AQSh erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonun - USA Freedom Act - Wikipedia

AQSh erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonun
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Buyuk muhri
Boshqa qisqa sarlavhalarHuquqlarni bajarish va Amerikaning 2015 yildagi Monitoring qonuni bo'yicha samarali intizomni ta'minlash orqali Amerikani birlashtirish va kuchaytirish
Uzoq sarlavhaFederal hukumat organlarini isloh qilish to'g'risidagi hujjat, ayrim ish yuritish hujjatlarini ishlab chiqarishni talab qilish, elektron kuzatuvni o'tkazish, qalam registrlari va tuzoq va izlarni qidirish vositalaridan foydalanish, shuningdek tashqi razvedka, terrorizmga qarshi kurash va jinoiy maqsadlar uchun ma'lumot yig'ishning boshqa shakllaridan foydalanish. boshqa maqsadlar uchun.
Qisqartmalar (nutqiy)AQShning Ozodlik to'g'risidagi qonuni
TaxalluslarOzodlik to'g'risidagi qonun
Tomonidan qabul qilinganThe AQShning 114-kongressi
Iqtiboslar
Ommaviy huquq114-23
Ozodlik to'g'risidagi nizom129 Stat.  268 (2015)
Kodifikatsiya
Aktlarga o'zgartirishlar kiritildi1978 yildagi xorijiy razvedka nazorati to'g'risidagi qonun
AQSh PATRIOT qonuni
AQShning VATRIOTni takomillashtirish va qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi 2005 yildagi qonuni
1947 yildagi Milliy xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun
Adolatli kredit hisoboti to'g'risidagi qonun
AQSh bo'limlarga o'zgartirishlar kiritildi12 AQSh  § 3414
15 AQSh  § 1681u
18 AQSh  § 2709
18 AQSh  § 3511
50 AQSh  § 1881a va boshqalar
Qonunchilik tarixi
Qismi bir qator kuni
Global kuzatuv
Stilize eye.svg
Izohlar
Tizimlar
Agentliklar
Odamlar
Joylar
Qonunlar
Tavsiya etilgan o'zgarishlar
Tushunchalar
Tegishli mavzular

The AQSh erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonun (2048 yil, Pub.L.  114–23 (matn) (pdf) ) - 2015 yil 2 iyunda qabul qilingan AQSh qonunlari bo'lib, unda bir nechta qoidalar tiklandi va o'zgartirildi Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun, muddati bir kun oldin tugagan. Ushbu akt telekommunikatsiyalarning asosiy to'plamiga yangi cheklovlar qo'yadi metadata Amerika razvedka agentliklari tomonidan AQSh fuqarolariga, shu jumladan Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi. Shuningdek, u avtorizatsiyani tiklaydi telefonlarni tinglash va kuzatuv yolg'iz bo'ri terrorchilari.[3][4] Aktning nomi o'n harfdan iborat backronym (USA FREEDOM) degan ma'noni anglatadi Huquqlarni bajarish va Amerikaning 2015 yildagi Monitoring qonuni bo'yicha samarali intizomni ta'minlash orqali Amerikani birlashtirish va kuchaytirish.

Qonun loyihasi dastlab ikkala uyda ham joriy qilingan AQSh Kongressi 2013 yil 29 oktyabrda, ommaviy axborot yig'ish dasturlarini tavsiflovchi NSA tasniflangan eslatmalari nashr etilgandan so'ng Edvard Snouden o'sha iyun. 114-Kongressda (2015–2016) qayta kiritilganda, qonun loyihasi homiylari uni "muvozanatli yondashuv" deb ta'rifladilar.[5] ozodlik to'g'risidagi qonunni 2019 yil oxirigacha uzaytirish uchun so'roq qilinayotganda.[6] Qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar Uyning razvedka qo'mitasi va Uy rahbariyati[7] ostida yig'ilishdan tashqari barcha Patriot qonuni vakolatlarini qayta tasdiqlashni talab qiladi Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonunning 215-moddasi.[8] Tanqidchilarning ta'kidlashicha, amerikaliklarning muloqot mazmunini ommaviy nazorat ostida davom ettiriladi FISAning 702-bo'limi muddati 2017 yilgacha tugamaydi[9][10] va Ijroiya buyrug'i 12333[9][11] "to'xtatib bo'lmaydigan kuzatuv-sanoat kompleksi" tufayli[12] palataning ikki partiyali ko'pchiligi ilgari orqa eshikdagi ommaviy kuzatuvni yopish uchun ovoz berganiga qaramay.[7]

AQShning Ozodlik to'g'risidagi qonuni quyidagilarni talab qiladi FISA sudi qonunning "yangi" talqinlarini chiqaring, shu bilan belgilanadi presedent va shu bilan FISA sudining organini tashkil qiladi umumiy Qonun, keyingi ishlarni hal qilish uchun ham qonuniy vakolat sifatida, ham kuzatuv o'tkazishga ruxsat berish yoki cheklash bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar.[13] Qonun 2015 yilda qabul qilinishidan oldin qarorlarni retroaktiv ravishda oshkor qilishni talab qilishi yoki bermasligi to'g'risida aniq ma'lumot yo'q.[13] 2016 yil oktyabr oyida, ACLU a FISA sud yozuvlarini chiqarish uchun harakat AQShning erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonuni oldidan sharhlarni e'lon qilish.[13]

Fon

Kongressning ko'pgina a'zolari buning ortidan ishonishdi Snouden haqidagi ma'lumotlar, jamoatchilik ishonchini tiklash qonunchilikda o'zgarishlarni talab qiladi.[14] Hukumat kuzatuv vakolatlarini aniqlashtirish maqsadida oshkor etilgandan beri 20 dan ortiq qonun loyihalari yozildi.[15]

Vakil Jim Sensenbrenner, kim kiritgan AQSh PATRIOT qonuni (H.R. 3162) 2001 yilda quyidagilar 11 sentyabr terroristik hujumlari o'zini "Vatanparvarlik qonuni muallifi" deb ta'riflagan AQSh razvedka idoralariga ko'proq kuch berish.[16] NSA ning "metadata dasturini ishdan bo'shatish" vaqti kelganini e'lon qildi. Sensenbrenner amerikaliklarning telefon ma'lumotlarini ommaviy yig'ish bilan razvedka hamjamiyati "ushbu vakolatlarni suiiste'mol qilgani", qonun hujjatlarining asl niyatidan "ancha" chiqib ketgani va "o'z vakolatlarini haddan tashqari oshirib yuborganligi" ni ta'kidladi.[14][17]

Maqsad

AQShning Ozodlik to'g'risidagi qonuni, AQShning Ozodlik to'g'risidagi qonuni tarafdorlarining fikriga ko'ra[18][to'liq iqtibos kerak ] NSA tomonidan amerikaliklarning metama'lumotlarining asosiy to'plamini tugatish, tomonidan yaratilgan maxfiy qonunlarga chek qo'yish kerak edi FISA sud va jamoat va maxfiylik masalalarini himoya qilish uchun "maxsus advokat" ni joriy etish.[19][20][21] Biroq, qonun loyihasining muxoliflari, AQShning Ozodlik to'g'risidagi qonuni amerikaliklarning metama'lumotlarini telefon kompaniyalari tomonidan ommaviy yig'ilishiga yo'l qo'yganini ta'kidlamoqda, keyin NSA ularga kirish imkoniyatiga ega; shuningdek, amerikaliklarga qarshi da'vo qilgan boshqa qonunlarga murojaat qilmaydi To'rtinchi o'zgartirish huquqlar.[22] Boshqa taklif qilingan o'zgarishlarga o'xshash dasturlarning cheklovlari kiritilgan PRISM amerikaliklarning Internet ma'lumotlarini saqlaydigan,[15] kabi kompaniyalarga ruxsat berish orqali yanada oshkoralik Google va Facebook hukumatning ma'lumot olish uchun so'rovlari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilish.[23]

Vakil Jim Sensenbrenner qonun loyihasini taqdim etgan, uning maqsadi:

