Global kuzatuvni oshkor qilishga reaktsiyalar - Reactions to global surveillance disclosures

Qismi bir qator kuni
Global kuzatuv
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Izohlar
Tizimlar
Agentliklar
Odamlar
Joylar
Qonunlar
Tavsiya etilgan o'zgarishlar
Tushunchalar
Tegishli mavzular

The global kuzatuvni oshkor qilish tomonidan ommaviy axborot vositalariga chiqarildi Edvard Snouden ning keskinligini keltirib chiqardi ikki tomonlama munosabatlar ning Qo'shma Shtatlar uning bir qancha ittifoqchilari va iqtisodiy sheriklari bilan hamda Yevropa Ittifoqi. 2013 yil avgust oyida, AQSh prezidenti Barak Obama qisqacha va keyin unga hisobot beradigan "razvedka va kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari bo'yicha sharh guruhi" tashkil etilganligini e'lon qildi.[1] Dekabr oyida ishchi guruh 46 ta tavsiyanomani e'lon qildi, agar ular qabul qilinsa, ularga bo'ysunadi Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi (NSA) tomonidan sudlar, Kongress va prezident tomonidan qo'shimcha tekshiruvlar olib boriladi va NSA tomonidan Amerika kompyuter tizimlariga kirib borish vakolatidan mahrum qilinadi "orqa eshiklar "apparat yoki dasturiy ta'minotda.[2] Jeffri R. Stoun, Oq uy panel a'zosi, telefon ma'lumotlarini ommaviy yig'ish to'xtaganiga dalil yo'qligini aytdi terror hujumlari.[3]

AQSh armiyasi Umumiy Kit B. Aleksandr, keyin NSA direktori 2013 yil iyun oyida "bu qochqinlar bizning millatimiz xavfsizligiga katta va qaytarib bo'lmaydigan zarar etkazdi" dedi. Uning qo'shimcha qilishicha, "ushbu dasturlar to'g'risidagi mas'uliyatsiz ravishda maxfiy ma'lumotlar chiqarilishi razvedka hamjamiyatining kelajakdagi hujumlarni aniqlash qobiliyatiga uzoq muddatli zararli ta'sir ko'rsatadi".[4]

2014 yil iyun oyida Aleksandr yaqinda NSA direktori lavozimiga tayinlandi, AQSh dengiz kuchlari Admiral Maykl S. Rojers, ba'zi terroristik guruhlar Snouden tomonidan nozil qilingan kuzatuv texnikasidan qochish uchun o'zlarining aloqalarini o'zgartirgan bo'lsalar-da, umuman etkazilgan zarar uning "osmon qulab tushmoqda" degan xulosaga kelishiga sabab bo'lmadi. Agentlikning tarmoqlariga kirish huquqiga ega bo'lgan maxsus insayder tomonidan qochqinlardan mutlaqo himoya qilinmasligini ta'kidlagan Rojers NSA shunga qaramay "Snouden tomonidan olingan ma'lumotlarning hajmini" qayta o'g'irlab bo'lmasligini "ta'minlashi kerakligini aytdi.[5]

Qatordan chiqib ketish

Ochiq ma'lumotlar e'lon qilinganidan ko'p o'tmay, Prezident Obama Amerika jamoatchiligi xavotirga o'rin yo'q deb ta'kidladi, chunki "sizning telefon qo'ng'iroqlaringizni hech kim tinglamayapti",[6] va "amerikaliklarning josusligi yo'q".[7]

Soxta ko'rsatmalar bo'yicha da'volar

Asosiy maqola: Kongress Jeyms Klapperni iste'foga chiqishga chaqirmoqda
Jeyms Klapperning Senatning Razvedka qo'mitasi oldidagi ko'rsatmalaridan parcha

2013 yil 21-iyun kuni Milliy razvedka direktori Jeyms R. Klapper ga qasamyod qilib, noto'g'ri guvohlik bergani uchun uzr so'radi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi. O'sha yilning mart oyi boshida Klapper tomonidan so'ralgan Senator Ron Vayden AQSh fuqarolarini NSA tomonidan taxmin qilingan kuzatuviga oydinlik kiritish uchun:

Senator Vayden: "NSA millionlab yoki yuz millionlab amerikaliklar haqida umuman ma'lumot to'playdimi?"

Direktor Klapper: - Yo'q, ser.[8]

Snoudenning ma'lumotlari birinchi marta nashr etilganidan ko'p o'tmay bergan intervyusida, Klapper Uaydenning savoliga noto'g'ri tushunganligini va "eng kam haqiqat" deb o'ylagan javob berganligini aytdi.[9] Keyinchalik, Klapper uzr maktubida faqatgina 702-bo'limga e'tibor qaratganligini yozgan Chet el razvedkasini kuzatish to'g'risidagi qonun Kongressga bergan guvohligi paytida va shuning uchun u 215-bo'lim haqida "shunchaki o'ylamagan" Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun, bu AQSh fuqarolaridan telefon ma'lumotlarining ommaviy yig'ilishini oqlaydi. Klapper shunday dedi: "Mening javobim aniq noto'g'riligi uchun kechirim so'rayman".[10]

Deklaratsiyani bekor qilish

Mana, eng uzoq vaqt davomida men "kompyuter tarmog'iga hujum" iborasini ayta olmasligimdan qo'rqdim. Ushbu narsalar juda jirkanch darajada tasniflangan. Demokratik sifatida biz o'z millatimizning kiber domenda bu erda ishlashini xohlashimiz nimada ekanligi haqida etuk jamoatchilik muhokamasiga xalaqit beradi.

— NSA va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining sobiq direktori Maykl Xayden.[11]

Shaffoflikni oshirish va jamoat manfaati uchun Milliy razvedka direktori telefon metama'lumotlarini yig'ish bilan bog'liq quyidagi hujjatlarni maxfiylashtirish va ommaviy e'lon qilishga ruxsat berdi. PATRIOT to'g'risidagi qonunning 215-qismi 2013 yil 31-iyulda.[12] Ushbu hujjatlar:

  1. Muqova xati va AQShning PATRIOT qonunini qayta avtorizatsiya qilish uchun Milliy Xavfsizlik Agentligining Ommaviy yig'ish dasturi to'g'risidagi 2009 yilgi hisoboti[13]
  2. Muqova xatlari va 2011 yil Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi tomonidan AQShning PATRIOT qonunini qayta avtorizatsiya qilish uchun ommaviy yig'ish dasturi to'g'risida hisobot[14]
  3. AQSh PATRIOT qonunining 215-bo'limiga binoan biznes yozuvlarini yig'ish uchun asosiy buyurtma[15]

2013 yil 19-iyul kuni, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti Obama ma'muriyatiga NSA kuzatuvida ishtirok etgan kompaniyalarga ushbu tadbirlar to'g'risida hisobot berishga va ularning sonini ko'paytirishga ruxsat berishga chaqirgan xat yubordi. hukumat shaffofligi.[16]

