Chang'i uchish - Ski flying

Chang'i uchish

Simon Ammann ichida tepadan uchib Vikersund, 2011
Eng yuqori boshqaruv organi	Xalqaro tosh federatsiyasi
Birinchi bahs	1936 yil 15-mart, Bloudkova velikanka, Planika, Yugoslaviya qirolligi (hozirgi Sloveniya)
Xususiyatlari
Jamoa a'zolari	Yagona raqobatchilar yoki to'rt kishilik jamoalar
Aralash jins	Yo'q
Turi	Shaxsiy sport Qishki sport Shimoliy tog 'chang'i
Uskunalar	Kayaklar Tosh kostyumi Shlem Ko'zoynak
Joy	Chang'i bilan sakrash tepaligi (185 m va undan katta)
Mavjudligi
Mamlakat yoki mintaqa	Sloveniya Germaniya Avstriya Norvegiya Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari (1970-1994) Chex Respublikasi
Olimpiya o'yinlari	Yo'q
Jahon chempionatlari	1972 - hozirgi

Chang'i uchish a qishki sport olingan intizom chang'idan sakrash, unda juda katta masofalarga erishish mumkin. Bu raqobatdoshlikning bir shakli individual Shimoliy tog 'chang'i bu erda sportchilar maxsus mo'ljallangan uchish rampasi yordamida juda tez tezlikda tushishadi chang'ilar faqat; ular yaratishi mumkin bo'lgan kuch bilan uning oxiridan sakrash; keyin sirpanish - yoki "uchib ketish" - iloji boricha pastga a tik qiyalikli tepalik; va oxir-oqibat maqsadli zonaga barqaror ravishda tushish. Masofaviy va uslubiy yutuqlari uchun ochkolar beshta hakam tomonidan beriladi va tadbirlar boshqariladi Xalqaro tosh federatsiyasi (Xalqaro chang'i sporti federatsiyasi; FIS).

Chang'i uchish qoidalari va ballari asosan chang'ida sakrash bilan bir xil, intizom bo'yicha tadbirlar odatda musobaqaning bir qismi sifatida bahslanadi. Chang'idan sakrash bo'yicha FISS bo'yicha Jahon kubogi mavsum, lekin tepaliklar (ulardan beshtasi qolgan, barchasi Evropada) masofadan 66% gacha sakrashni ta'minlash uchun turli xil xususiyatlarga binoan qurilgan. Bunga kuchliroq urg'u beriladi aerodinamika va shamolni ishlatish, shuningdek, chang'i sakrashiga qaraganda ancha yuqori va tezroq uchadigan sportchilar tufayli xavfning ko'payishi.

1930-yillarning boshlaridan chang'i uchish o'ziga xos tarixni yaratdi va shu vaqtdan boshlab paydo bo'ldi sportning barcha jahon rekordlari. Tog 'chang'isi uchish uchun maxsus ishlab chiqarilgan birinchi tepalik 1934 yilda Yugoslaviyada qurilgan, undan keyin Germaniya ham, Avstriya ham o'z tepaliklarini 1950 yilda qurgan. Undan keyin 1966 yilda Norvegiya, 1970 yilda AQSh, 1980 yilda Chexoslovakiya. 1980-yillarga qadar Evropa maydonlari o'rtasidagi do'stona raqobat davomida dunyo rekordlari muntazam ravishda o'rnatilib borildi, shuningdek, tepaliklarni yangilash va evolyutsiyasi texnika uzoqroq masofalarga uchish.

Chang'i uchish Norvegiya va Sloveniyada eng mashhur bo'lib qolmoqda,^[1] bu erda so'nggi 30 yil ichida eng so'nggi jahon rekordlari 30 000-60 000 tomoshabinlar oldida o'rnatildi.

Tarix

Bloudkova velikanka yilda Planika (1963 yilda tasvirlangan), toshda uchish bo'yicha birinchi musobaqalar o'tkaziladigan joy

1936 yilda, Jozef "Zepp" Bredl birinchi bo'lib 100 metrdan (330 fut) ko'proq sakrab tushdi.

1930-1940 yillar

100 metrlik to'siqni buzish va chang'i uchishining tug'ilishi

Tosh chang'i uchishining kelib chiqishi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri 1936 yil 15 martda izlanishi mumkin Planika, Sloveniya (keyin. Ning bir qismi Yugoslaviya qirolligi ), 18 yoshli avstriyalik Jozef "Zepp" Bredl tarixda 100 metrdan (330 fut) balandlikdan chang'i sakrab tushgan birinchi odam bo'ldi. Uning 101,5 m (333 fut) balandlikka sakrash bo'yicha jahon rekord balandligi o'rnatildi Bloudkova velikanka ("Bloudek giganti"), muhandislar tomonidan 1934 yilda ishlab chiqilgan va qurilgan yangi tepalik Stanko Bloudek va Josoz Gorec bilan birga Ivan Rozman. Hozir uch raqamli sakrashlar bilan Bloudek havas qildi: «Bu endi yo'q edi chang'idan sakrash. Bu chang'i uchish edi! "^[2] Ushbu so'zlar bilan chang'i uchish o'z hayotini oldi. Ushbu ulkan sakrashlarga hayrat va ishonchsizlik shunday edi, o'lchov birliklari Yugoslaviyada ishlatilgan hisoblagich Evropaning boshqa joylariga qaraganda qisqaroq deb taxmin qiladigan ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan ahamiyatsizlashtirildi.^[3]

Keyinchalik Bredl uni sportdagi belgiga aylantirgan sakrash haqida yaxshi gapirdi:

Havo kuchli tarzda ko'kragimga itarib yubordi; Men unga to'g'ri egildim va u meni ko'tarib ketishiga imkon berdi. Menda faqat bitta istak bor edi: iloji boricha uzoqroqqa uchish! ... [sakrashga tushgandan keyin] minglab qiziquvchan ko'zlar hakamlar minorasiga qaradi. Tabloga qo'shimcha '1' tushganda, men bunga ishonolmadim!^{[4][nb 1]}

FIS va Planica o'rtasidagi bahs

1930-yillarning boshlarida, qurilishidan oldin Bloudkova velikanka, FIS tog 'chang'isidan sakrash tepaliklarini a deb bilgan K-nuqta (Nemischa: Konstruktionspunkt) ruxsat etilgan mutlaq eng katta bo'lishi uchun 70 m (230 ft).^[5] K-nuqtasi 80 m (260 fut) dan yuqori bo'lgan tepaliklarda musobaqalashishni tanlagan sportchilar sakrash litsenziyasini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri rad etishdi,^[2] 90 metrdan (300 fut) uzoqroq masofani bosib o'tishga imkon beradigan hodisalar, ular keraksiz xavfli bo'lganligi va sportni obro'sizlantirganligi sababli qat'iyan rad etildi - hatto qoralandi.^[3] Bloudek va uning jamoasi shunga qaramay, ilgari tasavvur qilib bo'lmaydigan masofalar uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan "mamont tepalik" ni yaratishda qoidalarni buzdilar.^[5] Bloudkova velikanka dastlab K-nuqtasi 90 m bo'lgan, bu o'sha paytdagi tepaliklardan eng kattasi edi, lekin 100 yildan ortiq sakrashni kutib ikki yildan kam vaqt ichida 106 m (348 fut) ga ko'tarildi. 1938 yilda, milga sakragan kunidan roppa-rosa ikki yil o'tgach, Jozef Bredl o'zining jahon rekordini 107 m (351 fut) ga yaxshilab yaxshilab oldi.

Biroz tortishuvlar va jamoatchilikning tog'dan sakrashning ushbu yangi "o'ta" shakli yangiliklariga bo'lgan qiziqishini kuchaytirgandan so'ng, FIS to'xtadi. 1938 yilda o'n beshinchi Xalqaro chang'i kongressida qaror qabul qilindi Xelsinki, Finlyandiya, "eksperimental" tepaliklarni loyihalashtirishga ruxsat berish va shu bilan tosh uchishini rasman tan olingan intizom sifatida tan olish.^[5][6] Ushbu istaksiz e'tirofga qaramay, FIS hali ham uslublar bo'yicha uzoq masofalarga intilish amaliyotini yomon ko'rdi va shu kungacha rasmiy yozuvlar bilan jahon rekordlari ro'yxatlarini nashr etishdan bosh tortmoqda.^[7] Bundan tashqari, chang'i uchish qoidalari oxirigacha to'liq o'rnatilmagan edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi.^[2]

1941 yilda K-nuqtasi 120 m (390 fut) ga ko'tarilib, Planikada jahon rekordi besh marta yangilandi: u bir kunda 108 m (354 fut) dan 118 m (387 fut) gacha ko'tarildi. to'rtta sportchi o'rtasida. Ikkinchi jahon urushi o'tganidan so'ng, Fritz Tschannen 1948 yilda 120 metrga sakrash bilan K nuqtasiga to'g'ri keldi.^[2] Bu Planika deyarli yigirma yil davomida jahon rekordini so'nggi marta qo'lga kiritdi, chunki paydo bo'lgan yangi tepaliklar tez orada qattiq raqobatni ta'minlaydi.

1950-1960 yillar

Evropa bo'ylab yangi tepaliklar

Frank Priboshek Planica, 1936 yilda

Planica-ga raqib 1949 yilda qurilishi bilan kelgan Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze ("Heini Klopfer chang'i chang'i tepasida") Oberstdorf, G'arbiy Germaniya. Arxitektor tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan sobiq chang'ichi sakrab saklovchi Xeyni Klopfer, shuningdek, o'sha paytdagi faol chang'ichilar Toni Brutcher va Zepp Vayler, tepalikka mos keladigan 120 m K nuqtasi bor edi Bloudkova velikanka. FIS, hanuzgacha chang'i uchish populyatsiyasining tobora oshib borayotganidan ehtiyot bo'lib, uni o'z nazoratida ushlab turishni istab, oldinroq Planikadagi 1947 va 1948 yilgi voqealarni qoralab, tepalik qurilishiga sanktsiya berishdan bosh tortdi.^[5]

FISning pozitsiyasi yana bir bor pasayib ketdi, chunki Oberstdorfdagi ochilish marosimini 1950 yilda o'tkazishga ruxsat berilgan edi. Ushbu bir hafta davom etgan tadbir davomida 100000 kishidan iborat olomon dunyo rekordining uch marotaba pasayishiga guvoh bo'ldi, Dan Netzell esa yakuniy ko'rsatkich 135 m (443 fut). Tauno Luiro uni keyingi yili 139 m (456 fut) ga sakrab o'tib oldi, bu Joje Slibar 1961 yilda 141 m (463 fut) ga sakrab chiqqunga qadar deyarli o'n yil davomida saqlanib turadigan jahon rekordi.^[2] Planikaning so'nggi yigirma yilligi jahon rekordini yakka yakka monopoliyaga ega bo'lganligi endi uzoq xotiralardek tuyuldi, chunki buning o'rniga Oberstdorfga aynan shu ishni qilish kerak edi.

