Oskar Grantning suratga olinishi - Shooting of Oscar Grant

Oskar Grantning suratga olinishi
Politsiya Oskar Grant.png qo'llariga kishan solmoqda
Grantning otishma oldidan bir necha daqiqa oldin politsiya uni qo'llariga kishan solib qo'yganida ekran tasviri tushirilgan; bu politsiya hodisasini yozib olgan videolardan birida olingan.
Sana2009 yil 1-yanvar; 11 yil oldin (2009-01-01)
VaqtSoat 2:15. Tinch okean standart vaqti (10:15 UTC)
ManzilOklend, Kaliforniya, BIZ.
O'limlarOskar Grant III
AyblanmoqdaYoxannes Mehserle
SudlanganYoxannes Mehserle
To'lovlarIkkinchi darajali qotillik, ixtiyoriy ravishda odam o'ldirish, beixtiyor odam o'ldirish va qurolni takomillashtirish
SudlanganlikMajburiy bo'lmagan odam o'ldirish (sudya tomonidan sudyalar tomonidan qurolni oshirishga oid ayblov hukmini bekor qilish)
Sud jarayoniJon Burrisning Grantning onasi va qizi nomidan BARTga qarshi 50 million dollarlik (dastlab 25 million dollar) da'vo arizasi 2,8 million dollarga etkazildi; Grantning otasining da'vosi rad etildi

Oskar Grant III erta tongda o'ldirilgan 22 yoshli afroamerikalik yigit edi Yangi yil kuni 2009 yil BART politsiyasi Ofitser Yoxannes Mehserle ichkarida Oklend, Kaliforniya. Olomon ustiga janjal bo'lganligi haqidagi xabarlarga javob berish Ko'rfazdagi tezkor tranzit qaytib kelgan poezd San-Fransisko, BART politsiyasi xodimlari Grant va boshqa bir qancha yo'lovchilarni platformadagi platformada hibsga olishdi Fruitvale BART stantsiyasi. BART xodimi Entoni Pirone Grantning boshiga tiz cho'kdi va qurolsiz Grantni platformada yuzma-yuz yotishga majbur qildi. Pirone Grantni moyil holatda ushlab turganda, Mehserle to'pponchasini tortib, Grantning orqasiga o'q uzdi. Grant shoshildi Highland kasalxonasi Oklendda va o'sha kuni o'lik deb e'lon qilindi. Voqealar bir nechta rasmiy va shaxsiy ravishda olingan raqamli video va xususiy mulk uyali telefon kameralari. Egalari o'zlarining kadrlarini ommaviy axborot vositalarida va u tarqalib ketgan turli veb-saytlarda tarqatishdi. Keyingi kunlarda ham tinch, ham zo'ravon namoyishlar bo'lib o'tdi.

Otishma boshlanguniga qadar Grant poezdda edi va uni do'sti Kati tanidi, bu esa o'z navbatida yaqin atrofdagi to'dadan kelgan dushman Grantni tanib, unga qarshi kurashishni boshladi. Biroq, poezddagi boshqa ba'zi yo'lovchilar Grantning qiz do'sti Sofina bilan birgalikda janjalni buzishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Ko'p o'tmay, poezd konduktori yo'lovchilarga politsiya bilan bog'lanishganini va ular to'xtatilgan stantsiyaga ketayotganini e'lon qildi. Yo'lovchilar poezddan chiqishni boshlaganlarida, Grant va uning qiz do'sti ular tomon yurayotgan politsiyani ko'rishdi va ikkiga bo'linishdi. Ular poyezdga yaqinlashganlarida, politsiya ular jangda ishtirok etgan deb hisoblagan odamlarni tanlay boshladi. Zobit Pirone afroamerikalik ikki erkakning oldiga bordi va ko'ylagi birini echib tashladi. Pirone uch kishini devorga uloqtirdi va keyin poezdga o'girilib, jangda qatnashganlarning hammasiga poezddan chiqib, uning oldiga kelishini baqirdi. Hamma poyezdda qoldi, shu sababli ofitser Pirone jangga aralashganga o'xshagan biron bir odam bor-yo'qligini bilish uchun poyezdga kirib ketdi. Pirone Grantning platforma devorida o'tirganlarga o'xshash kiyim kiyganini ko'rdi va shu sababli uni olib tashladi.

2010 yil 30 yanvarda, Alameda okrugi prokuratura zobit Mexerlega ayblov qo'ydi ikkinchi darajali qotillik ularning otishma uchun ayblov xulosasida. Mehserle o'z lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi va o'zini aybsiz deb topdi. Sud jarayoni 2010 yil 10 iyunda boshlangan. 2010 yil 8 iyulda Mehserle aybdor deb topilgan beixtiyor odam o'ldirish va qotillik ayblovi va ixtiyoriy ravishda odam o'ldirish.

2010 yil 8 iyulda hakamlar hay'atining hukmiga qarshi dastlabki noroziliklar tinch yo'l bilan uyushtirilgan bo'lsa ham, qorong'i tushgandan keyin talon-toroj qilish, o't qo'yish, mol-mulkni yo'q qilish va mayda-chuyda hodisalar yuz berdi. tartibsizliklar. Oxir-oqibat 80 ga yaqin odam hibsga olingan. 2010 yil 5-noyabrda Mexserle xizmat muddatini olib tashlab, ikki yilga hukm qilindi. U o'zining xavfsizligi uchun shaxsiy kamerada saqlanadigan Los-Anjeles okrugi qamoqxonasida saqlanish vaqtini o'tkazdi. 2011 yil 13-iyun kuni Mexserle 11 oylik jazoni o'tab shartli ravishda ozod qilindi.[1]

Oklend inson huquqlari advokat Jon Burris a $ 25 million noqonuniy o'lim to'g'risidagi da'vo Grant oilasi nomidan BARTga qarshi. BART Grantning qizi va onasi bilan 2011 yilda umumiy qiymati 2,8 million dollarni tashkil qildi. Shuningdek, Grantning politsiya shafqatsizligi sababli zararni qoplash uchun sudga murojaat qilgan bir nechta do'stlari bilan kelishdi. Grantning otasining alohida da'vosi hakamlar hay'atining mukofotiga olib kelmadi, chunki u qamoqqa tashlanganligi sababli u Grantning hayotida etarlicha aralashmagan degan qarorga keldi.

Fon

Oskar Grant do'stlari bilan bayramni nishonlagan edi Embarkadero Yangi yil arafasida San-Frantsiskoda. U sakkizga yaqin do'stlari bilan qaytib kelishdi Sharqiy ko'rfaz BART poyezdining etakchi vagonida Meva mevasi, Oklenddagi stantsiya.[2][3][4] BART yangi yil bayrami uchun kengaytirilgan xizmat va maxsus "Flash Pass" ni taklif qildi.[5][6]

Taxminan soat 02:00 da PST, BART politsiyasi dan kelgan poezdda 20 kishigacha bo'lgan jismoniy janjal haqidagi xabarlarga javob berdi G'arbiy Oklend BART stantsiyasi; ishtirokchilar "bolg'a va toshbo'ron qilingan" deb ta'riflangan.[2][7][8]

BART ofitserlari Toni Pirone va Marysol Domenici voqea joyiga birinchi bo'lib kelgan ofitserlar. Zobitlar Grantni va jangda gumon qilingan boshqa bir necha kishini poyezddan olib chiqib, platformada ushlab turishdi. Pirone boshqa chavandozlarning g'azabini keltirib, Grantning do'stiga qo'llarini kishanlab qo'ydi.[2] Pirone Grant va yana ikkita odamni devorga tizib qo'ydi.[2][9]

Yoxannes Mehserle va uning sherigi Vofinden kabi yana beshta zobit Fruitvale stantsiyasiga kelganlarida, ularning hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, vaziyatni "xaotik" deb topishdi.[2][10]

[11]

Fruitvale BART stantsiyasi, u erda Grant otib o'ldirilgan

BART xodimi Marysol Domenici sherigi Toni Pirone bilan birga voqea joyidagi 9-ofitser edi. Ular poyezddan tushayotgan yo'lovchilarni o'z nazoratiga olishga harakat qilishdi. Domenici BART voqeasida Grant va uning do'stlari unga qasam ichganligini va uning buyrug'iga bo'ysunmaganligini eshitgan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u: "Agar ular buyruqlarni bajarishganida edi, bu sodir bo'lmas edi. Ular shunchaki keltirilgan va qo'yib yuborilgan bo'lar edi."[12] BART tomonidan ushlab turilgan tashqi yuridik firma tomonidan olib borilgan keyingi ichki tergov natijalariga ko'ra, Pirone poezd operatori bilan platformada hibsga olingan BART politsiyasining erkaklarning xabar qilingan poyezdlar jangiga aloqadorligini tasdiqlaganini da'vo qilganida yolg'on gapirgan.[13] Poyezd operatori Pironeni hibsga olinganlarning janjalga aloqasi bor-yo'qligiga ishonchsizligi to'g'risida xabar berganini esladi.

