Malay arxipelagi - The Malay Archipelago

Malay arxipelagi

Birinchi nashrning sarlavha sahifasi
Muallif	Alfred Rassel Uolles
Asl sarlavha	Malay arxipelagi: Orang-utan mamlakati va jannat qushi. Inson va tabiatni o'rganish bilan sayohat haqida hikoya
Illustrator	Tomas Beyns, Uolter Xud Fitch, Jon Jerrard Keulemans, E. W. Robinson, Jozef Bo'ri, T. Vud
Til	Ingliz tili
Mavzu	Tabiiy tarix, Sayohat
Nashriyotchi	Makmillan
Nashr qilingan sana	1869
Media turi	2 jild

Malay arxipelagi ingliz tabiatshunosining kitobidir Alfred Rassel Uolles 1854 yildan 1862 yilgacha bo'lgan sakkiz yillik davrda janubiy qismining ilmiy izlanishlari haqida hikoya qiladi Malay arxipelagi shu jumladan Malayziya, Singapur, orollari Indoneziya, keyin Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston va orol Yangi Gvineya. U 1869 yilda ikki jildda nashr etilgan, Uollesning sog'lig'i yomonlashgani va u uyiga olib kelgan ko'plab namunalarini tasvirlash uchun zarur bo'lgan ish tufayli kechiktirilgan. XIX asrda kitob o'nta nashrdan o'tgan; o'shandan beri ko'p marta qayta nashr etilgan va kamida sakkiz tilga tarjima qilingan.

Kitobda u tashrif buyurgan har bir orol o'z navbatida tasvirlangan bo'lib, u haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilgan jismoniy va inson geografiyasi, uning vulqonlar va u topgan va to'plagan turli xil hayvonlar va o'simliklar. Shu bilan birga, u o'z tajribalarini, sayohatdagi qiyinchiliklarni va u uchrashgan turli xalqlardan olgan yordamini tasvirlaydi. Muqaddimada ta'kidlanishicha, u 14000 mildan ko'proq bosib o'tib, 125660 ta to'plagan tabiiy tarix namunalar, asosan, hasharotlar, minglab bo'lsa ham mollyuskalar, qushlar, sutemizuvchilar va sudralib yuruvchilar.

Asar, Uollesning kuzatuvlari va to'plamiga asoslanib, gravyuralar bilan tasvirlangan Tomas Beyns, Uolter Xud Fitch, Jon Jerrard Keulemans, E. W. Robinson, Jozef Bo'ri va T. Vud.

Malay arxipelagi ilmiy, geografik, cherkov va umumiy davriy nashrlarning qiziqishi bilan ko'plab sharhlarni jalb qildi. Taqrizchilar uning turli xil nazariyalarini, xususan, bo'linishini ta'kidladilar va ba'zan ular bilan rozi bo'lmadilar fauna va flora tez orada Wallace liniyasi, tabiiy selektsiya va bir xillik. Deyarli hamma uning qiziqarli va har tomonlama hisobot taqdim etganiga rozi bo'ldi geografiya, tabiiy tarix va xalqlar o'sha paytda o'z o'quvchilariga kam ma'lum bo'lgan arxipelagning va u hayratlanarli miqdordagi namunalarni to'plaganligi haqida. Kitob juda ko'p keltirilgan va u Wallace-ning tijorat va adabiyot sifatida ham eng muvaffaqiyatli hisoblanadi.

Kontekst

1847 yilda Uolles va uning do'sti Genri Valter Bates, ikkalasi ham yigirmanchi yoshlarda,^[a] ular birgalikda "turlarning kelib chiqishi muammosini hal qilish yo'lida" Amazonka yig'ish safari uyushtirishlariga kelishib oldilar.^[1] (Charlz Darvin kitobi Turlarning kelib chiqishi 11 yil o'tgach, 1859 yilda nashr etilgan. Darvinning uzoq muddatli yig'ish safari asosida yaratilgan HMS Beagle, nashr etilishi Wallace tomonidan ma'lum bir davrda yuborilgan mashhur maktub bilan yuzaga keldi Malay arxipelagi u uyda bo'lganida Ternate nazariyasini tavsiflovchi evolyutsiya tomonidan tabiiy selektsiya konturda.^[2]) Uolles va Beyts amerikalikni o'qishdan ilhomlangan entomolog Uilyam Genri Edvards kashshof 1847 kitob Parada istiqomat qiladigan Amazonka daryosiga sayohat.^[3] Bates 11 yil davomida Amazonlar ichida bo'lib, yozishni davom ettirdi Amazonlar daryosidagi tabiatshunos (1863); ammo, isitma bilan og'rigan Uolles 1852 yilda minglab namunalar bilan uyiga ketdi, ba'zilari ilm-fan uchun, boshqalari sotish uchun. Kema va uning kollektsiyasi Gianya yaqinidagi dengizda olov bilan vayron bo'lgan. Taslim bo'lishdan ko'ra, Uolles Amazon haqida nasrda ham, she'rda ham yozgan va keyin yana Malay arxipelagiga suzib ketgan.^[2]

Umumiy nuqtai

Muqaddimada Uollesning sayohatlari, u to'plagan minglab namunalar va Angliyaga qaytib kelganidan so'ng ularni tahlil qilish natijalarining ayrimlari sarhisob qilingan. Muqaddimada u 14000 mildan ko'proq yurib, 125660 nusxani, asosan hasharotlardan to'planganligini ta'kidlaydi: qo'ng'izlar, 13,100 kapalaklar va kuya, 13,400 boshqa hasharotlar. Shuningdek, u Angliyaga 7500 "chig'anoq" ni qaytarib berdi (masalan mollyuskalar ), 8050 qush, 310 sutemizuvchilar va 100 ta sudralib yuruvchilar.^{[P 1]}

Kitob oldida Uollasning arxipelag bo'ylab sayohatlari aks etgan rangli xarita. Ajratib turadigan chuqur suv Borneo dan Sulavesi (Celebes) "deb nomlangan narsani tashkil qiladi Wallace liniyasi.

Kitob bag'ishlangan Charlz Darvin, ammo Uolles so'z boshida aytganidek, u munozaradan qochishni tanlagan evolyutsion uning kashfiyotlarining natijalari. Buning o'rniga u o'zini "muammoning qiziqarli faktlari bilan cheklaydi, uning echimini janob Darvin ishlab chiqqan printsiplarda topish mumkin",^{[P 2]} shuning uchun ilmiy nuqtai nazardan, kitob asosan tavsiflovchi xususiyatga ega tabiiy tarix. Ushbu kamtarlik haqiqatni inkor etadi Saravak 1855 yilda Uolles qog'oz yozgan Yangi turlarni joriy etishni tartibga soluvchi qonun to'g'risidaevolyutsion "Saravak qonuni" bilan xulosa qilib, "har bir tur kosmosda ham, zamonda ham bir-biriga yaqin turlar bilan tasodifan vujudga kelgan", Darvinga taqdir tushunchasini yozishdan uch yil oldin tabiiy selektsiya.^[4]

Birinchi bobda jismoniy geografiya va orollar geologiyasi roliga alohida e'tibor bilan vulqonlar va zilzilalar. Shuningdek, u o'simlik va hayvonot dunyosining umumiy naqshlarini, shu jumladan orollarni bo'linishi mumkinligi va oxir-oqibat nima deb ataladigan bo'lishini muhokama qiladi. Wallace liniyasi, ikki qismga bo'linadigan, hayvonlari Osiyo va hayvonot dunyosi Avstraliyaga yaqinroq bo'lganlar bilan.^{[P 3]}

