singer Helen Adu signed to CBS Records and the group released the album Diamond Life. The album had sales of four million copies.^[188] Vocalist and actor Roland sovg'asi, kim tashkil qilgan Nozik yosh kanniballar, grew up in Hull.^[189]

Kashshof sanoat guruh Siqilish formed in Hull; Ibtido P-Orridge (Neil Megson) attended Hull University between 1968 and 1969, where he met Cosey Fanni Tutti (Christine Newby), who was born in the city, and first became part of the Hull performance art group COUM transmissiyalari 1970 yilda.^{[190][191][192]}

The record label Cho'chqa go'shti yozuvlari started in Hull in the mid-1990s, and has released music by Fila Brazillia.^[193]

The New Adelphi is a popular local venue for alternative live music in the city, and has achieved notability outside Hull, having hosted such bands as tosh atirgullar, Radiohead, Yashil kun va Oazis in its history,^[194] while the Springhead caters to a variety of bands and has been recognised nationally as a 'Live Music Pub of the Year'.^[195]

In the 2000s, Hull indi-rok guruh Paddingtonlar saw mainstream success with two UK Top 40 singles in 2005,^[196] later reforming in 2014 and performing at the Humber Street Sesh with notable bands such as Sulu Babylon va Street Parade.

In the 1990s, the duo Qizil from Hull had two Top 40 hits with "Mustaqil sevgi qo'shig'i " and "I Wanna Be Free (To Be With Him)" in 1995.^[197]

The Humber Street Sesh night has released four DIY compilations featuring the cream of Hull's live music scene, and there are currently a few labels emerging in the city, including Purple Worm Records based at Xall kolleji, with bands such as The Blackbirds showing a promising future.^[198]

Nightlife, bars and pubs

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (Noyabr 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

The George Hotel in the city centre

The drinking culture in Hull city centre tends towards late bars, while the wine bars and pubs around Xall universiteti and its accommodation area are popular with students. In particular, the areas around Newland Avenue and Prince's Avenue have seen a rapid expansion in continental-style bars and cafes encouraged by the redesign of the street layout.

Hull has two gay bars (Propaganda and Fuel), and nightclubs, such as Atik in the city centre. There is also an alternative club called Spiders, with music ranging from rock to indie.

The main drinking area in the city centre is the Old Town. One pub has Hull's smallest window (The George Hotel).^[199] England's civil war was said to be started in a pub situated in the Old Town.

Bayramlar

Hull Fair taken from the top of the Big Wheel, 2006

The Humber Mouth literature festival is an annual event and the 2012 season featured artists such as Jon Kuper Klark, Kevin MacNeil va Miriam Margolyes.^[200] The annual Hull Jazz Festival takes place around the Marina area for a week at the beginning of August.^[201]

From 2008 Hull has also held its Ozodlik festivali, an annual free arts and jonli musiqa event that celebrates freedom in all its forms.^[202] Ijrochilar kiritilgan Pixie Lott, JLS va Martha Reeves and The Vandellas, Jamoatchilik radioeshittirishlari va 1975 yil as well as featuring a torchlight procession, local bands like The Talks and Happy Endings from Fruit Trade Music label and a Ziggy Stardust photo exhibition including photos of the late-Hull-born Mik Ronson kim bilan ishlagan Devid Boui.^[203] Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan was awarded the Wilberforce Medallion at the 2017 festival.^[121]

Early October sees the arrival of Hull Fair which is one of Europe's largest travelling funfairs and takes place on land adjacent to the KCOM Stadium.^[204]

Shahar Xullda mag'rurlik festival is one of the largest free-to-attend LGBT+ Pride events in the UK, attracting in excess of 50,000 attendees.^[205] Headline performers have included Delanoga sajda qiling, Luiza Rednapp, Mark Almond, Nadin Koyl ning Ovozli qizlar, Alaska Thunderfuck va B * jodugar.