Ma'lumotlarning tor to'plamiga qo'shilish uchun Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi (NSA) va boshqa davlat idoralari, shaffofligini oshirish Chet el razvedkasini kuzatish sudi (FISC), korxonalarga FISA so'rovlari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni chiqarish imkoniyatini beradi va FISC oldidagi ishlarni muhokama qilish uchun mustaqil konstitutsiyaviy advokat yaratadi.[24][25]

Qonun loyihasi homiylarining fikriga ko'ra, ularning qonunchiligi o'zgartirilgan bo'lar edi 215-bo'lim ning Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun hukumat tomonidan olingan har qanday telefon yozuvlari terrorizm yoki josuslik bilan bog'liq tergovda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lishini ta'minlash va shu bilan ommaviy yig'ishni tugatish;[8] "razvedka hamjamiyatining ko'proq yo'naltirilgan ma'lumot to'plash qobiliyatini" saqlab qolishda.[26]

Qonunning qoidalari / elementlari

Ushbu xulosa asosan tomonidan berilgan xulosaga asoslangan Kongress tadqiqot xizmati, a jamoat mulki manba.[27]

I sarlavha: FISA Business Records

101-bo'lim o'zgartiradi 1978 yildagi xorijiy razvedka nazorati to'g'risidagi qonun (FISA) Federal qidiruv byurosi (Federal qidiruv byurosi) tashqi razvedka ma'lumotlarini olish uchun tergov uchun ish yozuvlarini yoki boshqa moddiy narsalarni ishlab chiqarishni talab qiladigan buyurtma berish uchun FISA sudiga ariza yuborganida kuzatiladigan yangi jarayonni o'rnatish. AQSh fuqarosi yoki xalqaro terrorizmdan yoki yashirin razvedka faoliyatidan himoya qilish uchun.

Muayyan tanlov muddati ishlab chiqarish uchun asos sifatida ishlatilmasa, Federal qidiruv byurosiga moddiy buyumlarni ishlab chiqarish buyurtmasiga murojaat qilishni taqiqlaydi. FQB tahdidni baholash uchun moddiy buyumlarni ishlab chiqarish buyurtmalariga murojaat qilishni taqiqlovchi amaldagi qonunchilikka muvofiq cheklovlarni saqlab qoladi.

FBIning arizasi bo'yicha ish olib borishiga qarab amal qiladigan turli xil standartlarga ega bo'lgan moddiy buyumlarni ishlab chiqarish uchun ikkita alohida tizim yaratadi.

"Qo'ng'iroq tafsilotlarini yozib olish" ma'lumotlarini (kelib chiqadigan yoki tugatilgan telefon raqami, Xalqaro mobil abonent identifikatsiya raqami yoki Xalqaro mobil stantsiya uskunasining identifikatsiya raqamini o'z ichiga olgan) sessiya, telefon qo'ng'iroq kartasi raqami yoki qo'ng'iroq vaqti yoki davomiyligini belgilaydi. .

Federal qidiruv byurosidan xalqaro terrorizmdan himoya qilish bo'yicha o'tkazilgan tekshiruvlar uchun qo'ng'iroq detallari yozuvlarini doimiy ravishda ishlab chiqarish uchun arizalarda quyidagilarni ko'rsatib berishni talab qiladi: (1) qo'ng'iroq detallari yozuvlari ushbu tergovga tegishli ekanligiga ishonish uchun asosli asoslar; va (2) a asosli, aniq shubha aniq tanlov muddati chet el kuchi yoki xalqaro terrorizm bilan shug'ullanadigan yoki bunday terrorizmga tayyorgarlik ko'rish bilan shug'ullanadigan chet el kuchi agenti bilan bog'liqligi.

Sudyadan xalqaro terrorizmdan himoya qilish bo'yicha tergov uchun qo'ng'iroqlar tafsilotlari yozuvlarining doimiy ravishda chiqarilishini tasdiqlashini talab qiladi.

FISA sudiga FBI tomonidan qo'ng'iroq detallari yozuvlari yoki moddiy narsalarni ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha boshqa toifadagi FBI so'rovlarini (ya'ni FBI qo'ng'iroqlari tafsilotlarini yozib olish va moddiy narsalar uchun arizalarni tasdiqlashdan oldin, keyin yoki undan keyin yaratilgan qo'ng'iroq detallari yozuvlarini doimiy ravishda ishlab chiqarishni izlamaslik uchun ruxsat beradi). xalqaro terrorizmdan himoya qilish bo'yicha vakolatli tergov bilan bog'liq bo'lgan arizaning sanasi): (1) chet el kuchi yoki xorijiy davlat agenti bilan birlashish uchun asosli, aniq shubha standarti; (2) 180 kunlik yoki ikki hopli cheklash; yoki (3) ishlab chiqarilgan yozuvlarni zudlik bilan yo'q qilishni talab qiladigan minimallashtirish bo'yicha maxsus protseduralar, agar buyruqda xalqaro terrorizmdan himoya qilish bo'yicha tergov uchun qo'ng'iroq detallari yozuvlarining doimiy ishlab chiqarilishi tasdiqlangan bo'lsa.

102-bo'lim vakolat beradi Bosh prokuror agar Bosh prokuratura: (1) favqulodda vaziyat moddiy buyumlarni ishlab chiqarishni talab qilsa, ishlab chiqarishga ruxsat beruvchi buyruq tegishli tirishqoqlik bilan olinishi mumkin, bunday ishlab chiqarish buyurtmasini berish uchun haqiqiy asos mavjudligini aniqlaydi, (3) FISA sudyasini favqulodda qaror qabul qilingan paytda bunday ishlab chiqarishni talab qilish to'g'risidagi qaror to'g'risida xabardor qiladi va (4) FISA sudyasiga murojaat qiladi etti kun ichida Bosh prokuratura bunday favqulodda ishlab chiqarishni talab qiladi.

Moddiy buyumlarni bunday favqulodda ishlab chiqarish vakolatlarini qidirib topilgan ma'lumotlar olingandan so'ng, buyurtma berish to'g'risidagi ariza rad etilganda yoki Bosh prokuratura ushbu favqulodda ishlab chiqarishni talab qila boshlagan paytdan boshlab etti kun o'tgach, qaysi biri eng erta bo'lsa, bekor qiladi.

Bunday favqulodda mahsulotlardan olingan ma'lumotlar yoki olingan dalillarni har qanday sud, katta hay'at, agentlik, qonun chiqaruvchi qo'mita yoki boshqa hokimiyat organlari, har qanday shtat yoki har qanday siyosiy bo'linmada yoki sud majlisida yoki sud majlisida yoki biron bir sud ishlarida oshkor qilinishini taqiqlaydi. agar: (1) sud tomonidan tasdiqlash to'g'risidagi keyingi ariza rad etilsa yoki (2) ishlab chiqarish tugatilsa va mahsulotni tasdiqlash to'g'risida buyruq chiqmasa. Bunday ishlab chiqarishdan olingan har qanday AQSh fuqarosi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar federal ofitserlar yoki xodimlar tomonidan ushbu shaxsning roziligisiz ishlatilishi yoki boshqa usulda ishlatilishidan oshkor qilinishi, agar Bosh prokurorning roziligisiz bundan mustasno, agar ma'lumot o'lim yoki tanaga jiddiy shikast etkazish xavfi mavjud bo'lsa .

103-bo'lim moddiy buyumlarni ishlab chiqarishni tasdiqlovchi FISA sud qarorlarini, ushbu ishlab chiqarish uchun asos sifatida foydalaniladigan har bir aniq tanlov muddatini o'z ichiga olishi kerak. FISA sudlariga aniq tanlov muddatisiz moddiy narsalarni yig'ish uchun ruxsat berishni taqiqlaydi.

104-bo'lim moddiy buyumlarni ishlab chiqarish buyurtmasi uchun arizani tasdiqlash sharti sifatida FISA sudini talab qiladi, ilova bilan birga taqdim etilgan minimallashtirish protseduralari amaldagi FISA standartlariga javob beradi. Sudga qo'shimcha minimallashtirish tartib-taomillarini joriy etishga vakolat beradi.