Keyingi boblarda Uolles tashrif buyurgan joylar batafsil bayon etilgan. Wallace odamlar, ularning tillari, turmush tarzi va ijtimoiy tashkiloti, shuningdek har bir joyda joylashgan o'simliklar va hayvonlar to'g'risida ko'plab kuzatuvlarni o'z ichiga oladi. U haqida gapiradi biogeografik u kuzatadigan naqshlar va ularning natijalari tabiiy tarix, turlarning ikkala harakati nuqtai nazaridan^[b] va mintaqaning geologik tarixi. Shuningdek, u sayohat paytida ba'zi shaxsiy tajribalarini aytib beradi.^{[P 4]} Yakuniy bobda mintaqada yashovchi odamlar o'rtasidagi etnik, lingvistik va madaniy bo'linishlarning umumiy ko'rinishi va bunday bo'linishlar ularning tarixi haqida nimani ko'rsatishi mumkinligi haqidagi taxminlar mavjud.^[5-bet]

Nashr

Treeps, Hurstpierpoint, uy qaerda Malay arxipelagi asosan yozilgan

Malay arxipelagi asosan Uollesning xotinining oilasi bo'lgan Treepsda yozilgan Hurstpierpoint, G'arbiy Sasseks.^[5] Dastlab u 1869 yil bahorida bir jildli birinchi nashr sifatida nashr etilgan, ammo Macmillan (London) tomonidan ikki jildda qayta nashr etilgan, o'sha yili Harper & Brothers (Nyu-York) tomonidan ikkinchi nashrga aylangan. Uolles 1862 yilda Angliyaga qaytib keldi, ammo Taqdimotda ko'p miqdordagi namunalar va tropikada qolgandan keyin uning sog'lig'i yomonlashgani sababli, bu uzoq vaqt talab etilishini tushuntiradi. U zudlik bilan eslatmalarini va jurnallarini bosib chiqarishi mumkinligini ta'kidladi, ammo buni qilish umidsiz va foydasiz bo'lar edi. Buning o'rniga, u o'z kashfiyotlari to'g'risida maqolalar chop etguncha kutdi va boshqa olimlar uning 2000 ga yaqin qo'ng'izlarini yangi turlar deb ta'riflab, yangi turlar deb atashdi (Coleoptera ) va 900 dan ortiq Hymenoptera jumladan, 200 yangi turi chumoli.^[6-bet] Kitob 10 ta nashrdan o'tdi, oxirgi marta 1890 yilda nashr etildi.^[6]

Tasvirlar

"Buyuk ekranlangan chigirtka" chizilgan va imzolangan E. W. Robinson

Illyustratsiyalar, ga ko'ra Muqaddima, Uollesning eskizlari, fotosuratlari yoki namunalaridan tayyorlangan. Uolles Uolter va Genri Vudberiga tabiat manzaralari va mahalliy odamlarning ba'zi fotosuratlari uchun minnatdorchilik bildiradi. U Uilyam Uilson Sonders va janob Paskoni shoxli pashshalar va juda kam uchraydigan uzun shoxli qo'ng'izlar uchun tan oladi: qolganlarning hammasi o'zining ulkan to'plamidan edi.

Asl chizmalar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ustiga qilingan yog'och o'ymakorligi etakchi rassomlarning bloklari Tomas Beyns, Uolter Xud Fitch, Jon Jerrard Keulemans, E. W. Robinson, Jozef Bo'ri va T. Vud, ga ko'ra Rasmlar ro'yxati. Vud Darvinni ham tasvirlab berdi Insonning kelib chiqishi, Robinzon va Bo'ri ham rasmlar berishgan Amazonlar daryosidagi tabiatshunos (1863), Uollesning do'sti tomonidan yozilgan Genri Valter Bates.^[7]

Mundarija

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1 Jismoniy geografiya

Uolles kitobning ko'lamini belgilab beradi va "Oddiy inglizchaga" "dunyoning eng kam ma'lum bo'lgan qismi" nima ekanligini tasvirlaydi.^[7-bet] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, arxipelag sharqdan g'arbga 4000 mildan ko'proq va shimoldan janubga taxminan 1300 milya cho'zilgan bo'lib, u erda yigirmadan ziyod katta orollar va son-sanoqsiz orollar va orollar mavjud.

Hind-Malay orollari

"Simunjon, Borneo shahrida topilgan ajoyib qo'ng'izlar: Neocerambyx æneas, Cladognathus tarandus, Diurus furcellatus, Ektatorhinus Wallacei, Megacriodes Saundersii, Cyriopalpus Wallacei."

2 Singapur

Uolles shahar aholisi va orolning yovvoyi hayoti haqida jonli tavsif beradi. U xitoyliklarni odamlar orasida eng ko'zga ko'ringan deb bilsa, bir kvadrat mil o'rmonda u qo'ng'izlarning 700 turini, shu jumladan 130 ni topdi uzun shoxlar.

3 Malakka va Ofir tog'i.

U Portugaliyaning jozibali qadimgi shaharchasini va ko'k gaper kabi chiroyli qushlarni topadi. O'simlik dunyosi o'z ichiga oladi krujka o'simliklari va ulkan ferns. Yo'lbarslar va karkidonlar bor, lekin fillar allaqachon g'oyib bo'lishgan.

4 Borneo - Orang-Utan

U ichkarida qoladi Saravak va topadi Simunjon ko'mir yoqimli ishlaydi, chunki ishchilar har kuni topgan hasharotlari, shu jumladan chigirtka, hashorat hasharotlari va qo'ng'izlarning 24 ta yangi turlari uchun ozgina maosh olishdan mamnun. U Borneoda qo'ng'izlarning 2000 turini to'playdi, deyarli barchasi ko'mir konida; u shuningdek uchib ketadigan qurbaqani topdi va orang-utanlar o'sha joyda.

Dyak bambuk ko'prikdan o'tish

5 Borneo - ichki makonga sayohat

Uolles Saravakka qaytib keladi va u erda a-ning "bosh xonasida" qoladi Dyak Qishloq, yuqoriga qarab sayohat qiladi va Dyurianni ta'riflaydi, uni ajoyib va ​​ajoyib lazzat bilan mevalar shohi deb maqtaydi,^{[P 8]} va Dyakning ingichka bambuk ko'priklari,^[9-bet] shuningdek, ferns va Yigitlar krujka o'simliklari. U tog'da butun sayohatida yagona joyni topadi kuya mo'l-ko'l; U jami 26 kechada 1386 kuya yig'di, ammo ularning 800 dan ortig'i to'rtta nam va qorong'i kechada ushlandi. U sababni kuyalarni samarali ravishda tuzoqqa tushiradigan shiftga ega bo'lish bilan bog'laydi; boshqa uylarda kuya birdaniga tomga qochib ketgan va u tabiatshunoslarga kuya ushlashi uchun veranda shaklidagi chodir olib kelishni tavsiya qiladi.^{[P 10]}

6 Borneo - Dyaklar

Uolles Dyak xalqi, shunga qaramay ajablanib ekanligini bildirdi Tomas Maltus Dyak aholisi dunyodagi insoniyat uchun bashoratlari va aniq cheklovlarning yo'qligi barqaror edi.

7 Java

Uolles Java'da uch yarim oy qoldi, u erda hukumat tizimiga va mamnun odamlarga qoyil qoldi. Aholining soni 1800 yilda 3,5 milliondan 1826 yilda 5,5 millionga va 1865 yilda 14 millionga ko'paygan. U hindlarning qadimiy arxeologik joylaridan va Evropaga o'xshash o'simliklarga ega bo'lgan tog 'cho'qqilaridan floraga ega. qirol sigirlari, Primula imperialis, endemik bitta tog 'cho'qqisiga.

8 Sumatra

U Sumatrani qirg'oq bo'yidagi o'rmon paytida ziyorat qiladi Nipa palmalar dengizdan bir necha chaqirim uzoqlikda suv bosadi. Palembangdagi daryo uylari suv toshqini bilan tikilgan, to'lqin bilan ko'tarilgan va tushgan raflarga qurilgan. U hayratga tushadi an'anaviy uylar qishloqlardan, ammo u erda oziq-ovqat olishda qiynalishgan, odamlar yomg'irli mavsumda butunlay guruch bilan kun kechirishgan. U kapalakning ba'zi yangi turlarini, shu jumladan topadi Papilio memnon turli shakllarda uchraydigan, ba'zi mavjudotlar Batesian taqlidlari ning Papilio coon. U hayratga tushadi kamuflyaj turlarining o'lik barg kelebek, Kallima paralekta. U ovchilaridan biri unga erkak olib kelganidan mamnun shoxi, ayolni boqish paytida uning uyasi teshigiga otilgan.