Shuningdek, 1950 yilda chang'i chang'i uchadigan tepalik qurilgan Kulm yilda Tauplitz /Yomon Mitterndorf, Avstriya.^[5] Piter Lesser birinchi bo'lib 1962 yilda u erda jahon rekordini tenglashtirdi va uch yildan so'ng uni 145 m (476 fut) ga oshirdi. 1966 yilda yana bir tepalik voqea joyiga kirgan Vikersundbakken ("Vikersund tepasi") Vikersund, Norvegiya chang'i uchish texnik xususiyatlari uchun qayta tiklandi, dastlab 1936 yilda chang'i sakrab tepalik sifatida ochilgan.^[5] Ushbu yangidan tiklangan tepalikda avval dunyo rekordi tenglashtirildi, so'ngra ikki marta sinib, 1967 yilda 154 m (505 fut) ga etdi. Norvegiyadagi tepaliklar chang'i sakrashda hali ham birinchi o'rinda bo'lishiga qaramay, ularning chang'i uchishdagi mavqei qisqa muddatli edi. Vikersund oxirgi marta to'rtinchi o'n yillikka qadar jahon rekordini o'rnatgan bo'lar edi.

Tog'larni loyihalash va tadbirlarni tashkil qilish bo'yicha hamkorlik qilishga intilib, Kulm, Oberstdorf va Planica shaharlarida 1962 yilda KOP ishchi guruhi tuzildi (KOP qisqartmasi bo'lib Kulm /Oberstdorf /Planika).^[8] Ushbu guruh chang'ida uchishning barcha jihatlari bo'yicha FIS bilan maslahatlashib, 2012 yilda o'zlarining 50 yilligini nishonlashadi.^[9] 1953 yilda Kulm birinchi xalqaro chang'i uchish haftaligini o'tkazdi, bu 1972 yilgacha chang'i uchish bo'yicha asosiy voqea bo'ladi.^[10]

150 metrlik to'siqni buzish

Vikersundbakken yilda Vikersund, 2011

1967 yilda Oberstdorfda, Lars Grini birinchi bo'lib 150 m (490 fut) ga erishdi. Planica 1969 yilda yangi tepalik bilan o'z rekordini qayta tikladi Velikanka bratov Gorišek ("Birodarlar Gorišek tomonidan gigant"). Bu sloveniyalik birodarlarning ishi edi Janes va Vlado Gorišek qo'shni kattalashtirish o'rniga 153 m (502 fut) nuqtali yangi tepalikni loyihalashni tanlagan ikkala muhandis Bloudkova velikankabuzilish belgilarini ko'rsatmoqda.^[2] Bugungi kunda Janezni zamonaviy chang'i uchishlarining "otasi" va Sloveniyada obro'li shaxs deb atashadi.^[11] Bloudkova velikanka keyinchalik chang'i sakrab tepalik sifatida toifaga kiritilgan.

Ning ochilish marosimida Velikanka bratov Gorišek, beshta jahon rekordlari o'rnatildi: Byorn Virkola va Jiří Raska qadar o'zaro to'rt marta savdo qildilar Manfred Wolf yugurishlarini 165 m (541 fut) sakrash bilan yakunladi. Aytish mumkinki, jahon rekordlari sovrini uchun da'vogarlik qilayotgan tepaliklar o'rtasida raqobat aynan shu paytda boshlangan. O'tgan asrning 60-yillari tog 'chang'isi uchishi paydo bo'lganidan beri eng yuqori jahon rekordlari qayd etilgan o'n yil bo'lib qolmoqda, jami o'n ettitasi Oberstdorf, Planika, Kulm va Vikersund tepaliklarida o'rnatildi. Aksincha, 50-yillarda Oberstdorfda joylashgan to'rtta eng kam bo'lgan.

1970-yillar

Planica va Oberstdorf

Genri Glas, 1970

Jahon rekordi Planikada to'rt yil davomida saqlanib qoldi, bu davrda K nuqtasi Velikanka bratov Gorišek uchun vaqt ichida 165 m balandlikka ko'tarildi 1972 yilda chang'i uchish bo'yicha birinchi jahon chempionati oxir-oqibat Xalqaro chang'i uchish haftaligini almashtirdi. Ushbu yangi tadbir bir yil oldin FIS tomonidan ularning 28-chi xalqaro chang'i kongressida tasdiqlangan edi Opatija, Xorvatiya (o'shanda Yugoslaviyaning bir qismi).^[12] Xuddi 1938 yilda intizom FIS tomonidan rasmiy e'tirofga sazovor bo'lganida, yana bir muhim bosqichga erishildi, chunki chang'i uchish endi o'z jahon chempionati darajasidagi musobaqaga tenglashtirildi. Tog'dan sakrash bo'yicha jahon chempionati, qariyb qirq yilni katta va obro'li birodar bilan bir qatorda oddiy "diqqatga sazovor joy" sifatida o'tkazdi.^[2]

1972 yilgi tadbirda hech qanday jahon rekordlari o'rnatilmaganligi sababli, Oberstdorfdagi tashkilotchilar o'zlarining tepaliklarini 175 m (574 fut) K nuqtaga ko'tarish orqali ishlashga kirishdilar. 1973 yil chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati.^[13] Loyihani boshqarish uchun Xaynini Klopfer 1968 yilda vafot etganidan so'ng Janez Gorišek olib kelingan. Qo'l tayoqchasi qo'yilgach, natijalar darhol namoyish etildi Xaynts Vossipivo Oberstdorfda 169 m (554 fut) jahon rekordini o'rnatdi. O'zi uchun jahon rekordini talab qilishga qaror qildi, Valter Shtayner - chang'ida uchish bo'yicha amaldagi jahon chempioni - 175 m (574 fut) va 179 m (587 fut) ga sakrab tushdi, lekin har ikkala urinishda ham kuchli qulab tushdi. sarsıntı va qovurg'a singan.^[14] U g'olibni ortda qoldirib, kumush medal bilan tadbirni yakunlar edi Xans-Georg Aschenbax.

Bir yil o'tgach, Planikada, 50 ming kishilik olomon oldida, Shtayner nihoyat u intilgan jahon rekordini qo'lga kiritdi va 169 metr balandlikka sakrab 1973 yilda Vossipivo bilan tenglashdi. Tomoshabinlar hayratda qolishdi va tadbir tashkilotchilari bir zumda sarosimaga tushib qolishdi. , chunki Shtayner tepalik yonidagi masofani ko'rsatuvchi markerlardan ancha pastroqqa tushgan edi, bu faqat 165 m bo'lgan mavjud K-nuqtaga etib bordi. O'zlarining tepaliklari qurilganidan beri birinchi marta Oberstdorf va Planika o'rtasida raqobat paydo bo'ldi. Hodisaning keyingi kunida ikkinchisida Shtayner yanada oldinga borishga harakat qildi: u 177 metrga tushdi (581 fut), lekin deyarli tekis bo'lgan erga yiqildi, garchi bu safar u (beqaror oyoqlarda bo'lsa ham) yurishga muvaffaq bo'ldi ) faqat yuzini kesgan holda.^[14]

Xavfsizlik muammolari paydo bo'ladi

Kirish va stol Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze yilda Oberstdorf, 2008

Ushbu uzoq masofalarning barchasi kinorejissyor tomonidan tasvirlanganidek, narxga to'g'ri keldi Verner Gertsog uning 1974 yilgi hujjatli filmida Woodcarver Shtaynerning ajoyib ekstazi. Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan ikkala Oberstdorf va Planikadagi voqealar davomida bir nechta sportchilar, shu jumladan Shtayner tepalikning chegarasidan «sakrab o'tish» yoki shunchaki «qiyalikdan qochish» bilan chiqib ketishgan. Sakrashlar eskisi bo'lgan 1950-yillarga qaraganda ancha uzoqroq edi Kongsberger texnikasi hali ham foydalanishda edi. Natijalar endi har safar o'limga olib kelishi mumkin edi: sportchilar butunlay tekis erga tushishdan atigi bir necha metr narida yoki unga teng keladigan ko'p qavatli uydan yiqilib tushish.^[15] Bundan tashqari, faqat jun qopqoq va ko'zoynaklar - yoki umuman bosh kiyimlar taqilgan; qadimgi xususiyat 150 yildan ko'proq vaqt oldin chang'idan sakrashning dastlabki kunlaridanoq o'zgarishsiz qolgan. 1979 yilda, ularning 32-chi xalqaro chang'i kongressida Yaxshi, Frantsiya, FIS sportchilar tomonidan chang'i bilan sakrash va uchish bo'yicha barcha tadbirlarda taqiladigan dubulg'ani talab qildi.^[16]

Gertsogning hujjatli filmida Shtayner Oberstdorfda qo'rquv bilan aks ettirilgan:

Chang'i uchish haqiqiy xavfni keltirib chiqaradigan darajaga yetdi. Biz tezlik chegarasiga yaqinlashdik, deb o'ylayman. ... Balki men orqaga qaytishni afzal ko'rar edim [va] 150 yoki 130 metrlik tepaliklardan uchib ketishga qaytishni, lekin shu paytgacha uchib ketganimdan hayajonlanib, baribir menga zarba beradi.^{[14][nb 2]}

Tepalikdan pastga tushib, Shtaynerning muvaffaqiyatsiz harakatlarini ko'rsatadigan yog'och markerni ko'rsatib, Gertsog tantanali ravishda quyidagicha tushuntiradi:

Bu belgi, aslida, chang'i uchish g'ayriinsoniy bo'lib boshlanadigan joy. Valter Shtayner juda katta xavf ostida edi. Agar u 10 metr (33 fut) ko'proq parvoz qilsa, u bu erda kvartiraga tushgan bo'lar edi. Tasavvur qiling, bu 110 metr balandlikdan (360 fut) balandlikdan tekis yuzaga qulashga o'xshaydi: o'limga qadar.^{[14][nb 3]}

Planitsada Gertsog Shtaynerning so'zlariga ko'ra, u o'zini halokatga uchrashini kutayotgan 50 ming odam bilan o'zini maydonda his qilayotganini aytgan.^[14] Tadbirning uchinchi kunida, sakrashdan so'ng jurnalistlar bilan suhbatlashayotganda, Shtayner tashkilotchilar tomonidan uning farovonligi hisobiga ko'proq dunyo rekordlarini o'rnatishi kerakligi haqidagi bosimidan jahli chiqdi:^[17] "Ular menga to'rt marta haddan tashqari sakrashga imkon berishdi. Bunday bo'lmasligi kerak. Bu erda mas'ul bo'lgan yugoslaviya sudyalarining janjallari".^{[14][nb 4]}

Joylar orasidagi tanglik uzoq davom etmadi, chunki 1976 yilda to'rt kun ichida Oberstdorfda to'rtta jahon rekordlari o'rnatildi va rasmiy ko'rsatkich 176 m (577 fut) ga etdi. Toni Innauer tadbir oxirida.^[18] Uch yil o'tgach, Planika yana bir bor durang o'ynadi Klaus Ostvald jahon rekordiga tenglashdi. Boshqa joylarda, G'arbiy yarim sharda, Qo'shma Shtatlar 1970 yilda o'z chang'i uchadigan joyini ochdi: Mis cho'qqisi yilda Ironwood, Michigan, 145 m K nuqtaga ega edi, shuning uchun boshidanoq dunyo rekord masofalariga mo'ljallangan emas. Bu Evropadan tashqarida qurilgan yagona chang'i uchadigan tepalik.^[2][5]

1980-yillar

Harrachov qo'shiladi, Planica va Oberstdorf davom etmoqda

Tasvirlangan shtamp Matti Nykänen 1988 yilda

Planika va Oberstdorf qisqa vaqt ichida yangi raqibga ega bo'lishdi Serkák K165 tepalik Harrachov, Chexiya (keyin bir qismi Chexoslovakiya ), 1980 yilda ochilgan. Bir yil davomida uchala maydon ham qachon dunyo rekordini bo'lishdi Armin Kogler Harrachovning ochilish marosimida 176 metrga sakradi. U buni 180 m (590 fut) ga oshirdi 1981, bu safar Oberstdorfda. Ta'kidlash joizki, 1980 yilda bo'lib o'tgan Harrachov tadbirida 16 yoshli kalxat Stiv Kollinz Jahon rekord ko'rsatkichlariga doimiy ravishda sakrab sakrab uch musobaqada ham g'olib chiqdi.^[19] Da 1983 yil chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati, Pavel Ploc jahon rekordini 181 metrga (594 fut) sakrab Harrachovga qaytadan olib keldi (u K185 ga ko'tarilgan);^[20] bu erda oxirgi marta dunyo rekordini o'rnatgan bo'lib qolmoqda.