Moddiy buyumlarni ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha buyurtma bilan bog'liq holda e'lon qilingan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor etmaslik to'g'risidagi qarorni sud tomonidan ko'rib chiqish to'g'risida iltimosnoma yuborish bilan darhol shikoyat qilishga imkon beradi. Maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi buyruqni o'zgartirish yoki bekor qilish to'g'risidagi iltimosnomani ko'rib chiqayotgan sudyaning Bosh prokuror, Bosh prokuror o'rinbosari, Bosh prokuror yordamchisi yoki Federal qidiruv byurosi direktori tomonidan milliy xavfsizlik uchun xavf tug'dirishi yoki unga xalaqit berishi mumkinligi haqidagi yakuniy sertifikat sifatida qabul qilinishini talab qiladi. diplomatik munosabatlar.

105-bo'lim moddiy narsalarni ishlab chiqarish uchun ma'lumot, texnik vositalar yoki texnik yordam ko'rsatadigan shaxslarga nisbatan javobgarlikni himoya qilishni kengaytiradi.

106-bo'lim hukumatdan moddiy narsalarni ishlab chiqarish yoki ishlab chiqarish tartiblarini amalga oshirish uchun hukumatga texnik yordam ko'rsatish uchun qilingan oqilona xarajatlarni qoplashini hukumatdan talab qiladi.

108-bo'lim o'zgartiradi AQShning VATRIOTni takomillashtirish va qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi 2005 yildagi qonuni talab qilish Adliya boshqarmasi bosh inspektori 2012 yildan 2014 yilgacha moddiy buyumlar ishlab chiqarishni olish uchun FISA vakolatlari samaradorligi va ulardan foydalanishni tekshirish, shu jumladan Bosh prokuror tomonidan qabul qilingan minimallashtirish tartib-qoidalari AQSh shaxslarining konstitutsiyaviy huquqlarini etarli darajada himoya qiladimi-yo'qligini tekshirish. Yo'naltiradi Bosh inspektor Razvedka hamjamiyatining o'sha 2012-2014 yillar davri uchun quyidagilarni baholash uchun: (1) razvedka hamjamiyati uchun bunday ma'lumotlarning ahamiyati; (2) bunday ma'lumotlarni to'plash, saqlash, tahlil qilish va tarqatish usuli; va (3) minimallashtirish protseduralarining etarliligi, shu jumladan sud tomonidan o'zgartirilgan yoki rad etilgan razvedka hamjamiyati elementi tomonidan taklif qilingan har qanday minimallashtirish tartib-qoidalarini baholash.

Bunday Bosh inspektorlardan ushbu audit va baholash natijalari to'g'risida Kongressga hisobot berishni talab qiladi.

109-bo'lim ushbu Qonun tomonidan FISAning moddiy talablariga ushbu Qonun tomonidan kiritilgan o'zgartirishlar ushbu Qonun kuchga kirgandan 180 kun o'tgach kuchga kirishini talab qiladi. Ushbu Qonun hukumatning FISA-ning talablariga binoan buyurtmani olish vakolatlarini o'zgartirish yoki bekor qilish talqin qilinishini ushbu kuchga kiradigan sanada tugaydigan davrda ushbu tuzatishlar kuchga kiradigan kundan oldin amal qiladi.

110-bo'lim ushbu Qonun ushbu aniq narsalar talablari asosida elektron aloqa xizmatlarini ko'rsatuvchi provayderdan har qanday elektron aloqa tarkibini ishlab chiqarishga ruxsat berish talqin qilinishini taqiqlaydi.

II sarlavha: FISA qalamini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish va tuzoqni tuzatish uchun mo'ljallangan qurilmalarni isloh qilish

201-bo'lim buyruqlarni tasdiqlash uchun hukumatning FISA arizalarini talab qiladi qalam registrlari yoki tuzoq va iz qoldiruvchi qurilmalar reestr yoki qurilmadan foydalanish uchun asos sifatida ma'lum tanlov muddatini kiritish. Keng geografik hududlarni yoki elektron aloqa xizmatini yoki masofaviy hisoblash xizmatini identifikatsiyalashni ushbu tanlov muddati sifatida xizmat qilishini taqiqlaydi.

202-bo'lim AQSh Bosh prokuroriga FISA sudining ruxsati bilan o'rnatilgan qalam reestri yoki tuzoq va iz qoldirish moslamasi orqali yig'ilgan AQSh shaxslariga tegishli bo'lgan ommaviy bo'lmagan ma'lumotlarni yig'ish, saqlash va ulardan foydalanish uchun tegishli maxfiylik tartib-qoidalari mavjudligini ta'minlashga yo'naltiradi.

III sarlavha: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari islohotlari tashqarisidagi odamlarga qaratilgan FISA sotib olish

301-bo'lim hukumat Bosh prokuror va Milliy razvedka direktori (DNI), agar FISA sudi sudda tasdiqlangan ba'zi nishonga olish yoki minimallashtirish tartib-qoidalari noqonuniy ekanligini aniqlasa, AQShdan tashqarida bo'lgan shaxslarni nishonga olish.

Maqsadli sertifikatlashning bir qismi yoki sotib olish natijasida olingan ma'lumotlarni yoki sud tomonidan AQSh fuqarosiga nisbatan nuqson deb aniqlagan minimallashtirish tartibiga binoan olingan ma'lumotni yoki dalillarni qabul qilishni yoki boshqa sud majlislarida yoki sud majlislarida boshqa usulda oshkor etilishini taqiqlaydi; katta hay'at, agentlik, qonun chiqaruvchi qo'mita yoki AQShning boshqa vakolatli organlari, har qanday shtat yoki biron bir siyosiy bo'linma.

Sertifikatning etishmayotgan qismiga binoan sotib olingan har qanday AQSh fuqarosi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar, agar Federal axborot xizmati xodimlari yoki xodimlari tomonidan AQSh fuqarosining roziligisiz federal ofitserlar yoki xodimlar tomonidan boshqa usulda ishlatilishi yoki oshkor etilishi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar mavjud bo'lsa, faqat Bosh prokuror tomonidan tasdiqlangan holda, agar ma'lumot o'lim yoki jiddiy tan jarohati bilan tahdid qilish.

FISA sudiga, agar hukumat kamchilikni to'g'irlasa, tuzatish sanasidan oldin olingan ma'lumotlardan foydalanishga yoki oshkor qilishga ruxsat berishga imkon beradi.

IV sarlavha: Tashqi razvedka nazorati bo'yicha sud islohotlari

401-bo'lim raislik qiluvchi sudyalarga rahbarlik qiladi FISA sudi va FISA nazorat sudi birgalikda xizmat qilish uchun kamida beshta shaxsni tayinlash amicus curiae sudning tayinlanishi maqsadga muvofiq emas deb topmasa, qonunning yangi yoki muhim talqinini ko'rsatadigan buyruq yoki ko'rib chiqish to'g'risidagi har qanday arizani ko'rib chiqishda yordam berish.

FISA sudlariga boshqa hollarda amicus curiae sifatida xizmat qiladigan shaxsni yoki tashkilotni tayinlashga, shu jumladan texnik ekspertizani o'tkazishga ruxsat beradi. Bunday amerikalik kuriyalardan quyidagilarni taqdim etishni talab qiladi: (1) shaxsiy hayoti va fuqarolarning erkinliklarini himoya qilishga yordam beradigan huquqiy dalillar yoki (2) razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish yoki aloqa texnologiyalari bilan bog'liq boshqa huquqiy dalillar yoki ma'lumotlar.

FISA nazorat sudiga Oliy sud tomonidan ko'rib chiqiladigan qonun to'g'risidagi savolni tasdiqlash huquqini beradi. Oliy sudga FISA amicus curiae yoki boshqa shaxslarni bunday sertifikatlash paytida brifinglar yoki boshqa yordamlarni ko'rsatish uchun tayinlashga ruxsat beradi.

402-bo'lim DNIdan quyidagilarni talab qiladi: (1) FISA sudi yoki FISA nazorati sudi tomonidan chiqarilgan har bir qaror, buyruq yoki xulosani maxfiy tekshiruvdan o'tkazib, unda har qanday qonun qoidalarini, shu jumladan har qanday yangi yoki muhim qurilishni muhim tuzilishi yoki izohlanishi kiradi. yoki ushbu Qonunda belgilangan "o'ziga xos tanlov muddatini" talqin qilish; va (2) bunday qarorlar, buyruqlar yoki fikrlar, ruxsat etilgan tahrirlarni hisobga olgan holda, eng maqbul darajada ommaga ochiq bo'lishi.