Jurnalistikani davolash

Asosiy maqola: Global kuzatuv va jurnalistika
Matbuot senzurasi

2013 yil iyun oyida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati rasmiylari maxfiy ma'lumotni berishdi DA-xabarnoma ushbu qochqinlar haqida xabar berish imkoniyatlarini cheklash maqsadida bir nechta matbuot tashkilotlariga.[17] Xuddi shu oyda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi o'z xodimlariga veb-saytning ba'zi qismlariga kirishni taqiqladi The Guardian o'sha sayt Snouden oshkor qilgan nashrdan keyin.[18] Butun Guardian veb-sayt butun Afg'oniston, Yaqin Sharq va Janubiy Osiyoda joylashgan xodimlar uchun bloklangan.[19]

Inson huquqlarini himoya qilish guruhi tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra PEN International, ushbu ma'lumotlarda a sovuq ta'sir Amerika yozuvchilari haqida. Hukumat kuzatuviga tushib qolish xavfidan qo'rqib, PENning amerikalik a'zolarining 28 foizi ijtimoiy tarmoqlardan foydalanishni cheklashdi va 16 foizi o'z-o'zini tsenzura qilingan o'zlarining yozuvlaridagi bahsli mavzulardan qochish orqali o'zlarini.[20][21]

Hibsga olish ayblovsiz

2013 yil 18-avgustda, Devid Miranda, jurnalistning sherigi Glenn Grinvald, 7-jadval bo'yicha to'qqiz soat davomida hibsga olingan Birlashgan Qirollik "s 2000 yildagi terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun. Miranda 58 mingni ko'tarib Berlindan qaytayotgan edi GCHQ bitta kompyuter faylidagi hujjatlar[22] Braziliyadagi Grinvaldga. Grinvald Mirandaning hibsga olinishini "aniq NSA va GCHQ haqida xabar bergan bizni qo'rqitish haqida xabar yuborish uchun mo'ljallangan" deb ta'riflagan.[23][24][25][26] The Metropolitan politsiyasi va Uy kotibi Tereza Mey Mirandaning hibsga olinishini "qonuniy va protsessual jihatdan sog'lom" deb atagan.[27] Biroq, Torotonlik Lord Falconer, qonun loyihasini kiritishga yordam bergan Lordlar palatasi, deyishicha, ushbu harakatga binoan politsiya faqat birovni "terrorizmga tayyorgarlik ko'rish yoki uni qo'zg'ashga aloqadorligini aniqlash uchun" hibsga olishi mumkin. U shunday dedi: "Men shuni aniq aytamanki, bu janob Mirandaga o'z shartlari yoki ruhi bilan taalluqli emas."[28] Antonio Patriota braziliyalik Tashqi aloqalar vaziri Mirandaning hibsga olinishi "oqlanishi mumkin emas". Mirandani hibsga olish sabablarini politsiyadan ingliz siyosatchilari va Devid Anderson Q.C. Terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlarini mustaqil ko'rib chiquvchi.[29] Keyinchalik Qo'shma Shtatlar hukumati Britaniyalik amaldorlar ularga Mirandani hibsga olish to'g'risida "bosh" berishganini aytgan, shu bilan birga uni hibsga olish to'g'risidagi qaror Angliya qaroridir.[29]

Dalillarni yo'q qilish

The Guardian muharriri Alan Rusbridger gazetaga Britaniya hukumati tomonidan qonuniy tahdidlar kelib tushganligi va Snouden tomonidan oshkor qilingan barcha hujjatlarni topshirishga chaqirilganligi aytilgan. Xavfsizlik xizmati xodimlari Hukumat bilan aloqa bo'yicha shtab Keyinchalik (GCHQ) Snouden hujjatlari bo'lgan barcha kompyuterning qattiq disklari yo'q qilinishini ta'minlash uchun gazetaning Londondagi bosh ofisiga tashrif buyurdi.[27][30]

Suhbat protokolini tahrirlash

NSA muvofiqligi bo'yicha direktor Jon Delong bilan suhbatlashgandan so'ng Washington Post ushbu bayonotlarga nisbatan oq uy ga "tayyor" bayonot yubordi Xabar va "Delongning biron bir izohini yozuvda keltirib bo'lmaydi" deb buyruq berdi. Xabar talablarini bajarishdan bosh tortdi.[31][32]

Jinoyat ishi bo'yicha tergov

Buyuk Britaniyaning ushbu oshkor qilishlar bo'yicha jinoiy tekshiruvi Metropolitan politsiya xizmati, haqida 2013 yil noyabr oyida xabar berilgan edi.[33]

Izohlar

2013 yil 18-avgustda, Xalqaro Amnistiya agar jurnalistlar o'z mustaqilligini saqlab qolsalar va hukumatlar haqida tanqidiy ma'ruzalar qilsalar, ular ham Britaniya hukumati tomonidan "nishonga olinishi" mumkin.[34]

2013 yil 20-avgustda, Tsenzuraga oid indeks Britaniya hukumatiga qarshi "qonuniy choralar tahdidi" ni ilgari surdi The Guardian "Buyuk Britaniyada matbuot erkinligiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hujum" edi.[35]

2013 yil 4 sentyabrda, BMTning maxsus ma'ruzachisi Frank La Rue milliy xavfsizlik sirlarini himoya qilish hech qachon bahona sifatida ishlatilmasligi kerakligini ta'kidladi qo'rqitmoq sukut saqlash uchun matbuot. "[36]

Boliviya prezidenti Morales samolyotining majburiy qo'nishi

Asosiy maqola: Evo Morales topraklama hodisasi

Lotin Amerikasining beshta mamlakati - Boliviya, Kuba, Ekvador, Nikaragua va Venesuela o'z muammolarini BMT Bosh kotibiga etkazdilar. Pan Gi Mun Boliviya Prezidenti samolyotidan keyin Evo Morales G'arbiy Evropaning bir qator mamlakatlari tomonidan kirishni rad etishdi va "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari xabar tarqatuvchisi" degan gumonga binoan Avstriyaga yo'nalishni o'zgartirishga majbur bo'ldi. Edvard Snouden bortda bo'lgan ".[37] Kelgusida bunday hodisalarning oldini olish muhimligini aytib, Pan Gi Mun: "Davlat rahbari va uning samolyoti daxlsizlik va daxlsizlikka ega", deb ta'kidladi.[37]

Lavabit

Asosiy maqola: Lavabit

2013 yil 8 avgustda, Lavabit, Snouden tomonidan ishlatilgan, Texasda joylashgan elektron pochta orqali ishlaydigan xavfsiz xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayder, kutilmaganda 10 yillik biznesdan so'ng o'z faoliyatini to'xtatayotganini e'lon qildi.[38] Uy egasi Ladar Levison "Amerika xalqiga qarshi jinoyatlar bilan sherik bo'lishdan ko'ra" biznesdan chiqib ketishni afzal ko'rganligi haqidagi bayonotni Internetda joylashtirdi.[38] Shuningdek, u avvalgi 6 hafta ichida boshidan kechirganlarini oshkor qilishi uchun qonun bilan taqiqlanganligini va ish bo'yicha apellyatsiya shikoyati berayotganini aytdi. AQSh to'rtinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi.[38] Bir nechta manbalar, bayonot berilgan vaqt Lavabitni AQSh hukumati Snouden haqida ma'lumot qidirishda nishonga olgan deb taxmin qilmoqda.[38][39][40][41][42] Ertasi kuni xuddi shunday elektron pochta xizmati, Silent Circle, "josuslikning oldini olish" maqsadida oldindan o'chirib qo'ying.[43] Snouden Lavabitning yopilishi haqida shunday dedi: "Ladar Levison va uning jamoasi o'zlarining 40000 foydalanuvchisining konstitutsiyaviy huquqlarini buzish o'rniga 10 yillik biznesining faoliyatini to'xtatib qo'yishdi. Prezident, Kongress va Sudlar bu xarajatlarni unutdilar. yomon siyosat har doim oddiy fuqarolar tomonidan olib boriladi va bizning to'lashimiz uchun cheklovlar borligini eslatish bizning vazifamizdir. " Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "internet titanlar" yoqadi Google o'zlaridan nima uchun ular "bizning manfaatlarimiz uchun kichik biznes kabi kurashmayotganliklari" ni so'rashlari kerak.[44]