Chang'i uchishlarida xavfsizlik masalasi yuqorida aytib o'tilgan 1983 yilgi tadbirda jiddiy gaplashdi. Faqat bir kun ichida Harrachovdagi tepalik - "Iblisning tog'i" nomi bilan atalgan joy shiddatli avariyalarni keltirib chiqargani bilan mashhur bo'ldi. Xorst Bulau halokatga uchradi va miya chayqalishini oldi,^[21] esa Steinar Bråten va Jens Weißflog o'zlarining halokatiga uchragan.^[20][22] Ploc ham 1980 yilda og'ir halokatga uchradi va 1985.^[23][24] Barchasi jiddiy jarohatdan qutulib qolishdi, ammo bu kelgusi kelajakning salqin kashshofi edi.

Keyingi bir necha yil ichida bir martalik ish davom etdi, chunki dunyo rekordi yana Planica va Oberstdorf o'rtasida sotildi. Yilda 1984, Matti Nykänen xuddi shu kuni Oberstdorfda 182 m (597 fut) ga ikki marta sakrab chiqdi. Ertasi kuni buni 185 m (607 fut) ga oshirib, Nikenen o'shandan beri birinchi sportchi bo'ldi Reidar Andersen 1935 yilda 24 soat ichida uchta jahon rekordini o'rnatdi. Bu davrning oxiri bo'lar edi, chunki bu Oberstdorfda so'nggi marta jahon rekordini o'rnatgan edi; umuman yigirma kishi o'sha erda joylashgan edi.

Yilda 1985, o'sha yilga to'g'ri keladi Chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati, Planica K-nuqtasini 185 m gacha ko'tarish uchun yana bir yangilanishdan o'tdi. Natijada yana jahon rekordlari buzildi. Mayk Golland birinchi bo'lib 186 m (610 fut) ga sakrab, 1921 yilda Genri Xolldan beri birinchi Amerika dunyo rekordchisiga aylandi.^[5][20] Nykänen buni bir metr nariga tushish orqali kuzatib borardi. Ushbu tadbirning so'nggi raundida va chang'idan sakrash bo'yicha Jahon kubogining ikkinchi unvoniga sazovor bo'lganida ustunlik namoyishida Nikenen 191 m (627 fut) balandlikka sakrab o'z titulidagi g'alabani tinimsiz belgilab, olomonni hayratga soldi. Planika-Oberstdorf raqobati yakuniga yetmoqda.^[2]

Keyinchalik Mayk Holland o'zining sakrashini tasvirlab berdi:

Jahon rekord sakrashi juda silliq edi. Men stakan ostidagi ekranda aks etgan filmni tomosha qilib, stakan kofe stolida yotganimni his qildim. Parvoz juda yumshoq bo'lsa-da, kinoproyektor filmni mo'ljallanganidan tezroq ishlayotganga o'xshardi.^[20]

Xavfsizlik muammolari eng yuqori darajaga etadi

Ulf Faynaysen Kulmdagi tepalikka qarab keskin pasayish, 1986 yil

The 1986 yil chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati Kulmda ushbu sportning xavfliligini eng grafik tarzda ta'kidlab o'tdi. Tadbirning ikkinchi musobaqasida, Andreas Felder bronza medalini qo'lga kiritgan Nikyeneni ortda qoldirib, oltin medalni qo'lga kiritish bo'yicha jahon rekordini takrorladi. Bularning barchasi oldin sodir bo'lgan dahshatli baxtsiz hodisalar soyasida qoldi. Xiyonatda shamol shartlar, Masahiro Akimoto havoga ko'tarilgandan so'ng birdan 9 metr balandlikdan orqasiga yiqilib, boshqaruv momentlarini yo'qotdi. U ko'krak qafasi va elkasidan jarohat olganidan tashqari, to'pig'i sinib ketgan.^[25] Bir necha daqiqadan so'ng, Rolf Åge Berg soatiga 112 kilometr (70 milya) ko'tarilish tezligida, xuddi shu balandlikda dahshatli boshqaruvni yo'qotdi,^[26] ammo ikkala chang'ida ham xavfsiz tarzda qo'nishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.

Darhol keyin, Ulf Faynaysen sakrashda havodan qulab tushdi, 9 metrdan yuzma-yuz yiqilib tushdi va qiyalik bo'ylab boshini poshnali aylantirib, faqat bir necha soniyadan so'ng to'xtadi. "Al Trautwig", Amerika televizion tarmog'i uchun sharh ABC, Findezenni yiqilishdan keyin "ragdoll" ga o'xshatdi. Ilgari chang'i sakrab sakrash bo'yicha sportchi Jeff Xastings, birgalikda izoh berib, shunday dedi: "Men oshqozonimga ozgina ozor berayotganimni his qilyapman, Al ... bunga ishonolmayman. Men hech qachon toshning bunday uchishini ko'rmaganman ... Shuncha yiqilib tushdi.^[27] Findezen zo'rg'a ongli edi va uni zambilda olib ketish kerak edi, keyinroq ichkariga kirdi yurak xuruji ammo omon qolgan.^[25]

Musobaqaning navbatdagi bosqichida Berg yana bir sakrashga urinib ko'rdi, ammo bu safar unga omad kulib boqmadi: u xuddi avvalgidek havodan yiqilib tushdi va deyarli Findezen bilan to'qnashdi. Bergning zarbadan keyin bo'shashib qolgan va hali ham oyog'iga yopishib olgan chang'ilaridan biri, u to'xtab turgan joyga siljiyotganda, ko'zoynagi ajralib ketganligi sababli ochiqchasiga yuziga urildi. Uning jarohatlari, shu jumladan miya chayqalishi va singan ACL, martaba tugagan edi.^[28] Shu payt Trautvig ushbu sportning mohiyatini shubha ostiga qo'yishni boshladi: "Jeff, biz qo'rquv va nega chang'ichilar qo'rqayotgani haqida gaplashamiz ... Men haqiqatan ham so'ray boshladim, nega biz bu erdamiz va nima uchun ular" buni qilyapman. "^[29]

Chang'i uchish boshlangan statik davrni boshdan kechirdi 1987, qachon Pyotr Fijas Planikada 194 m (636 fut) jahon rekordini o'rnatdi. Balandligi tepaliklar bilan (sportchilar Planikada 15 m (49 fut) ga etgan)^[30] va parvoz tezligi (Pavel Ploc 1983 yilda Harrachovda 115,6 km / soat (71,8 milya) ga etgan)^[31] har doimgidek balandlikda, shuningdek, 200 m (660 fut) ga yaqin masofada FIS xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan rekord ovlashga qarshi pozitsiyani egalladi. Felderning 1986 yildagi jahon rekordidan boshlab, FIS masofa nuqtalari 191 m dan ortiq masofada berilmasligi qoidasini amalga oshirdi; sakrash hanuzgacha hisobga olinardi, ammo bundan boshqa ballga erishib bo'lmaydi. Ushbu qoida bo'yicha Fijasning sakrashi FIS tomonidan rasmiy ravishda 191 metrgacha qisqartirildi, ammo KOP guruhi (Kulm, Oberstdorf va Planika tashkilotchilari boshchiligida) haqiqiy ko'rsatkichni mustaqil ravishda qayd etishdi.^[32] Bir necha yil davomida na Kulm va na Planika chang'i chang'i uchish bo'yicha musobaqani o'tkazmaydilar, Oberstdorf va Vikersundda chang'ida uchish bo'yicha Jahon chempionatini o'tkazadilar. 1988 va 1990 navbati bilan. Ushbu tadbirlarda dunyodagi rekord masofalar va yirik hodisalardan qochishgan.

1990-yillar

Yangi xavfsizlik choralari

Chang'ida sakrash va tepaliklarda uchish Serkák yilda Harrachov, 2011. Qayta tiklangan qiyalikning zamonaviy egriligini ilgari ancha balandroq tomchi bo'lgan uchuvchi tepalikda (tepada) ko'rish mumkin.

Chang'i uchish xavfi hali ham to'liq namoyish etildi 1992 yil chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati Harrachovda, qaerda Andreas Goldberger 1986 yilda Kulmda sodir bo'lgan avtohalokatga o'xshash voqea sodir bo'lgan. Tadbirning birinchi kunida, ikkinchi sakrashga bir necha soniya o'tgach, xavfli shamol sharoitlari Goldbergerni 9 metr balandlikda va undan ko'proq tezlikda boshqaruvni yo'qotishga majbur qildi. 107,4 km / s dan (66,7 milya), uni pastga tepalikka yuzini pastga tushirib yubordi. U vertolyotda kasalxonaga olib borildi, qo'l va suyak suyagi singan,^[33] va miya chayqalishi.^[34] František Jež ham qulab tushdi, lekin bir oz yordam bilan yurishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.^[35]

Tadbirning ikkinchi va oxirgi kuni ob-havoning yomonlashishi sababli to'xtatildi va avtoulovning tezligi pasayib ketdi Kristof Duffner xuddi 194 metrga sakrab o'tib, jahon rekordiga teng sakrab tushganidek yaroqsiz qulashi sababli. Tadbir bekor qilinganida, Goldbergerning avvalgi harakatlari unga g'olib ortida kumush medalni qo'lga kiritish uchun etarli edi Noriaki Kasai, chang'ida uchish bo'yicha Evropadan bo'lmagan birinchi jahon chempioni bo'ldi. Goldberger bir yildan kam vaqt ichida yuqori darajadagi musobaqaga qaytishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.

Keyinchalik Harrachovda tepalik yonidagi himoya shamollari o'rnatildi 1996 shamolning ta'sirini minimallashtirish, shuningdek, FIS xavfsizlik qoidalariga rioya qilish uchun nishabni qayta tiklash.^[36] Ushbu qayta tiklash - ayniqsa, tepalikning eng baland nuqtasida knoll - 1980 yilda 15-18 metr (49-59 fut) etib tasdiqlangan sportchilar havoga ko'tarilgandan keyin ko'tarilgan qo'rqinchli balandlikni kamaytirishda juda muhim edi.^[19] Ushbu modifikatsiyalar tufayli sportchilar endi oldingidek balandlikka sakrashdi va Harrachovda 1992 yildan beri katta baxtsiz hodisalar ro'y bermadi.