DNIga ushbu qayta ko'rib chiqish va jamoatchilikning mavjud bo'lish talablaridan voz kechishga vakolat beradi, agar: (1) AQSh milliy xavfsizligini himoya qilish yoki razvedka ma'lumotlari manbalarini yoki usullarini to'g'ri tasniflash uchun zarur bo'lsa va (2) Bosh prokuror tomonidan tayyorlangan tasniflanmagan bayonot; qonunlarning muhim konstruktsiyasini yoki talqinini sarhisob qilish uchun ommaviy ravishda taqdim etildi.

V sarlavha: Milliy xavfsizlik xati islohoti

501-bo'lim federal jinoyat kodeksiga o'zgartirishlar kiritadi Moliyaviy maxfiylik to'g'risidagi qonun, va Adolatli kredit hisoboti to'g'risidagi qonun Federal qidiruv byurosi va boshqa davlat idoralaridan ma'lum tanlov muddatini asos qilib olishlarini talab qilish milliy xavfsizlik xatlari simli yoki elektron aloqa xizmatlarini etkazib beruvchilardan, moliya institutlaridan yoki iste'molchilarning hisobot agentliklaridan ma'lumot so'raydiganlar. Hukumatdan quyidagilarni aniqlashni talab qiladi: (1) telefon, pullik va tranzaksiya yozuvlari uchun shaxs, shaxs, telefon raqami yoki hisobi; (2) ma'lum razvedka yoki himoya funktsiyalari uchun moliyaviy yozuvlarni talab qilganda mijoz, shaxs yoki hisob qaydnomasi; yoki (3) kontrrazvedka yoki terrorizmga qarshi maqsadlar uchun iste'molchilar hisobotlarini so'rashda iste'molchi yoki hisob qaydnomasi.

Hukumat milliy xavfsizlik xatlari oluvchilarga hukumat so'ragan ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqini izlagan yoki ularga kirish huquqini bergan shaxslarga oshkor etishni taqiqlashi mumkin bo'lgan standartlarni qayta ko'rib chiqadi.

502-bo'lim Bosh prokurorga oshkor etilmaydigan talablar, shu jumladan talablarga muvofiq protseduralarni qabul qilishga yo'naltiradi 1947 yildagi Milliy xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun, tegishli vaqt oralig'ida ko'rib chiqilishi va agar faktlar oshkor etilishni qo'llab-quvvatlamasa, bekor qilinishi kerak.

Sud Bosh prokuror tomonidan tasdiqlangan sertifikat sifatida qabul qilinadigan talabni bekor qiladi Bosh prokurorning o'rinbosari, an Bosh prokurorning yordamchisi yoki FBI direktori oshkor qilish xavf tug'dirishi mumkin AQSh milliy xavfsizligi yoki diplomatik munosabatlarga aralashish.

503-bo'lim milliy xavfsizlik xatini oluvchilarga iltimosnoma berish uchun o'zgartirilgan protsedura asosida milliy xavfsizlik xati so'rovlari yoki oshkor etilmaslik talablariga qarshi chiqishlariga imkon beradi sud nazorati.

VI sarlavha: FISA shaffofligi va hisobot berish talabi

601-bo'lim Bosh prokurordan moddiy narsalarga arizalar bo'yicha yillik hisobotni muvofiqlikni ko'rib chiqishning qisqacha mazmuni va ularning umumiy sonini qo'shishni talab qiladi: (1) sanadan oldin, keyin yoki undan keyin yaratilgan qo'ng'iroq detallari yozuvlarini kunlik ishlab chiqarish uchun berilgan arizalar. xalqaro terrorizmdan himoya qilish bo'yicha vakolatli tergovga oid ariza; va (2) bunday so'rovlarni tasdiqlovchi buyruqlar.

Bosh prokurorga har yili kongressga moddiy narsalar to'g'risidagi arizalar va buyurtmalar to'g'risida hisobot berishga yo'naltiradi, unda muayyan tanlov muddati shaxs, hisob yoki shaxsiy qurilmani aniq belgilamaydi. Ushbu buyruqlarni tasdiqlovchi sud Bosh prokuror tomonidan qabul qilingan me'yorlardan tashqari qo'shimcha, aniqlashtirilgan minimallashtirish tartib-qoidalarini yo'naltirganmi yoki yo'qligini ko'rsatadigan hisobotni talab qiladi.

602-bo'lim Yo'naltiradi AQSh sudlarining ma'muriy idorasi har yili Kongressga quyidagilarni taqdim etish: (1) FISA tomonidan taqdim etilgan arizalar va FISAning ma'lum organlari tomonidan berilgan, o'zgartirilgan yoki rad etilgan buyurtmalar; va (2) FISA sudlari uchun amicus curiae vazifasini o'taydigan shaxsni tayinlash, shu jumladan har bir tayinlangan shaxsning ismini, shuningdek, bunday tayinlash maqsadga muvofiq emasligini aniqlash. Hisobotni Bosh prokuratura va DNI tomonidan maxfiylashtirilmagan tekshiruvdan o'tkazadi.

O'tgan 12 oylik muddat davomida quyidagilarning umumiy sonini aniqlaydigan hisobotni DNIga ochiq e'lon qilish uchun yo'naltiradi: (1) FISA tomonidan elektron kuzatuv, jismoniy tekshiruvlar, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tashqarisidagi shaxslarni nishonga olish, qalam registrlari uchun chiqarilgan sud qarorlari. qurilmalarni ushlash va ta'qib qilish, yozuvlarni chaqirish va boshqa moddiy narsalarni chaqirish; va (2) chiqarilgan milliy xavfsizlik xatlari.

DNI hisobotlaridan quyidagilarni kiritish zarur: (1) FISAning ba'zi buyurtmalarining maqsadlari, (2) hukumat AQShdan tashqarida bo'lgan shaxslarni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridan tashqariga yo'naltirish orqali olingan ma'lumotlarni elektron yoki simli aloqadan olganda, AQShga tegishli qidiruv shartlari va so'rovlari. Shtatlar, (3) ma'lum bir to'plangan ma'lumotlarni etkazish uchun ishlatiladigan noyob identifikatorlar va (4) qo'ng'iroqlar tafsilotlari yozuvlari ma'lumotlar bazasini so'rash uchun foydalaniladigan AQSh shaxslariga nisbatan qidiruv so'zlari. Federal qidiruv byurosining ba'zi so'rovlarini bunday taxminlardan ozod qiladi.

603-bo'lim FISA buyrug'i, yo'riqnomasi yoki milliy xavfsizlik xati bilan birga olib boriladigan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor etmaslik to'g'risidagi talabga javob beradigan shaxsga yarim yillik yoki yillik asosda umumiy buyruqlar, ko'rsatmalar yoki xatlar soni to'g'risida hisobot berishning to'rtta usulidan birini tanlashga ruxsat beradi. shaxsning talablarini bajarish talab qilingan. Buyurtma, yo'riqnoma va xatlar toifalariga yoki birlashtirilishi kerak bo'lgan buyurtmalarga, tarkibga yoki kontentga oid bo'lmagan buyurtmalarga kiritilishi mumkin bo'lgan tafsilotlarni va maqsadli buyurtmachilarni tanlash sonini va buyurtmalar, ko'rsatmalar yoki qabul qilingan xatlar har bir ruxsat berilgan usul bo'yicha guruhlar bo'yicha jami ravishda xabar qilinishi mumkin (ya'ni tanlangan usulga qarab 1000, 500, 250 yoki 100 bandlarida xabar berilgan).

Tanlangan hisobot berish uslubiga va oshkor etilmaslik talablari platforma, mahsulot yoki xizmatga tegishli yangi buyruq yoki yo'riqnomada mavjudligiga qarab, ma'lum birlashtirilgan agregatlarga kiritilishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni 180 kun, bir yil yoki 540 kunga kechiktirishni talab qiladi. buning uchun shaxs ilgari buyruq yoki ko'rsatma olmagan.