The Hull Global Food Festival held its third annual event in the city's Queen Victoria Square for three days – 4–6 September 2009.^[206] According to officials, the event in 2007 attracted 125,000 visitors and brought some £5 million in revenue to the area.^[207]In 2007 the Hull Metalfest began in the Welly Club,^[208] it featured major label bands from the United States, Canada and Italy, as well as the UK.The first Hull komediya festivali, which included performers such as Styuart Li va Rassell Xovard 2007 yilda bo'lib o'tgan.^[209]

In 2010, Hull marked the 25th anniversary of the death of the poet Philip Larkin with the Larkin 25 Festival. This included the popular Larkin with Toads public art event.^[210] The 40 Larkin toads were displayed around Hull and later sold off in a charity auction. A charity appeal raised funds to cast a life-size bronze statue of Philip Larkin, to a design by Martin Jennings, at Hull Paragon Interchange. The statue was unveiled at a ceremony attended by the Lord Mayor of Hull on 2 December 2010, the 25th anniversary of Larkin's death.^[145] It bears an inscription drawn from the first line of Larkin's poem, 'Whitsun to'ylari '.^[211]

In 2013, from 29 April to 5 May, Hull Fashion Week took place with various events happening in venues in and around Hull's City centre. It finished with a finale on 5 May at Hull Paragon Interchange, when recently reformed pop group Atom mushukchasi appeared in a celebrity fashion show.^[212]

On 3 August 2013, the second Humber Street Sesh Festival took place celebrating local music talent and arts, with several stages showcasing bands and artists from the Fruit Trade Music Label, Humber Street Sesh and Purple Worm Records.^[213]

In 2018, the 16th Xullda mag'rurlik festival saw attendees take part in the annual celebration of LGBT+ culture.^[214] Headline performers included Delanoga sajda qiling, Nadin Koyl, SuRie va Yorqin nur Yorqin nur.

In 2019, Hull Pride had acts such as Alaska 5000, Social Beings and Step. Kerry Katona was due to perform at Fuel nightclub, but cancelled the performance.

Cherkovlar

Xull Minster

Unlike many other English cities, Hull has no cathedral; but since 13 May 2017, it has a Minster, Xull Minster. This was formerly known as Holy Trinity Church, and dates to about 1300,^[215][216] Hull is in the Anglikan York yeparxiyasi va bor Suffragan episkopi.^[217]

Hull forms part of the Southern Vicariate of the Midlsbro Rim-katolik yeparxiyasi^[218] and included among Hull's Catholic churches is Sent-Charlz Borromeo, the oldest post-Reformation Roman Catholic church in the city.^[219]

There are several seamen's missions and churches in Hull. The Dengizchilarga topshiriq has a centre at West King George Dock^[220] and the St Nikolaj Danish Seamen's Church is located in Osborne Street.^[221]

Bog'lar va yashil maydonlar

East Park's Khyber Pass Folly in Kingston upon Hull as of 15 January 2011.

Hull has a large number of parks and green spaces. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Sharqiy bog ', Pearson Park, Pickering Park, Peter Pan Park (Costello Playing fields), and West Park. West Park is home to Hull's KCOM stadioni. Pearson Park contains a lake and a 'Victorian Conservatory' housing birds and reptiles. East Park has a large boating lake and a collection of birds and animals.^[222] East Park and Pearson Park are registered Grade II listed sites by Tarixiy Angliya.^[223][224]The city centre has the large Qirolichaning bog'lari parkland at its heart. This was originally built as formal ornamental gardens used to fill in the former Queen's Dock. It is now a more flexible grassed and landscaped area used for concerts and festivals, but retains a large ornamental flower circus and fountain at its western end.

The streets of Hull's suburban areas also lined with large numbers of trees, particularly the Avenues area around Princes Avenue, and Boulevard to the west. Many of the old trees in the Avenues district have been felled in recent years with the stumps carved into a variety of 'living sculptures'.^[225] Other green areas include the University area and parts of Beverli-rud shimolga.

West Hull has a district known as 'Botanic'. This recalls the short-lived Botanic Garden that once existed on the site now occupied by Ximers kolleji. Elephants once lived nearby in the former Zoological Gardens on Spring Bank and were paraded in the local streets.^[226] The land has since been redeveloped. There was also a former Botanic Garden between Hessle Road and the Anlaby Road commemorated by Linnaeus Street.^[227]

OAV

The BBC building in Hull

Hull's only local daily newspaper is the longstanding Hull Daily Mail, whose circulation area covers much of the East Riding of Yorkshire too. A free paper, The Hull Advertiser, used to be issued weekly by the same publisher.The city was once served by three competing daily newspapers, all operating from the Whitefriargate area Sharqiy tong yangiliklari, Hull News va Hull and East Yorkshire Times. On 17 April 1930 the last edition of Kechki yangiliklar was published after the paper was taken over by its longstanding rival the Hull Daily Mail.

Local listings and what's-on guides include Tenfoot City Magazine va Sandman Magazine (combined into single volume covering all of England, print version then made defunct in favour of online site). The BBC has its Yorkshir va Linkolnshir regional headquarters at Qirolichaning bog'lari,^[228] from which the regional news programme Shimolga qarang efirga uzatiladi.