Mayk Xolland 1983 yilda Harrachovda chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionatidagi tajribasi haqida gapirib berdi:

Tugmachadan yuqoriga ko'tarilib, "bu juda baland la'nat, men bunday baland bo'lmasam kerak" deb o'yladim. Men bunday balandlik va tezlikka tayyor bo'lmaganim sababli, parvoz oxirida qo'llarimni uloqtirdim va o'zimni dunyo rekordidan 4 metr (13 fut) pastda pastga tushirdim.^[20]

Texnikaning o'zgarishi: V uslubiga parallel

Xans-Georg Aschenbax yordamida parallel uslub, 1973

Aynan shu vaqt ichida chang'idan sakrashning barcha sport turlari texnikada sezilarli o'zgarishlarga duch keldi. 1990-yillarning boshlariga qadar deyarli barcha sportchilar ushbu sport turlaridan foydalanganlar parallel uslub (yoki Däshher texnikasi), bunda chang'ilar bir-biriga yaqin va parallel tutiladi.^[2] Bu 1950 yildan beri odatiy hol edi; Matti Nykenen 1980-yillarda chang'ilar bilan o'zgarishlarni yaratdi yon tomonga diagonal bilan ishora qildi o'sish uchun qo'pol urinishda sirt maydoni, ko'proq masofani hosil qilish.^[37][38] Biroq, bu asosan barqarorlik va muvozanat hisobiga sodir bo'ldi, xuddi havoda "arqon bilan yurish" va sportchilarni elementlarning rahm-shafqatiga topshirish kabi. Akimoto, Faynaysen, Berg va Goldbergerning baxtsiz hodisalari, bularning barchasi oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan shamol tufayli, ularni sakrashning eng yuqori va eng tezkor bosqichida nazoratni yo'qotib qo'ygan, bu esa eskirgan texnika tufayli chang'i uchishining yangi ekstremal holatiga mos bo'lmagan. juda qiyalikka ega bo'lgan qadimgi tepaliklarning tarqalishi sifatida.^[32]

1980-yillarning oxiri va 1990-yillarning boshlarida Jan Boklöv kashshof V uslubi: chang'ilar o'rniga an ichida tashqariga yoyilgan aerodinamik "V" shakli, ular orasida sportchining tanasi ancha tekisroq yotgan. Bu ko'proq sirt maydonini yaratdi va ko'tarish, bir zumda masofani o'n foizgacha oshirishga imkon beradi. Shuningdek, bu havoda ko'proq barqarorlikni ta'minlashga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi, garchi eng yuqori tezlik parallel uslubdan 10 km / soat (6,2 milya) pastroq edi. Dastlab sudyalar ushbu yangi texnikani yomon ko'rib chiqdilar va uni ishlatganlar uchun uslublar punktlarini pasaytirish masalasini qo'yishdi. Shunga qaramay, bir necha yil ichida Boklöv g'olib chiqdi 1988/89 yilgi toshdan sakrash bo'yicha Jahon kubogi mavsumi va boshqa sportchilar tezkorlik bilan texnikani o'zlashtirganliklari sababli sudyalarning mavqei tinchlanib, V uslubi bugungi kunda ham keng tarqalgan standartga aylandi.^[2]

V uslubining o'zi 1990-yillarning boshlarida torroq "V" dan o'tib, o'ziga xos o'tish davriga ega edi.^[39] - bu parallel uslubning ba'zi xususiyatlarini saqlab qolgan - o'n yil oxirida ancha kengroq. Ba'zi sportchilar "V" burchagini oshirib yuborish uchun kayaklar orqasidan o'tishni afzal ko'rishdi,^[40] boshqalari esa tanasi chang'ilar orasida deyarli tekis yotishi uchun yanada oldinga egilishdi;^[41][42] ikkala variant ham ishlatishda qolmoqda. Agar bitta chang'i ostidagi havo bosimi yo'qolgan bo'lsa, V uslubi hali ham muvaffaqiyatsizlikdan xoli emas edi, ammo natijalar parallel uslubga qaraganda ancha kam halokatli edi; ikkinchisining boshi birinchi bo'lib qo'nishga olib keldi, V uslubi esa orqa yoki elkalariga biroz "xavfsizroq" tushishni ko'rdi.

Robert Kranec keng foydalanish V uslubi deyarli orqa tomondan o'tgan chang'ilar bilan, 2012 yil

200 metrlik to'siqni buzish

1994 yilda chang'ida uchish, yangi mustaqil bo'lgan Sloveniyaga qaytdi, u erda Planika tepaligi 200 metrdan ko'proq sakrashga imkon berish maqsadida qayta ishlangan edi. FIS bunga qat'iy qarshi edi va dastlab tepaliklarni loyihalash bo'yicha qoidalari buzilganligi sababli tadbirni bekor qilish bilan tahdid qildi. Planika va FISdagi tashkilotchilar o'rtasidagi muzokaralar vaziyatni yumshatib, o'sha yilga imkon berdi Chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati amalga oshmoq.^[43] Tadbir oldidan, Espen Bredesen dedi: "Albatta men birinchilardan bo'lishni xohlayman [200 m], lekin 210 m (690 fut) yoki 215 m (705 fut) ham mumkin deb o'ylayman."^[32]

Aksariyat sportchilar V uslubiga o'tishganida, ushbu sport eng katta marralardan biriga erishmoqchi edi. Tadbirning ochilish kunidagi mashg'ulotlar davomida, Martin Xollvart jahon rekordini 200 metrga yaqinlashtirish uchun 196 m (643 fut) ga sakradi.^[43] Bu birinchi marta V uslubidan foydalangan holda jahon rekordini o'rnatgan edi, Piotr Fijas esa parallel uslubni ishlatgan oxirgi kishi edi. Andreas Goldberger sehrli raqamga 202 m (663 fut) ga tushganda sehrli raqamga yaqinlashib qoldi, lekin u cho'kib o'tirganda va qor bilan qo'llariga tegib, sakrashini ko'rsatib, muvozanatni saqlay olmadi. norasmiy dunyo rekordi.^[33] Rasmiy taqdirlash marosimi bo'lib o'tdi Toni Nieminen ozgina vaqt o'tgach, u jahon rekordini va 200 metrlik to'siqni buzgan birinchi chang'ichi sakrab sakrashni qo'lga kiritish uchun 203 metr (666 fut) ga sakrab tarixga sakrab tushdi.^[2]

Ertasi kuni ikkinchi mashg'ulot paytida Kristof Duffner o'zining shon-sharafiga 207 metrga sakrab tushganida deyarli erishgan, ammo ikki yil avval Xarrachovda bo'lganidek tushgan. O'sha mashg'ulotda Espen Bredesen 209 metrga (686 fut) toza sakrash bilan o'zi uchun jahon rekordini qo'lga kiritdi.^[44] 1986 yildan buyon amal qilib kelayotgan 191 metrdan yuqori sakrashga nisbatan cheklovchi qoida keyinchalik FIS tomonidan bekor qilindi.^[32] Biroq, Nieminen va Bredesen sakrash paytida qoida hali ham amal qilganligi sababli, ularning qo'shimcha masofalari bekor qilindi. Bu qo'l Jaroslav Sakala (185 metrga sakrash bilan) tadbir yakunida chang'ida uchish bo'yicha Jahon chempionati, kuchli shamol tufayli boshqasini bekor qilishga majbur bo'lganligi sababli faqat bitta musobaqa bosqichiga qisqartirildi.

2014 yilda Nieminen tarix kitoblarida o'z nomini mustahkamlagan sakrash haqida gapirdi:

Bu sakrashning bir turi edi, hatto [tepalikning pastki qismida] qo'nish holatida kelganida ham, oldinda nima bo'lishini umuman bilmay, oyoqlarim qaltirayotganini eslayman. Men shunaqa dahshatga tushdim. ... O'zingizning qo'rquvingizni engib o'tish bu eng yaxshi tuyg'u. Sportning mohiyati shundan iboratki, inson o'zini o'zi sinab ko'rishlari kerak. Shuning uchun bu sakrash mening faoliyatimdagi eng muhim voqea bo'lib qoldi.^{[45][nb 5]}

Planika hukmronlik qiladi

Andreas Kofler tor "V" burchak va chang'isiz o'tishsiz foydalanish, 2012 yil

1987 yilda Fijasning dunyo rekordidan boshlab Planika juda uzoq vaqt eksklyuziv davrni boshdan kechirdi. 1930 va 1940 yillarda bo'lgani kabi, boshqa hech qanday tepaliklar 24 yil davomida ushbu obro'-e'tiborni qaytarishga yaqinlashmas edi, ammo deyarli barcha K-punktlari 185 metrgacha ko'tarilgan edi. Faqatgina Ironwood K145-da o'zgarishsiz qoldi va 1994 yildagi eng so'nggi voqeasini 158 m (518 fut) balandlikdagi balandlikda qayd etdi. Verner Shuster va Mathias Wallner. O'shandan beri, tepalik mashhur sayyohlarning diqqatga sazovor joyi bo'lib xizmat qildi, bu erda sayyohlar tepalikning yuqori qismiga kira olishadi qochmoq lift orqali.^[46] 2013 yilda, qariyb yigirma yil davomida sport maydonchasi sifatida foydalanilmay qolganidan so'ng, Mis tepalikidagi tepalik dunyodagi eng katta chang'i sakrash tepasi sifatida yangilanishi va qo'shimcha ravishda yozgi tadbirlarni o'tkazishga qodirligi e'lon qilindi.^[47]

Fijas va Xollvartning dunyo rekordlari o'rtasida sakkiz yil bo'lganligi sababli, bu Tauno Luironing 1951 yildagi Joje Shlibar tomonidan 1961 yilda buzilganligi sababli uzluksiz rekordlar qurg'oqchiligining eng uzoq davom etgan qurg'oqchiligi edi. 1950 yilda Zepp Vayler va Dan Netzelldan beri eng katta, bu 8 m (26 fut) edi. Planikada 1997 yilda tepalik yana yangilandi va o'n yil davomida dunyo rekordini yana to'rt marta yangilab, Tommi Ingebrigtsenning 219,5 metrga sakrashi bilan yakunlandi. 1999 yangi mingyilga chang'i uchishini yuborish.^[48]

2000-yillar

So'nggi yigirma yil ichida texnika, asbob-uskuna va tog 'profilidagi keyingi o'zgarishlar jahon rekordini 50 metrdan (160 fut) oshgan. Yilda 2000, Planikadagi jahon rekordi 5,5 m (18 fut) ga yaxshilandi, sakrashlar esa 224,5 m (737 fut) ga teng. Tomas Xörl^[48] va Andreas Goldberger tomonidan 225 m (738 fut).^[49] Ikkinchisi tenglashguncha uch yil turdi Adam Malysz yilda 2003,^[50] ammo uning yutug'i vaqtinchalik edi. Xuddi shu kuni va keyingi to'rt kun ichida, Matti Xautamaki o'rnating a xetrik ketma-ket 227,5 m (746 fut), 228,5 m (750 fut) va 231 m (758 fut) jahon rekordlari;^[51] xuddi Matti Nikenenning 1984 yilda qilganiga o'xshaydi. Tadbirdan ko'p o'tmay intervyu berganida, Xautamyki "havoda qancha uzoq tursa, shunchalik qiziqarli bo'ladi", dedi.^{[52][nb 6]}

Oldin 2004 yil chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati, tepalik nomi o'zgartirildi Letalnica bratov Gorišek ("Birodarlar Gorisheklarning uchib yuradigan tepasi"). Yilda 2005, o'sha kuni jahon rekordi to'rt marta buzilganida, makon chang'i parvozlarida ustunlikni davom ettirdi.^[53][54] Tommi Ingebrigtsen, Byorn Einar Romøren va Matti Xautameki barcha 231 m, 234,5 m (769 fut) va 235,5 m (773 fut) rekordlarini oldi, Romøren esa 239 m (784 fut) ga sakrab g'olib chiqdi va yakuniy ko'rsatkichni talab qildi. Finlyandiya teleradiokompaniyasi uchun sharh MTV3, sobiq jahon rekordchisi Toni Nieminen, Romørenning sakrashidan so'ng, "qo'nish maydoni endi deyarli tekis erga aylandi" deb bejiz aytmadi.^{[55][nb 7]}

Bir necha daqiqadan so'ng, tosh ustida sakrash bo'yicha ketma-ket ikkinchi jahon chempionligini qo'lga kiritib, Janne Ahonen U katta odamni ushlaganida sindirish uchun ketdi issiqlik yangilanishi va 240 m (790 fut) ga sakrashni cho'zdi, faqat xavfli balandlikdan qulab tushdi va tekislikka yaqinlashib qattiq urildi; uning jahon rekordi norasmiy ravishda namoyish etildi. MTV3 sharhlovchisi Jani Uotila buni "Dahshatli sakrash! Hozir hammasi o'ta xavfli bo'lib qoldi!"^{[56][nb 8]} hammualliflar sharhlovchisi Nieminen "Biror kishi tekis erga tushganda, ta'sir juda qiyin" deb tushuntirgan.^{[57][nb 9]} Ahonen bir lahzada nokautga uchradi, ammo jarohat olmadi. U zambilda olomonni silkitib qo'ydi va keyinroq jahon chempionatida g'olib chiqish shohsupasiga ko'tarilish uchun qaytib keldi.