604-bo'lim qaror qabul qilinganidan keyin 45 kun ichida Bosh prokuror Kongressga taqdim etishi kerak bo'lgan FISA sud qarorlari, buyruqlari yoki fikrlari toifalarini kengaytiradi: (1) FISA bo'yicha arizani rad etish yoki o'zgartirish; va (2) har qanday FISA qoidalarining ilova yoki yangi ariza o'zgarishi. (Ayni paytda, ya'ni 2015 yil 13-maydan boshlab Bosh prokuror faqat muhim qurilish yoki FISA qoidalarini talqin qilish bo'yicha qarorlarni taqdim etishi shart.)

605-bo'lim elektron kuzatuv, jismoniy qidiruv va moddiy narsalarga oid hisobot talablarini qayta ko'rib chiqadi Vakillar palatasining Adliya qo'mitasi bunday hisobotlarni qabul qiluvchi sifatida.

Bosh prokurordan mavjud bo'lgan yarim yillik hisobotda hukumat nomidan FISA doirasida qalam registrlari yoki tuzoq va iz qurilmalarini o'rnatish va ulardan foydalanishga ruxsat berish yoki tasdiqlash uchun buyurtma bergan har bir idorani aniqlashni talab qiladi.

VII sarlavha: Kengaytirilgan milliy xavfsizlik qoidalari

701-bo'lim ilgari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridan tashqarida joylashgan deb hisoblangan amerikalik bo'lmagan shaxsni qonuniy ravishda vakolatli nishonga olish, amerikalik bo'lmagan shaxsning Qo'shma Shtat ichida joylashganligiga ishongan paytdan boshlab 72 soatdan oshmaydigan muddatga davom etish tartibini belgilaydi. Shtatlar. Bunday vakolatni amalga oshirish sharti sifatida razvedka jamoatchiligi elementlaridan quyidagilarni talab qiladi: (1) nishonga olish tugashi o'lim yoki tanaga jiddiy zarar etkazish tahdidi tug'dirishini aniqlash; (2) Bosh prokurorni xabardor qiladi; va (3) iloji boricha tezroq FISA standartlari bo'yicha favqulodda elektron kuzatuvni yoki favqulodda jismoniy qidiruvni ishga olishni so'rash.

702-bo'lim "chet el kuchi agenti" ta'rifiga amerikalik bo'lmagan shaxsni kiritish uchun quyidagilarni kiritadi: (1) Qo'shma Shtatlarda AQSh manfaatlariga zid ravishda yashirin razvedka faoliyati bilan shug'ullanadigan yoki chet el kuchi nomidan yoki uning nomidan AQShda harakat qiladi. shaxs Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ichida bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, zobit, xodim yoki xorijiy davlatning a'zosi sifatida; yoki (2) bila turib chet el kuchlari nomidan ommaviy qirg'in qurollarini xalqaro tarqalishida ishtirok etadigan yoki bunday tarqalishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish bilan shug'ullanadigan har qanday shaxsga yordam beradi, yashaydi yoki fitna uyushtiradi.

704-bo'lim Chet ellik terroristik tashkilotga moddiy yordam yoki resurslarni taqdim etganlik uchun eng katta qamoq jazosi 15 yildan 20 yilgacha oshiriladi, agar qo'llab-quvvatlash biron bir kishining o'limiga olib kelmasa.

705-bo'lim AQShning 2005 yildagi PATRIOTni takomillashtirish va qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonuniga o'zgartirishlar kiritadi va Razvedka sohasidagi islohotlar va terrorizmning oldini olish to'g'risida 2004 y 2019 yil 15-dekabrigacha FISA rasmiylari: (1) biznes yozuvlarini ishlab chiqarish, shu jumladan qo'ng'iroq detallari yozuvlari va boshqa moddiy narsalar; (2) elektron kuzatuv buyurtmalarini tasdiqlash; va (3) xalqaro terrorizm yoki tayyorgarlik faoliyati bilan shug'ullanadigan har qanday AQSh bo'lmagan shaxslarni o'z ichiga olgan "chet el kuchi agenti" ning qayta ko'rib chiqilgan ta'rifi (odatda "yolg'iz bo'ri" qoidasi deb yuritiladi). (Hozirgi vaqtda, ya'ni 2015 yil 13 maydan boshlab, ushbu qoidalarning amal qilish muddati 2015 yil 1 iyunda tugaydi.)

VIII sarlavha: Dengiz kemalari xavfsizligi va yadroviy terrorizmga qarshi konventsiyalarni amalga oshirish

A subtitr: Dengiz navigatsiyasi xavfsizligi

801-bo'lim federal jinoyat kodeksiga kemaning xavfsiz suzishini xavf ostiga qo'yadigan xatti-harakatlarga nisbatan mavjud bo'lgan taqiqlarni nazarda tutgan holda o'zgartirish kiritadi: (1) AQSh kemasi yoki AQSh yurisdiktsiyasiga tegishli kemada yoki AQSh hududiy dengizlarida sodir etilgan xatti-harakatlarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi. yoki AQSh korporatsiyasi yoki yuridik shaxs tomonidan; va (2) qurolli to'qnashuv paytida yoki xizmat vazifalarini bajarishda qurolli kuchlarning faoliyatiga taalluqli emas.

Dengiz navigatsiyasi yoki platformada belgilangan huquqbuzarlikni sodir etganlikda gumon qilinayotgan shaxsni dengiz kemalari xavfsizligiga qarshi noqonuniy xatti-harakatlarga qarshi kurashish to'g'risidagi konvensiyaning ishtirokchisi bo'lgan mamlakat hokimiyat organlariga etkazib berish bo'yicha protseduralarni belgilaydi.

Fuqarolik musodara qilishda dengiz kemasi huquqbuzarligini sodir etishda yoki unga ko'maklashishda foydalaniladigan yoki foydalanishga mo'ljallangan mol-mulk sub'ektlari.

802-bo'lim quyidagilarni taqiqlaydi: (1) kemada yoki dengizda o'rnatilgan platformada har qanday portlovchi yoki radioaktiv materiallardan, biologik, kimyoviy yoki yadro qurolidan yoki boshqa yadroviy portlovchi moslamalardan o'lim yoki jiddiy jarohatlar yoki shikastlanishlarga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan maqsadlarda foydalanish aholini qo'rqitish yoki hukumatni yoki xalqaro tashkilotni harakat qilishga yoki harakat qilishdan voz kechishga majbur qilish; (2) belgilangan istisnolardan tashqari, ushbu foydalanishga mo'ljallangan bunday materiallar yoki moslamalarni (yoki ba'zi tegishli materiallar yoki texnologiyalarni) kemada tashish; (3) dengizda navigatsiya huquqbuzarligini sodir etganligi ma'lum bo'lgan shaxsni ushbu shaxsga javobgarlikka tortilmaslik uchun yordam berish niyatida bo'lgan shaxsni kemada tashish; (4) bunday huquqbuzarlik munosabati bilan biron bir kishiga jarohat etkazish yoki o'ldirish; yoki (5) bunday jinoyatni til biriktirish, urinish yoki uni sodir etishga tahdid qilish. Belgilab qo'ydi: (1) Qo'shma Shtatlar ushbu huquqbuzarliklar ustidan yurisdiktsiyani amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan holatlar va (2) qurolli kuchlar faoliyatiga tegishli istisnolar. Huquqbuzarlikni sodir etish yoki unga ko'maklashish uchun foydalanilgan mol-mulkning fuqarolik musodara qilinishini ta'minlaydi.

805-bo'lim "federal terrorizm jinoyati" ta'rifi doirasida dengiz qirg'iniga qarshi ommaviy zo'ravonlik va ommaviy qirg'in qurollari bilan bog'liq transport vositalarini o'z ichiga oladi.