Radio services broadcasting from the city are jamoatchilik radiosi stantsiyalar, Hull Kingston Radio, 106.9 West Hull FM (formerly WHCR FM) and Kasalxona radiosi stantsiya Kingstown radiosi. The BBC 's regional station BBC radiosi Xummerayd is also based in Hull and broadcasts to East Yorkshire & Northern Lincolnshire. Commercial stations for the city Viking FM va Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire (avval KCFM broadcast from outside of Hull and are now part of a national network like Capital FM Yorkshire which has a base over 60 miles (100 km) away in Lids.^[229]The Hull University Union's student radio station Jam 1575, stopped broadcasting on MW.^[230]

On 24 November 2013 a RSL (Cheklangan xizmat litsenziyasi ) was given to new station "Hull Community Radio" broadcasting on 87.9 FM.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Sport

The KCOM stadioni

Sports in the city include professional football, regbi ligasi, golf, darts, yengil atletika va suv sportlari.^[231]

Shahar professional futbol klub, Xall Siti A.F.C., play in Birinchi liga, uchinchi daraja Angliya futbol ligasi tizimi, after relegation from the Chempionat 2019-20 yilgi mavsumda.^[232] The team play at the KCOM Stadium. There are also two non-league clubs based in the city, Hall Road Rangers, who play at Haworth Park, and "Xall Yunayted", kim o'ynaydi Hull College Craven Park. Both teams play in the Shimoliy okruglar Sharq Birinchi bo'lim.

Hull is also a regbi ligasi hub, in the Superliga competition is Xall FK, alongside the city's football club Xall Siti A.F.C., o'ynang KCOM stadioni.^[233] Also in Super League are Xall Kingston Rovers, kim o'ynaydi KCOM Craven Park Stadium in East Hull, following promotion from the Chempionat 2017 yilda.^[234]There are also several lower league teams in the city, such as Sharqiy Xull, G'arbiy Xall, Hull Dockers and Hull Isberg, who all play in the Milliy konferentsiya ligasi.^[235] Regbi ittifoqi is catered for by Hull Ionians kim o'ynaydi Brantingem Park.^[236] va Hull RUFC who are based in the city.^[237]

The city has two athletics clubs based at the Costello Stadium in the west of the city – Kingston upon Hull Athletics Club and Hull Achilies Athletics Club.

Hull Cycle Speedway Club is at the Hessle raceway near the Humber bridge. The side race in the sports Northern league and won both the league titles in 2008. Other cycling clubs also operate throughout the city including Hull Thursday, the area's road racing group.

Hull Arena,^[238] bu muz yaxmalak and concert venue, which is home to the Hull Pirates muzli xokkey ichida o'ynaydigan jamoa Xokkey bo'yicha milliy liga National League following reorganisation for the 2019–20 season.^{[239][240][241][242]} It is also home to the Kingston Kestrels muzli chanali xokkey jamoa.^[243] 2010 yil avgust oyida, Hull Daily Mail reported that Hull Stingrays was facing closure, following a financial crisis.^[244] The club was subsequently saved from closure following a takeover by Koventri Bleyz.^[245] But on 24 June 2015, the club announced on its official website that it has been placed into liquidation.^[246][247]

The Xall Xornets Amerika futboli existed from 2005 until 2011. The club, which acquired full member status in the Britaniya Amerika futbol ligasi on 5 November 2006, played in the BAFL Division 2 Central league for 5 years. The Humber Warhawks formed in 2013 are now Hull's American football team. Greyhound racing returned to the city on 25 October 2007 when Bulvar stadium re-opened as a venue for the sport.^[248]In mid-2006 Hull was home to the professional wrestling company One Pro Wrestling, which held the Devils Due event on 27 July in the Gemtec Arena.^[249] From 16 May 2008, Hull gained its own homegrown wrestling company based at the Eastmount Recreation Centre—New Generation Wrestling—that have featured the likes of El-Ligero, Kris Travis, Martin Kirby and Aleks Sheyn.^[250]

Hull Lacrosse Club was formed in 2008 and currently plays in the Premier 3 division of the North of England Men's Lacrosse Association.^[251]

The city played host to the Klipter Butunjahon yaxtalar poygasida, a tough 35,000 miles (56,000 km) race around the globe, for the 2009–10 race which started on 13 September 2009 and finished on 17 July 2010.^{[252][253][254]} The locally named yacht, Hull and Humber, captained by Danny Watson, achieved second place in the 2007–2008 race.^[255]