23 yanvar kuni KTVU mahalliy telekanalida efirga uzatilgan uyali telefon orqali namoyish etilgan video Pirone hibsga olinganlardan biriga qarab shoshilib, uning yuziga bir necha marta, otishdan ikki daqiqa oldin musht tushganini ko'rsatdi.[2][9][14] Grantning oilasi BARTga qarshi o'zlarining fuqarolik da'volarida ofitser Grantni devorga uloqtirgan va uning yuziga tiz cho'kkanligi haqida da'vo qilmoqda.[15] Yon atrofdagilar tomonidan suratga olingan videolar Pironening tergovchilarga da'volariga zid bo'lib, unda 22 yoshli Xeyvord shahrida yashovchi Grant hech qachon Pironeni mushtlashga yoki tepishga urinmaganligi aks etgan. Aksincha, ichki tergov xulosasida Pirone Grantning boshiga urib, uni pichoqlaganligi, ehtimol uning otopsiyasida hujjatlashtirilgan jarohatlar, shu jumladan bosh sinishi va gematoma borligi aniqlandi. Hisobot 2019 yil may oyida jamoatchilikka ma'lum bo'lguniga qadar, Pironening advokati Grant Pironeni ofitserni tizzasiga tizzaga urib, ofitser Marysol Domenici Grantning do'stlaridan biriga kishan solmoqchi bo'lganida, uning qo'liga urib, uni qo'zg'atdi.[16][17]

Guvohlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, voqea paytida Pirone tajovuzkor bo'lgan.[18] Grantning oilasi uchun advokat Jon Burris ham Pironening akkauntini bahslashtirib, poezd to'xtaganda Grant va uning do'stlari "tinch" edilar.[17] Grant platforma devoriga o'tirgancha qo'llarini ko'tardi.[19] Sudda uyali telefondan qo'shimcha kadrlar namoyish etildi, u Pironening otishma oldidan moyil Grant ustida turgani va qichqirgani aks etgan: "Bitch-ass nigger, to'g'rimi?" Pirone va uning advokati uning Grant unga baqirgan haqoratli epitetini takrorlayotganini aytmoqda.[20]

To'xtatilgan poezddan o'nlab odamlar ofitserlarga baqirib, la'natlashganda, Mezerle va Pirone Grantni yuzini pastga qaratib qo'yishdi. Pironening so'zlariga ko'ra, Grant ko'rsatmalarga bo'ysunmagan va ofitserlarni la'natlagan.[7] Guvohlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, Grant BART politsiyasidan uni a bilan hayratda qoldirmaslikni iltimos qilgan Taser.[21] Pirone Grantning bo'yniga tiz cho'kdi va unga hibsga olinganligini aytdi ofitserga qarshilik ko'rsatish.[7][9]

Mehserle Grantni kishanlamoqchi bo'ldi, lekin qo'llariga etib borolmadi. U miltig'ini ochmasdan o'rnidan turdi, a SIG Sauer P226,[7] va Grantning orqasiga o'q uzdi.[19] Otishdan so'ng darhol Mehserle ajablanib paydo bo'lib, qo'llarini yuziga ko'tardi.[7][22] Bir nechta guvohlarning aytishicha, Mehserle "Ey Xudoyim!" otishdan keyin bir necha marta.[23] The .40 kalibrli Mexserlening yarim avtomatik avtomatidan o'q Grantning orqasiga kirib, old tomondan chiqib, o'pkasini teshib, beton platformadan chiqib ketdi.[22][24] Guvohlardan birining so'zlariga ko'ra, Grant baqirgan: "Siz meni otib tashladingiz! Men to'rt yashar qizim bor!"[25] Grant etti soatdan keyin, soat 9:13 da vafot etdi soat, soat Highland kasalxonasi Oklendda.[10]

Dastlab Grant o'ldirilishidan oldin uning kishanlangani haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi. Ammo tuman prokuraturasi tomonidan sudga topshirilgan hujjatlarda Grantning qo'llari uning orqasida bo'lganligi va u "o'zini tutib, qurolsiz" bo'lganligi aytilgan, ammo uning kishanlangani haqida aytilmagan. Mehserlening aytishicha, Grant "belbog 'uchun yuribdi" va qurol.[7][26][27] Otishma sodir bo'lgan kunning ertasiga BART vakili Jim Allison Grant o'qqa tutilganida o'zini tutib turmaganligini aytdi,[5] va ko'plab guvohlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, Grant otishma boshlanishidan oldin kishan taqish uchun qo'llarini berishni rad etgan.[28] Oilaning BARTga bo'lgan da'vosida Grantga o'q uzilganidan keyingina uning kishanlari bog'langanligi aytilgan.[15]

Video dalillar

To'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar otishma yo'lovchilar tomonidan platforma yonida turgan poezdda ushlab turilgan videokameralar bilan hujjatlashtirildi, chunki politsiya Grant va tartibsizliklarga aloqadorlikda gumon qilingan boshqa bir qator odamlarni hibsga oldi. Uchrashuv davomida bir nechta guvohlar ko'rsatma berishdi dastlabki tinglash Mehserle sud jarayoni uchun ular BART xodimlarining haddan tashqari tajovuzkor ekanligiga ishonganliklari sababli yozishni boshladilar.[18] Ular videokliplarni efirga uzatadigan televizion yangiliklarga berishdi; boshqalar videolarni internetga joylashtirdi.[19]

Grantning o'limi yuzasidan BARTga qarshi da'vo bilan oilasini himoya qilgan Oklend advokati Jon Burrisning so'zlariga ko'ra, BART qotillikning qo'shimcha dalillarini o'z ichiga olgan ko'plab uyali telefon rasmlarini olib qo'ygan.[29] Alameda okrugi prokurori Tom Orloffning aytishicha, BART tomonidan musodara qilingan video Mexserlega qarshi qotillik ayblovini ilgari surishda foydalidir.[30] Voqea joyidagi guvohlarning aytishicha, politsiya kameralarni tortib olishga harakat qilgan.[31][32][33] Ushbu da'volarni BART politsiyasi hech qachon tan olmagan.[2]

Tuman prokurori Orloffning aytishicha, ommaviy ravishda oshkor qilinmagan bir nechta yo'lovchi videolari tergovda "juda foydali" bo'lgan.[26]

2-yanvar kuni KTVUda uyushtirilgan otishma videosini taqdim etgan noma'lum yo'lovchining videosi namoyish etildi. 23 yanvar kuni KTVU uyali telefon orqali videoni namoyish qildi, unda otishma oldidan Grantning yuziga ikkinchi ofitser musht tushirayotgani aks etgan.[14] Fevral oyi oxirida KRON 4 ushbu janjalning boshqa burchagi aks etgan videoklipni namoyish qildi.