9 Tabiiy tarix Hind-Malay orollari.

Uollas Uolles chizig'ining g'arbiy qismidagi orollarning tabiiy tarixini eskizlar va flora Hindistonnikiga o'xshashligini ta'kidlab, botanik Jozef Dalton Xuker uning 1855 yilda Indika florasi. Xuddi shunday sutemizuvchilar ham Hindistonnikiga, shu jumladan yo'lbarsga, qoplon, karkidon va fil. Qushlarning turlari turlicha edi, ammo avlodlar asosan bir xil bo'lgan va ba'zi turlari (masalan) daraxtzor, to'tiqush, qiruvchi va qirg'ovul Hindistondan Java va Borneoga topilgan, yana ko'plari Sumatra va Malay yarim orolida topilgan.

Timor guruhi

"Timor Men" rasmini chizish Tomas Beyns, fotosuratdan

10 Bali Va Lombok

Uolles Balida beixtiyor to'xtaganidan minnatdordir, chunki u sayohatning eng qiziqarli joylaridan birini topdi, chunki hind urf-odatlari va dini hali ham amal qiladi, Lombokda esa u avstraliyalik qushlarni topadi, masalan, bu g'arbiy qismida ushbu oilaning doirasi.

11 Lombok - odob-axloq va odatlar

Lombokda Uolles qurollar qanday ishlab chiqarilganini kuzatmoqda, toshlar savati bilan og'irlikdagi ustunni aylantirib o'tirgan ikki kishi qurol o'qlarini zeriktirayotganiga guvoh bo'lmoqda. U tasvirlaydi Sasak xalqi orol va yugurish odati amok.

12 Lombok - Rajax qanday ro'yxatga olingan

Butun bob Lombokning rajasi (qiroli) haqida Uollesni latifa deb ataydigan afsonaga bag'ishlangan. Bunga soliq solish, igna va muqaddas narsalar kiradi krissalar.

13 Timor

Uolles Timor oroli, uning fan-palmalarining ko'pligi, Papuaga o'xshagan odamlari va u juda kambag'al deb hisoblagan Portugaliya hukumatini tasvirlaydi. Ba'zi tepaliklarda u topadi Evkalipt (saqich) daraxtlari, Avstraliyadan kelgan avlod; u o'simliklarni monoton deb biladi.

14 Timor guruhining tabiiy tarixi

U Java va Avstraliyada yashovchi qush turlarining aralashmasini oraliq deb topadi, 36 turi aslida Javan va 11 turi chambarchas bog'liq; bor-yo'g'i 13 nafar avstraliyalik bo'lsa, 35tasi chambarchas bog'liq. Uolles buni Avstraliyadan oz sonli qushlar va Yavadan ko'p sonli qushlar Timorni mustamlaka qilib, keyinchalik orolda endemik bo'lgan yangi turlarga aylanib qolganligini anglatadi. Quruq sutemizuvchilar soni juda kam edi: oltita turi endemik yoki Java yoki Molukkaga tegishli edi, Avstraliyada hech kim yo'q edi, shuning uchun u bu qit'aga quruqlik ko'prigi borligiga shubha qilmoqda.

Celebes guruhi

Boshsuyagi a babirusa (cho'chqa kiyik) Celebes, E. W. Robinson tomonidan

15 Celebes - Makassar

Uolles topilgan shaharchada qolgan Makassar qimmat va qishloqqa ko'chib ketadi. U rajax bilan uchrashadi va har kuni unga bir stakan sut beriladigan fermada qolish baxtiga muyassar bo'lib, "mening eng katta hashamatlarimdan biri".^[11-bet]

16 Celebes - Makassar

U ba'zilarini ushlaydi Ornithoptera (birdwings), "kapalaklarning eng kattasi, eng mukammal va eng chiroylisi".^[12-bet] U qo'ng'izlarni jalb qilish uchun chirigan jekfrutdan foydalanadi, ammo oz sonli qushlarni topadi. Ohaktosh tog'lari tor poydevorli skelet shaklidagi ustunlarga aylanib ketgan.

17 Celebes - Menado

Wallace tashriflari Menado Celebesning shimoli-sharqiy qirg'og'ida. The Minaxasa mintaqasi aholisi arxipelagidagi boshqa joylardan farqli o'laroq, adolatli tanli. U kofe plantatsiyalarida baland tog'larda qoladi va tez-tez sovuq, lekin hayvonlar pastkilarnikidan farq qilmasligini aniqlaydi. O'rmon to'la edi orkide, bromeliad, kulfatlar va moxlar. U zilzilani boshdan kechirmoqda, ammo yog'ochdan yasalgan pastak uylar ozgina zarar bilan omon qoladi. Uning fikriga ko'ra, odamlar rahbarligi ostida missionerlar, butun arxipelagning eng mehnatkash, tinch va madaniyatli odamlaridir. U (aftidan sotib olish yo'li bilan) bosh suyaklarini oladi babirusa (cho'chqa kiyiklari) va noyob sapiutan (midget buffalo).

18 Celebesning tabiiy tarixi

U har bir guruhdagi turlarning turlarini batafsil tavsiflab, qushlar atrofdagi hech bir mamlakatnikiga o'xshamaydi va bir-biridan ajratilgan, ammo Yangi Gvineya, Avstraliya, Hindiston va Afrikani o'z ichiga olgan uzoq joylarga tegishli; u bir joyda bunday turlar ko'p uchraydigan boshqa hech qanday joy yo'q deb o'ylaydi. Xuddi shunday Nymphalidae (u ingliz a'zosi, binafsha imperator kapalak), ularning 48 turi mavjud bo'lib, ularning 35 turi Celebes uchun endemikdir. U Celebes orollari guruhi arxipelagning asosiy faunal bo'linmasi degan xulosaga keladi.

Molukalar

19 Banda

U Bandani yoqimli, chekayotgan vulqon va tepadan yaxshi ko'rinish bilan ko'radi. The muskat yong'og'i daraxtlar chiroyli, ammo u muskat yong'og'i savdosida Gollandiya monopoliyasi tugaganidan afsuslanadi, bu esa to'g'ridan-to'g'ri soliqlarni undirish zaruriyatidan qochgan. Faqatgina mahalliy hayvonlar, deb o'ylashadi ko'rshapalaklar, ehtimol bundan mustasno opossum turlari.

20 Amboyna

U Amboyna aholisini dangasa deb biladi, ammo portda eng chiroyli manzara bor edi " mercanlar, gubkalar, aktiniæ va boshqa dengiz mahsulotlari, ajoyib o'lchamlari, xilma-xil shakllari va yorqin ranglari. "^[13-bet] Katta piton uyining tomidan chiqarilishi kerak. U haqiqatdan zavqlantiradi non mevasi, u ko'plab idishlarda yaxshi deb hisoblaydi, ammo eng yaxshisi oddiygina pishiriladi.

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Molukalar (davomi)

21 Ternate

Uolles uch yil davomida saqlagan uyini oladi va ta'mirlaydi, uning rejasini kitobga chizadi; balandligi 3 metr (1 metr) bo'lgan tosh devorlari bor, ustunlari tomni ushlab turadi; devorlari va shiftlari barglar ning sago palma. Unda toza sovuq suv qudug'i bor va bozor yangi taomlarning "odatiy bo'lmagan hashamatlari" bilan ta'minlaydi; u og'ir sayohatlardan so'ng sog'lig'ini tiklash uchun bu erga qaytadi.