The city hosted The British Open Squash Championships da the KC Stadium in 2013 and 2014,^[256] before moving to the adjacent Airco Arena in 2015, as part of a three-year deal.^[257]

Transport

The Humber ko'prigi from the south bank

The main road into and out of Hull is the M62 avtomagistrali /A63 yo'l, one of the main east–west routes in Shimoliy Angliya. It provides a link to the cities of Lids, "Manchester" va "Liverpul", as well as the rest of the country via the UK motorway network. The motorway itself ends some distance from the city; the rest of the route is along the A63 dual carriageway. This east–west route forms a small part of the European road route E20.^[258]

Hull is close to the Humber ko'prigi, which provides road links to destinations south of the Humber. It was built between 1972 and 1981, and at the time was the longest single-span osma ko'prik dunyoda. It is now eighth on the ro'yxat.

Before the bridge was built, those wishing to cross the Humber had to either take a Humber feriboti or travel inland as far as Goole.^[259]

Avtobus xizmatlari tomonidan taqdim etiladi Go Ahead North East kompaniya Sharqiy Yorkshir (previously known as EYMS) and Xalldagi stagecoach which cover the city's central, suburban and industrial areas. To provide greater travel flexibility, bus users can obtain a 'Hull Card' which can be used on services run by either operator.^[260]

Hull Paragon Interchange, opened on 16 September 2007,^[261]is the city's transport hub, combining the main bus and rail termini in an integrated complex. It is expected to have 24,000 people passing through the complex each day.^[262]There are services that run to certain other parts of the UK. These include through expresses to London, up to seven per day provided by Hull poezdlari and one a day by London Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'li. Other long-distance rail services are provided by TransPennine Express xizmat qilish Lids va "Manchester". Shimoliy poezdlar operates regular local stopping trains to Beverli, Brough va Goole, and the coastal towns of Bridlington va Skarboro, along with services to Selbi, York, Donkaster va Sheffild.

Hull to Zeebrugge ferry at King George Dock

P&O feribotlari provide daily overnight ferry services from King George Dock in Hull to Zeebrugge va Rotterdam.^[263][264]Services to Rotterdam are worked by ferries MS Rotterdam faxri va XONIMHullning mag'rurligi. Services to Zeebrugge are worked by ferries MS Brugge faxri va MS Yorkning mag'rurligi (ilgari nomlangan XONIMNorse ). Ikkalasi ham Rotterdam faxri va Hullning mag'rurligi are too wide to pass through the lock at Hull. Birlashtirilgan Britaniya portlari built a new terminal at Hull to accommodate the passengers using these two ferries. The Rotterdam Terminal da Xall porti, was built at a cost of £14,300,000.

Eng yaqin aeroport Humberside aeroporti, 20 miles (32 km) away in Linkolnshir, which provides a few charter flights but also has high-frequency flights to Amsterdam with KLM and Aberdeen with Sharqiy havo yo'llari har kuni. Donkaster Sheffield aeroporti in South Yorkshire is 48 miles (77 km) from Hull city centre and provides a wider choice of charter flights as well as a number of low-cost flights to certain European destinations.^[265] The nearest airport with intercontinental flights is Lids Bredford aeroporti is 70 miles (110 km) away.^[266][267]

Road transport in Hull suffers from delays caused both by the many bridges over the navigable River Hull, which bisects the city and which can cause disruption at busy times, and from the remaining three railway o'tish joylari shaharda. The level-crossing problem was greatly relieved during the 1960s by the closure of the "Xornsi" va Vithernsi branch lines, by the transfer of all goods traffic to the high-level line that circles the city,^[268] and by the construction of two major road bridges on Hessl Road (1962) and Anlaby Road (1964).

According to the 2001 census data cycling in the city is well above the national average of 2%, with a 12% share of the travel to work traffic.^[269] Tomonidan hisobot Sharqiy London universiteti in 2011 ranked Hull as the fourth-best cycling city in the United Kingdom.^[270]