BART vakili Linton Jonson Fruitvale platformasi kameralaridan olingan kuzatuv kadrlarini "benign" deb ta'rifladi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, platforma kameralari hodisaning bir qismini yozib olgan, ammo kadrlarda otishma mavjud emas.[10][34]

Iste'fodagi politsiya xodimi va yozuvchisi Frank Borellining aytishicha, otishma oldidan video lahzalarda ko'rsatilgandek voqea sodir bo'lgan voqeani tushunish uchun tortishishning o'zi kabi muhimdir.[35] "To'rt zobit nisbatan zo'r sharoitda va BART poezdidagi odamlarni juda baland ovozda, ofitserlarning harakatlaridan noroziligini ifoda etgan holda, yuqori darajadagi stres ostida ishlashlari kerak. Bu zobitlar narsalar qilishlari kerak Ular uchun yomonroq bo'ling, militsiya bilan o'z baxtsizliklarini allaqachon aytib o'tgan bir guruh odamlar tomonidan juda ko'p. "[36]

Otishni ko'p qirralardan tomosha qilgandan so'ng, dastlab otishma voqea sodir bo'lgan deb o'ylaganini aytgan politsiya eksperti Roy Bedard fikridan qaytdi. U shunday dedi: "Men buni aytishni yomon ko'raman, bu menga qatlga o'xshaydi" va "Zobit uchun bu haqiqatan ham yomon ko'rinadi".[36] San-Frantsisko universiteti huquqshunos professor Robert Talbotning aytishicha, videofilmlar tasodifiy otishma haqidagi da'voni qo'llab-quvvatlashi mumkin: "Uning [Mehserle] jasadida hech narsa qotilga o'xshamaydi".[37]

Videolarning ta'siri

Video dalillar voqea keng translyatsiya qilindi va onlayn translyatsiya qilindi. Otishdan keyingi dastlabki bir necha kun ichida bir necha yuz ming kishi videolarni tomosha qildi.[36] O'zining veb-saytiga joylashtirilgan bitta mahalliy telekanalning videosi to'rt kun ichida 500 ming martadan ko'proq yuklab olingan,[38] Internetda joylashtirilgan bitta mustaqil ommaviy axborot vositasi soatiga o'rtacha 1000 dan ortiq tomosha qildi.[36] Ko'rish to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar otishma jamoatchilikning noroziligiga va noroziliklariga olib keldi va tartibsizliklarni kuchaytirdi.[39]

Tomonlar

Oskar Grant III

Oskar Grant III

Oskar Juliuss Grant III (1986 yil 27 fevral)[40] - 2009 yil 1-yanvar) yashagan Xeyvord, Kaliforniya.[10] U Oklenddagi Farmer Jou Marketplace-da qassob bo'lib ishlagan Dimond tumani bir nechta ishdan keyin Kentukki qovurilgan tovuqi savdo shoxobchalari.[21] U ikkalasida ham qatnashgan San-Lorenso va Eden tog'i 10-sinfgacha Xeyvorddagi o'rta maktablar va oxir-oqibat uning kasbiga sazovor bo'ldi GED.[21] Grant vafot etganida, qurolni saqlash uchun o'n olti oylik qamoq jazosidan keyin qamoqdan ozod qilinganida, shartli ravishda ozod qilingan edi.[41][42]

Grantning dafn marosimi 2009 yil 7 yanvarda Xeyvorddagi Palma Ceia Baptist cherkovida bo'lib o'tdi.[43] Grantning onasi, singlisi, qizi va qiz do'sti (qizining onasi) a noqonuniy o'lim to'g'risidagi da'vo uning o'limidan keyin BARTga qarshi. Bu 2011 yilda joylashtirilgan.

Yoxannes Mehserle

Yoxannes Sebastyan Mehserle (1982 yil 12-avgustda Germaniyada tug'ilgan)[44]) da tarbiyalangan Ko'rfaz zonasi.[7] Mehserle bitirgan Yangi texnologiyalar o'rta maktabi yilda Napa, Kaliforniya Mehserle 2007 yil mart oyida Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) politsiyasiga qo'shildi.[45] Otishma tugagandan so'ng, uni ko'plab guvohlar qoralashdi, ular ommaviy axborot vositalarida Mehserle uni hech qanday sababsiz otib tashlaganligi haqida xabar berishdi.

BARTni ko'rib chiqish va tekshirish jarayoni

2009 yilgi tortishishdan so'ng, Mehserle BART-ning standart ish tartibiga muvofiq giyohvand moddalar va alkogol sinovlarini topshirdi.[19] Natijalar uning tizimida giyohvand moddalar yoki spirtli ichimliklar yo'qligini ko'rsatdi.[46] U jinoiy himoya bo'yicha advokatni saqlab qoldi va rasmiylar bilan gaplashishdan bosh tortdi va jamoat xavfsizligi bo'yicha xodimlarning protsessual qonunlari to'g'risidagi qonuni (Kaliforniya hukumat kodeksining 3300-3313 qismi) ga murojaat qildi.[47] va Beshinchi o'zgartirish, potentsial o'zini ayblashga da'vo qilish.[48]

BART voqea yuzasidan ichki tekshiruv tashkil qildi. 2009 yil 5 yanvarda Mehserlening advokati BART tergovchilari tomonidan rejalashtirilgan uchrashuvni keyinga qoldirishni istab, uni qoldirdi. BART politsiyasi ma'muriyati va tergovchilar zobitga 7 yanvar kuni o'tkazilgan tergov suhbatida qatnashishni buyurdilar, Mehserle qatnashmadi; uning o'rniga uning advokati va uning BART politsiya ofitserlari uyushmasi vakili kelib, iste'foga chiqish to'g'risida ariza topshirdilar.[45][49]

Mexerle va uning oilasi otishma videosi paydo bo'lgandan keyin o'lim bilan tahdid qilishgan va u kamida ikki marta harakat qilgan. Uning ota-onasi oilaga o'lim tahdidi tufayli vaqtincha Napa uyini tark etishdi.[45][48]

Domenici tergov eshituvida ko'rsatma berdi. U BART tomonidan tranzit tergovchilariga bergan bayonotlarida yolg'on gapirganlikda ayblanib, bekor qilingan. U otishni talab qildi. 2010 yil 18 dekabrda San-Frantsiskodagi mehnat hakami Uilyam Riker sobiq zobitga to'liq ish haqini to'lash bilan qayta tayinlashni buyurgani haqida xabar berildi, chunki Domenici haqiqatni aytmaganligini aniqlash uchun asos yo'q edi.[12]

Natijada

Otishma va undan keyingi tartibsizliklar mintaqaviy, milliy,[19][50] va xalqaro yangiliklar.[51][52][53] Otishmaning video tasvirlari Grant o'limidan keyingi kunlarda keng translyatsiya qilindi va onlayn ravishda tarqatildi. Hodisadan keyingi dastlabki kunlarda bir necha yuz ming kishi videolarni tomosha qildi.[36] Ning keng tarqalishi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar otishma jamoatchilikning noroziligiga va noroziliklariga olib keldi va tartibsizliklarni kuchaytirdi.[54]

Politsiya tartibsizliklar jo'natildi va olomonni tarqatish uchun harakat qildi. 8-yanvar kuni kechqurun, tinch norozilik namoyishi paytida, namoyishchilarning ba'zilari murojaat qilishdi tartibsizlik va keng tarqalgan mulkni buzish. A qora blok va boshqa tartibsizliklar yuzlab avtoulovlarni va do'konlarning derazalarini sindirishdi,[55] bir nechta shaxsiy avtoulovlar va ko'plab axlat idishlari va axlat qutilari. Oklend politsiyasining ichki ishlar idorasi va deyarli tiklangan Foks teatri kabi jamoat binolari og'ir buzilgan.[56] Tartibsizliklar kechqurun tugadi. Politsiya turli huquqbuzarliklarda gumon qilinib kamida 105 hibsga olingan. Vandalizm 300 dan ortiq korxonalarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[57]

Jamiyat a'zolari va faollari otishma hodisasini yana bir holat sifatida rad etishdi politsiya shafqatsizligi. BART politsiyasi va Alameda okrugi prokuraturasi samarali tekshiruv o'tkazmayapti degan keng jamoatchilik fikri mavjud edi, chunki East Bay Times maqola, BART, otishma sodir bo'lganidan 12 kun o'tgach, 2009 yil 12-yanvarda otishma bo'yicha tergovni yakunladi.[58] Boshqalar Mehserlening politsiya va tuman prokuraturasi tergovchilari bilan hamkorlik qilmaganidan g'azablanishdi.[59]

Fruitvale noroziligi va yurishi; shahar markazidagi tartibsizlik

2009 yil 7 yanvarda otishma va odil sudlovni amalga oshirishga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari tinch soat 15:30 atrofida boshlandi. Fruitvale stantsiyasida 500 ga yaqin odam to'planib.[60] Kechqurun ba'zi namoyishchilar Oklendning markaziy biznes tumani va shahar markaziga qarab yurishdi. Namoyishchilarni tarqatish uchun Oklend politsiyasining 200 dan ortiq xodimi jo'natildi. Politsiya to'siq qo'yilgan ko'chalar va yo'naltirilgan transport vositalari va piyodalar harakati. Ga kirgandan keyin markaziy biznes tumani, yurish Meritt ko'li BART stantsiyasi yaqinidagi 8-chi va Medison ko'chalarida BART politsiyasining qo'mondonlik va boshqaruv shtabida davom etdi.