Savdoga ta'siri

2014 yil mart oyida, The New York Times NSA josusligining fosh etilishi AQSh texnologik kompaniyalariga, shu jumladan, qimmatga tushganligini xabar qildi Microsoft va IBM dollardan oshdi. Da katta tahlilchi Axborot texnologiyalari va innovatsiyalar fondi "bu har bir texnologik kompaniya uchun bu ularning pastki qismiga ta'sir ko'rsatishi aniq" ekanligini aytdi va AQSh bulutli hisoblash sanoati 2016 yilga kelib 35 milliard dollar yo'qotishi mumkinligini taxmin qildi. Forrester tadqiqotlari, mustaqil texnologiyalar va bozor tadqiqot kompaniyasining ta'kidlashicha, yo'qotishlar 180 milliard dollarni yoki sanoat daromadining 25 foizini tashkil qilishi mumkin.[45]

AQSh va Buyuk Britaniya xavfsizligi uchun salbiy oqibatlarga oid da'volar

AQSh armiyasining generali Keyt Aleksandr, o'sha paytda NSA direktori bo'lgan, 2013 yil iyun oyida "bu qochqinlar xalqimiz xavfsizligiga katta va qaytarib bo'lmaydigan zarar etkazdi" dedi. Uning qo'shimcha qilishicha, "ushbu dasturlar to'g'risidagi mas'uliyatsiz ravishda maxfiy ma'lumotlar chiqarilishi razvedka hamjamiyatining kelajakdagi hujumlarni aniqlash qobiliyatiga uzoq muddatli zararli ta'sir ko'rsatadi".[4]

Avgust oyida, Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi Martin Dempsi Snouden "bizning razvedka arxitekturamizga katta zarar etkazdi. Bizning dushmanlarimiz o'zaro aloqa usullarini o'zgartirmoqda", dedi.[46]

Oktyabr oyida GCHQning sobiq direktori Sir Devid Omand, qanchalik foydali ekanligi haqida gapirish Rossiya razvedka xizmatlari Snouden Rossiyada qolishi mumkin, deb aytdi Bi-bi-siga: "Mening bir qismim buni hatto aytmaydi KGB ning gullab-yashnagan davrida Flibi, Burgess va Maklin 1950-yillarda 58000 yuqori darajadagi razvedka hujjatlarini olishni orzu qilishi mumkin edi. "[47] Snouden Rossiyaga hech qanday hujjat tarqatmaganligini aytdi.[48]

Shuningdek, oktyabr oyida Endryu Parker, Buyuk Britaniyaning bosh direktori Xavfsizlik xizmati, razvedka texnikasining fosh etilishi ekstremistlarga razvedka idoralaridan qochish imkoniyatini berganligini ta'kidladi; u shunday dedi: "Bu GCHQ texnikasi imkoniyatlari va chegaralarini jamoatchilikka etkazish uchun juda katta zarar etkazadi. Bunday ma'lumotlar terrorchilarga ustunlikni beradi. Bu bizdan qochib o'z xohishlariga ko'ra zarba berishlari kerak bo'lgan sovg'adir."[49]

Xuddi shu oyda Financial Times xavfsizlik rahbarlari "terrorchilar o'zlarining imkoniyatlari haqidagi yangi ma'lumotlarga javoban o'zlarining ishlash rejimlarini o'zgartirishi mumkinligini bilgan holda, xavotirga tushish huquqiga ega edilar" va "razvedka idoralari ushbu yangi yig'ish imkoniyatlaridan zararli maqsadlarda foydalanayotgani to'g'risida aniq dalillar yo'q" deb tahrir qildilar.[22]

AQShning javoblari

Asosiy maqola: Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan ommaviy kuzatuvni amalga oshirishni taklif qildi
Shuningdek qarang: Edvard Snoudenning oshkor qilinishiga sharh

Ijro etuvchi hokimiyat

2013 yil 9-iyun kuni AQSh Milliy razvedka direktori Jeyms R. Klapper, so'nggi paytlarda xabar qilingan kuzatuv faoliyatiga ishora qilmoqda Washington Post va The Guardiantomonidan tasdiqlangan vakolatlar ostida o'tkazilgan tadbirlar qonuniy ekanligini ta'kidladilar AQSh Kongressi va nashr etilgan maqolalar natijasida "sezilarli noto'g'ri fikrlar" paydo bo'ldi; u "amerikaliklarning xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun foydalaniladigan razvedka hamjamiyati choralari" ni oshkor qilishni "beparvo" deb atadi.[50] U ma'lumotlarning oshkor etilishini AQSh razvedka qobiliyatiga "katta, katta zarar etkazgan" deb qoraladi.[51]

Biz odamlar Oq uy veb-saytida Snoudenni avf etish to'g'risida iltimosnoma

Xuddi shu kuni, a Biz odamlar orqali petitsiya ochildi whitehouse.gov "[Snouden] maxfiy NSA kuzatuv dasturlarida hushtak chalishi bilan bog'liq barcha jinoyatlar uchun to'liq, bepul va mutlaqo kechirim so'rashni" qidirmoqda.[52] Murojaat ikki hafta ichida 100000 imzo yig'di, shu bilan pol chegarasini qondirdi va Oq uyning rasmiy javobini talab qildi.[53] Oq uy 2015 yil 28 iyulda Snoudenni afv etishdan bosh tortgan holda javob berdi. Tomonidan yozilgan javobda Liza Monako, Obamaning ichki xavfsizlik va terrorizm bo'yicha maslahatchisi, Oq Uy Snoudenning oshkor etilishi milliy xavfsizlik uchun og'ir oqibatlarga olib kelganini va u uyiga tengdoshlarining hakamlar hay'ati tomonidan baholanishi uchun kelishi kerakligini aytdi.[54]

Shuningdek, 2013 yil iyun oyida AQSh harbiylari ba'zi qismlarga kirishni to'sib qo'yishdi The Guardian mamlakat bo'ylab minglab mudofaa xodimlari uchun hukumat nazorati dasturlari bilan bog'liq veb-sayt,[55] va ga The Guardian'Afg'oniston, Yaqin Sharq va Janubiy Osiyoda joylashgan xodimlar uchun butun veb-sayt.[19][56] Vakil filtrlashni maxfiy ma'lumotlarning ruxsatsiz oshkor qilinishini kamaytirishga qaratilgan odatiy "tarmoq gigienasi" chorasi deb ta'rifladi. Mudofaa vazirligi Tasniflanmagan tarmoqlar.[56]