Infratuzilma

Telefon tizimi

A Hull K6 telefon qutisi

Hull is the only city in the UK with its own independent telephone network company, KCOM, formerly KC and Kingston Communications, a subsidiary of KCOM guruhi. Its distinctive cream telefon qutilari can be seen across the city. KCOM produces its own 'White Pages' telephone directory for Hull and the wider KC area. Colour Pages is KCOM's business directory, the counterpart to Sariq sahifalar. The company was formed in 1902 as a municipal department by the City Council and is an early example of municipal enterprise. It remains the only locally operated telephone company in the UK, although it is now privatised. KCOM's Internet brands are Karoo Broadband (ISP serving Hull) and Eclipse (national ISP).^[271]Initially Hull City Council retained a 44.9 per cent interest in the company and used the proceeds from the sale of shares to fund the city's sports venue, the KCOM Stadium, among other things.^[272] On 24 May 2007 it sold its remaining stake in the company for over £107 million.^[273]

KCOM (Kingston Communications) was one of the first telecoms operators in Europe to offer ADSL to business users, and the first in the world to run an interactive television service using ADSL, known as Kingston Interactive TV (KiT), which has since been discontinued due to financial problems.^[274] In the last decade, the KCOM Group has expanded beyond Hull and diversified its service portfolio to become a nationwide provider of telephone, television, and Internet access services, having close to 180,000 customers projected for 2007.^[275] After its ambitious programme of expansion, KCOM has struggled in recent years and now has partnerships with other telecommunications firms such as BT who are contracted to manage its national infrastructure.^[276] Telephone House, on Carr Lane, the firm's 1960s-built headquarters, in stark modernist style, is a local landmark.

In October 2019, Hull became the first UK city to have full fibre broadband available for all residents.^[277]

Shlangi quvvat

Birinchi jamoat gidravlik elektr tarmog'i, supplying many companies, was constructed in Hull. The Hull gidravlik elektr kompaniyasi began operation in 1877, with Edvard B. Ellington as its engineer and the main pumping station (now a Grade II listed building) in Catherine Street.^[278] Ellington was involved in most British networks, including those in London, "Liverpul", Birmingem, "Manchester" va Glazgo, but the advent of electrical power combined with wartime damage meant the Hull company was wound up in 1947.

Davlat xizmatlari

Policing in Kingston upon Hull is provided by Humberside politsiyasi. In October 2006 the force was named (jointly with Northemptonshir politsiyasi ) as the worst-performing police force in the United Kingdom, based on data released from the Uy idorasi.^[279] However, after a year of "major improvements", the Home Office list released in October 2007 shows the force rising several places (although still among the bottom six of 43 forces rated). Humberside Police received ratings of "good" or "fair" in most categories.^[280]

HM qamoqxona kassasi is located in the city and is operated by HM qamoqxona xizmati. It caters for up to 1,000 Category B/C adult male prisoners.^[281]

Statutory emergency fire and rescue service tomonidan taqdim etiladi Humberside yong'in va qutqaruv xizmati, which has its headquarters near Hessle and five fire stations in Hull. This service was formed in 1974 following local government reorganisation from the amalgamation of the East Riding of Yorkshire County Fire Service, Grimsby Borough Fire and Rescue Service, Kingston Upon Hull City Fire Brigade and part of the Lincoln (Lindsey) Fire Brigade and a small part of the West Riding of Yorkshire County Fire and Rescue Service.^[282]

Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust provides healthcare from three sites, Hull Royal Infirmary, Castle Hill kasalxonasi and, until 2008, Princess Royal Hospital^[283] and there are several private hospitals including ones run by BUPA and Nuffield Hospitals.^[284] The Yorkshir tez tibbiy yordam xizmati provides emergency patient transport.^[285] NHS primary health care services are commissioned by the Hull Klinik ishga tushirish guruhi and are provided at several smaller clinics and umumiy amaliyot surgeries across the city.^[286] NHS Mental health services in Hull are provided by Humber NHS Foundation Trust. It runs a memory clinic in Coltman Street, west Hull designed to help older people with early onset dementia.^[287]

Chiqindilarni boshqarish is co-ordinated by the local authority. The Waste Recycling Group is a company which works in partnership with the Hull City and East Riding of Yorkshire councils to deal with the waste produced by residents.^[288] The company plans to build an energy from waste plant at Tuz oxiri to deal with 240,000 tonnes of rubbish and put waste to a productive use by providing power for the equivalent of 20,000 houses. Hull's Tarqatish tarmog'i operatori elektr energiyasi uchun Idoralar Electric UK (YEDL ); yo'q elektr stantsiyalari shaharda. Yorkshir suvi manages Hull's ichish va chiqindi suv. Drinking water is provided by boreholes and aquifers in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and it is abstracted from the River Hull at Tophill Low, near Hutton Cranswick. Should either supply experience difficulty meeting demand, water abstracted from the Derwent daryosi^[289] ikkalasida ham Elvington and Loftsome Bridge can be moved to Hull via the Yorkshire water grid. There are many reservoirs in the area for storage of potable and non-potable water. Waste water and sewage has to be transported in a wholly pumped system because of the flat nature of the terrain to a kanalizatsiya treatment works at Tuz oxiri. The treatment works is partly powered by both a shamol turbinasi^[290] and a biogas CHP engine.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ta'lim