2013 yilda Ahonen o'z vaqtida sakrashda jilovlanmaslik oqibati, ehtimol oyoqlari singan yoki yomonroq bo'lishiga olib kelishi mumkinligini aytdi:^{[58][nb 10]}

Dastlabki parvoz bosqichida men: "Voy la'nat, endi biz uzoqqa boramiz", deb o'yladim. Nishabdan yarim yo'lda menda iliq tuyg'u paydo bo'ldi: «Ha, endi bu dunyo rekordidir. Bu yangi jahon rekordidir. " Keyinchalik uchib borarkanman, 'Yo'q, bu yaxshi tugamaydi. Bu haqiqatan ham yaxshi tugamaydi. Men hech bo'lmaganda oyoqlarimni sindirib tashlayman. ' ... In reality I came down at 245 m (804 ft), but there was no more distance measuring equipment there. Experts have calculated that had I not brought down my jump, it would've flown at least 250 m (820 ft).^{[59][nb 11]}

2010 yil

Major hill upgrades begin, Vikersund re-emerges

2015 yilda, Piter Prevc was the first to land a jump of 250 m (820 ft)

In the aftermath of the Planica event and following numerous near-flat ground landings, it became clear that ski flying had once again outgrown an older hill and needed enlarging in the years to come. In 2005, almost immediately after the conclusion of the World Cup season, talks were under way to upgrade the hill in Vikersund.^[60] This became a reality in mid-2010, when the FIS announced major rule changes at the 47th International Ski Congress in Antaliya, Turkey, to allow for ski flying hills to be constructed to their largest sizes yet.^[2]

Vikersund was the first to undergo renovation to increase its K-point from 185 m to 195 m (640 ft), making it the largest flying hill in the world for several years,^[61] and the first one equipped for yoritilgan night events. Janez Gorishek, known for his expertise in ski flying hill design, was the leader of this project. Anticipating a renewed world record rivalry, organisers in Vikersund welcomed the healthy competition with Planica.^[61][62] The new facility was given a rousing introduction at its opening event in 2011, qachon Yoxan Remen Evensen jumped 243 m (797 ft) and 246.5 m (809 ft), returning the world record to Vikersund for the first time since 1967. This served as a preparation event for the 2012 Ski Flying World Championships, which went on to draw a crowd of 60,000.^[63]

Breaking the 250 metre barrier

Another K-point modification in Vikersund (this time to 200 m)^[64] resulted in the coveted 250 m barrier being reached in 2015, bilan Piter Prevc landing a clean jump right on the mark to claim another historic milestone in the sport.^[65] Prevc's triumph was short-lived when Anders Fannemel broke this figure only a day later, landing a jump of 251.5 m (825 ft).^[66] At the same event, prior to Fannemel's jump, Dmitriy Vassilev crashed hard onto near-flat ground at 254 m (833 ft) in a similar way to Janne Ahonen in Planica a decade earlier; this nonetheless gave Vassiliev unofficially the furthest distance ever reached in ski flying to date.^[67]

Further hill upgrades

Between 2015 and 2017, upgrades from K185 to K200 were also completed in Kulm, Planica, and Oberstdorf. Yilda 2018, hill sizes on all active flying hills were upgraded to 235–240 m,^[68] making them fully equipped for jumps exceeding those distances (previous hill records were broken at each opening event), as well as having improved facilities for athletes and spectators. Harrachov remains the only hill, at K185, to have not been upgraded in any major way since the 1990s. Although the new hills are much larger than ever before, they generally feature longer and less steeply angled slopes, designed purely for the V-style and with the knowledge of 80 years' worth of world record progression.

Inrun tables have also been placed further back from the knoll and flight curves made shallower in order to allow athletes to glide more efficiently and safely along the contour of the slope. This has significantly reduced such precarious heights over the knoll as was the case in the early 1990s and prior: in that era, athletes using the parallel style would jump in a more upward trajectory off the table, reaching vast heights but at the expense of distance; and rather than glide, they instead plummeted towards the slope.^[69] Today, Kulm and Planica remain extremely steep in the flight phase;^[70][71][72] Oberstdorf and Vikersund, by comparison, have longer slopes and do not enable as much height over the knoll.^[73]

At the end of the 2015 World Cup season, following Prevc and Fannemel's world records, then-FIS race director Walter Hofer stated that the limit had been reached on the newest hills, and that no further expansion to their size was expected in the near future.^[74] He also noted in 2011 that the FIS rules on hill sizes would likely remain unchanged for another decade.^[61] Despite this, Janez Gorišek has made plans for a 300 m (980 ft) hill in Planica, albeit put on hold until the FIS rules are again changed.^[61] Fannemel said in 2015 that he believed 252 m (827 ft) was the limit in Vikersund, but that the world record could be broken again in Planica.^[67]

Beyond 250 metres

Yilda 2016, rookie athlete Tilen Bartol came close to setting a new world record during a trial round in Planica, but crashed in a very dangerous way onto near-flat ground at 252 m and almost broke his neck.^[75][76] 2017 yilda, Robert Yoxansson landed an official world record of 252 m in Vikersund, which was broken only half an hour later by Stefan Kraft with a jump of 253.5 m (832 ft); this remains the current world record in ski flying, only half a metre short of Dmitry Vassiliev's unofficial distance from 2015.^[77] The Vikersund event was staged as the finale of the inaugural Raw Air tournament, which was won by Kraft.^[78] The event also saw an unprecedented number of jumps surpassing 230 m and 240 m, new national records, and new personal best distances by exceptionally many athletes.

Kraft said of his world record:

I knew the ramp in Vikersund can jump pretty darn far. It was an incredible flight and it was important that I was able to do it. During the flight, I thought "it's now or never".^[79]

Although his achievement initially came under scrunity, as it appeared that he touched the snow with his backside as he was forced to squat down on essentially flat ground,^[80][79] slow-motion replay analysis confirmed that his landing was valid with only millimetres to spare.^[81] A week later, Planica caught up to Vikersund with a plethora of more personal bests, and three athletes – including Kraft, twice – landing jumps of, or beyond, 250 m. Komil Stoch would set a hill record of 251.5 m, with the season finale competition drawing an attendance of 16,500.^[82] In 2018, in Planica, Gregor Shlierenzauer equalled the world record of 253.5 m but touched the snow with his hands upon landing.^[83]

Differences from ski jumping

The inrun at Mis cho'qqisi yilda Ironwood, Michigan, 2008

Unlike ski jumping, which can be contested in the summer on specially equipped hills with plastic surfaces, ski flying is strictly a qishki sport va qismi emas Qishki Olimpiya o'yinlari; no world records have therefore been set in the history of the Olympics.^[84] Also in contrast to ski jumping, athletes are not able to practice on ski flying hills out-of-season, as they are sanctioned only for competition events.^[85] Orasida Alpine countries there was an unwritten janoblarning kelishuvi forbidding athletes under the age of 18 to participate in ski flying events,^[86][87] but exceptions were made for 17-year-old Domen Prevc in 2017 and 18-year-old Timi Zajc 2018 yilda.

Rather than being considered a separate sport on its own, ski flying is essentially an offshoot of ski jumping involving larger hills and longer jump distances. According to former US national ski jumping coach Larry Stone, "It's the same thing, just bigger. You're going faster and flying higher. ... Basically, it's just a real big jump."^[2] The competitive standard for distance in ski flying is in the range of 230–240 m, with 254 m being the absolute longest distance reached to date, at Vikersundbakken Norvegiyada. By comparison, distances of 120–140 m (390–460 ft) are the standard on most ski jumping hills, and the longest distance to date is 152 m (499 ft), set at Muhlenkopfschanze Germaniyada.

Tepaliklar

The main difference between ski flying and ski jumping pertains to hill design, as mandated by the FIS. Historically, hills with a K-nuqta (Nemischa: Konstruktionspunkt) – or target landing zone – of more than 145 m were classed as ski flying hills.^[2] As jump distances increased by the decade, so did a small number of unique hills at locations seeking to outdo each other in a friendly rivalry for world record honours. Since 1980, there have only been five of these hills in Europe and one in the US.

On all active ski flying hills, the K-point is set between 185–200 m;^[84] far greater than the largest ski jumping hills, which only have K-points of up to 130 m (430 ft). The tepalik kattaligi, which is the total length of the slope from the stol down to a certain distance beyond the K-point, is set between 210–240 m on ski flying hills; on ski jumping hills it is a maximum of 145 m (476 ft). In the landing zone, the angle of the hill is between 33.2–35 degrees.^{[nb 12]}

Seven ski flying hills in total were constructed between 1934 and 1980, with subsequent renovations being made in the decades since. Six are currently in use, but only five of them as flying hills.^[2] The joint largest hills in the world are Vikersundbakken in Norway and Letalnica bratov Gorišek Sloveniyada. The joint second largest are Kulm Avstriyada va Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze Germaniyada. The smallest is Serkák Chexiya Respublikasida.