2013 yil avgust oyida, AQSh prezidenti Barak Obama Snouden NSA operatsiyalari tafsilotlarini oshkor qila boshlaganidan oldin ham AQSh kuzatuv faoliyatini qayta ko'rib chiqishga chaqirganini aytdi.[57] Obama DNI Clapperga "razvedka va kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari bo'yicha sharh guruhini tuzish uchun" rahbarlik qilayotganini e'lon qildi, u prezidentga qisqacha va keyinroq hisobot beradi.[1][58] Dekabr oyida ishchi guruh 46 ta tavsiyanomani chiqardi, agar u qabul qilinsa, NSAni sudlar, Kongress va prezident tomonidan qo'shimcha tekshiruvdan o'tkaziladi va NSAni Amerika kompyuter tizimlariga kirib borish vakolatidan mahrum qiladi. "orqa eshiklar "apparat yoki dasturiy ta'minotda.[2] Panel a'zosi Jeffri R. Stoun telefon ma'lumotlarini ommaviy yig'ish to'xtaganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'qligini aytdi terror hujumlari.[3]

2013 yil 31 oktyabrda, AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri "ba'zi hollarda" NSA o'zining ba'zi kuzatuv faoliyatida "juda uzoqqa borganini" ta'kidladi va bu to'xtatilishini va'da qildi.[59][60]

2014 yil yanvar oyida Jeyms Klapper sessiyada jamoat guvohligini berdi Senatning razvedka qo'mitasi. U "Snouden va uning sheriklari" dan tozalangan NSA hujjatlarini qaytarib berishni so'radi. Klapperdan "sheriklar" so'zi jurnalistlarga tegishli emasmi, degan savolga Klapperning matbuot kotibi Shoun Tyorner shunday javob bergan: "Direktor Klapper Edvard Snoudenga qonuniy tashqi razvedka bilan bog'liq o'g'irlangan hujjatlarni ruxsatsiz oshkor qilish orqali milliy xavfsizligimizga yanada ko'proq tahdid solishda yordam beradigan har bir kishini nazarda tutgan. to'plam dasturlari. "[61]

Shuningdek, 2014 yil yanvar oyida Maxfiylik va fuqarolik erkinliklari ustidan nazorat kengashi (PCLOB) NSA tomonidan har kuni AQShning har bir telefon yozuvlarini to'plash, unga ruxsat berish uchun keltirilgan nizomning qonuniy cheklanishlarini buzadi degan xulosaga keldi. "215-bo'limning katta miqdordagi telefon yozuvlarini yozish dasturi", deb xabar berdi PCLOB, "215-bo'limga muvofiq qonuniy asosga ega emas. Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun ], Birinchi va To'rtinchi tuzatishlar bo'yicha konstitutsiyaviy tashvishlarni nazarda tutadi, shaxsiy hayot va fuqarolik erkinliklariga jiddiy tahdidlarni siyosiy masala sifatida keltirib chiqaradi va cheklangan qiymatni ko'rsatdi. Natijada, Kengash hukumatga dasturni tugatishni tavsiya qiladi. "[62] Oq uy ushbu xulosani rad etdi va "Biz shunchaki kengashning dasturning qonuniyligi haqidagi tahliliga qo'shilmaymiz" deb aytdi.[63] PCLOB-ning 2014 yil iyul oyida o'tkazilgan ikkinchi sharhida NSA ning xorijdagi chet elliklarga qaratilgan kuzatuv dasturi qonuniy, degan xulosaga keldi. FISA-ga o'zgartirishlar kiritish to'g'risidagi 2008 yildagi qonun va samarali, ammo ba'zi bir elementlar konstitutsiyaga zid bo'lish uchun "chiziqqa yaqinlashish" ni talab qiladi.[64] Iyul oyidagi hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, Boshqarma "hukumatning faqat to'plash uchun vakolat berilgan kommunikatsiyalarni olishini ta'minlash va u maqsad qilgan shaxslarni nishonga olishiga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlaridan hayratda qoldi. Bundan tashqari, hukumat dastur bo'yicha olgan AQSh aloqa vositalarini qanday boshqarishi bo'yicha batafsil qoidalarni belgilash va ularga rioya qilish bo'yicha jiddiy majburiyatlari. "[65]

Kongress

A'zolari o'rtasida global kuzatuvni oshkor qilishga reaktsiyalar AQSh Kongressi dastlab salbiy bo'lgan.[66] Palata spikeri Jon Beyner[67] va senatorlar Dianne Faynshteyn[68] va Bill Nelson[69] Snoudenni xoin deb atadi va bir nechta senatorlar va vakillar ularga qo'shilib Snoudenni hibsga olishga va sudga berishga chaqirdi.[68][70][71] Arizona senatori Jon Makkeyn PATRIOT qonunini yoqlab ovoz bergan, ammo NSA telefon qo'ng'iroqlarini josuslik qilganidan g'azablangan siyosatchilarni tanqid qilib, "Biz Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qildik. Biz ushbu dasturni amalga oshirishga ruxsat beradigan qonunning aniq qoidalarini qabul qildik. Endi, agar Kongress a'zolari nima uchun ovoz berayotganlarini bilmagan bo'lsalar, demak, bu ularning hukumatnikidan ko'ra ko'proq mas'uliyati. "[72]

2013 yil iyul oyida AQSh Senatining mablag 'ajratish bo'yicha qo'mitasi bir ovozdan senator tomonidan tuzatishni qabul qildi Lindsi Grem "2014 moliyaviy yili Davlat departamenti, xorijiy operatsiyalar va tegishli dasturlarni ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga"[73] Snoudenga boshpana taklif qiladigan har qanday davlatga qarshi sanktsiyalarni qo'llagan bo'lar edi.[74][75][76]

Shuningdek, 2013 yil iyul oyida, Rep. Jastin Amash (R-Mich.) Va Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) "Amash-Konyerlarga tuzatish "Milliy mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunga.[77] Agar ushbu qaror qabul qilinsa, bu tuzatish "begunoh amerikaliklarning shaxsiy yozuvlarini doimiy ravishda yig'ish va saqlashni" qisqartirgan bo'lar edi. Vakillar palatasi tuzatishlarni 205–217 yillarda ovoz berish orqali rad etdi.[78] Tahlillar shuni ko'rsatdiki, tuzatishga qarshi ovoz berganlar, mudofaa pudratchilaridan saylovoldi kampaniyasi uchun ajratilgan mablag'ga ovoz berganlarga qaraganda 122% ko'proq mablag 'oldilar.[79]

2013 yil sentyabr oyida senatorlar Mark Udall, Richard Blumenthal, Rand Pol va Ron Vayden "keng qamrovli kuzatuv islohoti" taklifini kiritdi.[80] Bugungi kunga qadar eng keng qamrovli taklif deb nomlangan "Razvedka nazorati va kuzatuvini isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun" 215-bo'limda qonuniy ravishda rasmiylashtirilgan aloqa yozuvlarini to'plashni to'xtatishga intiladi. Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun va boshqa "elektron tinglash dasturlarida" hukmronlik qilish.[81] Uayden aytdi The Guardian Snoudenning oshkor etilishi "jamoatchilikning kuzatuv tizimiga qarashida dengiz o'zgarishiga olib keldi". Loyiha loyihasi shu kabi 12 ta taklif va boshqa qonunchilik takliflarining aralashmasi.[82]