Oliy ma'lumot

Xall universiteti

Kingston upon Hull is home to the Xall universiteti, which was founded in 1927^[291] and received its Royal Charter in 1954. It now has a total student population of around 20,000 across its main campuses in Hull and Skarboro.^[292] The main University campus is in North Hull, on Cottingham Road. Notable alumni include former Deputy Prime Minister Jon Preskott, shoir Filipp Larkin, social scientist Lord Entoni Giddens, Ayol soati presenter and writer Jenni Myurrey, and the dramatist Entoni Minghella. The University of Hull is a partner in the new University Centre of the Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education (GIFE) being built in Grimsby, North Lincolnshire.^[293]

Xull York tibbiyot maktabi

Xull York tibbiyot maktabi is a joint venture between the University of Hull and the York universiteti. It first admitted students in 2003 as a part of the British government's attempts to train more doctors.^[294]

Linkoln universiteti

The Linkoln universiteti grew out of the University of Humberside, a former politexnika based in Hull. In the 1990s the focus of the institution moved to nearby Linkoln and the administrative headquarters and management moved in 2001.^[295] The University of Lincoln has retained a campus in George Street in Hull city centre whilst Hull University purchased the adjacent University of Lincoln campus site on Cottingham Road.^[296]

Boshqa muassasalar

The Xull San'at maktabi, founded in 1861, is regarded nationally and internationally for its excellence as a specialist creative centre for higher education.^[297]

The Northern Academy of Performing Arts and Northern Theatre School^[298] both provide education in musical theatre, performance and dance.

Maktablar va kollejlar

Hull has over 100 local schools; of these, Hull City Council supports 14 secondary and 71 primary schools.^[299] The highest achieving state school in Hull is Malet Lambert School,^[300]Schools which are independent of the City Council include Ximers kolleji^[301] va Hull kolleji maktabi. The latter, which is run by the United Church Schools Trust, was formed by the merging of Hull Grammar School and Hull High School.^[302] Bor qo'shimcha ta'lim kollej, Xall kolleji,^[303] va ikkita katta oltinchi maktab kollejlari, Uayk kolleji^[304] va Wilberforce kolleji.^[305] East Riding kolleji operates a small adult education campus in the city,^[306] va Endeavor Learning and Skills Center bu kattalar ta'limi provision operated by Hull Training & Adult Education.^[307] Hull Trinity House Academy has been offering pre-sea training to prospective mariners since 1787.^[308]There are only two single-sex schools in Hull: Trinity House Academy, which teaches only boys, and Newland qizlar uchun maktab.

Schools ratings

The city has had a poor examination success rate for many years and is often at the bottom of government GCSE league tables.^[309][310]In 2007 the city moved off the bottom of these tables for pupils who achieve five A* to C grades, including English and Maths, at O'rta ta'lim to'g'risida umumiy guvohnoma by just one place when it came 149th out of 150 local education authorities. However, the improvement rate of 4.1 per cent, from 25.9 per cent in 2006 to 30 per cent in summer 2007, was among the best in the country.^[311]They returned to the bottom of the table in 2008 when 29.3 per cent achieved five A* to C grades which is well below the national average of 47.2 per cent.^[312] There are insufficient places in referral units for school children with special needs or challenging behaviour due to squeezed budgets and cuts to children's services.^[313]

Dialect and accent

Ning ko'rinishi Pearson Park

Mahalliy urg'u is quite distinctive and noticeably different from the rest of the East Riding; however it is still categorised among Yorkshire accents. The most notable feature of the accent is the strong I-mutatsiya^[314] kabi so'zlar bilan echki, bu [ˈɡəʊt] yilda standart ingliz tili va [ˈɡoːt] across most of Yorkshire, becomes [ˈɡɵːʔt̚ ] ("gert") in and around parts of Hull (cf. similar tozalangan pronunciations in Lids /York ), although there is variation across areas and generations.^[315]In common with much of England (outside of the far north), another feature is dropping the H from the start of words, for example Hull is more often pronounced 'Ull in the city. The vowel in "Hull" is pronounced the same way as in northern English, however, and not as the very short / ʊ / that exists in Lincolnshire. Though the rhythm of the accent is more like that of northern Lincolnshire than that of the rural East Riding, which is perhaps due to migration from Lincolnshire to the city during its industrial growth, one feature that it does share with the surrounding rural area is that an / aɪ / sound in the middle of a word often becomes an / ɑː /: for example, "five" may sound like "fahve", "time" like "tahme".^[316]