Ochildi	Tepalik nomi	Manzil	K-nuqta	Tepalik kattaligi	Hill record holder	Hill record distance	Ref.
1934	Bloudkova velikanka[nb 13]	Planika	K130	HS 140	Noriaki Kasai[nb 14]	147.5 m (484 ft)	[88]
1936	Vikersundbakken[nb 15]	Vikersund	K200	HS 240	Stefan Kraft	253,5 m (832 fut)	[89]
1950	Kulm	Yomon Mitterndorf		HS 235	Piter Prevc	244 m (801 fut)	[90]
	Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze	Oberstdorf		HS 235	Daniel-Andre Tande	238.5 m (782 ft)	[13]
1969	Letalnica bratov Gorišek	Planika		HS 240	Ryoyu Kobayashi	252 m (827 fut)	[30]
1970	Mis cho'qqisi[nb 16]	Ironwood, Michigan	K145	HS 175	Verner Shuster Matias Uolner	158 m (518 fut)	[91]
1980	Serkák	Harrachov	K185	HS 210	Matti Xautamaki Tomas Morgenstern	214,5 m (704 fut)	[36]

Takliflar

There have been a number of proposed ski flying hills, most of which never reached the construction stage. Two were announced in 2007 in Finland, in Kemijarvi va Ylitornio, but neither project was realized.^[92][93] In Norway, prior to the renovation of Vikersund, there were serious talks about constructing a new ski flying hill at Rdkleiva yilda Oslo.^[60] The most recent proposal has come from China, together with German architects Laxta, who are in the development stages of a ski jumping and flying hill complex at the Wangtiane ski resort in the Changbay tog'lari.^[94]

In the US, plans are ongoing to reopen Mis cho'qqisi, the only ski flying hill built outside of Europe. It would remain the smallest of the active hills, but the only one equipped for summer events and out-of-competition training.^[95]

Tadbirlar

The most prestigious event in ski flying is the Jahon chempionatlari, which was first held in Planica in 1972 and has been staged biennially since 1988, in a rotating schedule at all hills except Ironwood. The World Championships replaced various incarnations of International Ski Flying Week, which ran from 1953 to 1989.^[10] Gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded after two competitions, with the total points winner receiving the title of Ski Flying World Champion. A team competition was introduced in 2004, in which medals are also awarded.

Ski flying events outside of the World Championships are a regular feature on the Chang'i sakrash bo'yicha Jahon kubogi calendar, usually occurring on two or three hills; unusually, the 2018 yilgi mavsum staged events on four hills (one as part of the World Championships, three in the World Cup). Because athletes almost always participate in both disciplines, points scored in ski flying also count towards the Ski Jumping World Cup standings. Kimdan 1991 ga 2001 va 2009 onwards, an additional title and trophy for the Chang'i uchish bo'yicha Jahon kubogi has been awarded at the end of each season to the overall points winner of solely ski flying competitions, even if only one took place.^[96]

Qoidalar va texnika

An athlete descending the inrun, with the start gate visible at the top. The length of fabric propped up alongside by event personnel is to prevent the ice within the ski tracks from melting due to sunlight.

Leaving the table and about to enter the transition

Anders Yakobsen in the flight phase

Dimitriy Vassilev in the landing phase

Telemark qo'nishi

Ski flyers^[97] take off at speeds of 96–110 km/h (60–68 mph),^[98][99] flying as high as 10 m (33 ft) above the slope,^{[71][72][100]} accelerating to 120–130 km/h (75–81 mph) before landing,^[101][102] and spending almost ten seconds in the air.^[103] All these figures are considerably less in ski jumping. David Goldstrom, longtime commentator for Evrosport, has described the appearance of ski flying as that of "flying like a bird".^[104]

Event organisation

The FIS race director, assistant race directorva hakamlar hay'ati (the latter consisting of the chief of competition, texnik delegatva assistant technical delegate)^[105] are a core team of personnel in charge of an entire event. Sandro Pertile has been the FIS chief race director of ski flying and ski jumping events since 2020.^[106] Borek Sedlák, himself a former ski jumper, has been the assistant race director and second-in-command to Hofer since 2017. However, neither Pertile nor Sedlák are involved in the jury's decision-making with regards to Darvoza o'zgarishlar;^[107] the jury is also served by different representatives for each competition.^[108]

Spectators at the venue watching from large screen displays, as well as viewers watching on TV, are able to see tezkor takrorlash and on-screen graphics provided by the FIS, which display a multitude of detailed information.^[109][110]

Inrun

A ski jump or ski flight begins from the inrun, a ramp structure tepasida the hill in the form of a tower, or set naturally against the hill formation. Access to this area is via tosh ko'tarish or on foot. The inrun is 117.4–133.8 m (385–439 ft) in length,^{[nb 17]} inclined at an angle of 35–38.7 degrees.^{[nb 18]} Since the late 1980s, when the V uslubi began enabling jumps dangerously close to flat ground, the full length of a ski flying inrun has never been used due to safety reasons.^[5] At the bottom of the inrun – specifically the very tip or edge of the structure – is the stol, which is set at a height of 2.42–4.75 m (7.9–15.6 ft) above the hill surface.^{[nb 19]} Contrary to popular misconception, the table is declined downwards instead of upwards,^[69] with the angle of decline set between 10.5 and 11.25 degrees.^{[nb 20]}

Pre-takeoff phase

Near the top of the inrun, there is a start gate – a metal or wooden beam – on which an athlete sits and awaits their signal to jump via a set of traffic lights (green, amber, and red).^[111] These lights are operated directly by the assistant race director. An athlete may enter the gate when amber is shown. If red is shown after an athlete has entered the gate, the jury will have deemed the wind conditions to be unfavourable for a safe jump. The athlete must then carefully exit the gate as they had entered it and await another opportunity to jump. Failure to dismount the gate within ten to fifteen seconds of being shown a red light, or jumping without having been given the signal to go, will disqualify the athlete.^[112]

Wind speed is measured in metres per second (m/s) in the form of head-, tail- va shamol komponentlar. In ski flying there are ten separate wind sectors that are measured along the hill, with five in a staggered arrangement on each side; in ski jumping there are seven or less sectors. A hard limit, or "corridor of tolerance",^[113] of 2 m/s (6.5 ft/s)^[114][115] is permitted in any one sector at a time: if the limit is exceeded, all pending jumps are halted until winds settle to an acceptable level.^[116] Weather conditions must be optimal in order to jump competitively and safely, therefore they are actively monitored by the jury, who continuously collaborate with the race directors in making decisions on how an event will progress.^[112] The resulting delays may last anywhere from under a minute, to many tens of minutes depending on how variable the conditions are.

The position of the start gate determines the takeoff speed, or inrun speed, creating a difference of as much as 10 km/h (6.2 mph) depending on whether the gate is set higher (thereby lengthening the inrun) or lower (shortening the inrun); the difference in height between individual gates is 0.5 m (1.6 ft).^[117] Based on the jury's decision, the gate position – of which there are several available numbers – is subject to being adjusted accordingly, including between each jump. In especially tricky conditions, athletes may sometimes be forced to exit and re-enter the gate multiple times before they are cleared to jump.^[118] The practice of gates being adjusted too often has become highly unpopular for athletes and audiences.^[119][120]

If conditions are normal and a green light is shown, the athlete's coach – who is situated in a coaches' section lower down the inrun with a flag in hand – gives them the final signal to go;^[112] coaches may sometimes have to whistle or give a shouted confirmation in low-visibility conditions.^[121] Once given this signal, the athlete must commit to their jump within ten seconds or else risk disqualification, and are no longer permitted to exit the gate. To begin descending the inrun, they drop down from the gate to a crouching position. Speed is rapidly picked up within seconds via built-in tracks, made from chinni yoki seramika, ichiga chang'ilar are slotted. The athlete's streamlined crouch minimises havo qarshiligi along the inrun,^[122] and a further effort is made to reduce ishqalanish by not allowing the skis (which have mum applied to them) to bump too much against the sides of the tracks. Inrun speed is measured from the table using a radar gun.

Yo'q chang'i tayoqlari are used, and no assistance from others (such as being pushed from the gate) is allowed. In heavy snow conditions the tracks can become clogged up, which reduces inrun speed and may cause an unpredictable descent for athletes. Event personnel standing by the sides of the inrun are often assigned to use barg puflagichlari to prevent the tracks from clogging up with snow.^[123]

Takeoff and transition phase

Moments before being launched off the table, the athlete undergoes a sudden increase in g-kuch due to the curvature – or 'compression' – of the bottom of the inrun. They then initiate a very powerful, explosive jump that requires great leg strength.^[37][124] At this instant the skis are opened up into a horizontal "V" shape, legs straightened and spread apart, and arms held backwards as the athlete adopts their own unique flying position and enters the o'tish. This highly aerodynamic "V" essentially turns the athlete into a 'flying wing', and all of this takes place in only a tenth of a second^[111] before the transition is then "closed"^[125] and the flying position maintained until the end of the jump.

Timing is crucial and there is next to no margin for error at this phase: a jump that begins too early or late off the table can mean the difference between an excellent, average or poor effort.^[126] Each athlete has their own method of generating as much inrun speed as possible, depending on such intricacies as crouch depth, hip and knee angle, arm placement, or how far the torso is positioned over the knees.^[127] Body weight is also a significant factor (see power-to-weight ratio ), which has led to some athletes' health becoming a concern over the past two decades.^{[128][129][130]}

The most challenging stage of the takeoff is carrying the speed forwards from the inrun with sufficient height over the knoll, and achieving the correct trajectory down the hill.^[131] The knoll is the highest point of the hill itself, from which it begins to slope downwards. On modern ski flying hills the table is placed considerably far back from the knoll, so as to reduce the steepness of the flight curve. Skilled athletes are able to aggressively 'snap' into the transition so as to clear the knoll with ease, thereby allowing them to focus completely on using their flying technique to maximise distance further down the hill.^[132] All athletes have greatly varying flight curves, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Those of the highest skill level can also consistently compensate for a lack of inrun speed with perfect timing off the table and an excellent transition.

However, there is a fine line between aggressiveness and over-aggressiveness at takeoff.^[133] One of the most common mistakes made by athletes, including those at world class level, is to raise the ski tips too much during the transition. This excessive hujum burchagi causes the skis to act more as a buzuvchi than an efficient aerodynamic device to cut through the air,^[134] resulting in more height than distance; a flight curve that is too steep or shallow is unfavourable. In a well-executed jump, athletes will spend several seconds longer airborne than in ski jumping – up to five seconds more – which requires a different level of skill in order to sustain flight for a longer period, and showcases how the role of aerodynamics is magnified in ski flying. Not all athletes who excel in ski jumping are able do so in ski flying (see the section on mutaxassislar ), and it can be difficult for them to hone their skills in the latter due to the hills being off-limits when competitions are not staged.

Flight phase and equipment

Once the athlete has taken flight, characteristics similar to that of a planer kuchga kirishi.^[122] Ski flyers are able to cover such tremendous distances and land safely primarily due to the skis they use, which are substantially wider and longer than their kesib o'tuvchi joy; yo'lsizlik yoki Tog 'chang'isi hamkasblari.^[84][135] Each ski is first clipped in securely at the front of the yuklash, which is placed nearer the tail end of the ski and has an exaggerated forward slant. The heel of the boot is then attached to a wedge on the ski using a hinged majburiy peg and backup strap,^[136] allowing the athlete to lean forward into their preferred aerodynamic position and spread the skis wide apart.^[69]

Much like aircraft wings, the skis are flexible to an extent, resulting in them bending and vibrating significantly upon takeoff. Maintaining stability in the air is paramount: a loss of balance, or a differential pressure under the skis, can lead to disaster (see list of ski flying accidents ). A few athletes have a tendency to drift over to one side of the hill, a technical defiency which invariably shortens their jump distance.^[137][138]

Skilful use of headwind and termal yangilanishlar along various sections of the hill is used to generate additional ko'tarish, creating pressure under the oversized skis and enabling athletes to effectively ride on a 'cushion of air'.^[2][3] Mastering the wind conditions is an overwhelmingly important part of ski flying. A reasonable amount of headwind is favourable to a long jump as it has the effect of keeping the athlete aloft and delaying their descent back onto the hill. Conversely, despite providing somewhat of a boost in speed,^[139] a tailwind is unfavourable and tends to shorten a jump by pushing the athlete downwards towards the hill prematurely.^[140] Even more unfavourable are 'dead' conditions – or no wind at all – which can cause the air pressure to vanish unexpectedly in mid-jump and force the athlete to fall from a dangerous height.