2013 yil oktyabr oyida Kongress a'zosi Jim Sensenbrenner, muallifi Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun, deb nomlangan taklifni Vakillar Palatasiga taqdim etdi AQSh erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonun amerikaliklarning metama'lumotlarining asosiy to'plamini tugatish va isloh qilish Chet el razvedkasini kuzatish to'g'risidagi qonun (FISA) sudi.[83] Senatorlar ikki xil islohot takliflarini kiritdilar. Bittasi AQSh erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonun (H.R. 3361 / S. 1599),[84][85][86][87] AQShning Patriot qonuni bo'yicha "ommaviy" yozuvlarni to'plashni samarali ravishda to'xtatadi, shu bilan birga chet elda joylashgan chet elliklarga qaratilgan kuzatuv dasturi doirasida to'plangan amerikaliklarning elektron pochta va telefon qo'ng'iroqlari tarkibini ataylab qidirib topishni talab qiladi. Yana bir taklif FISA-ni takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun bu dasturni saqlab qoladi va maxfiylikni himoya qilishni kuchaytiradi. Shuningdek, tahlilchilar NSA telefon yozuvlari ma'lumotlar bazasini so'rash uchun telefon raqamining terrorizm bilan bog'liqligi to'g'risida "oqilona shubhali" talabni kodlashtirgan bo'lar edi; FISA sudidan har bir ushbu qarorni darhol ko'rib chiqilishini talab qilish; va telefon yozuvlarini saqlash muddatini cheklash. Ikkala taklif ham FISA sudida maxfiylik manfaatlarini ilgari surish uchun maxsus advokatning kiritilishi bilan o'rtoqlashdi.[88]

Sud hokimiyati

2014 yil aprel oyida, Washington Post past darajadagi lavozimlarni egallab turgan ba'zi federal sudyalar huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralarining uyali telefon va boshqa shaxsiy shaxsiy ma'lumotlarga bo'lgan talablarini qondirishgan. The Xabar uni "kichik, ammo o'sib borayotgan fraksiya, shu jumladan Texas, Kanzas, Nyu-York va Pensilvaniya sudyalari" deb atadi va sudyalar so'rovlarni haddan tashqari keng va asosiy konstitutsiyaviy huquqlarga zid deb hisoblashdi. Garchi ba'zi qarorlar bekor qilingan bo'lsa ham, dedi Post, ularning qarorlari tergovchilar amerikaliklarning joylashuvi, aloqalari va onlayn tarixlarini aks ettiruvchi ma'lumotlarni qachon va qanday qo'lga kiritishi mumkinligini aniqladi. Albert Gidari Jr., sherik Perkins Kou kim texnologiya va telekommunikatsiya kompaniyalari vakili, dedi Xabar sudyalar "keyinchalik jamoatchilikka va sharmandalikka aylanadigan buyruqni ma'qullaydiganlar bo'lishni xohlamaydilar .... Hech kim rezina shtamp sifatida ta'riflanishni yoqtirmaydi". Ga ko'ra Post, ba'zi qonuniy kuzatuvchilar buni bir necha yil oldin boshlangan "Magistratlar qo'zg'oloni" deb atashdi; ammo, NSA ma'lumotlarini oshkor qilgandan so'ng, hukumat kuzatuv qobiliyatiga nisbatan jamoatchilik g'azabini kuchayishi bilan kuchga ega bo'ldi.[89]

Sud ishlari

NSA-ning tarqalishi ortidan, jamoat manfaatlari bo'yicha konservativ advokat va Sud kuzatuvi asoschisi Larri Klayman federal hukumat uning telefon qo'ng'iroqlari uchun metama'lumotlarni noqonuniy ravishda to'plaganligi va uni ta'qib qilayotgani to'g'risida da'vo qo'zg'adi (qarang Klayman va Obamaga qarshi ), va Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU) Milliy razvedka direktori Jeyms Klapperga qarshi NSA ning telefon yozuvlarini yozish dasturi konstitutsiyaga zid bo'lganligi to'g'risida da'vo qo'zg'adi (qarang ACLU v Clapper ). Gari Shmitt (sudning sobiq shtab-kvartirasi direktori) har bir ish bo'yicha sudya bir-biriga qarama-qarshi ko'rinishda ajrim chiqarganidan so'ng. Senat Razvedka bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang ) yozgan Haftalik standart, "Ikki qaror NSA ma'lumotlarini yig'ish dasturining konstitutsiyaga muvofiqligi to'g'risida jamoatchilikda chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqardi - sudning o'zi aytganidek, u" qarama-qarshilik ".[90]

Shtat hukumatlari

Asosiy maqola: To'rtinchi tuzatishlarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun

Bir necha shtatlarda qonun chiqaruvchilar qonun hujjatlariga a namunaviy harakat, kuzatuvga qarshi faollar tomonidan yozilgan, "To'rtinchi tuzatishlarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun" deb nomlangan.[91]Qonun loyihalari shtat hukumatlarining NSA bilan turli xil yo'llar bilan hamkorlik qilishlarini taqiqlashga qaratilgan: Yuta shtatidagi qonun loyihasi NSA ob'ektlarini suv bilan ta'minlashni taqiqlaydi;[92] Kaliforniya qonun loyihasi shtat universitetlariga NSA uchun tadqiqot o'tkazishni taqiqlaydi;[93]va Kanzas qonun loyihasi ma'lumot yig'ish uchun qidiruv orderini talab qiladi.[94]

Ommaviy norozilik namoyishlari

Germaniyaning Berlin shahrida namoyish, 2014 yil 30 avgust

Ochiq ma'lumotlar jamoatchilik noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi.

"To'rtinchisini tiklash"

Asosiy maqola: To'rtinchisini tiklang

2013 yil iyun oyida chiqarilganidan so'ng, a siyosiy harakat "nomi bilan tanilganTo'rtinchisini tiklang "Qo'shma Shtatlarda tashkil topdi va tez sur'atlar bilan rivojlandi. Iyul boshida, To'rtinchisini tiklang Sietl, San-Frantsisko, Denver, Chikago, Los-Anjeles va Nyu-York kabi 80 dan ortiq shaharlarda norozilik namoyishlari uchun javobgar edi. Ushbu norozilik namoyishlari onlayn xabar almashish xizmatlari orqali erkin ravishda muvofiqlashtirildi va AQShning barcha hududlaridan protesmn jnjtorlar ishtirok etdi.[95]

"Bizni kuzatishni to'xtating"

"Bizni kuzatishni to'xtating" Vashingtonda bo'lib o'tgan miting, 2013 yil 26 oktyabr

2013 yil 26 oktyabrda NSAga qarshi miting "Bizni kuzatishni to'xtating "Vashingtonda bo'lib o'tdi, tashkilotchilar tomonidan" ommaviy kuzatuvga qarshi norozilik namoyishi "deb e'lon qilindi. 100 dan ortiq advokatlik guruhlaridan iborat turli koalitsiya tadbirni tashkil etdi va ommaviy kuzatuvni to'xtatishga chaqirgan minglab namoyishchilarni jalb qildi.[96] Ma'ruzachilar orasida sobiq gubernator ham bor edi Gari Jonson va NSA whistleblower Tomas Dreyk.[97][98]