22 Gilolo

U katta orolni juda zerikarli, juda baland dag'al o'tlar va oz sonli turlarni topadi. O'rmonda u ba'zi bir kichik "parroketlar", cho'tka bilan aytilgan lorlar va kunduzgi uchadigan kuya oladi. Kotsitiya d'Urvili.^[8]

"Molukkan qo'ng'izlari"

23 ga sayohat Kayo orollari va Batchian

U juda tavsiya etilgan Batchian oroliga borish uchun kichik qayiqni yollaydi va u erga o'tadi Tidor, u erda 1858 yil oktyabrdagi kometani ko'radi; u tungi osmonning taxminan 20 darajasini qamrab oladi. Ular vulqon oroli yonidan suzib o'tmoqdalar Makian U 1646 yilda va yana dahshatli tarzda, Vallas arxipelagidan ketganidan keyin, 1862 yilda otilib chiqqan. Kayo orollarida u qo'ng'izlar hayotida ko'rgan joylaridan ko'ra ko'proq bo'lgan, oltin to'dalari bilan bokira o'rmonni topadi. Buprestidae, atirgullar va uzun shoxli yovvoyi hasharotlar, shuningdek uzun bo'yli qo'ng'izlar. "Bu ajoyib joy edi va u doimo tropikadagi hasharotlar hayotini mislsiz hashamatda namoyish etish kabi xotiramda qoladi".^[14-bet]

Erkak va ayol Wallace standart ishlab chiqarishi dan Batchi, Gollandiyalik o'ymakor tomonidan yog'ochga chizilgan Jon Jerrard Keulemans

24 Batchi

Sulton unga uyni qarzga beradi, u unga choy va pirojniylarni taklif qiladi, lekin unga xaritalar yasashni o'rgatishni va unga qurol va sog'in echki berishni iltimos qiladi, "bularning hammasi iloji boricha mohirlik bilan qochib qoldim".^{[P 15]} Uning xizmatkori Ali jannatning yangi qushini otadi, Wallace standart ishlab chiqarishi, "ajoyib sovrin" va "ajoyib yangilik".^[16-bet] U hasharotlar va qushlar qatoridan biroz ko'ngli qolgan, ammo yangi turlarini kashf etgan rolik, quyosh qushi va ko'rganimdan xursandman raketa dumli qiruvchi. Uning uyi ikki marta burgled; temirchi qulflarini olib, unga yangi kalitlar to'plamini yasashga muvaffaq bo'ldi; va u qushchiqaruvchi kapalakning yangi turini kashf etadi.

25 Ceram, Goram, va Matabello orollari

U Ceramga sayohat qiladi, u erda ko'p tilli odam bilan suhbatlashishdan zavqlanmoqda Flamancha plantatsiya egasi. Doimiy izlash va daryolar bo'ylab yurishlariga qaramay, u ozgina qushlarni topadi; suv va dag'al er uning ikkala juft poyabzalini ham yo'q qiladi va u oxirgi kuni uyga "mening paypog'im bilan juda alamli" yurishdan cho'loq bo'lib qaytadi.^[17-bet] Matabello orollarida suzib yurib, u odamlarni qirg'oqqa tushib ketishidan qo'rqib, yo'nalishdan o'n mil uzoqlikda uchib ketishdi. Yangi Gvineya "u holda biz hammamiz o'ldirilishi kerak", chunki u erda qabilalar xoin va qonxo'r.^{[P 18]} U bu erdagi eng kichkina bolalar ham betel nonni chaynashlarini va yomon dietadan yaralar bilan bezovta bo'lishlarini ko'rganidan afsuslanadi. Ammo u ularning pivosidan ko'ra ko'proq sidrga o'xshash palma sharobidan zavqlanmoqda va u yosh kokos yong'og'ining ichidagi "suv" ni Angliyada sotilayotgan eski quruq kokos yong'og'ining tarkibiga o'xshamaydi. U sotib oladi prau va "eng yaxshi London markasi" vositalaridan foydalangan holda odamlarni o'zi jihozlashi bilan ajablantiradi, ammo katta burg'ulash etishmasligi tufayli teshiklarni juda sekin, issiq temir tayoqchalar bilan zeriktirib ochish kerak.^{[P 19]} Ceram bo'ylab sayohat qilib, Goram shahridan ekipaj qochib ketdi. U tayyorlash jarayonini batafsil bayon qiladi sago.

26 Bouru

U asosan loy va suvni ko'rgan holda, yomg'irli mavsumda kelganini topdi. U ikki oylik ishda faqat 210 turdagi qo'ng'iz ishlab chiqarayotganidan shikoyat qiladi, Amboynada uch hafta ichida 300 ta. Ammo bitta Cerambyx qo'ng'izning uzunligi 3 dyuymgacha (7,5 sm), antennalari esa 5 dyuym (12,5 sm) gacha bo'lgan. Oddiy kulbasini qulay topgani uchun, u qo'pol stolni qurib, uning ichida bo'lganidan keyin, u o'zidan zavqlanmoqda kalamush chivinli to'r bilan va "katta Shotland plaid "" kichkina uxlab yotgan kvartira "ni shakllantirish uchun. U 17 ta (hech bo'lmaganda molukalar uchun) qush turlarini oladi, shu jumladan yangi Pitta qush.^{[P 20]}

27 Molukkaning tabiiy tarixi

Molukkadagi yagona yirtqich hayvon bu Malay civet (Musang), u taxmin qilgani uchun tasodifan kiritildi mushk. Celebes Babirusa g'alati tarzda Bouruda topilgan va u qisman suzish orqali erishgan deb taxmin qilmoqda. Ser Charlz Lyell "s Geologiya asoslari ushbu qobiliyatni tasdiqlash uchun. Boshqa sutemizuvchilar marsupial Shunday qilib, u haqiqiy mahalliylarni taxmin qiladi. Bir nechta sutemizuvchilardan farqli o'laroq, kamida 265 qush turi bor, bularning barchasi 257 ta Evropaga qaraganda ko'proq, ammo bu uchta guruh - to'tiqushlar, qirg'iylar va kaptarlar deyarli uchdan birini tashkil qiladi, faqat yigirmanchi Hindiston qushlari. Uolles buni Yangi Gvineyadan kelganligi sababli taklif qiladi, chunki ba'zi bir guruhlar shu kabi etishmayapti va ko'plab yangi Gvineya qushlari Molukkaga etib bormagan, bu orollar uzoq vaqtdan beri izolyatsiya qilinganligini anglatadi.

Papuan guruhi

Papua jozibasi, E. W. Robinson tomonidan

28 Makassar Aru orollariga mahalliy odamda Prau

Wallace, Celebesning yomg'irli mavsumidan qochib, manbasi bo'lgan Aru orollariga borishga qaror qildi marvaridlar, marvarid onasi va toshbaqa Evropa uchun va qutulish mumkin bo'lgan qushlarning uyalari va "vahshiylar" yashasa ham, Xitoy uchun dengiz shilliqlari. U 70 tonnada 1000 millik (1600 km) safar xavfiga qaramay hayajonlanmoqda Bugis orollarni hisobga olgan holda 50 kishilik ekipaj bilan prau "Ultima Thule Uning kichkina kabinasi u dengizda bo'lgan "eng zo'r" edi va unga tabiiy materiallar va yoqimsiz hidli bo'yoq va smola yo'qligi yoqardi.^[21-bet] Molukka dengizi a. Kabi fosforli edi tumanlik teleskopda ko'rilgan. U ko'radi uchadigan baliq Teor yaqinida joylashgan, bu jadvallarda noto'g'ri ko'rsatilgan.

29 Ké orollari

Prauni 3 yoki 4 ta uzun bo'yli qayiqlar kutib olishadi, taxminan 50 kishi yalang'och, ammo chig'anoqlar va uzun shlyuzlar uchun kassa "quvonch va hayajondan mast bo'lib" tamaki so'ragan holda shov-shuvga ko'tarilgan patlar, qo'shiq aytish va eshkak eshish paytida.^[22-bet] U papauslar tashqi ko'rinishiga yoki xulq-atvoriga ko'ra malaylar emasligi birdaniga ravshan.^[23-bet] Ular faqat qayiq quruvchilar, faqat bolta, adze va shnur yordamida taxta taxtalarni bir-biriga juda yaxshi bog'laydilar, shu sababli pichoq pichog'ini hech qaerga kiritish qiyin edi.^{[P 24]} Ular hech qanday pul sarflamaydilar, pichoqlar, mato va "arak" brendi uchun almashadilar va ko'plab qo'ng'izlarni, shu jumladan yangi marvarid qo'ng'izi turlari, Cyphogastra calepyga, tamaki evaziga.