B subtitr: Yadroviy terrorizmning oldini olish

811-bo'lim bila turib, noqonuniy ravishda va o'limga, tanaga jiddiy shikast etkazishga yoki mol-mulkka yoki atrof-muhitga katta zarar etkazish niyatida: (1) radioaktiv materialga ega bo'lish yoki yadro portlovchi moslamasi yoki radioaktiv moddalarning tarqalishi yoki nurlanishini taqiqlaydi. - tarqatish moslamasi; (2) radioaktiv material yoki qurilmadan foydalanish, yadroviy inshootdan foydalanish, shikast etkazish yoki ishiga aralashish, radioaktiv moddalarning tarqalishini keltirib chiqaradigan yoki xavfini oshiradigan tarzda yoki radioaktiv ifloslanish yoki radiatsiya ta'sirida; yoki (3) bunday huquqbuzarlik bilan tahdid qilish, urinish yoki uni uyushtirish. Belgilab qo'ydi: (1) Qo'shma Shtatlar ushbu huquqbuzarliklar ustidan yurisdiktsiyani amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan holatlar va (2) qurolli kuchlar faoliyatiga tegishli istisnolar.

Bunday jinoyatlar "federal terrorizm jinoyati" ta'rifiga kiradi.

812-bo'lim yadro materiallari bilan bog'liq bitimlarni taqiqlovchi qoidalarga quyidagilarni kiritadi: (1) qasddan va qonuniy vakolatsiz, yadro materialini olib yurish, yuborish yoki mamlakatga olib chiqib ketishni taqiqlash; va (2) qurolli kuchlar faoliyati uchun istisno belgilaydi.

Hisobni qabul qilish

113-Kongress (2013–14)

Vakil tomonidan taqdim etilgan uyning versiyasi Jim Sensenbrenner HR 3361 sifatida,[28] ga murojaat qilingan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasining Jinoyat, terrorizm, ichki xavfsizlik va tergov bo'yicha sud qo'mitasi 2014 yil 9-yanvar,[29] va Senat versiyasi,[30] senator tomonidan kiritilgan Patrik Liti, ikki marta o'qildi va ga havola qilindi Senatning Adliya qo'mitasi.[29] Vakillar Palatasi Adliya qo'mitasining tuzatilgan versiyasida fuqarolik erkinliklari xavotirini uyg'otadigan ko'plab qoidalar mavjud edi[31] kengaytmasi, shu jumladan munozarali AQSh PATRIOT qonuni 2017 yil oxirigacha.[32][33] Qonun loyihasini 2014 yil davomida ko'rib chiqib,[34] The Senat 2014 yil 18-noyabr kuni ushbu tadbirni keyingi muhokamasini tugatish uchun ovoz berdi AQShning 113-kongressi.[35]

Qonun loyihasi bir nechta qoidalarni o'z ichiga olgan: FISA biznesni isloh qiladi, FISA qalam reestri va tuzoq va iz qurilma islohotlari, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari islohotlaridan tashqaridagi shaxslarga qaratilgan FISA sotib olish, Tashqi razvedka kuzatuv sudi islohotlari, Maxsus Advokat idorasi, Milliy xavfsizlik xati islohotlar, FISA va Milliy xavfsizlik xati shaffofligini isloh qilish va Maxfiylik va fuqarolik erkinliklari ustidan nazorat kengashi sudga chaqirish vakolati.[36]

Vakillar palatasining Adliya qo'mitasida belgilash

2014 yil may oyida AQSh Vakillar Palatasi Sud-huquq qo'mitasi o'z veb-saytida "Menejerning tuzatishi" ni e'lon qildi. O'zgarishlarning VII sarlavhasida "2005 yildagi AQSh Vatanparvarlik faoliyatini takomillashtirish va qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi AQSh Qonuni 102 (b) (1) bo'limiga (50 USC 1805 eslatma)" 2015 yil 1 iyun "va" 2017 yil 31 dekabr "deb qo'shilgan. kengaytirish munozarali AQSh PATRIOT qonuni 2017 yil oxirigacha.[37]

Milliy jurnal "one tech" deb yozgan lobbist kompaniyalarga xaridorlarga hukumat ma'lumotlariga oid talablar to'g'risida ko'proq ma'lumot berishga imkon beradigan qoidalar bekor qilinganidan xavotirda ekanligini ta'kidladi. Bundan tashqari, nazoratni amalga oshiradigan tashqi maxsus advokat Chet el razvedkasini kuzatish sudi tomonidan endi tanlanmaydi Maxfiylik va fuqarolik erkinliklari ustidan nazorat kengashi. Buning o'rniga sud sudyalari beshni tayinlashadi.amicus curiae tegishli xavfsizlik ruxsatnomalariga ega bo'lganlar. "[38]

The Elektron chegara fondi (EFF) "ushbu qonun loyihasi (2013 yildagi) AQSh FREEDOM to'g'risidagi qonunda kuzatuv buzilishlariga oydinlik kiritish uchun zarur bo'lgan muhim shaffoflik qoidalarini e'tiborsiz qoldirayotganidan xavotirda" ekanligini bildirdi. Bundan tashqari, EFF "ushbu qonun loyihasi hal qilish uchun ko'proq harakat qilishi kerak" deb hisoblaganligini aytdi ommaviy kuzatuv "Xorijiy razvedka nazorati bo'yicha o'zgartirishlar to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 702-moddasiga binoan, butun dunyo bo'ylab foydalanuvchilarning xabarlarini yig'ish uchun foydalaniladigan qonun bo'limi. "[39] The Ochiq texnologiyalar instituti "boshqa bir qator muhim islohotlarni, masalan, Internet va telefon kompaniyalariga OTI va kompaniyalar va tashkilotlarning koalitsiyasi o'tgan yozdan beri bosim o'tkazayotgan talablari to'g'risida ko'proq ma'lumot nashr etishlariga imkon beradigan qoidalar olib tashlandi", deya izoh berdi. Prezident so'ragan, hukumat tomonidan ko'rsatilgan telefon yozuvlarini doimiy ravishda yig'ib turishga imkon beradigan sud buyrug'ining yangi turini taqdim etadi ".[40]

Dan kelgan tanqidlarga qaramay fuqarolik erkinliklari guruhlar, Mayk Rojers himoyachisi NSA kuzatuv amaliyoti va raisi Uyning razvedka qo'mitasi, tuzatishlarni maqtadi. NSAning kuzatuv amaliyotini qonunlarga muvofiqlashtiradigan o'z qonun loyihasiga ega bo'lgan Rojers taklif qilinayotgan tuzatishlarni "ulkan yaxshilanish" deb atadi. Tashqi siyosat wrote "any compromise to the Judiciary bill risks an insurrection from civil libertarians in Congress. Michigan Republican Jastin Amash led such a revolt last year when he offered an NSA amendment to a defense appropriations bill that would have stripped funding for the NSA's collection program." "Just a weakened bill or worse than status quo? I'll find out," Representative Amash said.[41]

After the marked up bill passed the House Judiciary Committee USA Freedom Act co-author and Senatning Adliya qo'mitasi Rais Patrik Liti commented that he "remain concerned that the legislation approved today does not include some of the important reforms related to milliy xavfsizlik xatlari, a strong special advocate at the FISA sudi va undan kattaroq oshkoralik. I will continue to push for those reforms when the Senate Judiciary Committee considers the USA Freedom Act this summer."[34]

Passage in House of Representatives

The House of Representatives passed on May 22, 2014 the USA Freedom act by 303 votes to 121.[42] Because the House version was weakened by lawmakers loyal to the intelligence establishment it lost support of important House Judiciary members like Republicans Darrell Issa, Ted Poe and Raul Labrador and Democrat Zoe Lofgren who previously voted for the act.[43] "The result is a bill that will actually not end bulk collection, regrettably," said Rep. Zoe Lofgren who voted against the bill.[44] The act would shift responsibility for retaining telephonic metadata from the government to telephone companies. Providers like AT&T and Verizon would be required to maintain the records and let the NSA search them in terrorism investigations when the agency obtains a judicial order or in certain emergency situations.[45] The USA Freedom Act demands that the NSA get approval for a search from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court before demanding that the telecoms hand over metadata. However, no "probable-cause" Fourth Amendment standard is required to access the database[44] While an allowable search under the original USA Freedom Act was defined as "a term used to uniquely describe a person, entity, or account", but under the House version a database search inquiry is now allowed if it is "a discrete term, such as a term specifically identifying a person, entity, account, address, or device."[44] Provisions that were dropped from the bill included requirements to estimate the number of Americans whose records were captured under the program, and the creation of a public advocate to challenge the government's legal arguments before the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.[46][47]