The SQUARE~NURSE merger is a feature of Hull's dialect.^[317][318] The vowel sound in words such as burnt, nurse, first an bilan talaffuz qilinadi / ɛ / sound, as is also heard in Midlsbro and in areas of "Liverpul" yet this sound is very uncommon in most of Yorkshire. The word pairs spur/spare and fur/fair illustrate this.^[319]Avlodlar va / yoki geografik o'zgarishlarni ba'zi odamlar deyarli bir xil talaffuz qiladigan cho'chqa go'shti / poke yoki qo'ziqorin / koks yoki zal / teshik kabi so'z juftlarida eshitish mumkin, bu mahalliy bo'lmaganlar uchun xuddi shu ikki xil variantning ikkinchisidan foydalanganga o'xshaydi - boshqalar esa ovozni ko'proq ajratib turishadi; "Pol" deb nomlangan har qanday kishi (masalan) tez orada bundan xabardor bo'ladi (pall / qutb).^[315][320]

Taniqli odamlar

Haykali Uilyam Uilberfors, Wilberforce uyi, Xall

Shahar bilan bog'liq taniqli odamlarning aksariyati Kingston-on-Xulldan odamlar va Xall universiteti bilan bog'liq odamlar toifalar.

Xulladan kelgan odamlarni "Hullensians" deb atashadi^[321] va shahar ko'plab taniqli odamlarning tug'ilgan joyi va uyi bo'lgan. Xull bilan bog'liq bo'lgan tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lganlar orasida sobiq shahar deputati ham bor Uilyam Uilberfors qullikning yo'q qilinishida muhim rol o'ynagan^[45]va Emi Jonson, Angliyadan Avstraliyaga yakkaxon parvoz qilgan birinchi ayol bo'lgan aviator.^[322]

Shahardan kelgan ko'ngil ochuvchilar; Doroti Makeyl, 1950-yillarning xonandasi Devid Uitfild, sport sharhlovchisi Toni Grin, aktyorlar janob Tom Kurtten, Yan Karmikl, Jon Alderton va yaqinda Reece Shearsmith.^[323] va aktrisa Maureen Lipman.^[324]Dramaturglar Richard Bin, Jon Godber va Alan Plater Xall bilan yaqin aloqalarga ega.^{[154][325][326]}

Musiqachilarga quyidagilar kiradi: Pol Xiton ning Uy bekalari va Chiroyli janub,^[186]va gitara chaluvchilar Mik Ronson va Trevor Bolder, kim bilan ishlagan Devid Boui va yaqinda 2000-yillarning indi guruhi Paddingtonlar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Astrofizik Edvard Artur Milne va mantiqchi Jon Venn ikkalasi ham Xalldan salomlashdi. Shoir Filipp Larkin Xullda 30 yil yashagan va shaharda o'zining etuk ishlarining ko'p qismini yozgan. Rassom Devid Remfri RA London va Nyu-Yorkka ko'chib o'tishdan oldin Xall San'at kollejida tahsil oldi.

Kimyoviy Professor Jorj Grey Universitetda 45 yillik ish faoliyatini olib borgan birinchi otxonani ishlab chiqdi suyuq kristallar Bu har qanday elektron gadjetlarning ekranlari uchun darhol muvaffaqiyatga aylandi Ebenezer Kobb Morli (1831 yil 16-avgust - 1924 yil 20-noyabr) ingliz sportchisi bo'lgan va futbol assotsiatsiyasi va zamonaviy futbolning otasi sifatida qaraladi.^[327] Kliv Sallivan, regbi ligasi o'yinchisi, "Xall" ning professional regbi ligasining ikkala jamoasida ham o'ynagan va har qanday milliy vakil jamoasini kapitan qilgan birinchi qora tanli britaniyalik bo'lgan.^[328] Dan shaharga asosiy A63 yo'l Humber ko'prigi uning nomi bilan atalgan (Kliv Sallivan Uay). Nik Barmbi "Tottenxem Hotspur", "Midlsbro", "Everton", "Liverpul" va "Lids Yunayted" jamoalarida o'ynagan, keyin tug'ilgan shahri "Xall Siti" jamoasida o'ynashga qaytgan. U shuningdek 23 marta Angliya kubogini yutgan va 2001 yilda Germaniya ustidan 5: 1 hisobida g'alaba qozongan. Yana bir futbolchi Din Vindass, Xall Siti bilan ikkita sehr bor edi.^[329] Qabul qilish to'g'risida tengdoshlik, Uelsda tug'ilgan Baron Preskott Kingston-upon-Hull (sobiq deputat va Bosh vazir o'rinbosari) Jon Preskott ) o'z unvonini asrab olgan Xull shahridan oldi.^[330]