"Biz qarshi kurashadigan kun"

Asosiy maqola: Biz qarshi kurashadigan kun

"Biz qarshi kurashadigan kun" norozilik namoyishi bo'ldi ommaviy kuzatuv tomonidan Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi (NSA)[99][100] 2014 yil 11 fevralda.[99][100] "Harakat kuni" birinchi navbatda veb-sahifadagi banner-reklama ko'rinishida bo'lib, tomoshabinlarni kiber kuzatuv va bepul Internet bilan bog'liq masalalar bo'yicha o'z qonun chiqaruvchilari bilan bog'lanishga undaydi.[99][100] 10 fevralga qadar 5700 dan ortiq veb-saytlar va tashkilotlar ishtirok etish orqali ro'yxatdan o'tdilar Biz qarshi kurashadigan kun 24 soat davomida banner.[101]

Biz qarshi kurashadigan kunning bayrog'i, 2014 yil 11 fevral

11 fevral oxiriga yaqinlashganda The New York Times "Internet qarshi kurashmagan kun" nomli blogini joylashtirdi va "seshanba kuni namoyish deyarli ro'yxatdan o'tmadi. Vikipediya ishtirok etmadi. Reddit … Uy sahifasiga ko'zga tashlanmaydigan banner qo'shdi. Saytlar yoqadi Tumblr, Mozilla va DuckDuckGo, tashkilotchilar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan, ularning uy sahifalarida banner mavjud emas edi. Sakkizta yirik texnologik kompaniyalar -Google, Microsoft, Facebook, AOL, olma, Twitter, Yahoo va LinkedIn … Faqat seshanba kuni qo'shma veb-sayt norozilik bayrog'ini yondirgandek qatnashdi. "[102]

Nodavlat tashkilot

Tomonidan chiqarilgan tahlil Yangi Amerika jamg'armasi 2014 yilning yanvarida 225 dan beri terrorizmga oid ishlarni ko'rib chiqdi 11 sentyabr hujumlari NSA ning telefon yozuvlari to'plamining "terrorizmning oldini olishga sezgir ta'sir ko'rsatmaganligini" va AQSh hukumatining dasturning foydaliligi haqidagi da'volarini "haddan tashqari oshirib yuborilganligini" aniqladi.[103][104]

Xalqaro munosabat

Osiyo

Xitoy

2013 yil 17 iyunda, birinchi oshkor qilinganidan deyarli ikki hafta o'tgach, Xitoy Tashqi ishlar vazirligi matbuot kotibi Xua Chunying kundalik brifingda "Biz Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari xalqaro hamjamiyatning xavotirlari va talablariga e'tibor berishi va xalqaro hamjamiyatga zarur tushuntirishlar berishiga ishonamiz" dedi.[105]

Gonkong

The South China Morning Post Snouden hali Gonkongda bo'lganida o'tkazilgan Gonkong aholisi o'rtasida o'tkazilgan so'rovnomani e'lon qildi, natijada 509 respondentning yarmi, agar Vashington bunday iltimos bilan murojaat qilsa, Xitoy hukumati Snoudenni AQShga topshirmasligi kerak, deb hisoblaydi; So'ralganlarning 33 foizi Snoudenni qahramon deb biladi, 12,8 foizi uni xoin deb ta'riflagan, 36 foizi u ham emasligini aytgan.[106]

15 iyun kuni Snoudenni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan AQSh konsulligida Gonkong namoyishi

Gonkong ijrochi direktori Snoudenning ushbu hududda bo'lishiga ishora qiladi Leung Chun-Ying hukumat "janob Snoudenning ishini Gonkong qonunlari va belgilangan tartib-qoidalariga binoan ko'rib chiqadi [va] Gonkongdagi muassasalar yoki odamlarning shaxsiy hayoti yoki boshqa huquqlari buzilishi bilan bog'liq har qanday hodisalarni kuzatib boradi" deb ishontirdi.[107] Pan-demokrat qonun chiqaruvchilar Gari Fan va Klaudiya Mo AQShning Snoudenga qarshi prokuraturasi "xavfli pretsedent yaratadi va ehtimol avtoritar hukumatlar tomonidan shu kabi harakatlarni oqlash uchun foydalaniladi" dedi.[108]Snouden davrida ikki asosiy siyosiy guruh - pan-demokratlar va Pekin tarafdorlari lageri, Snoudenni qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'yicha nodir kelishuvni topdi.[109][110] Pekinparast DAB partiyasi hatto Snouden uchun hukumat qarorgohiga alohida yurish uyushtirdi.

The People Daily va Global Times 19 iyundagi tahririyatlarda navbati bilan Xitoyning markaziy hukumati boshqalar sabab bo'lgan "chalkashliklarga" aralashishni istamasligi va Gonkong hukumati jamoat fikriga rioya qilishi va o'zini Xitoy-AQSh munosabatlari bilan bog'liq bo'lmasligi kerakligi ta'kidlangan.[111] A Tsinghua universiteti kommunikatsiyalarni o'rganish bo'yicha mutaxassis Lyu Tszyanming, ushbu ikki maqola materik hukumati ushbu ishda boshqa ishtirok etishni istamasligini va Gongkong hukumati uni mustaqil ravishda hal qilishi kerakligini anglatadi, deb talqin qildi.[111]

Snouden Gonkongni tark etganidan keyin xitoy tilidagi gazetalar Ming Pao va Oriental Daily Gonkong endi Snouden bilan bog'liq vaziyatning yukini ko'tarmasligiga yengillik bildirdi.[112] Materik mutaxassislarining ta'kidlashicha, garchi Markaziy hukumat bu masalaga aralashmoqchi bo'lishni xohlamasa ham, Gonkong hukumatining Xitoy-AQSh munosabatlari uchun katta oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan masalada mustaqil harakat qilishi aqlga sig'maydi. Mutaxassislardan biri, buni amalga oshirgan holda, Xitoy ularni qabul qilmagani uchun "yaxshilikni qaytarib berdi" deb taxmin qildi Vang Lijunning boshpana iltimosi 2012 yil fevral oyida.[113] Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasining rasmiy ovozi, People Daily AQSh hukumatining XXR markaziy hukumati Snoudenning qochishiga yo'l qo'yganligi haqidagi ayblovini rad etdi va Snouden "Vashingtonning muqaddas niqobini yulib tashlashda" yordam berganini aytdi.[114]

Malayziya

2013 yil 2-noyabr kuni Malayziya tashqi ishlar vaziri Anifah Aman Avstraliya va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining elchilarini Osiyodagi Amerika boshchiligidagi josuslik tarmog'iga norozilik bildirish uchun chaqirdi.[115]

Evropa

Yevropa Ittifoqi

2013 yil iyul oyining boshlarida Evropa ichki ishlar bo'yicha komissari, Sesiliya Malmstrem, AQShning ikki amaldoriga "o'zaro ishonch va ishonch jiddiy ravishda pasayib ketdi va men AQSh ularni qayta tiklash uchun qo'lidan kelgan barcha ishni qilishini kutaman" deb yozgan.[116]