The passed House version[48] was criticised by U.S. senators, tech firms like Google, olma, Microsoft, Facebook va Twitter, as well as civil liberties groups.[43][44][45][46][49] Major U.S. tech firms like Google, Apple, Microsoft, Facebook, and Twitter joined together in the Reform Government Surveillance coalition which called the House version a move in the wrong direction. The Reform Government Surveillance released a statement on June 5, stating: "The latest draft opens up an unacceptable loophole that could enable the bulk collection of Internet users' data ... While it makes important progress, we cannot support this bill as currently drafted and urge Congress to close this loophole to ensure meaningful reform."[50] Zeke Johnson, director of Amnesty International AQSh 's security and human rights program, accusing the House for failing to deliver serious surveillance reform said: "People inside and outside the U.S. would remain at risk of dragnet surveillance. The Senate should pass much stronger reforms ensuring greater transparency, robust judicial review, equal rights for non-U.S. persons, and a clear, unambiguous ban on mass spying. President Obama need not wait. He can and should implement such safeguards today." The White House however endorsed the bill. "The Administration strongly supports House passage of H.R. 3361, the USA Freedom Act. ... The Administration applauds and appreciates the strong bipartisan effort that led to the formulation of this bill, which heeds the President's call on this important issue," the White House said in a statement.[50] "The bill ensures our intelligence and law enforcement professionals have the authorities they need to protect the Nation, while further ensuring that individuals' privacy is appropriately protected when these authorities are employed. Among other provisions, the bill prohibits bulk collection through the use of Section 215, FISA pen registers, and Milliy xavfsizlik xatlari."[45][51]

Civil rights groups and scholars said the new language allowing the NSA to search meta data handed over from telephone companies was vague and perhaps would allow the NSA to ensnare the metadata of broad swaths of innocent people in violation of their constitutional rights. "In particular, while the previous bill would have required any request for records to be tied to a clearly defined set of 'specific selection terms,' the bill that just passed leaves the definition of 'specific selection terms' open. This could allow for an overly broad and creative interpretation, which is something we've certainly seen from the executive branch and the FISA Court before," said Elizabeth Goitein, a co-director of the Brennan Center's Liberty and National Security Program.[44] "The new definition is incredibly more expansive than previous definitions ... The new version not only adds the undefined words "address" and "device," but makes the list of potential selection terms open-ended by using the term "such as." Congress has been clear that it wishes to end bulk collection, but given the government's history of twisted legal interpretations, this language can't be relied on to protect our freedoms," said the Electronic Frontier Foundation in a press release.[50][52]

Defeat in the Senate

Negotiations among intelligence agencies, the White House, lawmakers and their aides, and privacy advocates in the summer of 2014 led to a modified bill (S. S.2685)[53] AQSh Senatida. This bill version addressed most privacy concerns regarding the NSA program that collects records of Americans' phone calls in bulk.

Under the bill the NSA would no longer collect those phone records. Instead, most of the records would have stayed in the hands of the phone companies, which would not have been required to hold them any longer than they already do for normal business purposes, which in some cases is 18 months. The bill would require the NSA to request specific data from phone companies under specified limits i.e. the NSA would need to show it had reasonable, articulable suspicion that the number it is interested in is tied to a foreign terrorist organization or individual. The proposed legislation would still have allowed analysts to perform so-called contact chaining in which they trace a suspect's network of acquaintances, but they would have been required to use a new kind of court order to swiftly obtain only those records that were linked, up to two layers away, to a suspect — even when held by different phone companies. It would also require the federal surveillance court to appoint a panel of public advocates to advance legal positions in support of privacy and civil liberties, and would expand company reporting to the public on the scope of government requests for customers' data. This USA Freedom Act version thus gained the support of the Obama Administration, including the director of national intelligence and attorney general, as well as many tech companies including Apple, Google, Microsoft and Yahoo as well as a diverse range of groups, including the National Rifle Association and the American Civil Liberties Union.[35][54]

Keyingi 2014 yilgi Kongress saylovlari, Senat voted on November 18, 2014, to block further debate of the measure during the AQShning 113-kongressi. Fifty-four Democrats and four Republicans who supported consideration failed to muster the 60 votes required.[55] Senator Patrick Leahy, who drafted the bill, blamed its defeat on what he called fear-mongering by opponents, saying, "Fomenting fear stifles serious debate and constructive solutions." Senator Mitch Makkonnell, the Republican leader, argued that the NSA's bulk collection of Americans' metadata was a vital tool in the fight against terrorism. "This is the worst possible time to be tying our hands behind our backs," he said.[35]

114th Congress (2015–16)

The USA Freedom Act was re-introduced in the House Judiciary Committee and Senate Judiciary Committee in late April 2015 based upon a modified version of the one which failed in the Senate in the 113th Congress.

The 2015 USA Freedom Act[56] version is described by its sponsors as "a balanced approach that would ensure the NSA maintains an ability to obtain the data it needs to detect terrorist plots without infringing on Americans' right to privacy."[5] Human rights groups believed the bill's transparency and court oversight provisions are less robust than would have been required in a previous version of the bill, with more limited reporting requirements and a more narrowly defined role for external court advocates.[57]

Passage out of House Judiciary Committee

The bill passed out of the House Judiciary Committee on April 30, 2015.[58] The proposed bill would end the NSA's bulk collection under Section 215 by requiring the government to seek records from companies using a "specific selection term" that identifies a specific person, account or address and "is used to limit ... the scope" of records sought. The term may not be a phone or Internet company.[5]

House Passage

The USA Freedom Act passed the U.S. House of Representatives on May 13, 2015.[59] With 338 votes for and 88 against it was passed without any amendments to the House Judiciary version because the House Rules Committee prohibited consideration of any amendment to the USA Freedom Act, claiming that any changes to the legislation would have weakened its chances of passage.[60] The bill had the support of the White House, Attorney General Eric Holder and Director of National Intelligence James Clapper. While civil liberties groups were divided over the support of the bill, lawmakers opposed to the Bill stated it will handicap the NSA and allow terrorist groups to prosper.[61]

Passage in Senate

The USA Freedom Act was not passed by the U.S. Senate on May 22, 2015. By a vote of 57–42, the Senate did not pass the bill that would have required 60 votes to move forward, which meant that the NSA had to start winding down its domestic mass surveillance program. The Senate also rejected, by 54–45, also short of the necessary 60 votes, a two-month extension for the key provision in the Patriot Act that has been used to justify NSA spying, which was set to expire on June 1, 2015.[62][63][64]

However, on May 31, 2015, the Senate voted 77–17 to limit debate on the act. Senate rules will allow it to be passed after the mass surveillance programs have expired.[65] While several amendments which would strengthen the bill were not allowed to be considered, three amendments proposed by chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee Richard Burr to weaken the bill, considered "poison pills," were allowed to be considered but ultimately rejected.[66]

The bill ultimately passed the Senate 67–32 on June 2, 2015[67][68][69] and reinstated three lapsed authorities i.e. the "Section 215" authority, the "lone wolf" authority and the "roving wiretaps" authority of the Patriot Act,[70] while reforming the "Section 215" authority. President Obama signed the legislation on the sixth day.[71][72]

National security and trade groups

The Center for National Security supports the USA Freedom Act introduced on April 28, 2015 to end bulk collection of Americans' telephone metadata under the so-called "section 215" program.[73]

The Software Alliance sponsored the legislation saying "in reforming government surveillance practices, it is critical that legislation strikes the right balance between securing our nation and its citizens and improving privacy protections for the public. The FISA reforms in the USA FREEDOM Act will help restore trust in both the US government and the US technology sector."[74]

The ITIC said "the USA Freedom Act, H.R. 2048, builds on the foundation laid by the House Judiciary Committee last Congress and the result is a bill that strengthens privacy protections while maintaining the interests of national security."[75]

Civil liberties advocates

The final USA Freedom Act is perceived as containing several concessions to pro-surveillance legislators meant to facilitate its passage.[6][76] The watered down version of the USA Freedom Act that passed the House of Representatives in 2015 has been widely criticized by civil liberties advocates and its original supporters amongst house members for extending the Patriot Act Mass surveillance programs without meaningful restraints, undermining the original purpose of the bill.[77]