30 Aru orollari - Dobboda istiqomat qilish

Bir kuni u 30 dan ortiq kapalak turini qo'lga kiritadi, chunki u u bo'lganidan beri eng ko'p Amazon, shu jumladan "katta va chiroyli tomoshabin-kapalak, Hestia durvillei ",^[25-bet] va bir necha kundan keyin

dunyodagi eng ajoyib hasharotlardan biri, qush qanotli buyuk kapalak, Ornithoptera poseydon. Menga ulug'vor tarzda kelayotganini ko'rib hayajondan titrab ketdim ... va hayratdan adashib qanotlarining baxmal qora va porloq yashil tomoniga, ettita dyuym bo'ylab, oltin tanasi va qip-qizil ko'kragiga qarab turdim ... O'sha kuni kechqurun Dobbo qishlog'i kamida bitta mamnun odamni o'tkazdi. "

— Uolles^[25-bet]

"G. qirol" va "o'n ikkita simli" jannat qushlari ", J. G. Keulemans tomonidan yog'ochga chizilgan.

31 Aru orollari - sayohat va interyerda yashash

Uni olib kelishdi jannat qushi, orol aholisini hayajoni bilan kulgiga solmoqda; bu uning arxipelagga sayohat qilishdan maqsadlaridan biri edi. U ularning go'zalligi "qorong'u va g'amgin o'rmonda, ularning mehr-muhabbatiga boqish uchun aqlli ko'zlarsiz" qanday sarf qilinganligi haqida o'ylaydi, ammo "madaniyatli odam" orollarga etib borganida, albatta, tabiat muvozanatini buzadi va qushlarni yo'q qiladi. .^[26-bet] U erkaklar orasida qolgan barcha xalqlarning eng chiroylisi, ayollarni esa "o'ta yoshlikdan tashqari" go'zalroq deb biladi.^[27-bet]

32 Aru orollari - Dobbodagi ikkinchi qarorgoh

U ko'chada xo'roz kurashini ko'radi, lekin ko'proq futbol o'yiniga qiziqadi, rattan ichi bo'sh to'p bilan o'ynaydi va "haddan tashqari arzonligi" ni ta'kidlaydi^[28-bet] barcha tovarlarni, shu jumladan Evropada yoki Amerikada ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarni, u bekorchilik va ichkilikka sabab bo'ladi deb hisoblaydi, chunki tovarlarni olish uchun ko'p mehnat qilishning hojati yo'q. U ko'k va to'q sariq rangli lorilar bilan o'rab olingan qirmizi gulli daraxtga qoyil qoladi. Unga qushlarning uyasidan sho'rva beriladi, u deyarli bemaza edi.

33 Aru orollari - fizik geografiya va tabiat aspektlari

Orollarni dengizning kirish joyi bo'lsa ham, xuddi shunga o'xshash va daryolar deb ataladigan uchta tor kanallar kesib o'tishadi. Yovvoyi tabiat, bir vaqtlar quruqlik ko'prigi bilan bog'langan deb taxmin qilgan 240 km uzoqlikdagi Yangi Gvineyaga o'xshaydi. Ko'pincha gullar yashil rangga ega; katta va ko'rgazmali gullar kamdan-kam uchraydi yoki yo'q.

34 Yangi Gvineya —Dori

U uzoq kutgandan keyin Yangi Gvineyaga yo'l oladi. Sohil bo'yidagi qishloq uylari suv ostida turadi; ularning qayiqqa o'xshash tomlari bor va ko'pincha odamlarning bosh suyaklari osmon ostiga osilib turadi, o'zlarining tajovuzkorlari - Arfaklar bilan janglar kubogi. Kengash uyida yalang'och figuralarning "qo'zg'olonchi" suratlari bor. U aholini ko'pincha juda chiroyli ko'radi, chunki ular baland bo'yli akvilin burunlari va ehtiyotkorlik bilan taralgan "mo'rt" sochlarining boshlari.^{[P 29]} U frantsuz farmatsevt va botanikasi ta'riflagan jannat qushlarini topa olmadi Rene Primevère darsi, lekin shoxli kiyik pashshalaridan, shu jumladan, mamnun Servikorn elafomiyasi va E. wallacei. U to'pig'ini jarohatlagan va u oshqozon yarasi bo'lganligi sababli dam olishga majbur bo'lgan, shu bilan birga barcha odamlarda isitma, dizenteriya yoki qo'zg'alish bor edi. U sog'ayib ketgach, qushlar kam, lekin u har kuni o'rtacha 30 ga yaqin qo'ng'iz turini topadi; unutilmas ikki kunda u shaxsiy rekordini 78 va 95 turlarini topadi; undan keyin namunalarni yopishtirish va yotqizish uchun 6 soat vaqt ketadi. U Do'rida 800 dan ortiq qo'ng'iz turlarini yig'di. U "ko'proq afsuslanmasdan" ketmoqda, chunki u hech qachon "ko'proq shaxsiy narsalar va bezovtaliklar" bilan tashrif buyurmagan.^{[P 30]}

35 Ceramdan Vaigiouga sayohat

U yordamchisiga, janob Allenga etib borishga urinayotganda, qirg'oqqa chiqqan ba'zi odamlarni yo'qotib, langarni sudrab, marjon rifiga yugurib, noto'g'ri xaritani boshqarganida, u uchib ketmoqda; "Waigiou riflari va orollari orasida" 8 kun davom etdi^[31-bet] xavfsiz portga qaytish. U odamlarini qutqarish uchun qayiq yuboradi; 10 kundan keyin ularsiz qaytadi, lekin u ularga yana pul to'laydi va ikkinchi urinishda u bir oy davomida omon qolgan ikki kishisi bilan "Bromeliya turining ildizlari va mayin gulzorlarida, qobiq ustida" baliqlar va bir nechta toshbaqa tuxumlarida. "^[32-bet]

36 Waigiou

U xurmo bargi kulbasini quradi, u tomning qiyaligini oshirguncha yomon oqib chiqadi. U qizil jannat qushini otib tashlaydi. U odamlarni turli millat vakillari deb o'ylaydi. U Bessirga suzib boradi, u erda boshliq unga zinapoya bilan o'ralgan va balandligi baland bo'lmagan kichkina kulbani beradi, u "yarim gorizontal holatda" yashash va ishlashni o'rganadi;^[33-bet] u orolga kelgan birinchi oq tanli odam. U jannat qushlari uchun savdo qiladi; odamlar ularni Aru orollari singari to'mtoq o'qlar bilan otishmaydi, balki mevalarni vilkalar tayoqchada o'lja sifatida yo'llaydilar va qushlarni tayoqdan pastga osilgan ilmoq bilan ushlaydilar, qush kelganda simni tortib oladilar. , ba'zan ikki yoki uch kundan keyin.