2013 yil 20 oktyabrda qo'mita Evropa parlamenti Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining shaxsiy ma'lumotlarini olish to'g'risidagi kafolatlarini bajarishdan oldin Amerika kompaniyalaridan Evropa rasmiylaridan ruxsat so'rashni talab qiladigan chorani qo'llab-quvvatladi. Qonunchilik ikki yildan beri ko'rib chiqilmoqda. Ovoz berish Evropada NSA tomonidan olib borilgan keng qamrovli josuslik dasturining oshkor etilishi ortidan fuqarolarni onlayn kuzatuvdan himoya qilish bo'yicha harakatlarning bir qismidir.[117]

The Evropa Kengashi 2013 yil oktyabr oyi oxirida bo'lib o'tgan bayonotda Evropa Ittifoqining barcha 28 davlatlari rahbarlari "razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish terrorizmga qarshi kurashning muhim elementi" ekanligini ta'kidlab, "Evropa va AQSh o'rtasidagi yaqin munosabatlar va ushbu sheriklikning ahamiyati" ni ta'kidladilar. , bu "hurmat va ishonchga asoslangan bo'lishi kerak", uning etishmasligi "razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish sohasida zarur bo'lgan hamkorlikka zarar etkazishi mumkin".[118][119]

2013 yil 23 dekabrda Evropa Parlamenti natijalarini e'lon qildi[120] uning NSA faoliyati to'g'risida so'rovi.[121] "Evropa Parlamenti qo'mitasi josuslik mojarosini tekshirmoqda" Deutsche Welle "bu o'lchovning birinchisi edi. Evropa Ittifoqining biron bir mamlakati bu mojaroni sinchkovlik bilan ko'rib chiqmagan va hech bir Evropa Ittifoqi hukumati AQSh hukumatini tanqid qilishda shu qadar aniq bo'lmagan".[122] Hisobot loyihasi o'tgan olti oyni qamrab oldi va, deydi Deutsche Welle, "har tomondan, jumladan, Evropa Ittifoqidagi hukumatlar va kompaniyalarga ham qiyin". Tomonidan taqdim etilgan Klod Moraes, Inglizlar Evropa parlamenti a'zosi dan Sotsialistlar va demokratlarning progressiv alyansi Hisobotda "AQSh va ba'zi a'zo davlatlarning razvedka xizmatlari tomonidan aloqa va joylashuv ma'lumotlari va atrofdagi barcha fuqarolarning metama'lumotlarini yig'ish, saqlash va tahlil qilish uchun ishlab chiqilgan uzoq, murakkab va yuqori texnologik tizimlar mavjudligining aniq dalillari topildi. misli ko'rilmagan miqyosda va beg'araz va shubhaga asoslangan holda dunyo. " Terrorizmga qarshi kurash, deyilgan hisobotda, "hech qachon o'z-o'zidan maqsadsiz, maxfiy va ba'zan hatto noqonuniy ommaviy kuzatuv dasturlari uchun asos bo'la olmaydi".[122] Biroq, Moraes va uning boshqa ma'ruzachilari "bunday kattalikdagi ma'lumotlarni yig'ishda faqat terrorizmga qarshi kurash olib borilishi juda shubhali" deb hisobladilar, chunki u barcha fuqarolarning mumkin bo'lgan barcha ma'lumotlarni to'plashni o'z ichiga oladi; shuning uchun boshqa kuch motivlari mavjudligiga ishora qiladi. kabi siyosiy va iqtisodiy josuslik."[120]

Frantsiya

2013 yil 21 oktyabrda Frantsiya chaqirildi Charlz Rivkin, AQShning Frantsiyadagi elchisi, NSA tomonidan frantsuz fuqarolarini kuzatuvini aniqlashtirish va tushuntirish uchun.[123] Jurnalistlar bilan suhbatda Prezident Fransua Olland "Biz sheriklar va ittifoqchilar o'rtasidagi bunday xatti-harakatlarni qabul qila olmaymiz. Biz buni darhol to'xtatishni so'raymiz" dedi.[124] Ga binoan The Wall Street Journal, Frantsiyada NSA tomonidan to'plangan deb taxmin qilingan ma'lumotlar aslida Frantsiyadan tashqaridagi frantsuz razvedka agentliklari tomonidan to'plangan va keyin Qo'shma Shtatlar bilan bo'lishilgan.[125]

Germaniya

Uy tomidagi terastadan ko'rinish Reyxstag binosi yilda Berlin, Germaniya parlamentining o'rni. Orqa fonda, orqasida Brandenburg darvozasi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari elchixonasi ko'rish mumkin. Elchixonaning tomidagi kulrang inshootda (fotosuratning o'ng yuqori burchagi) kuzatuv moslamalari mavjud bo'lib, ular mobil telefonlarga ulanishi mumkin.[126]
Namoyishi Germaniyaning qaroqchi partiyasi Berlin, Germaniyada PRISMga qarshi, 2013 yil.

Ga binoan The Wall Street Journal, "NSAni tinglash haqidagi norozilik Germaniyada, ayniqsa diktatura tarixi aholini shaxsiy shaxsiy hayotining buzilishiga nisbatan sezgir bo'lgan mamlakatda aniqlandi."[127] 2002 yildan boshlab Germaniya kansleri Angela Merkelning telefoni "NSA maqsadlar ro'yxatida" bo'lganligi aniqlandi.[128] Ma'lum bo'lishicha, NSA o'sha paytdagi kantsler ustidan ham josuslik qilgan Gerxard Shreder Shreder Iroqqa bostirib kirish rejalarini tanqid qilgandan keyin 2002 yilda boshlangan.[128]

2013 yil 1-iyul kuni Germaniya tashqi ishlar vazirligi chaqirildi Filipp D. Merfi, AQShning Germaniyadagi elchisi, NSA Evropa Ittifoqi institutlarini josuslik qilgani haqidagi da'volari tufayli.[129]

Iyul oyi oxiriga kelib, ommaviy axborot vositalari Germaniyaning tashqi razvedka agentligi Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), NSA bilan faol hamkorlik qilib kelgan, bu Germaniyaning 40 shahrida butun mamlakat bo'ylab minglab namoyishchilar ishtirokida namoyishlar boshlagan.[130]

2013 yil avgust oyining boshida Germaniya asosan ramziy ma'noga ega narsani bekor qildi Sovuq urush -era administrative agreements with Britain, the United States and France, which had granted the Western countries which had troops stationed in West Germany the right to request surveillance operations to protect those forces.[131] At the end of August, under the orders of the German domestic intelligence agency, a federal police helicopter conducted a low-altitude flyover of the United States Consulate yilda Frankfurt, apparently in search of suspected clandestine eavesdropping facilities. A German official called it a symbolic "shot across the bow."[132]

On October 24, 2013, EU heads of state met to discuss a proposed data protection law. The representatives of Italy, Poland and France wanted the law to be passed before the May 2014 European Parliament elections. Germany, represented by Angela Merkel, and the UK, represented by Devid Kemeron, favored a slower implementation; their wishes prevailed. About the "Besh ko'z " espionage alliance, Merkel remarked, "Unlike David, we are unfortunately not part of this group."[133] Also on October 24, the Foreign Ministry summoned Jon B. Emerson, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, to clarify allegations that the NSA had tapped into Chancellor Angela Merkel ’s mobile phone.[134][135]