Bir marta BART politsiyasi qo'mondonligi va boshqaruvida g'azablangan namoyishchilarning bir qismi politsiya mashinasini o'rab olishdi. Avtomobilni boshqarayotgan zobit piyoda qochib ketgan.[61] Ayni paytda 30-40 kishilik namoyishchilar guruhi kreyserning derazalarini sindirib, uni ag'darishga harakat qilishdi. Politsiyachilar gaz niqobini kiyib, marshning orqa tomoniga o'tqazishdi va olomonni tarqatish maqsadida ko'z yoshartuvchi gazni tarqatishdi.[61]

Namoyish olomon 8-ko'chada Chinatown orqali yurish paytida davom etdi. Broadway-da, gaz niqobini taqib olgan ofitserlar ko'proq ko'zdan yosh oqizadigan gaz ballonlarini tarqatishdi va 7-sonli va Brodveydagi Oklend politsiyasi shtab-kvartirasiga yaqinlashganda olomonni zaryadlash va tarqatish uchun tezda harakat qilishdi.[62]

Namoyish shahar markazida 14-chi va Brodvey chorrahasida qayta to'planib, avtoulovlar harakatini to'sib qo'ydi.[63] Namoyishchilarning ba'zilari xuddi shu holatda o'ldirilgan Grant bilan ramziy birdamlik sifatida chorrahada yuzma-yuz yotishdi.[61] Boshqalar politsiyaga baqirib, bir ovozdan baqirishdi. Boshqalarida "Sizning odil sudlov g'oyangizmi?" va "Jail Killer Cops"[61] va Grantni yodga olib shamlar yoqdi.

Kaskaning janubiy, g'arbiy va shimoliy tomonlarida dubulg'a va gaz niqobini kiygan politsiya chorrahaning sharqiy tomonidagi 14-ko'chadan orqaga chekinish xiyoboniga yo'l qo'yib, chorrahaning janubiy, g'arbiy va shimoliy tomonlarida joylashgan.[61]

Taxminan bir soat o'tgach, politsiya tarqatish haqida buyruq berib, ishdan bo'shatdi ko'z yoshartuvchi gaz, rezina o'qlar,[64] va boshqalar o'limga olib kelmaydigan namoyishchilarga qurol va moslamalar.[65] Namoyishchilar politsiyaga shisha, tosh va boshqa narsalarni uloqtirishdi.[66] Politsiya olomonni 14-ko'cha bo'ylab sharq tomonga surdi Lakeside Apartments District va sahna a ga aylandi g'alayon 14-ko'cha umurtqasi bo'ylab.

Kechqurun havoda uchgan ko'plab vertolyotlar maydonga yaqinlashdi. Huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari vertolyotlari yer usti ko'chalarida kuchli yoritgichlarni yoritdi,[67] OAV vertolyotlari videoni suratga olishganda, ular real vaqtda mahalliy telekanallarda namoyish etildi.

Keyingi soatlarda kichik debriyaj[68] tartibsizliklar tomonidan axlat qutilari, axlat qutilari, gazeta qutilarini yoqib yuborishgan va kamida beshta mashinani, shu jumladan Oklend politsiyasining patrul mashinasini yoqishgan.[69] Ba'zi tartibsizliklar to'xtab turgan mashinalarning old oynalarini sindirishdi.[69] To'polon chuqurga tarqaldi Lakeside Apartments District va Madison ko'chasida avtoulovlar yonib ketgan va katta zarar ko'rgan. Ushbu debriyajdagi boshqa tartibsizliklar do'kon oynalarini, shu jumladan Jekson va 14-ko'chalarda joylashgan McDonald's fast-fud restoranining oynalarini sindirishdi. Lakeside Apartments District. To'polon kechasi ertasi kuni ertalab axlat yig'ish kuniga to'g'ri keldi va ko'plab axlat qutilari va konteynerlar yo'l chetida to'xtab turishdi. Tartibsizlar ushbu axlat qutilaridan shahar ko'chalari bo'ylab o't o'chirish uchun foydalanganlar.[70] G'alayonchilar deyarli tiklangan Fox teatrida ehtiyotkorlik bilan tiklangan tarixiy yog'och va terra kotta buyumlariga zarar etkazishdi. Tulkiga etkazilgan zarar oldindan 10000 dan 20000 dollargacha baholangan.[69]

Dellumlarning ko'rinishi va tartibsizliklari avjiga chiqmoqda

To'polon sharqdan Merritt ko'li tomon siljiganida Oklend meri Ron Dellums va Larri Rid tartibsizliklar matbuot anjumanini 14 va Jekson ko'chalarida, tartibsizliklar umurtqasi bo'ylab o'tkazdilar va olomonni tinch yo'l bilan tarqalishga chaqirdilar.[61] Dellums olomon bilan tinch yo'l bilan 14-ko'cha bo'ylab G'arbiy shahar meriyasining zinapoyasiga bordi va u erda olomonga murojaat qilishga urindi. Olomon salbiy munosabatda bo'lgandan so'ng, u uchrashuvni qisqartirdi va shahar meriyasiga kirdi.

Namoyishchilar City Hall Plaza orqali davom etishdi, g'azablangan guruhlar tartibsizlarning derazalarini sindirishdi Oklend politsiya boshqarmasi 250 Frank Ogawa Plazaning sharqiy tomonida joylashgan Ichki ishlar va yollash idorasi. Shuningdek, idoralar tashqarisida turgan politsiya kreyserlarining oynalari sindirib tashlandi.

Namoyishchilar 17-ko'chadan sharqqa 17-chi tijorat tumaniga qarab davom etishdi Oaksterdam Brodvey va Franklindan o'tib, tartibsizliklar ko'plab vitrinalarni sindirishgan,[67] va orqaga qaytdi Ko'l bo'yidagi tuman, yoritish bekor qilindi Rojdestvo daraxtlari yong'in ostida. Politsiya olomonni tarqatish uchun harakatlarini davom ettirdi va Broadway Downtown-da tartibsizliklar davom etdi.

Tartibsizliklar soat 22:40 atrofida barham topdi.[61] Paramount teatri tashqarisidagi 20-chi va Brodvey atrofida politsiya 80 ga yaqin turli xil huquqbuzarliklar uchun hibsga olingan. Ularning aksariyati tartibsizlikni qo'zg'atishni o'z ichiga olgan shikoyatlar uchun berilgan va qo'yib yuborilgan, vandalizm, tajovuz politsiya xodimiga va o't qo'yish. Politsiya bezovtalanuvchilardan ikkita qurolni olib chiqdi.[71] Kechqurun namoyishlarda yuzaga kelgan huquqbuzarliklar uchun jami 120 kishi hibsga olingan.[72] Bugungi kunga qadar ikkitasi ayblangan.

The Merritt ko'li va 12-ko'cha Kechqurun BART stantsiyalari vaqtincha yopildi.