"This bill would make only incremental improvements, and at least one provision-the material-support provision-would represent a significant step backwards," ACLU deputy legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement. "The disclosures of the last two years make clear that we need wholesale reform." Jaffer wants Congress to let Section 215 sunset completely and wait for a better reform package than endorse something half-baked,[78] saying that "unless that bill is strengthened, sunset would be the better course."[79] The ACLU had previously written of the 2013 version that "although the USA Freedom Act does not fix every problem with the government's surveillance authorities and programs, it is an important first step and it deserves broad support."[80][81]

Vakil Jastin Amash, author of the narrowly defeated Amash–Conyers Amendment, a proposal that would have de-funded the NSA bulk-collection program, backed the 2013 legislation, but not the final 2015 version.[82] "It's getting out of control," he commented. "[Courts are issuing] general warrants without specific cause ... and you have one agency that's essentially having superpowers to pass information onto others".[17]

According to Deputy Attorney General Jeyms Koul, even if the Freedom Act becomes law, the NSA could continue its bulk collection of American's phone records. He explained that "it's going to depend on how the [FISA] court interprets any number of the provisions" contained within the legislation.[8] Jennifer Granick, Director of Civil Liberties at Stenford yuridik fakulteti, dedi:

The Administration and the intelligence community believe they can do whatever they want, regardless of the laws Congress passes, so long they can convince one of the judges appointed to the secretive Chet el razvedkasini kuzatish sudi (FISC) to agree. This isn't the qonun ustuvorligi. Bu Davlat to'ntarishi.[8]

Xalqaro inson huquqlari groups remain somewhat skeptical of specific provisions of the bill. Masalan, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti expressed its concern that the "bill would do little to increase protections for the right to privacy for people outside the United States, a key problem that plagues U.S. surveillance activities. Nor would the bill address mass surveillance or bulk collection practices that may be occurring under other laws or regulations, such as Section 702 of the FISA-ga o'zgartirishlar kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun yoki Ijroiya buyrug'i 12333. These practices affect many more people and include the collection of the actual content of internet communications and phone calls, not just metadata".[83] Zeke Johnson, Director of Xalqaro Amnistiya 's Security and Human Rights Program, agreed that "any proposal that fails to ban mass surveillance, end blanket secrecy, or stop discrimination against people outside the U.S. will be a false fix".[11]

Members of the anti-surveillance Civil Liberties Coalition are dismissing the USA Freedom Act in support of the Surveillance State Repeal Act, a far more comprehensive piece of legislation in the House that completely repeals the Patriot Act, as well as 2008's FISA Amendments Act.[78] A group of 60 organizations called Congress to not stop at ending the NSA's bulk collection of telephone information under the USA PATRIOT Act, but to also end the FISA Amendments Act and Executive Order 12333 mass surveillance programs and restore accountability for bad actors in the Intelligence Community.[9]

The Center for Democracy and Technology endorses the bill, but it points out that it doesn't limit data retention for information collected on people who turn out to have no connection to a suspect or target, and emphasizes that this is not an omnibus solution.[78] The group argued the bill had to be supported because "the Senate will weaken the USA FREEDOM Act right before the sunset deadline, forcing the House to accept a weaker bill".[84]

David Segal, executive director of Demand Progress, wants Section 215 to expire. "This bill purports to ban certain acts under narrow authorities, but it doesn't ban those behaviors outright. Nor does it increase meaningful oversight of the NSA" he stated. The group said "a vote for a bill that does not end mass surveillance is a vote in support of mass surveillance."[85] In a statement posted to Demand Progress' website, Segal writes, "The Senate just voted to reinstitute certain lapsed surveillance authorities – and that means that USA Freedom actually made Americans less free." However, he notes the group "[takes] some solace" in the fact that "Section 215 was – ever so briefly – allowed to sunset."[86]

"Companies are provided monetary incentive to spy and share that information with the government and blanket liability once they do under USA Freedom – even if that breaks that law," said Sascha Meinrath, the director of X-lab, an independent tech policy institute previously associated with New America. "Once companies receive that, they'll have almost no reason to weigh in on meaningful surveillance reform."[85] "In a way, it's kind of like PRISM," the program revealed by Snowden where major tech companies turned over the content of online communications to the NSA, said longtime independent surveillance researcher Marcy Wheeler. "It pushes things to providers: Everyone gets immunity, but it doesn't add to the privacy."[85]

"We think of the USA Freedom Act as yesterday's news," said Shahid Buttar of the Bill of Rights Defense Committee, "and we're interested in forcing the [intelligence] agencies into a future where they comply with constitutional limits." "If passed, it'll be the only step," predicted Patrick Eddington of the Cato Institute, a former House staffer, since the next expiration date for a major piece of surveillance legislation is 31 December 2017.[87]

Following the law's passage on June 2, 2015, ACLU deputy legal director Jameel Jaffer retracted his earlier criticism and claimed that "This is the most important surveillance reform bill since 1978, and its passage is an indication that Americans are no longer willing to give the intelligence agencies a blank check."[88]

Proposed Reauthorization

On August 14, 2019, the outgoing Milliy razvedka direktori xat yubordi[89] to Congress stating the Trump Administration's intention to seek permanent extension of the provisions of FISA that under the terms of the USA FREEDOM Act are scheduled to expire on December 15, 2019, namely the "lone wolf" authority allowing surveillance of a suspected terrorist who is inspired by foreign ideology but is not acting at the direction of a foreign party, the roving wiretap authority regarding surveillance of a terrorist who enters the United States and the authority to allow the Federal Bureau of Investigation to obtain certain business records in a national security investigation, as well as the call detail records program undertaken by the NSA.[90] In reference to the latter authority, the letter announced that "The National Security Agency has suspended the call detail records program that uses this authority and deleted the call detail records acquired under this authority."

Jurisdiction over the reauthorization of the expiring FISA provisions is shared by the Judiciary and Intelligence committees in the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives; the House Committee on the Judiciary and the Senate Committee on the Judiciary held separate public hearings on the reauthorization in September 2019[91] and November 2019[92]navbati bilan. Opposition to the call detail records program has led to some Congressional demands that the authority for the program not be renewed.[93] Additional complications hindering reauthorization arose from a hisobot of the US Department of Justice Inspector General finding fault with certain FISA applications in connection with the 2016 presidential campaign,[94] which led some members of Congress to insist on reforms to FISA as a condition of reauthorizing the expiring USA FREEDOM Act provisions.[95] With Congressional attention focused on dealing with the Qo'shma Shtatlarda COVID-19 pandemiyasi in 2020, the House of Representatives passed a long-term extension of the USA FREEDOM Act on March 11, 2020, just four days before the scheduled expiration of the Act on March 15, 2020, by a wide, bipartisan margin that kept the protections of the Act largely the same.[96] Two months later, the Senate passed an extension of the Act by an 80-16 vote that expanded some privacy protections, but the Senate version did not include protection of Americans’ internet browsing and search histories from warrantless surveillance, which was proposed by Sens. Ron Vayden (D-Ore.) and Stiv Deyns (R-Mont.) and failed by one vote.[97] The House is expected to take up the Senate version of the extension, and some House members have signaled they will attempt to revive the Daines-Wyden amendment in the House.[98]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

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    Chairman Goodlatte. The chair thanks the gentleman, and recognizes himself. The legislation before us today was carefully and painstakingly negotiated not just amongst members of this committee, but with our colleagues on the House Intelligence Committee and the intelligence community.

    Mr. Conyers. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I oppose this amendment because it is not part of the delicate compromise that Chairman Goodlatte, Representatives Sensenbrenner, Nadler, and myself reached with the House Intelligence Committee and House leadership. After months of negotiation, we agreed on legislation that we believe can pass the House, pass the Senate, and become law.

    Ms. Lofgren. This is an issue where a majority of Democrats and a majority of Republicans voted on the floor to approve this very same thing.

    Ms. Lofgren. This amendment is identical to the Massie Lofgren amendment in last year's DoD appropriations bill, which passed the House 293 to 123, but it was ultimately stripped out. 21 members of this committee actually voted for that amendment when it was on the floor. Clearly a vast majority of Congress supports closing the backdoor.

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