Waigiou dan 37 gacha sayohat Ternate

Qayiqqa Ternate suzib ketayotganda, qayiqni o'nlab to'lqinlar bosib o'tib, ular og'ir bemaqsad singari zerikarli guvillash bilan yaqinlashdi, dengiz esa "mukammal silliq" edi^[34-bet] oldin va keyin; u shunday bo'lishi kerak degan xulosaga keladi zilzila to'lqinlari kabi Uilyam Damper tasvirlab bergan edi. Keyinchalik u o'sha kuni Giloloda zilzila bo'lganini bildi. Safarda ular o'zlarining langarlarini yo'qotib qo'yishadi va ularning mahkamlash kabelini qichqiriq ushlaydi. Yangi yog'och ankrajlar mohirlik bilan qilingan. Erkaklar qayiqning omadli emasligiga ishonishadi va uzoqroq sayohat qilishdan oldin marosim o'tkazishni so'rashadi. Ular bo'ronga tushib, tortib olgan kichik qayig'ini yo'qotib qo'yishadi. Wallace ta'kidlashicha, 78 kun ichida "bir kun ham adolatli shamol bo'lmagan". (sic)^[35-bet]

38 Jannat qushlari

Uolles, namunalarni olish uchun tez-tez aniq sayohat qilganiga ishora qilib, jannat qushlarini batafsil tasvirlab berdi va jinsiy tanlov ayollar tomonidan. U buyuk, qirol, qizil, ajoyib, ajoyib, oltin yoki oltita o'qli, standart qanotli, o'n ikki simli va epimaque yoki jannatning uzun dumli qushlarini, shuningdek uchta Gvineyaning deyarli uch qushini qamrab oladi. ajoyib. Agar u ozod qilinsa, ular yaxshi yashashlari mumkinligini taklif qilmoqda Palm House da Kew bog'lari. Umuman olganda, u 18 turni biladi, ulardan 11 tasi Yangi Gvineyadan, 8 tasi unga va Salvattiga tegishli yoki 14 tasi Yangi Gvineya hududida (1 tasi Molukkadan va 3 tasi Avstraliyadan). Uning yordamchisi janob Allen muammoga duch kelmoqda, chunki odamlar uning sabablaridan shubhalanishgan. Bir yil beshta sayohat Yangi Gvineya hududidagi 14 turdan atigi 5 turini ishlab chiqardi.

39 Papua orollarining tabiiy tarixi

Yangi Gvineya, deb yozadi Wallace, asosan noma'lum, faqat shimoliy-g'arbiy yarim orolning yovvoyi tabiati qisman o'rganilgan, ammo allaqachon 250 quruq qushlar ma'lum bo'lib, orolni katta qiziqish uyg'otmoqda. Sutemizuvchilar oz, asosan marsupiallar, shu jumladan kenguru (birinchi marta Le Brun 1714 yilda ko'rgan).

"Yava boshlig'ining portreti"

40 Inson irqi Malay arxipelagida

Uolles kitobni arxipelag xalqlari haqidagi qarashlarini tavsiflash bilan yakunlaydi. U Malayziyani, masalan, Yavani eng madaniyatli deb biladi, ammo u Borneo dyaklari va Sumatraning bataklarini va boshqalarni "vahshiy malaylar" deb ta'riflaydi.^[36-bet] U sayohatchining so'zlarini keltiradi Nikolo Konti 1430-yilgi hisobot, boshqa erta tavsiflar bilan. U Papuani malay tiliga qarama-qarshi deb o'ylaydi, malaylar sust va jim turadigan joyda impulsiv va namoyishkorona. U ularning kelib chiqishi haqida taxmin qiladi va oxirida bir eslatmada ingliz jamiyatini tanqid qiladi.

Ilova

Yoqilgan Kraniya Va Tillar

Uolles Xaksli nazariyasini va doktor Jozef Barnard Devisning kitobini eslatib o'tadi Thesaurus Craniorum, bu inson irqlarini Bosh suyagi gumbazining shakli bilan farqlashi mumkin, deb taxmin qilgan Uolles nazariyasiga asoslanib, Uollesga shubha bilan qaraydi. Ammo u "Malayziya" va "Papualar" ning kraniyasida o'tkazgan o'lchovlarini sanab o'tdi va Malay guruhi ichida juda katta farqlar mavjudligini ta'kidladi. Uning Papuan guruhida bosh suyaklari kam bo'lgan va ikki guruh o'rtasida aniq farqlar bo'lmagan.

Til qo'shimchasida arxipelagda uchragan 59 tilda 9 ta so'z (qora, oq, olov, suv, katta, kichik, burun, til, tish) va ushbu tillarning 33 tasida 117 ta so'z berilgan. tillarda ko'plab umumiy so'zlar mavjud.

Qabul qilish

Zamonaviy

Malay arxipelagi nashrga iliq kutib olindi, ko'pincha kitobni sarhisob qilishga urinib ko'rgan uzoq sharhlarda, davriy nashrga mos keladigan nuqtai nazardan. U 40 dan ortiq davriy nashrlarda ko'rib chiqilgan: quyida ushbu sharhlar sarhisob qilingan.^[9]

Antropologik sharh

The Antropologik sharh hayvonot dunyosining ta'riflari "qiziqishlarga to'la" bo'lsa-da, "bizning o'quvchilarimiz antropologlar sifatida, Borneo odamga o'xshash buyuk maymun - orang-utan yoki" ga katta qiziqish bilan qarashadi. mias, bu mahalliy aholi tomonidan "" deb nomlangan. Ikki sahifada orang utan haqida bahs yuritiladi. So'ngra sharh Uollesning kitobdagi "inson irqlari" haqidagi kuzatuvlariga o'girilib, berilgan antropologik tafsilotlar foydali ekanligini, ammo ehtimol "ma'lum bir nazariyani" qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tanlangan, ya'ni Uollesning sharqiy va g'arbiy irqlar - "malaylar" va "papualar" borligiga ishonchi, garchi ular orasidagi chegara Uolles chizig'idan sharqda bo'lgan bo'lsa ham. Sharh Uollesning tabiiy tarix haqidagi ma'lumotlarini qabul qiladi, Ammo u shaxslarning tafsilotlarini yozishda tanlab ishlagan deb gumon qilmoqda. Uolles fransuz mualliflari bilan polineziyaliklar (uning papualariga kiritilgan) "mahalliy kelib chiqishi bor" degan fikrga qo'shilganligini ta'kidlaydi. Sharhda "janob Uolles ko'proq axloqiy xususiyatlarning xilma-xilligiga ishonadi" irqning jismoniy xususiyatlariga qaraganda farqini isbotlash, garchi u bular qat'iy belgilangan "deb e'lon qilsa-da va bu farqga shubha qilmoqda va" Yava boshlig'i "va Dyak ko'proq farq qilmaydimi degan savolga javob beradi. uz sahifalarida irq haqidagi mulohazalar, kitobni o'z o'quvchilariga oddiy sayohat kitoblaridan ko'ra yaxshiroq "va hatto biron bir shov-shuvli voqealar bo'lmagan taqdirda ham" tavsiya qilish bilan yakunlanadi, chunki u ham ilmiy, ham keng tarqalgan o'quvchilarning "qiziqishini to'la ravishda qoplaydi".^[10]

London Etnologik Jamiyati jurnali

"Papuan, Yangi Gvineya" qayta nashr etildi Malay arxipelagi Etnologik Jamiyatning sharhida.

The London Etnologik Jamiyati jurnali faqat kitobdagi etnologiyaga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, u ham ma'lumotlarning ahamiyatini, ham Uollesning "mulohazali va taxminiy spekulyatsiyasi" ni maqtagan.^[11] Sharhda Uolles arxipelagdagi ikkita "insoniyat turini" - "Malayan va Papuani" aniqlaganligi va bu ikkalasining "bir-biriga izdoshligi yo'q" deb o'ylaganligi qayd etilgan. Uolles Timor, Celebes va Malukkalar aholisi haqidagi bilimlarni ancha kengaytiradi, shu bilan birga Malayziya va Papua xalqlariga ma'lum bo'lgan narsalarni qo'shib, uning butun tavsifini va papuaga ishlangan gravyurasini qayta nashr etadi. The reviewer remarks that the portrait "would as well suit a Papuan of the south-east coast of New Guinea as any of those whom Mr. Wallace saw", noting however that the southern tribes are more varied in skin colour. The reviewer disagrees with Wallace about the extension of this "Papuan race" as far as Fiji, noting that there are or were people like that in Tasmania, but that their features and height varied widely, perhaps forming a series. The reviewer disagrees also that the Sandwich Islanders and "New Zealanders" (Maori) are related to the Papuans; and with Wallace's claim that the presence of Malay words in Polynesian languages is caused by the "roaming habits" — trade and navigation – of the Malays, arguing instead that the Polynesians long ago migrated from "some common seat in, or near, the Malay Archipelago". The review ends by stating that despite all these disagreements, it holds Wallace's ethnology in "high estimation".^[11]