Hamkorlikda bo'lgan va mustaqil bo'lgan ko'plab ommaviy axborot vositalarining fotograflari va videograflari,[73] sahnani yerga yaqin joydan suratga oldi.[74] Media vertolyotlari mahalliy telekanallarda real vaqt rejimida efirga uzatilgan voqealar rivojidagi videoni suratga oldi.[75]

Ishbilarmon doiralar va shahar rasmiylarining reaktsiyasi

G'alayonlar Oklenddagi jinoyatchilikni kuchaytirdi, bu o'tgan yilgi talon-tarojni qo'shib qo'ydi va katta iqtisodiy sarmoyalar uchun engish qiyin edi.[76] 8 yanvar kuni Dellums ma'muriyati 4-sonli meriya eshitish xonasida matbuot anjumani o'tkazdi va tartibsizliklarni regressiv deb qabul qildi. Dellums Oklend ko'chalarida, bundan 40 yil oldin, 1967 yilda tartibsizliklar bo'lganini ta'kidlagan va "biz hanuzgacha mashinalarni sindirib tashlaymiz".[77] Dellumsning ta'kidlashicha, Grant o'ldirilganidan bir necha kun o'tgach, BART rasmiylari va tuman prokuraturasi tomonidan aloqa etishmasligi tufayli odamlar xafa bo'lib, "jarayonga bo'lgan ishonchini yo'qotgan". BART shuningdek, Mehserlega ichki ishlar bilan oldinroq gaplashishni buyurmagani uchun tanqid qilindi.[78]

Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sud jarayoni

12-yanvar kuni Alameda okrugi Tuman prokurori Tom Orloff uchun ariza bilan murojaat qildi qotillik va Alameda okrugining yuqori sud sudyasi Mexserle shaharni tark etganligi sababli, qochqinni hibsga olish to'g'risida order imzoladi. U 13 yanvar kuni do'sti uyida hibsga olingan Zefir Kov (Nevada), yaqin hudud Tahoe ko'li. Uning advokatining aytishicha, Mehserle Bay maydonida o'lim bilan tahdid qilinganidan keyin ketgan.[26] Mehserle voz kechdi ekstraditsiya va bo'lib o'tdi himoya vositasi Santa Rita qamoqxonasida Dublin, Kaliforniya.[26] Mexserle 15 yanvar kuni sudda aybdor emasligini tan oldi.[79] 2010 yil 9-iyul kuni AQSh Adliya vazirligi Mexserlega nisbatan fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha tergov ochdi, ammo ayblovlarsiz tergovni yopdi.[80]

30 yanvar kuni Alameda okrugining yuqori sud sudyasi Morris Jakobson jo'nab ketdi garov puli Mehserle uchun 3 million dollar.[7] Bir hafta o'tgach, politsiya kasaba uyushmasidan mablag 'yig'ish yordamida[81] Mehserle garov puli e'lon qildi.[82]

Alameda okrugi prokurori Tom Orloff Mehserle birinchi yoki ikkinchi darajali qotillikda ayblanadimi yoki yo'qligini taxmin qilishdan bosh tortdi va "Mening dalilim shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu qasddan qilingan qotillikdir va bizda mavjud bo'lgan dalillardan yumshatadigan narsa yo'q. bu qotillikdan pastroq narsaga. "[83][84] Orloff Mehserlening o'zini tushuntirishdan bosh tortganini emas, balki uni qotillikda ayblash uchun sabab sifatida ta'kidladi qotillik.[26] Orloff har qanday harakat bilan kurashishini aytdi joyni o'zgartirish sud uchun.[26]

Mehserle saqlanib qoldi Yoqimli tepalik ilgari ulardan birini muvaffaqiyatli himoya qilgan jinoiy himoya bo'yicha advokat Maykl Reyns Oklend chavandozlari.[85] Mehserle yomg'irni ushlab turishdan oldin, advokatning so'zlariga ko'ra, Meherni qotillik uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin, chunki qonun sudyalar tomonidan yaxshi ko'riladigan politsiya xodimlarini "ikkinchi taxmin qilish va orqadan qarash" ga yo'l qo'ymaydi.[86] Mehserlening mudofaasi shtat bo'ylab politsiya xodimlari jamg'armasi tomonidan to'langan.[85]

Garov bo'yicha sud muhokamasi

30-yanvar kuni garov evaziga o'tkazilgan sud majlisida Reyns sudda Mexserle 1-yanvardagi otishma oldidan Taserni atigi bir necha smenada olib yurganini aytdi va Grant qurolga qo'l cho'zayapti deb o'ylaganida, u xato qilib xizmat qurolini joylashtirdi.[7] Yomg'irlar: "Janob Grant hibsga olishga faol, faol va faol qarshilik ko'rsatdi".[87] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ba'zi guvohlar Mehserlening "Qaytib keling, men uni bezovta qilaman" deganini eshitgan.[88] Reyns, "Oskar Grant va boshqalarning yomon niyatlarini inkor qiladigan qarshilik darajasi bo'lganligini" ko'rsatadigan guvohlarni chaqirishni rejalashtirayotganini aytdi.

Prokuratura ishi nazariyasi - bu video to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar Mehserle qasddan quroliga qo'l uzatganligini ko'rsatadi. Ular bahslashishdi: "Biz videoda ko'rayotgan narsa, zobit gumonlanuvchini nazoratini bo'shatib, o'rnidan turib, qurolini tortib olib, uni o'qqa tutmoqda."[88] Jeykobson Mezerlening Taserning chalkashligi haqidagi da'vosi uning boshqa ofitserga bergan bayonotiga mos kelmasligi va Mexserle o'z hikoyasini o'zgartirishi mumkinligi to'g'risida garov belgilashga qaror qilib, 3 million dollar miqdorida qaror qabul qilishga rozi bo'ldi.[7] Keyinchalik u gag tartibi ish bo'yicha advokatlar va tergovchilar to'g'risida, ularga kelajakdagi arizalarni chiqarishni taqiqlash yoki matbuotga boshqa yo'l bilan izoh berish.[89]

Dastlabki tinglash

Yomg'irlar dastlabki tinglovda Mexserlda qotillik ayblovi uchun zarur bo'lgan yovuzlik yo'qligi va u Grantni ta'qib qilishni niyat qilgani haqida bahslashdi. BART xodimi guvohlik berib, Grant va uning do'stlari qo'pol so'zlar bilan baqirishganini va Mexserle Grantga o'q uzishidan bir necha daqiqa oldin o'tirish haqidagi buyrug'iga bo'ysunmaganligini aytdi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u Grantdan, uning do'stlaridan va poezddagi yo'lovchilardan haqoratlarni eshitganida qo'rqib ketgan.[90] Etti kunlik guvohlikdan so'ng, sudya C. Don Kley Mexserle xato qilgani uchun xizmat pistoletini hayratda qoldiradigan qurol o'rniga ishlatmagan degan xulosaga keldi. Sudya bunga Mexserlening boshqa ofitserlarga aytgan so'zlariga asoslanib, Grantda qurol bor deb o'ylagan. Shuningdek, u Mezserle qurolini ikki qo'li bilan ushlab turganini, ammo agar u Taserni o'qqa tutayotgan bo'lsa, u chapdan foydalanishga o'rgatilganligini ta'kidladi.[91] Mexserle birinchi darajali qotillikda aybdor deb topilsa, umrbod qamoq jazosiga mahkum etilgan.[92]

Yomg'irlar sudya Kleyning advokatning Grantning jinoiy kelib chiqishi to'g'risidagi dalillarni taqdim etishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik to'g'risidagi ajrimga va Mexserlening boshqa ofitserga aytgan dalillarni taqdim etishiga to'sqinlik qilgan qarorga ikkinchi marta qarashi kerakligi to'g'risida qo'shimcha iltimosnoma kiritdi. u Taser-dan Grant-da foydalanishni rejalashtirgan otishma hodisasi. U "ikkala qaror ham uzoq vaqtdan beri va hech qachon so'roq qilinmagan Kaliforniya hukumati tomonidan qo'pol xatolarga olib keladi" deb norozilik bildirdi va ular "Mexserlening qotillik ayblovidan himoya qilish uchun federal protsessual huquqiga katta darajada xalaqit berishini" da'vo qildi.[93] Yomg'irlar sudya Kleyni tuman prokurori Tom Orloffning idorasini ishdan olib tashlashga ishontira olmadi. Rains, Orloffning mijozining huquqlarini buzganligini da'vo qildi, chunki u Oakland politsiyasining ikki xodimiga MexSerle hibsga olingandan keyin intervyu olishga harakat qilishni buyurdi, garchi Orloff Mehserlening advokati borligini bilgan bo'lsa ham. Sudya Kleyning aytishicha, Orloffning xatti-harakatlari tarafkashlikni isbotlamagan va u ishdan chetlatilishi uchun talablarga javob bermagan.[94]