In particular, a tailwind forms one of the most challenging aspects of clearing the knoll and achieving a competitive distance. A crosswind is just as challenging, as it can create dangerous instability in the air. Ideal headwind conditions can allow an athlete to 'catch' an updraft or 'bump'^[141] against it at various points of the hill – which always involves some degree of luck^[142] – and use it to glide even further, making for an impressive visual effect for audiences.^[143]

To further aid athletes in gliding as aerodynamically as possible, they wear a one-piece fabric bodysuit more similar to a qanot kostyumi a ga qaraganda tosh kostyumi. It is composed of five layers and is both loose-fitting and g'ovak enough to allow up to 52 litres (14 US gal) of air to enter and 40 l (11 US gal) to pass through.^[144] This generates yet more lift, but the amount of slack is stringently regulated by the FIS so as to not allow for excessive bagginess and thereby reducing its wingsuit-, sail- or parachute-like properties.^[145] In the early 2000s, bodysuits had reached exceptionally baggy proportions,^[146] resulting in humorous comparisons to uchadigan sincaplar.^[2] A ban on these baggy suits came into effect soon after, and today the level of slack for bodysuits is measured by FIS scrutineers at equipment control, led by Sepp Gratzer, before and after each jump. If the level is exceeded, that athlete is disqualified due to an equipment violation.^[147]

Landing phase and distance measurement

The ultimate aim is to land on, or ideally surpass, a line marked across the hill called the K-nuqta, tanqidiy nuqta, yoki calculation line. In order to attain the most points from the style judges, athletes strive for a Telemark landing: instead of landing with simply both feet together (a two-footed landing), one foot is planted clearly in front of the other (without sliding the skis), the other knee bent, both feet held no more than four ski widths' apart, and the body held stable with a straight back and arms outstretched. This pose must be maintained until the outrun – a line at the very end of the hill, where the slope has fully flattened out – is reached.^[111] The exact placement of landing is measured between the athlete's front and back feet.^[148] Failing to make a Telemark landing results in a loss of style points. Considerably more points are lost if a landing fails before the outrun line, such as falling over or touching the ground with any part of the body except the feet. When the hill begins to flatten out, it becomes increasingly difficult to make a Telemark landing.

Jump distance is measured from the edge of the table to the placement of landing by increments of 0.5 m. This is done using electronic and video monitoring systems together with event personnel assigned to observe jumps by the side of the hill; ikkinchisi sifatida tanilgan distance measurers^[112] yoki backup judges, who are present in case the monitoring technology fails.^[149] If enough jumps exceed 95% of the tepalik kattaligi – the zone where the slope begins to flatten out – an immediate discussion is held between the jury and race director, which usually results in the start gate being lowered so as to reduce inrun speeds and therefore distances.^[68] For spectators and judges, increments of 5 m are clearly indicated by rows of archa across the hill; a painted red line is used for the K-point, and a dashed red line for the hill size. Both sides of the hill are also marked highly visible in red to indicate the qo'nish zonasi, while the point beyond the hill size is marked in green on the sides. The current leading jump – the distance 'to beat' – is laser-projected as a bright green line across the hill, and is visible to everyone including TV viewers.

Scoring and judging

Masofa ballari

Ski flying uses the same points system as ski jumping, but with two differences.^[112] In ski jumping, an athlete who reaches the K-point receives 60 points as a base mark for distance; in ski flying it is 120 points. For every metre beyond the K-point, bonus ballari are awarded. In ski jumping, a metre has a value of 2 points for normal hills and 1.8 points for large hills; in ski flying, a metre is worth 1.2 points. These bonus points are then added to those received from reaching the K-point. Failing to reach the K-point instead results in a deduction of points from the base mark to the same aforementioned values. Misollar:

• If an athlete lands a jump of 190 m (620 ft) on a ski flying hill with a K-point of 185 m, they will receive 126 points: 120 for reaching the K-point, plus 6 bonus points for 5 m (16 ft) beyond that (5 × 1.2 = 6)
• If an athlete lands a jump of 187.5 m (615 ft) on a hill with a K-point of 200 m, they will receive 105 points: from 120 which would have been the K-point, their failure to reach it by 12.5 m (41 ft) results in minus 15 distance points (12.5 × 1.2 = 15)

Style points

Another crucial element of scoring are style points awarded by the judges.^[111] Five representatives are selected from different countries, who are situated in an observation tower by the side of the hill. A new set of judges are selected for every competition. They each award points up to 20, in increments of 0.5, based on stylistic merit:

• An athlete's skis should be kept flat, steady and symmetrical during flight, avoiding excessive 'paddling' or an inward cant
• Good balance, an efficient body position and posture should be maintained with minimal arm movement
• The landing should be in a Telemark manner
• If a Telemark landing is not made, 2 style points are deducted
• If a landing is made but fails before the outrun line, a maximum of 5 style points must be deducted

Notably, both the highest and lowest judges' scores are omitted to cancel out any discrepancy, giving a maximum of 60 style points. A perfect jump on a K200 hill would therefore garner a minimum of 180 points (120 distance points + 60 style points) or more, depending on bonus points. However, such a scenario is only an example and not representative of the highly variable nature of the sport. Gaining one or more scores of 20 is very rare, and five is extremely rare. Generally, a good to excellent jump can be expected to receive judges' scores of 18 to 19.5. While a lower score for style puts an athlete at the risk of being less competitive, this may be mitigated or even nullified if they have attained substantial bonus points for distance.

Wind and gate compensation

Uchun 2010 Ski Flying World Cup season, beginning in Oberstdorf, and from thereon used at all ski flying and ski jumping events, a supplementary points system was introduced. This system takes into account the wind speed and direction during each jump, as well as mid-round start gate adjustments, in order to enable a more fair contest.^[150] If a headwind is present, this is deemed as wind-assistance and unfairly advantageous, and points are therefore deducted as tovon puli; if a tailwind is present, this is deemed to be a disadvantage and additional points are awarded instead. The amount of deduction or addition is calculated via linear koeffitsient using complex instrumentation which analyses the wind conditions at the time of a jump,^[151][152] and the value of the points themselves are in minimum increments of 0.1.

The second aspect of the compensation system involves the start gate position. If the gate is changed at any point during a round after at least one athlete has jumped, then all subsequent athletes are individually penalised with a points deduction based on how many positions the gate was moved up, or awarded additional points for the gate being lowered. In variable wind conditions requiring either a higher or lower inrun speed than originally anticipated, it is not uncommon for many gate changes to be made as a round wears on. In the era prior to gate compensation, athletes who had jumped before a gate adjustment had to quickly make their way back up the hill to jump again, which was always logistically difficult to arrange due to time constraints. Collectively the system is known as wind/gate compensation, as points gained or lost due to the wind element are set against points gained or lost from gate changes, which is then reflected in an athlete's points score after a jump.^[153]

A less commonly used feature of gate compensation is that an athlete's coach may make a tactical decision to request a lower gate if they believe there is potential ground to be made in terms of points, at the cost of inrun speed.^[154][155]

Tadbir tafsilotlari

A ski flying event consists of several preliminary stages, culminating in a competition to decide a winner and subsequent order.^[96] Within an event there are up to three competitions – individual, and sometimes team – all taking place on separate days. These competitions are contested somewhat differently depending on whether an event is staged as part of the Chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati yoki Chang'i uchish bo'yicha Jahon kubogi. In both events, a trening round takes place on the opening day, as well as a sud jarayoni round before each competition; these non-scoring rounds are practice or warm-up sessions, and athlete participation is optional.

Shaxsiy musobaqalar

Chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati

In this event there is a malaka round on the opening day, in which up to 70 athletes each jump once to ensure their place for the competition. 40 of these places are available in the first competition, which is narrowed down to 30 for the second competition and remains that way. The starting order of jumps in the qualification round is based on the athletes' current rank within the Chang'i sakrash bo'yicha Jahon kubogi standings in reverse order of points: the leader (who is assigned a distinctive yellow bib) jumps last. The result of qualification determines the order of jumps in the first competition round; the winner of the qualification receives prize money, and is again the last to jump.

The event proper is composed of two competitions, with two rounds each. In the very first round, all 40 qualified athletes complete a single jump. After points for distance and style are achieved, only the top 30 scorers from the first round proceed to the second, while the rest are eliminated from the event. In round two, the starting order is based on the results of the first round: the lowest scoring athlete jumps first, while the leader has the last jump of that competition. For the second competition, the starting order for round three uses the results from the first competition, with athletes again jumping in ascending order of points. After the fourth and final round, the athlete with the most points accumulated from both competitions is declared the Ski Flying World Champion.

Chang'i uchish bo'yicha Jahon kubogi

Events under the Ski Flying World Cup have several differences to the Ski Flying World Championships. The latter is an isolated, one-off event in the same vein as the Tog'dan sakrash bo'yicha jahon chempionati va Qishki Olimpiya o'yinlari, whereas the Ski Flying World Cup is part of the overall Ski Jumping World Cup season, and uses the same points system. These points contribute towards both Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup standings; the former being effectively a 'mini season' within the latter. A feature shared with the Ski Flying World Championships is that the starting order switches over from the Ski Jumping World Cup standings to the Ski Flying World Cup standings after the first qualification round of the latter, and remains that way for all subsequent events.^[156]

Much like in the Ski Jumping World Cup, events are composed of usually one or two individual competitions (rarely three, as was the case in both Vikersund and Planica in 2016 ), with a qualification round before each one. If there are two competitions, qualification for the second takes place on the same day. The limit of 40 places per competition still applies (unless a cancelled ski jumping competition is rescheduled to a flying hill), but unlike the Ski Flying World Championships, if an athlete fails to qualify for one competition they still have the opportunity to make a fresh start and qualify for the others. Eliminated athletes from qualification can also apply to be test jumpers yoki V-jumpers (Nemischa: Vorspringer) for the opportunity to gain further ski flying experience.^[157] If the very last competition of a World Cup season takes place on a ski flying hill, only the top-30 ranked athletes will participate as an 'invitational', with neither an elimination process after the first round, nor a qualification round.

To have a chance of winning a competition, two consistently good jumps must be made. If an athlete finds themselves in an uncompetitive position after the first round, their challenge in the second is to make up ground via the attrition of other athletes, their own distance and style points, and wind/gate compensation. For an athlete who had a poor jump in round one, it is possible for them to climb up the order in round two with an exceptional jump, and if other competitors fall by the wayside. Conversely, a high-scoring athlete may lose their advantage from round one if their second jump is not up to par.

Bekor qilish

Team competition podium ceremony in Vikersund, 2012. From left to right: Germany, Austria, Slovenia.

A common situation in ski jumping, and especially ski flying due to the magnified risks overall, arises when unfavourable weather conditions cause a competition to be cut short or cancelled completely; it is also not uncommon for an entire event to be cancelled. Reasons include strong winds, a lack of (or too much) snow, or poor visibility for athletes and judges. In the case of a shortened competition, the scores from the first round (if completed) are used to determine the final result. This is called a single-round competition and still counts towards both the Ski Flying and Ski Jumping World Cup.

For the World Championships, if one of the two competitions is cancelled, the final result will be based on the competition that took place. Due to bad weather, all four competition rounds of a World Championship event have not been completed since 2010.