Qirollik geografik jamiyati

Janob Roderik Merchison, giving a speech at the Qirollik geografik jamiyati, felt able to "feel a pride" in Wallace's success, and in the "striking contributions" made to science. He takes interest in "Wallace's line" which he calls "this ingenious speculation", with "the two faunas wonderfully contrasted" either side of the deep channel between Borneo and Celebes, or Bali and Lombok. He points out the same principle between the Britaniya orollari and continental Europe, though there the conclusion is rather that the same fauna and flora is found on both sides. However, Murchison states his disagreement with Wallace's support for Jeyms Xatton ning printsipi bir xillik, bu "barchasi former changes of the outline of the earth were produced slowly", opining that the Bali–Lombok channel probably formed suddenly. He mentions in one sentence that the book contains "interesting and important facts" on jismoniy geografiya, native inhabitants, iqlim and products of the archipelago, and describes Wallace as a great naturalist and a "most attractive writer".^[12]

Xonimlar ombori

One of the shortest reviews was in Xonimlar ombori, which found it

a highly valuable and intensely interesting contribution to our knowledge of a part of the world but little known in Europe or America. But few of our tourists ever visit it, and scarcely any have ever gone to explore it. Mr. Wallace is not an amateur traveler, making a hasty visit, to return and write a hasty and almost useless book. He is an enthusiastic naturalist, a geographer, and geologist, a student of man and nature.

— ^[13]

The reviewer notes the region is "of terrific grandeur, parts of it being perpetually illuminated by discharging volcanoes, and all of it frequently shaken with earthquakes." The review summarises the book's geographical reach and style in a paragraph.^[13]

Ommaviy ilmiy sharh

Ommaviy ilmiy sharh began by writing that "We never remember to have taken up a book which gave us more pleasure".^[14] It was quite unlike the dull journey logs of most travel books; it was "a romance, which is, nevertheless, plain matter of fact". The review especially admires the way that Wallace "has generalised on the facts" rather than just shooting "a multitude of birds" and interminably describing them. The account notes that Wallace was the joint originator of the theory of natural selection, and summarises the discovery of the Wallace line in some detail. The review ends by placing the Malay arxipelagi o'rtasida Charlz Layl "s Geologiya asoslari va Darvinniki Turlarning kelib chiqishi.^[14]

American Quarterly Church Review

"Natives of Aru shooting the great bird of paradise"

The American Quarterly Church Review admires Wallace's bravery in going alone among the "barbarous races" in a "villainous climate" with all the hardships of travel, and his hard work in skinning, stuffing, drying and bottling so many specimens. Since "As a scientific man he follows Darwin" the review finds "his theories sometimes need as many grains of salt as his specimens." But the review then agrees that the book will "make the world wiser about its more solitary and singular children, hid away over the seas", and opines that no-one will mind paying the price of the book to read about the birds of paradise, "those bird-angels, with flaming wings of crimson and gold and scarlet, who twitter and gambol and make merry among the great island trees, while the Malay hunts for them with his blunt-headed arrows..." The review concludes that the book is a fresh and valuable record of "a remote and romantic land".^[15]

Australian Town and Country Journal

The Australian Town and Country Journal begins by stating that^[16]

Mr. Wallace is generally understood to be the originator of the theory of "Tabiiy tanlov " as propounded by Mr. Darwin, and certainly .. he brings numerous phenomena which he regards as illustrative of that theory very vividly under the notice of his readers, and that, too, as if he were but a disciple of Mr. Darwin, and not an original discoverer.

— ^[16]

and quickly makes clear that it objects to Wallace's doubts about "indications of design" in plants. Despite this "grave" fault, the reviewer considers the book to be of immense value, and that it would become a standard work on the region.^[16] The review quotes a paragraph that paints "a picture of country life in the Celebes", where Wallace describes his host, a Mr. M., who relied on his gun to supply his table with wild pigs, deer, and jungle fowl, while enjoying his own milk, butter, rice, coffee, ducks, palm wine and tobacco. However, the Australian reviewer doubted Wallace's judgement about flavours, given that he praised the Durian fruit, namely that it tastes of custard, cream cheese, onion sauce, brown sherry "and other incongruities", whereas "most Europeans" found it "an abomination".^[16]

Otherwise, the review notes that Wallace seemed to have enjoyed his time in the Celebes, with the hornbills flapping past, and the baboons staring down from their trees, and enjoys his enthusiasm for the jannat qushlari. The review is respectful of his account of the Wallace line, having no difficulty agreeing that the Australian-type vegetation continues into the archipelago as far as Lombok and Celebes. It concludes that he covers almost every natural phenomenon he came across "with the accuracy and discriminating sagacity of an accomplished naturalist", and explains that the "great charm" of the book is "a truthful simplicity" which inspires confidence.^[16]

Kalkutta sharhi

The Indian Museum, Calcutta

The Kalkutta sharhi starts by noting that this is a book that cannot be done justice in a brief notice, that Wallace is a most eminent naturalist, and chiefly known as a Darwinian; the book was the most interesting to cross the reviewer's desk since Palgrave "s Arabiston (1865) and Sir Samuel Beyker "s Explorations of the Nile (1866). By combining geography, geology and ethnology into one narrative, the reader is saved "the monotony of traversing the same regions several times". The review describes in detail Wallace's findings of different birds and mammals either side of the Wallace line. It notes Wallace's cheerfulness and good temper in the face of "the difficulties and inconveniences attendant upon foreign travel", such as having to cross "a hundred miles of open sea in a little boat of four tons burthen",^[17] which Wallace calmly describes as comparatively comfortable. The reviewer remarks that Wallace was "set down as a conjuror by these simple people" with unimaginable purposes from a faraway country, but is less admiring about Wallace's moralising tone, especially when he supposes that "wild communities" can be happier than "in a more highly civilised society". The review ends with some reflections of surprise on how little-known the Malay Archipelago is in India, given that they were closely connected with Hindu temples in Java va Bali, and hopes that soon there will be some "productions" of the archipelago in the Hind muzeyi ning Kalkutta.^[18]

Revue des Deux Mondes

The book's fame spread beyond the English-speaking world. R. Radau wrote a lengthy review of Un naturaliste dans l'Archipel Malais frantsuz tilida Revue des Deux Mondes. Radau notes the many deaths from volcanic eruptions in the archipelago, before explaining the similarity of the fauna of Java and Sumatra with that of central Asia, while that of the Celebes carries the mark of Australia, seeming to be the last representatives of another age. Radau describes Wallace's experiences in Singapore, where goods were far cheaper than in Europe – wire, knives, corkscrews, gunpowder, writing-paper, and he remarks on the spread of the Iezuitlar into the interior, though the missionaries had to live on just 750 francs a year. Singapore was covered in wooded hills, and the sawn wood and rotten trunks supported innumerable beetles for the naturalist to study. The only disagreeable element was that the tigers that roared in the forest devoured on average one Chinese per day, especially in the ginger plantations.^[19]

Radau summarises one passage from the book after another: the orang utans of Borneo wrestling open the jaws of a crocodile, or killing a python; the Timorese walking up tall trees, leaning back on ropes as they pull themselves upwards; the indescribable taste of a durian fruit, at once recalling custard, almond paste, roasted onions, sherry and a host of other things, that melts on the tongue, that one does not want to stop eating; more, the fruit has a repulsive odour, and the tree is dangerous, as the hard and heavy fruits can fall on your head. Radau follows Wallace up to the high plateaux of Java, where there are cypress forests covered in moss and lichen; finally at the summit the vegetation seems European, an island vegetation recalling the resemblance between the plants of the high Alps and of Lapland. And in Celebes, men run amok, generally killing a dozen people before meeting their own death.^[19]