Plea va hakamlar hay'ati tanlovi

2009 yil 19-iyun kuni Mehserle aybini tan olmadi. Hakamlar hay'ati sudi oktyabr oyida boshlanishi kerak edi. Mehserlening advokati Maykl Reyns a izlagan joyni o'zgartirish sud jarayoni, Alameda okrugida xolis hakamlar hay'ati bo'lmasligi sababli.[95] Sudya ommaviy axborot vositalarida keng tarqalgan ma'lumotlar va norozilik va tartibsizliklarning ijtimoiy o'zgarishini keltirib, bunga rozi bo'ldi.[96] Yomg'irlarning iltimosi 16 oktyabrda bajarildi va Los-Anjeles markazi 19 noyabr kuni joy sifatida tanlandi.[97]

Los-Anjeles okrugi sudyasi Robert J. Perri ishga tayinlandi. U sud zalidagi kameralarga ruxsat bermasligini aytdi.[98] 2010 yil 19 fevralda ikkita masalani ko'rib chiqishga bag'ishlangan tinglov o'tkazildi. Sudya himoyachi iltimosiga binoan Mehserlening garov puli miqdorini kamaytirmadi. Sudya, shuningdek, Alameda okrugi prokurorlarini ishdan chetlashtirish to'g'risidagi himoyaning iltimosnomasini rad etdi. Yomg'ir prokurorlar va detektivlar ishni ilgari Mehserle bilan suhbatlashayotganda noo'rin harakat qilishgan deb ta'kidlashdi. Yana bir tinglov 26 martga belgilangan edi.[99]

Mehserlening advokati uning mijozi birinchi darajali qotillikni sodir etmaganligini ta'kidlab, sudyadan sudyalarga uning muhokamalarini ikkinchi darajali qotillik yoki oqlash bilan cheklashni buyurishini so'radi. Yomg'irlar Mehserle qotillik ishtiyoq jaziramasida yoki o'zini himoya qilish maqsadida amalga oshirilganligini da'vo qilmasligini yozgan. Yomg'irlar, shuningdek, prokuratura o'limga olib borilgan otishma ixtiyoriy yoki majburiy bo'lmagan odam o'ldirilishi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil ko'rsatmaganligini ta'kidladi.[100]

7-may kuni sudya Perri mudofaa tomonidan Grantning qurolga egaligi va hibsdan qochish uchun sudlanganligi masalasini muhokama qilish to'g'risida iltimosnomani qondirdi.[101] Advokatlar o'zlarining iltimoslarini ishlatib bo'lgach, Perri hakamlar hay'atini 8 iyun kuni rasmiy ravishda tanladi. 12 kishilik hakamlar hay'ati sakkizta ayol va to'rtta erkakdan iborat edi; ushbu sudyalarning ettitasi oq tanli, to'rttasi ispaniyalik va bittasi osiyolik edi. Uchta osiyolik, ikkita oq tanli va bitta ispaniyalikdan iborat beshta ayol va bitta erkak bor edi. Aytilishicha, hakamlar hay'atidan oltitasi huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari bilan aloqada bo'lgan.[102]

Grantning oilasi hakamlar hay'ati tarkibida qora tanlilar yo'qligidan g'azablanishdi.[103] Sud jarayoni boshlanishidan bir kun oldin, tuman prokurorining o'rinbosari Devid Shteyn Grant Mexserle bilan uyali telefon kamerasi bilan tushgan fotosuratni oshkor qildi. Fotosuratda Mehserle Grantga Taserni ko'rsatgan.[104]

Taserning chalkashligi

Video dalillarni kuzatgan bir necha mutaxassis Mexserle qurolini Taser uchun adashtirib yuborgan bo'lishi mumkin,[22][105] uni Grantga tasalli berayotganiga noto'g'ri ishonishiga olib keldi.[36] Agar Mehserle o'zini Taserni otib tashlamoqda deb o'ylagan bo'lsa, bu himoyachini to'liq yoki qisman himoya qilishi mumkin qotillik zaryadlash.[37][106] Bu Mexsherning shubhali Taser-dan foydalanishga qonuniy huquqi bor-yo'qligiga bog'liq edi.[7] Prokurorlarning ta'kidlashicha, otishma tugagandan so'ng Mehserle tomonidan to'ldirilgan qon hujjatlari, shu jumladan qonda spirtli ichimliklar tekshiruvi uning sodir bo'lgan voqealar haqidagi hikoyasini o'zgartirganligini ko'rsatmoqda.[100]

Ilgari politsiyachilar qurolni Tasers bilan aralashtirib yuborgan holatlar bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, zamonaviy Tasersning vazni qo'l miltig'idan yarim baravar ko'p.[37] Prokuratura Mehserning Taserning pozitsiyasini "o'z quroliga nisbatan pozitsiyasi, ikkala qurolning" tuyg'usi "va rangi bilan birlashganda, uni boshqasini yanglishtirib qo'yishi ehtimoldan yiroq", deb ta'kidladi.[107] Burris Taser-ning chalkashligi haqidagi da'volarga video-dalillar Taser-ning chalkashligi g'oyasini qo'llab-quvvatlamasligini ta'kidlab, javob berdi. Har qanday holatda ham, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Mehserle o'zining Taserini ishdan bo'shatish uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q edi.[7] Mehserle Taserni tanasining chap tomonida (miltig'ini taqib olgan qarama-qarshi tomonida) kiyib olgan edi, ammo gavda va kuchli qo'l (o'ng qo'l) chizish uchun o'rnatildi.[108]

BART sotib oldi Vazifa X26 2008 yil sentyabr oyida hayratda qoldiradigan qurollar va olti soatlik mashg'ulotdan so'ng ularni zobitlarga taqdim etgan,[7] ishlab chiqaruvchi tomonidan tavsiya etilgan.[109]

Guvohlarning ko'rsatmalari

14-iyun kuni Karlos Reyes Grantni otib tashlaganidan so'ng Meherleni "Oh qani, men uni otib tashladim" deganini esladi. Grantning sobiq sevgilisi Sofina Mesa, u va uning do'stlari hibsga olinayotganda Grantni chaqirganiga guvohlik berdi va u: "Ular bizni hech qanday sababsiz urishmoqda, men sizni qayta chaqiraman", dedi. Deputy District Attorney David Stein believed that Grant's phone call proved that he was not trying to resist arrest that night. Cell phone records showed two calls between Grant and Mesa — at 2:05 a.m. and 2:09 a.m. — the latter two minutes before Grant was shot.[110]

On June 15, three eyewitnesses of the account testified that neither Grant nor the other suspects actively resisted the officers at any time. Each expressed disgust at the behavior of officers preceding the shooting that night.[110]

On June 22, Jackie Bryson, a friend of Grant "who was kneeling and handcuffed just inches from Grant when Johannes Mehserle shot him", testified for the prosecution. Bryson said that Grant's hands were under Grant's body and Grant said: "I quit. I surrender." He claimed that Mehserle said "Fuck this" before shooting Grant. Defense attorney Rains repeatedly accused Bryson of lying to convict Mehserle and pointed out a video showing Bryson running toward the train while handcuffed. Responding to Rains' question, "You were going to leave your friend on that platform, weren't you?" Bryson said "I would never leave my friend." Rains accused Bryson of being inconsistent based on his statements in the civil lawsuit he had filed in early January 2009 against BART. Bryson said that he had lied to investigators, distrusted the police, and had been frequently stressed since Grant's killing.[111]