Jamoa musobaqalari

As in ski jumping, team competitions are often included at ski flying events. These are contested as part of the World Cup, but points instead count towards a separate Nations Cup for teams; athletes' individual World Cup standings are unaffected. A national team is made up of four athletes selected by their head coach. There can be upwards of eight teams from different countries, providing they are able to field a full team of four.

Just like individual competitions, there are two rounds, but with a difference. Each round is divided into four rotations, in which a member of every team jumps once in the same order. Points are scored the same as they are in individual competitions; however, an athlete's points for a jump are instead added to their team's total tally. The starting order of teams in the first round, and first three rotations of the second round, is based on their standings in the Nations Cup. Teams are narrowed down to eight for the second round based on points scored, with the same four athletes jumping in their order of rotation as before.

In the very last rotation, the starting order of teams switches to that of the points tally going in; the athlete on the leading team jumps last. The winning team is the one with the most points at the end of the competition, after which the top three final teams (or more in the event of a tie) participate in a podium ceremony.

Mutaxassislar

Stefan Kraft has held the men's world record since March 2017

Martin Koch parvozda

Daniela Iraschko-Stolz has held the women's world record since 2003

A number of athletes have been regarded as ski flying specialists for their ability to consistently produce very long jumps and often world records. Those who are currently active with notable ski flying achievements include (as of 3 February 2018):

• Stefan Kraft – current world record holder with 253.5 m; nicknamed "Air Kraft" by Eurosport.^[158]
• Piter Prevc – 2016 yilgi jahon chempioni; former world record holder; first to land a jump of 250 m.
• Robert Yoxansson – former world record holder.
• Noriaki Kasai – 1992 yilgi jahon chempioni.

Retired athletes who excelled at ski flying:

• Matti Nykänen – only five-time World Championship medallist (gold in 1985 ); only male five-time world record holder; tomonidan tasvirlangan "Al Trautwig" as "perhaps the most talented ski flyer around", and by Jeff Hastings sifatida "eng yaxshi aviator out there today; he knows how to fly."^[159] In a survey of contemporary athletes in 2018, Nykänen was voted the greatest ski jumper of all time.^[160]
• Matti Xautamaki – four-time world record holder; first to land a jump of 230 m.
• Martin Koch – ski flying expert.^[161]
• Yoxan Remen Evensen – two-time world record holder; first to land a jump of 240 m.
• Byorn Einar Romøren – two-time world record holder.
• Tommi Ingebrigtsen – two-time world record holder.
• Valter Shtayner – 1972 va 1977 World Champion; former world record holder.
• Andreas Goldberger – 1996 World Champion and runner-up in 1992; former world record holder; first to unofficially land a jump of 200 m.
• Sven Xannavald – 2000 va 2002 yilgi jahon chempioni, runner-up in 1998.
• Roar Ljøkelsoy – 2004 va 2006 yilgi jahon chempioni; Devid Goldstrom tomonidan "o'z davrining eng yaxshi chang'i uchishlaridan biri" deb ta'riflangan.^[162]
• Mayk Golland - jahon rekordini qo'lga kiritgan so'nggi amerikalik chang'i sakrashchisi; iqtibos keltirgan holda "chang'i uchish mening ixtisosim edi".^[20]
• Robert Kranec – 2012 yilgi jahon chempioni; chang'i uchish bo'yicha mutaxassis sifatida keng tan olingan.^{[163][164][165]}
• Yurij Tepeš - chang'i uchish bo'yicha mutaxassis.^[166]

Chang'ida uchayotgan ayollar

Tosh chang'i uchishlarida ayollar ham ishtirok etishgan. 2003 yildan beri ayollarning jahon rekordi tomonidan o'rnatilgan 200 m balandlikda joylashgan Daniela Iraschko-Stolz Kulmda;^[167] o'sha tepalikda u ayollar uchun ikkinchi eng uzoq masofani - 188 m (617 fut) ni egallaydi. Shuningdek, Kulmda, Eva Ganster 1997 yilda besh kun ichida ayollar uchun misli ko'rilmagan oltita jahon rekordini o'rnatdi (biron bir ayol yoki erkak bilan tengsiz miqdordagi miqdor), bu uning eng yaxshi ko'rsatkichini 167 m (548 fut) ga etkazdi. Ushbu muvaffaqiyatlarga qaramay, ayollar hali ham Jahon kubogi darajasida chang'i uchishlarida ishtirok etishmagan. Chang'idan sakrash bo'yicha Jahon kubogining ayollar uchun birinchi mavsumi bo'lib o'tdi 2011/12, ammo hozirgacha chang'i uchish bo'yicha hech qanday tadbirlarga ruxsat berilmagan.^[2] Sara Xendrikson, Sara Takanashi va Maren Lundbi barchasi chang'ida uchishni sinab ko'rish istagini bildirdi.^{[168][169][170]}

2004 yilda to'rt nafar ayol sportchi - Anette Sagen, Helena Olsson Smeby, Jahr chizig'i va Lindsi Van - erkaklarnikidan oldin sinovdan sakrashni amalga oshirishga taklif qilindi 2004 yil qit'a kubogi Vikersunddagi tadbir. Biroq, bu dastlab blokirovka qilingan Torbyorn Yggeset, chang'idan sakrash bo'yicha Jahon kubogi asoschisi va o'sha paytda FIS texnik qo'mitasining a'zosi, ayollarni chang'i uchish tepaliklariga qo'yib yuborish o'ta xavfli bo'lganligi sababli. Sagen bunga qarshi chiqdi va oxir-oqibat boshqa hamkasblari bilan birga tepalikdan sakrash huquqini qo'lga kiritdi. Sagen ham, Smebi ham 174,5 m (573 fut) ga sakrashdi, bu ayollar uchun eng uzoq masofada uchinchi bo'lib qolmoqda.^[171]

Sloveniya va Norvegiya raqobati

1936 yilda tashkil etilganidan beri chang'i uchish Sloveniya va yaqinda Norvegiya atrofida joylashgan. Birinchi qayd etilgan 100 va 200 m balandlikdagi sakrashlar, jami 41 ta jahon rekordi bilan birgalikda, ikki xil tepaliklarda Alp tog'lari vodiysi Planika: Bloudkova velikanka, shu vaqtdan beri chang'ida sakrash sifatida qayta tiklandi katta tepalik va uning vorisi Letalnica bratov Gorišek, "monster tepalik" deb nomlangan.^[172] Beri 1997, juda ozgina istisnolardan tashqari Chang'i sakrash bo'yicha Jahon kubogi an'anaviy ravishda o'zining mavsumiy finalini Planikada o'tkazdi. Bu odatda sodir bo'ladi Letalnika, lekin vaqti-vaqti bilan ko'chiriladi Bloudkova (so'nggi paytlarda 2014, ta'mirlash vaqtida Letalnika).

2011 yilda ta'mirlangandan so'ng, Vikersundbakken Norvegiya shahrida Vikersund dunyoda taniqli chang'i uchadigan tepalik bo'lgan. U erda oltita jahon rekordi, shu jumladan hozirgi rekord o'rnatildi va u ham shunday nomlandi Monsterbakken ("monster tepalik").^[173] 1987 yildan keyingi barcha jahon rekordlari faqat Planika va Vikersundda o'rnatildi.

Sloveniyalik sportchilar o'rtasida Planikada yuqori muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdilar 2012 va 2016, yakka va jamoaviy musobaqalarda eng yuqori pog'onada deyarli lokavt o'tkazish.^{[174][175][176][177][178]} 2016 yilda bo'lib o'tgan to'rt kunlik tadbirga jami 110 ming tomoshabin tashrif buyurdi, ularning aksariyati sloveniyaliklar bayram qilishmoqda Piter Prevc Jahon chempionatining g'olibi.^[169] 2016 yildan beri Norvegiya individual va jamoaviy bahslarda etakchilik qilmoqda,^[179][180] chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionatida uchta oltin medalni qo'lga kiritgan va Jahon chempionatlari va chang'i uchish bo'yicha Jahon kubogi bo'yicha 2018 yilda ustunlik qilgan.^[181]

200 m dan ortiq masofalarga 1994 yilda birinchi marta etib kelganida, Norvegiya sportchilari eng ko'zga ko'ringan dunyo rekordchilari bo'lib, 2017 yil mart oyidan boshlab etti sportchi tomonidan o'n bitta rekord o'rnatildi. Norvegiya va Sloveniya sportchilari chang'i uchish bo'yicha mutaxassis sifatida mashhur bo'lishdi. .

Baxtsiz hodisalar

Haddan tashqari tezlik va balandlik tufayli, xavfli va kutilmagan shamol sharoitlari bilan bir qatorda, chang'i parvozlari uzoq vaqtdan beri juda xavfli bo'lgan. Bu sifatida tavsiflangan ekstremal sport,^[182][183] va "shunchaki aqldan ozish" kabi so'zlar bilan^[184] va chang'idan sakrashning "avvalgi, undan ham xavfli, yuzma-yuz otilib chiqqan qarindoshi".^[185] Hech qanday o'lim holatlari qayd etilmagan bo'lsa-da, ko'plab jiddiy baxtsiz hodisalar - "qulash" yoki "qulash" deb nomlanuvchi - uning tarixi davomida har bir tepalikda sodir bo'lgan.

Sakrashlar masofadan oshgani sayin, ba'zan mutlaq tepalik chegarasi - sifatida belgilanadi kuz chizig'i^[112] - oshdi. Bu "tepalikdan sakrash" deb nomlanadi,^{[168][186][187][188][189][190]} "tekislikka tushish", yoki eng yomon holatda "tekislikdagi avariya", bu sportchi nishab xavfsizligi chegarasidan juda sakrab o'tib, butunlay tekis erga yaqin yoki ustiga tushganda sodir bo'ladi.^[69]

Boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalarida

• 1970 yildan 1998 yilgacha Vinko Bogataj Oberstdorfdagi halokat birinchi bo'lib montajda aks etgan ABC-ning keng sport dunyosi Qo'shma Shtatlarda
• Martaba Valter Shtayner va uning chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon rekordini qo'lga kiritishga intilishi 1974 yilgi filmda qayd etilgan, Woodcarver Shtaynerning ajoyib ekstazi, kinorejissyor tomonidan Verner Gertsog

Galereya

• 

  Tog'da saf tortgan tomoshabinlar Bloudkova velikanka Planica-da, 1960 yil

• 

  Planikada tushgan sportchi, 1960 yil

• 

  Kulmda tugmachani bosib o'tgan chang'ichi varaqasi, 1962 yil

• 

  Belgilaydigan marker taxtasi Yoxan Remen Evensen 2011 yil Vikersunddagi jahon rekordi

• 

  Harrachovdagi inrun minorasi, 2013 yil

Shuningdek qarang

• FIS chang'i uchish bo'yicha jahon chempionati
• FIS chang'i uchish bo'yicha Jahon kubogi
• Eng uzun chang'i sakrashlari ro'yxati

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Jahn, Jens; Theiner, Egon (2004). Enzyklopädie des Skispringens (nemis tilida). Kassel: Agon Sportverlag. ISBN  3-89784-099-5.
• Tresen, Arne (2007). Lengst gjennom lufta (Norvegiyada). Oslo: Versal. ISBN  978-82-8188-030-6.

Tashqi havolalar

• FIS rasmiy veb-sayti
• KOP rasmiy veb-sayti (nemis tilida) (arxivlangan)
• Kayakdan sakrash tepaligi arxivi, dunyodagi barcha chang'i sakrash va uchish joylari haqida batafsil ma'lumotga ega