Radau returns to food, describing sago and the breadfruit tree. The breadfruit tastes like Yorkshir pudingi or mashed potato; with meat it is the best of vegetables; with sugar, milk, butter or molasses, it is a delicious pudding with a special flavour; Radau hopes that perhaps it will one day be found in European markets. As for the sago palm, one tree yields 1,800 cakes, enough to feed a man for a year.^[19]

There is torrential rain; there are savages; there are dangerous trips in small boats. Only in the final paragraph does Radau reflect on it all: "We have tried, in this study on Wallace's two volumes, to give an idea of what he saw in his eight year stay in the Far East." He admits he has left out most of the natural history, and regrets not having space for more "charming pages" which would have taken him too far. He joins Wallace in reflecting on the relative state of "civilized" and "savage", wondering which is morally superior, and notes the "nostalgia for the primitive state", concluding that civilisation brings the benefit of reason to restrain hasty action.^[19]

Zamonaviy

Guardian

"Chief's House and Rice-shed in a Sumatran Village", by E.W. Robinson

Tim Radford, writing in Guardian,^[20] considers that Malay arxipelagi shows Wallace to be "an extraordinary figure", since he is

an adventurer who does not present himself as adventurous; he is a Victorian Englishman abroad with all the self-assurance but without the lordly superiority of the coloniser; he is the chronicler of wonders who refuses to exaggerate, or to believe anybody else's improbable marvels: what he can see and examine (and, very often, shoot) is wonder enough for him.

— Tim Radford^[20]

Radford finds "delights on every page", such as the Wallace liniyasi between the islands of Bali and Lombok; the sparkling observations, like "the river bed 'a mass of pebbles, mostly pure white quartz, but with abundance of jasper and agate'"; the detailed but lively accounts of natural history and physical geography; the respectful and friendly attitude to the native peoples such as the hill Dyaks of Borneo; and his unclouded observations of human society, such as the way a Bugis man in Lombok runs amok, where Wallace^[20]

begins to reflect on the possible satisfactions of mass murder as a form of honourable suicide for the brooding and resentful man who 'will not put up with such cruel wrongs, but will be revenged on mankind and die like a hero.'

— Tim Radford^[20]

Kuzatuvchi

The uchadigan qurbaqa Borneo

Robin McKie, in Kuzatuvchi,^[21] writes that the common view of Wallace "as a clever, decent cove who knew his place" as second fiddle to Charlz Darvin is rather lopsided. Wallace, he writes, is "capable of great insights" in the Malay arxipelagi. Travelling over 14,000 miles and collecting 125,000 specimens, he also made "scrupulous notes" for the book which

subtly combines wildlife descriptions, geological musings and tales about the villagers, merchants and sultans he encountered on his travels through the East Indies.

— Robin Makki^[21]

In McKie's view, Wallace was a gifted writer with "an eye for catchy observation", and this is one of the finest of travel books. McKie liked the account of Wallace's night sleeping "'with half-a-dozen smoke-dried human skulls suspended over my head'".^[21]

Tadqiqotda

The researcher Charles Smith rates the Malay arxipelagi as "Wallace's most successful work, literarily and commercially", placing it second only to his Darvinizm (1889) among his books for academic citations.^[22]

Boshqa asarlarga ta'siri

Malay arxipelagi influenced many works starting with those of Wallace's contemporaries. Romanchi Jozef Konrad used it as source material for some of his novels, including Almayerning ahmoqligi, Orollarning quvib chiqarilishi va Qutqarish.^[23] Commentators have suggested it had a particularly profound influence on Lord Jim,^[24] crediting it with among other things the inspiration for the character Stein the entomolog.^[25] Conrad's assistant Richard Kyorl deb yozgan Malay arxipelagi was Conrad's favourite bedside book;^[25] Conrad refers directly to what he calls Alfred Wallace's famous book on the Malay Archipelago in Yashirin agent.^[26] Uning qisqa hikoyasida, Neil MacAdam, V. Somerset Maom has the title character read Malay arxipelagi while travelling to Borneo, and its influence can be felt in the story's description of that island.^[25]

More recently, the book has influenced a number of non-fiction books including The Song of the Dodo tomonidan Devid Kvammen (1997), which discussed Wallace's contributions to the field of orol biogeografiyasi;^[27][28] The Spice Islands Voyage tomonidan Tim Severin (1997) that retraced Wallace's travels;^[29] va Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia, tomonidan Gavan Daws (1999), which compared the environment described by Wallace with the modern state of the archipelago.^[30] Malay arxipelagi is considered to be one of the most influential books ever written about the Indonesian islands.^[31] It remains a resource for modern authors of works about the region such as the 2014 book Indonesia Etc, which contains multiple quotations from Wallace's book as well as recommending it as further reading on the geography of Indonesia.^[32]

Ingliz komediyachisi Bill Beyli travelled around Indonesia in the footsteps of Wallace for a two-part television programme on BBC Two, first broadcast in 2013, the centenary of Wallace's death.^[33]

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Birlamchi

This list is to identify the places in the book where quotations come from.

Ikkilamchi

Bibliografiya

Uolles

Each edition was reprinted in subsequent years, so for example the tenth edition appeared in 1890, 1893, 1894, 1898, 1902, 1906 and later reprints, so many different dates can be found in library catalogues.

• Uolles, Alfred Rassel (1869). The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang–utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with sketches of man and nature (1 nashr). Makmillan.

–-- 1872, Macmillan.

--- 1890, (10 ed.) Macmillan.

--- 2014 The Annotated Malay Archipelago by Alfred Russel Wallace, tahrirlangan Jon van Vay, NUS Matbuot; annotated edition (December 15, 2014), trade paperback, 836 pages, ISBN  978-9971698201

--- 2017, deluxe 2 volume edition in slipcase with 64 colour plates published by the Folio Society.

Tarjimalar

--- 1869 Der Malayische Archipel : die Heimath des Orang-Utan und des Paradiesvogels; Reiseerlebnisse und Studien über Land und Leute, George Westermann, Braunschweig. (in German, translated by Adolf Bernxard Meyer )

--- 1870–71 Insulinde : het land van den orang-oetan en den paradijsvogel, P.N. van Kampen, Amsterdam. (golland tilida)

--- 1870? L'archipel malaisien : patrie de l'orang-outang et de l'oiseau de paradis : récits de voyage et étude de l'homme et de la nature, Librairie Hachette, Paris. (frantsuz tilida)

--- 1872 Malajskij archipelag, Sanktpeterburg Obščestvennaja Pol'za, St Petersburg. (rus tilida)

--- 1942 馬来諸島 ('Marai shotō'), 南洋協會, Nan'yō Kyōkai, Tokyo. (yapon tilida)

--- 1942 Viaje al archipélago malayo, Espasa-Calpe, Buenos Aires. (ispan tilida)

--- 1966 馬來群島科學考察記 ('Ma lai qun dao ke xue kao cha ji'), 臺灣商務, Tai wan shang wu, Taipei. (xitoy tilida)

--- 2000 Menjelajah Nusantara : ekspedisi Alfred Russel Wallace abad ke-19, Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung. (indonez tilida)

Boshqa mualliflar

• Dovs, Gavan (1999). Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia – From the Nineteenth-century Discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace to the Fate of Forests and Reefs in the Twenty-first Century. Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-52021-576-4.
• Severin, Tim (1997). The Spice Islands Voyage: The Quest for Alfred Wallace, the Man Who Shared Darwin's Discovery of Evolution. Kichkina, jigarrang. ISBN  978-0-78670-721-8.
• Quammen, Devid (1997). The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinction. Simon va Shuster. ISBN  978-0-68482-712-4.

Tashqi havolalar

• Papua WebProject: Malay arxipelagi – illustrated edition
• Internet arxivi: Malay arxipelagi
• Wallace Online: Malay arxipelagi – text, images, PDF of 1869 and 1890 editions
• Writings on Wallace: secondary sources, modern and from his own time, with links