On June 25, Mehserle took the witness stand. Sobbing, he said that he had not thought that he was holding his gun until he heard a pop and looked at his right hand. Responding to a question from Rains, he recalled Grant saying "you shot me" right after the shot went off. Judge Perry called a recess after Grant supporter Timothy Killings shouted out to Mehserle to "save those fucking tears".[112] After another outburst, Killings was arrested for contempt of court.[113]

Closing arguments and verdict

Judge Perry offered jurors three conviction options: second-degree murder (with a sentence of 15 years to life in prison), voluntary manslaughter (3 to 11 years), or involuntary manslaughter (2 to 4 years); in addition the jury could have decided to acquit. Prosecutor Michael O'Brien said that by shooting Grant, Mehserle inherently committed a crime. Intention meant murder or voluntary manslaughter, and an accident indicated recklessness on Mehserle's part and thus involuntary manslaughter. Judge Perry gave two interpretations of Mehserle's shocked reaction after shooting Grant: either Mehserle had intended to use his Taser or he realized that many people were witnesses to his action.[114]

Closing arguments took place on July 1. Expressing a belief that Mehserle "lost all control" the night he shot Grant and labeled the shooting as an accident to avoid liability, Deputy District Attorney David Stein asked the jury to convict Mehserle of second-degree murder. Defense attorney Rains argued that the shooting was accidental and told them not to make "some sort of commentary on the state of relations between the police and the community in this country".[115] Jury deliberations began on Friday, July 2. The jury had the day off on July 5 because of the Independence Day holiday.

On July 6, deliberations were suspended after one juror left for vacation, having notified the judge in advance, another juror went to a medical appointment, and another called in sick. One new alternate juror joined the panel. One juror submitted a question asking whether provocation by "sources other than the suspect(s)" can make one guilty of voluntary manslaughter. Stein argued that the jury should be able to consider outside influences on Mehserle, but Rains disagreed.[116]

On July 8, 2010, the jury informed the court that they had reached a verdict by 2:10 p.m. The deliberations with this jury panel totaled six and a half hours over the course of two days. At approximately 4:00 p.m., the jury announced that they had found Johannes Mehserle guilty of involuntary manslaughter, and not guilty of charges for second-degree murder or voluntary manslaughter charges.[117] The jury found Mehserle guilty of a gun enhancement charge that could have added up to ten years to his prison sentence, made him ineligible for probation, and required him to serve 85 percent of his sentence, in contrast to the 50 percent that most state prisoners serve.[118]

Having previously been freed on a $3 million bond, Mehserle was remanded into custody after the verdict was read.[119] The next court date, when sentencing would occur, was set for August 6, 2010.[120]

After the verdict, the court released a two-page letter written by Mehserle in which he said: "no words can express how truly sorry I am."[121]

Hukm

Mehserle was originally scheduled to be sentenced on August 6, 2010. Sentencing was rescheduled for November 5 at the defense's request.

On November 5, 2010, Mehserle was sentenced to two years with double credit for time already served (due to California jail/prison overcrowding, one day in custody counts as two for most inmates), reducing his term by 292 days for the 146 days he has already spent in jail.[122] The judge overturned the gun enhancement, which could have added an additional 3 to 10 years to the sentence.[123][124] He was released from prison at 12:01 a.m. on June 13, 2011.

Shikoyat qilish

On May 9, 2012, nearly a year after his release from prison, Mehserle appealed his conviction to the First District Court of Appeals in San Francisco. His lawyer, Dylan Schaffer, stated the purpose of this appeal was to allow Mehserle to return to "police work" which was not possible with this conviction on his record. They intended to continue to the state and the U.S. Supreme Court,[125] butin September 2012, the Kaliforniya Oliy sudi unanimously denied review of an appellate ruling upholding the conviction.[126]

Javoblar

BART

On January 8, 2009, BART's elected directors offered apologies to the victim's family.[127] BART later filed a legal response to the lawsuit that claimed that the shooting was "a tragic accident", and that Grant contributed to the fatal incident. BART said the officers were "just defending themselves" and that "Oscar Grant willfully, wrongfully, and unlawfully made an assault upon defendants and would have beaten, bruised, and ill-treated them if defendants had notimmediately defended themselves."[128]

In the days after the shooting, BART held multiple public meetings to ease tensions, led by BART Director Carole Ward Allen.[129] She called on the BART Board to hire two independent auditors to investigate the shooting, and to provide recommendations to the board regarding BART politsiyasi misconduct.[130] Director Ward Allen established BART's first Police Department Review Committee and worked with Assemblyman Sandre Swanson to pass AB 1586 in the Kaliforniya shtati qonunchilik palatasi, which enforced civilian oversight of the BART Police Department.[131] BART board member Lynette Sweet said that "BART has not handled this [situation] correctly,"[127] and called for the BART police chief and general manager to step down, but only one other board member, Tom Radulovich, has supported such action.[132]

An investigation was conducted to determine whether any other officers should be disciplined. On January 12, investigation results were forwarded to the district attorney.[130] The investigation, which interviewed seven police officers and 33 other witnesses,[133] came to no conclusion and made no recommendations.[130] The details were forwarded to Meyers Nave, an outside law firm, for an independent investigation.[134] It was led by Jayne Williams, the former city attorney for San-Leandro, and was estimated to cost $250,000.[135][136] In August, the law firm provided two reports to BART but released only one publicly. The report said officers failed to follow recommended procedures, failed to work as a team, and had lapses in both tactical communication and leadership.[137][138]

KTVU broadcast cell-phone video that showed Pirone striking Grant, resulting in additional agency actions. BART General Manager Dorothy Dugger said a "rigorous" internal affairs investigation would be ordered.[14] Later, an attorney, representing BART and referring to the same video, said that Grant provoked Pirone's blow by trying to knee Pirone at least twice, "It is our position that there was a provocation and assault on Mr. Pirone based upon a video that shows Mr. Grant apparently hitting Mr. Pirone with his knee,"[128] On September 22, KTVU reported that Meyers Nave, in its unreleased report, had recommended the termination of Tony Pirone and Marysol Domenici.[139] After being on leave since the incident, Domenici was terminated on March 24, 2010.[140] She was rehired the following December after labor arbitration settled in her favor.[141] Pirone was terminated on April 21 after an internal investigation upheld a finding of misconduct against him.[142] Like Domenici, Pirone later sought to be reinstated through arbitration. This is a process whereby the BART administration and BART police union elect a member of the police union to decide if the firing of Anthony Pirone was justified. This arbitration was delayed, as Pirone served a tour in Afghanistan in the US Army.[143] When he returned, the arbitration was set to finish by the end of 2013, but was delayed until the end of 2014. In December 2014, BART spokesperson Alicia Trost told reporters that Pirone's arbitration was denied,[144] and the arbitrator upheld the termination. Pirone's lawyer, William Rapoport, declined to comment.