While the German government had hoped for a "no spy" agreement with the U.S., by January 2014 it was reported that Germany had "given up hope" of securing such a treaty.[136] The Foreign Office's Filipp Missfelder declared that "the current situation in transatlantic relations is worse than it was at the low-point in 2003 during the Iraq War".[137]

The German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal was started on March 20, 2014, by the German Parliament in order to investigate the extent and background of foreign secret services spying in Germany and to search for strategies on how to protect German telecommunication with technical means.[138]

It was revealed that Germany's BND intelligence service has covertly monitored European defence interests and politicians inside Germany at the request of the NSA.[139]

Italiya

Italy's Prime Minister Enriko Letta deb so'radi Jon Kerri, the U.S. Secretary of State, to clarify if the NSA had illegally intercepted telecommunications in Italy.[140] On October 23, 2013, the Italian Interior Minister Anjelino Alfano told reporters, "We have a duty to [provide] clarity to Italian citizens—we must obtain the whole truth and tell the whole truth, without regard for anyone."[141]

Ispaniya

On October 25, 2013, the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy chaqirildi Jeyms Kostos, the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, to clarify reports about the NSA's surveillance of the Spanish government.[142] Spanish EU Minister Igñigo Méndez de Vigo said such practices, if true, were "inappropriate and unacceptable". An EU delegation was to meet officials in Washington to convey their concerns.[143] Ga binoan The Wall Street Journal, data allegedly collected by the NSA in Spain was actually collected by Spanish intelligence agencies outside Spain and then shared with the United States.[125] On October 29, Washington Post reported that an anonymous "senior Obama administration official" had also described such an arrangement with Spain.[144]

Buyuk Britaniya

Shuningdek qarang: Birlashgan Qirollikda ommaviy kuzatuv

British Foreign Minister Uilyam Xeyg admitted that Britain's GCHQ was also spying and collaborating with the NSA, and defended the two agencies' actions as "indispensable."[145][146][147] Meanwhile, UK Defence officials issued a confidential DA-Notice to British media asking for restraint in running further stories related to surveillance leaks including the PRISM program and the British involvement therein.[148] British Prime Minister David Cameron issued a veiled threat to resort to oldindan cheklash, through high court injunctions and DA-Notices, if The Guardian did not obey his demands to stop reporting its revelations on spying by GCHQ and the NSA,[149] a development that "alarmed" the Jurnalistlarni himoya qilish qo'mitasi[150] and spurred 70 of the world's leading human rights organizations to write an open letter to the newspaper expressing their concern about press and other freedoms in the UK.[151][152]

2014 yilda Director of GCHQ authored an article in the Financial Times mavzusida internet surveillance, stating that "however much [large US technology companies] may dislike it, they have become the command and control networks of choice for terrorists and criminals" and that GCHQ and its sister agencies "cannot tackle these challenges at scale without greater support from the private sector", arguing that most internet users "would be comfortable with a better and more sustainable relationship between the [intelligence] agencies and the tech companies". Since the 2013 surveillance disclosures, large US technology companies have improved security and become less co-operative with foreign intelligence agencies, including those of the UK, generally requiring a US court order before disclosing data.[153][154]

Shimoliy Amerika

Meksika

On October 24, 2013, the Meksika tashqi ishlar vaziri José Antonio Meade Kuribreña met with U.S. Ambassador Earl Anthony Wayne to discuss allegations reported by Der Spiegel that the NSA hacked the emails of former president Felipe Kalderon while in office.[155]

Okeaniya

Avstraliya

Avvalgi Tashqi ishlar vaziri Bob Karr remarked that the U.S. would be critical of any other nation that failed to prevent the release of such sensitive documents. "Certainly if it had gone the other way," said Carr, "if there'd been some official in Canberra, some contractor in Canberra, who allowed a slew of material as sensitive as this to be plastered over the world's media, America would be saying very stern things to someone they'd be regarding as a woefully immature ally and partner."[156]

Indoneziya

On November 1, 2013, the Tashqi ishlar vazirligi of Indonesia summoned Avstraliya 's Ambassador Greg Moriarty to explain his country's surveillance of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and other Indonesian political leaders.[157] On November 18, the Australian ambassador was summoned again by Indonesian government officials, who pledged to review all types of cooperation with Australia. The Indonesian Foreign Minister Marti Natalegava called the spying "unacceptable", and added that "This is an unfriendly, unbecoming act between strategic partners." The Indonesian ambassador to Australia was also recalled as a response to the incident.[158]

Janubiy Amerika

Braziliya

Glenn Greenwald (right) and his partner, Brazilian David Miranda (left), speaking to the Milliy Kongress of Brazil about U.S. spying activity in that country.

The Brazilian government expressed outrage at the revelations that the National Security Agency directly targeted the communications of president Dilma Russeff and her top aides.[159] It called the incident an "unacceptable violation of sovereignty" and requested an immediate explanation from the U.S. government.[160]

Brazil's government signaled it would consider cancelling Rousseff's davlat tashrifi to Washington—the only state visit for a foreign leader scheduled this year.[161] A senior Brazilian official stated the country would downgrade commercial ties unless Rousseff receives a public apology.[161] That would include ruling out the $4 billion purchase of Boeing F-18 Super Hornet fighters and cooperation on oil and biofuels technology, as well as other commercial agreements.[161] Petrobralar announced that it was investing R $ 21 billion over five years to improve its data security.[162]

Ekvador

Ekvador responded by renouncing U.S. trade benefits and offering to pay a similar amount, $23 million per year, to finance human rights training in America to help avoid what Ecuador's Foreign Minister Rikardo Patinyo called "violations of privacy, torture and other actions that are denigrating to humanity."[163][164]

Boshqa mamlakatlar

Russia, South Africa, and Turkey reacted angrily after it was revealed that their diplomats had been spied on during the 2009 G-20 London summit.[165]


Non-government organizations

Tsenzuraga oid indeks

London-based Tsenzuraga oid indeks called upon the U.S. government to uphold the Birinchi o'zgartirish, saying, "The mass surveillance of citizens' private communications is unacceptable—it both invades privacy and threatens freedom of expression. The US government cannot use the excuse of national security to justify either surveillance on this scale or the extradition of Snowden for revealing it."[166]

Birlashgan Millatlar

In July 2013, speaking to the foreign affairs committee of the Icelandic Parliament yilda Reykyavik, BMT Bosh kotibi Pan Gi Mun said that in his personal opinion, Edward Snowden had misused his right to digital access and created problems that outweigh the benefits of public disclosure. Birgitta Yonsdottir, an Icelandic legislator who in 2010 assisted WikiLeaks in publishing U.S. state secrets leaked by "Chelsi" Menning, expressed alarm at Ban's remarks. She said that he "seemed entirely unconcerned about the invasion of privacy by governments around the world, and only concerned about how whistleblowers are misusing the system."[167]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Yilda Qora ro'yxat epizod "The Alchemist (No. 101) " (season 1, episode 12, minutes 00:22:00-00:22:55), one of the technical experts Red tasked to reconstitute documents shredded by American governmental agencies reports: "We actually reached out to the Germans for help. They're the ones who designed the software." Red replies: "Ah, the Germans. Despite recent headlines, they're still the best at keeping an eye on their fellow man".[168][169][170]

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