Xalqaro munosabatlar

Xall rasmiyga ega egizak bilan kelishuvlar^[331][332]

Quyidagi shaharlar bevosita Xall nomi bilan ataladi:

• Xall, Massachusets, Qo'shma Shtatlar^[334]
• Xall, Kvebek, Kanada^[335]

Shahar erkinligi

Quyidagi odamlar va harbiy qismlar quyidagilarni qabul qilishdi Shahar erkinligi Xall-on-Xull shahridan.

Jismoniy shaxslar

• Eng muhtaram Desmond Tutu OMSG CH GCStJ: 1987 yil 2-iyul.
• Xelen Suzman DBE: 1987 yil 2-iyul.
• Nelson Mandela OMP OM GCFR AC CC OJ GCStJ QC GCIH RSerafO NPk: 1987 yil 2-iyul.
• Rt Hon Jon Preskott: 1996 yil 1-avgust.
• Kevin Maknamara KSG: 1997 yil 16-yanvar.
• Jan Bishop - "Bee Lady": 2017 yil 23-noyabr.^[336]
• Ser Tomas Kurtten: 2018 yil 18-yanvar.^[337][338]
• Yvonne Blenkinsop: 2018 yil 15-noyabr.^[339]

Harbiy qismlar

• The Sharqiy Yorkshir polki: 1944 yil 1-iyun.
• The Uels shahzodasi Yorkshirdagi o'z polk: 1958 yil 5-iyun.
• The Yorkshir polki: 2006 yil 16-noyabr.
• Dragoon qirolining soqchilari
• 440 (Humber) engil havoga qarshi polk Qirollik artilleriyasi (TA ): 1960 yil 28-iyun.
• 440 (Humber) engil havoga qarshi polk Qirollik artilleriyasi (Hududlar ): 3 avgust 1967 yil.
• RAF Patrington: 1970 yil 16-may.
• 150 (N) transport polki Qirollik transport korpusi (Ko'ngillilar ): 1990 yil 1-fevral.
• RRH Staxton Wold: 1994 yil 3 mart.
• 150 (Yorkshir) transport polki Qirol logistik korpusi (Ko'ngillilar ): 3 mart 1994 yil.
• HMSTemir Dyuk, RN: 1994 yil 3 mart.^[340]
• 250-chi tez tibbiy yordam (ko'ngillilar bo'limi): 1999 yil 15-iyul.
• Hull birligi Dengiz kadetlari korpusi: 2014 yil 27-fevral.^[341]

^[338]

Shuningdek qarang

• I sinf Yorkshirdagi Sharqiy Ridingdagi cherkovlarni sanab o'tdi
• Yashil zanjabil mamlakati
• Kingston-ap-Xalldagi tramvaylar
• Kingston-apon Xalldagi trolleybuslar
• Xull uch karra trauler fojiasi (1968)
• Sculcoates elektr stantsiyasi

Izohlar

^a 1941 yilda aholini ro'yxatga olish bo'lmagan: raqamlar Milliy reyestrdan olingan. Birlashgan Qirollik va Men oroli. 1939 yil 29 sentyabrdagi aholi statistikasi, jinsi, yoshi va oilaviy holati bo'yicha.

^b The Hull Daily Mail maqola 1991 yildagi aholining 254,117 kishini tashkil etganligini ko'rsatadi.

^v Milliy statistika idorasi ko'rsatkichlari (ilgari keltirilgan) va ko'rsatkichlar o'rtasida 6 tafovut mavjud Britaniyaning ko'rinishi veb-sayt (bu erda keltirilgan).

^d The Hull Daily Mail Maqolada 2001 yilgi aholi soni 246 355 kishi bo'lganligi ko'rsatilgan.

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar

• Xall shahar kengashi
• "Xallning madaniyat shahri uchun tanlov filmi ommaga oshkor qilindi" - BBC News maqolasi, 2013 yil 12-noyabr
• Hull tarixi markazi - Xullning qisqacha tarixi