Ommaviy

Protesters holding signs on January 8, 2009

Protesters organized several demonstrations and marches in the weeks following the shooting and during court hearings.[145][146] Alice Huffman, state president of the NAACP, said there was little doubt the shooting was criminal.[106] Many reporters and community organizers stated that racial issues played a role both in the killing and in the community response.[147] Grant's family claimed that officers used racial slurs during the arrest.[148] BART Police Chief Gary Gee remarked that the BART investigation had found no "nexus to race that provoked this to happen".[26]

There was a broad public perception that BART Police were not conducting an effective investigation.[149] Efforts by BART officers to confiscate witnesses' cellphones during the incident created controversy.[150] The shooting stirred outrage among political leaders and legal observers; Alameda County Supervisor Keith Carson,[37] Oakland City Councilmember Desley Brooks (Eastmont-Seminary), and Berkeley Copwatch labeled the shooting an execution.[37][151] Local columnists criticized such language as "inflammatory" and "the exact opposite of the kind of sane leadership we need and expect from our elected officials".[152][153]

When the case went to trial, tensions were provoked because the selected jury contained no African Americans.[150] After the verdict was announced, Sabab legal commentator Radley Balko said that he found "simply no basis for the accusation that Mehserle intentionally executed a man in front of dozens of witnesses", and described the verdict as "appropriate" although not "popular".[150]

March for Oscar Grant, 14 January 2009

Grant's death has been cited as one of several police killings that contributed to the nationwide Qora hayot masalasi harakat.[154][155]

Protests and riots

During hours of the unrest, shops were buzilgan yilda Oklend markazida

The fatal shooting of Grant was a catalyst for several protests. On January 8, 2009, a protest march in Oakland of about 250 people[156] became violent. Rioters caused more than $200,000 in damages: breaking shop and car windows, burning cars, setting trash bins on fire, and throwing bottles at police officers.[69][156][157][158][159][160] Police arrested more than 100 persons.[69][157] Grant's family pleaded for calm and spoke out against the violence at a press conference the next day.[69][156][161] On January 9, police in riot gear dispersed a crowd of about 100 demonstrators after some of the rioters stopped vehicles and threw trash cans in the street.[162]

A January 14 demonstration briefly turned violent, and police arrested 18 people after rioters smashed car and store windows in Oakland's Shahar markazi tuman.[163] Another eight were arrested in a January 30 demonstration after Mehserle's bail hearing, in which he said that he had intended to use his Taser rather than to shoot Grant. Shahar hokimi Ron Dellums suggested that Mehserle's right to bail should be abrogated to prevent violence in the community.[164][165]

Oakland Tribune columnist Tammerlin Drummond criticized the protestors as "self-described 'anarchists,' who aren't even from Oakland, and wannabe Qora Panter partiyasi members... playing right into the hands of the defense" by giving Mehserle a plausible case for joyni o'zgartirish.[164]

On May 18, 2009, 100 persons protested outside of the Alameda County Courthouse during the preliminary hearing and then marched to the nearby Oakland Police Department. A protest organizer was arrested after the group blocked traffic.[166]

Protests continued throughout the pretrial process. At the hearing on February 19, 2010, some 50 protesters carried signs outside the Los Angeles courthouse.[167] An estimated 200 protesters gathered at San Francisco's Embarcadero BART station on April 8, 2010 to call for the disbanding of the transit system's police department and the firing of an officer who was on the scene when Grant was shot.[168]

On July 8, 2010, following the verdict, protests began peacefully,[169] and officials commended both the protesters and the police for their demonstrated restraint.[170] When the time of the verdict announcement was announced, many people packed BART trains to leave Oakland in fear of unrest, and Interstates 880 va 980 had heavy traffic.[171] Multiple peaceful gatherings were held throughout Oakland after the verdict was announced, and sporadic conflicts were quelled quickly by the police early in the evening. As night fell, people engaged in opportunistic looting of local businesses.[172] Oakland's police chief was quoted as saying that the people doing violence did not primarily seem to be Oakland residents protesting the verdict, but instead were self-styled "anarchists...who are almost professional people who go into crowds like this and cause problems".[173] Oakland police arrested 83 people on a variety of charges, ranging from vandalism to failure to disperse to assault.[169] According to the Oakland Police Chief Batts, nearly 3 out of 4 of those arrested during the protest did not live in Oakland.[174]

The San-Fransisko xronikasi reported that many of the rioters who were most aggressive in damaging Oakland businesses and property were organized white anarchists wearing black clothing and hoods. An anarchist slogan was painted on one wall that read "Say 'no' to work. Say 'yes' to looting."[175]

Some Oakland officials objected to the "anarchist" label, saying that the outside agitators seemed to lack any cohesive philosophy and were simply bent on making trouble.[176]

Civil lawsuits

Several lawsuits were filed against BART after these events; two made it to trial. Oakland attorney John Burris filed a $25 million wrongful death claim against BART on behalf of Grant's family (mother, daughter, sister and girlfriend) on January 6, 2009.[19][177]

In February 2009, Burris filed claims for a total of $1.5 million on behalf of five of Grant's friends, whom he says were detained without cause for five hours after the shooting, alleging illegal qidiruv va musodara qilish, soxta hibsga olish, and use of haddan tashqari kuch.[8][17]

Burris later increased the amount sought by Grant's family to $50 million. The civil case was partially resolved when BART settled with Grant's daughter for $1.5 million (with accrued interest), according to Burris' law firm.[178] BART paid a $1.3 million settlement to Grant's mother. The five friends of Grant settled with BART and received a total of $175,000.[179]

Grant's father, who has been in prison since before Grant was born, separately sued Mehserle for damages related to Grant III's death.[180][181]

Zeporia Smith, the mother of Johnnie Caldwell, a friend of Grant's, filed a suit in 2011 (after her son was killed in a separate incident). She claimed that Officer Marysol Domenici had used excessive force against her son while detaining him on the platform at Fruitvale. Caldwell had testified in a video deposition in 2009 that after Grant III was shot, Officer Domenici dragged Caldwell across the platform, threatened him with a Taser, and shoved him on a departing train.[182]

In 2014 a civil jury heard both the Grant Jr. and Smith cases. On July 1, 2014, the civil jury rejected the claims of Grant's father against Mehserle in the shooting of Grant, as they concluded that his imprisonment had prevented him from having a close relationship with his son.[182]

In the same trial, the jury ruled in favor of Officer Domenici and against Smith. One person said that the lack of a video documenting Caldwell's claim of excessive force had been a determining factor.[182]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

  • The documentary film entitled Operation Small Axe (2010) focused on police brutality in the Bay Area in the context of the shooting of Grant, and, later that year, of Lovelle Mixon, who was accused of having fatally shot four police officers. Directed and produced by Adimu Madyun, the film won the 2010 Rise Up Award from The Patois International Rights Film Festival in Yangi Orlean.[183] It was written by J.R. Valrey, a volunteer producer and advocacy journalist at San Francisco KPFA-FM.[184][185] Valrey accompanied screenings of the movie at venues around the country in 2010.[186]
  • The Oakland, California indie rock band Rogue Wave refer to the incident in the song "Solitary Gun" on their 2010 album Permalight:[187] "Stepped off the train and looked for Fruitvale signs. The January air it whips across my spine."
  • In 2011, Seattle-based hip-hop duo Moviy olimlar albomini chiqardi Cinemetropolis, featuring a song called "Oskar Barnack ∞ Oscar Grant", with lyrics centering around filming (Barak ) police activity (Grant).[188]
  • In January 2013, filmmaker Rayan Kogler premerasi Meva mevasi (keyinchalik qayta nomlangan Fruitvale stantsiyasi ). The feature drama portrays the last 24 hours of Grant's life, showing him with family, friends and at work. Coogler used some of the eyewitness footage made during the BART incident. Principal photography included locations in Oakland, San Francisco, San Leandro, and San-Kventin davlat qamoqxonasi. U yulduz edi Maykl B. Jordan as Oscar, and Oktaviya Spenser as Oscar's mother Wanda. On January 26, 2013, the film won the U.S. Dramatic Grand Jury Prize as well as the U.S. Dramatic Audience Award at the 2013 yil Sundance kinofestivali.
  • In 2014, playwright Chinaka Hodge premiered Chasing Mehserle, a play about Watts, a young man from Oakland who becomes obsessed with chasing down and killing officer Johannes Mehserle.[189]
  • In 2014, freelance journalist Thandisizwe Chimurenga authored No Doubt: The Murder(s) of Oscar Grant (ISBN  1489596291), based on the trial of Johannes Mehserle. Chimurenga covered the criminal trial, which had been moved to Los Angeles, for several Bay Area news sites.[190]
  • In 2017, Angie Thomas published her debut novel, The Hate U Give, which was expanded from a short story she wrote in college in reaction to the shooting of Grant.
  • In 2019, Daveed Diggs and Rafael Casal released their album Seven Nights in Chicago. The track "Breath" references the shooting of Oscar Grant.[191]

Shuningdek qarang

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[1]

Tashqi havolalar

  1. ^ Los Angeles Times (24.06.2010), Sud BART tortishishining dramatik videosini chiqaradi, olingan 30 aprel, 2019