Uilyam V. Belknap - William W. Belknap

Uning otasi uchun AQSh armiyasining generali qarang Uilyam G. Belknap.
Uilyam Belknap
Uilyam W. Belknap Brady-Handy.jpg
30-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining harbiy kotibi
Ofisda
1869 yil 25 oktyabr - 1876 yil 2 mart
PrezidentUliss S. Grant
OldingiUilyam Tekumseh Sherman (Aktyorlik)
MuvaffaqiyatliAlphonso Taft
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Uilyam Uort Belknap

(1829-09-22)1829 yil 22 sentyabr
Nyu-York, Nyu-York, BIZ.
O'ldi1890 yil 12 oktyabr(1890-10-12) (61 yosh)
Vashington, Kolumbiya, BIZ.
Siyosiy partiyaDemokratik (1865 yilgacha)
Respublika (1865–1890)
Turmush o'rtoqlarCora LeRoy
Kerri Tomlinson
Amanda Tomlinson Bauer
Ta'limPrinceton universiteti (BA )
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi
 • Ittifoq armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari1861 yil (Militsiya)
1861–1865 (armiya)
RankArmiya-AQSh-OF-02.svg Kapitan (Militsiya)
Ittifoq armiyasi brigadasi general unvoni insignia.svg Brigada generali (Ittifoq armiyasi)
Ittifoq armiyasi general-martabasi unignia.svg Brevet General-mayor (Ittifoq armiyasi)
BirlikAyova militsiyasi
BuyruqlarShahar miltiqlari (Militsiya)
15-Ayova ko'ngilli piyoda polk (Ittifoq armiyasi)
Janglar / urushlarAmerika fuqarolar urushi

Uilyam Uort Belknap (1829 yil 22 sentyabr - 1890 yil 12 oktyabr) advokat, askar Ittifoq armiyasi, Ayova shtatidagi hukumat ma'muri va 30-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining harbiy kotibi Prezident davrida Uliss S. Grant. Belknap edi impichment e'lon qilindi 1876 ​​yil 2 martda.

Nyu-Yorkda tug'ilgan Belknap uni tugatdi Princeton universiteti 1848 yilda huquqshunoslikni a Jorjtaun advokat va 1851 yilda bardan o'tgan. U Ayova shtatiga ko'chib o'tdi va u bilan hamkorlikda yuridik amaliyotini olib bordi Ralf P. Lou. Belknap siyosatga a Demokrat va bir yil xizmat qildi Ayova Vakillar palatasi. Qachon Amerika fuqarolar urushi 1861 yilda boshlandi, Belknap qo'shildi Ittifoq armiyasi. Faxriysi Ayova militsiyasi darajasiga erishgan kapitan, u sifatida topshirildi katta ichida Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlari. U ko'plab kelishuvlarda ishtirok etdi, shu jumladan Shilo va Korinf, polk, brigada, bo'linma va korpus komandiri bo'lib xizmat qildi va yuqori darajadagi kadr lavozimlarida xizmat qildi. Urushning oxiriga kelib Belknap lavozimiga ko'tarildi brigada generali ko'ngillilar va a breket ga ko'tarilish general-mayor.

Armiyaning doimiy komissiyasini tark etgandan so'ng, Belknap Prezident tomonidan Ayova shtatining Ichki daromadlar yig'uvchisi etib tayinlandi Endryu Jonson; u to'rt yil davomida xizmat qildi. 1869 yilda Prezident Uliss S. Grant Belknapni harbiy kotib etib tayinladi. Ish paytida Belknap barcha rasmlarni buyurtma qildi oldingi kotiblar sharafiga to'liq to'plam yaratish niyatida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari yuz yillik. 1871 yilda Belknap Frantsiyaga qurol-yarog 'va o'q-dorilarni sotishda bevosita ishtirok etganidan so'ng, Kongress tomonidan tergov qilindi, Qo'shma Shtatlar esa go'yo neytral edi. Frantsiya-Prussiya urushi. Xuddi shu yili Belknap halokatli qurbonlar uchun yordam tashkil qildi Chikagodagi olov. Davomida Qayta qurish davri, Belknapning Urush departamenti va AQSh harbiylari Prezident nazorati ostida ishladilar Uliss S. Grant va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Bosh prokurori sobiq Konfederatsiyani ishg'ol qilish idorasi va hukumat va iqtisodiyotdagi o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirishga urinish, shu bilan birga ozod qilinuvchilarni tobora kuchayib borayotgan isyonlardan himoya qilish. Belknap Grantning aksariyat demokratlar qarshi chiqqan Qayta qurish siyosatini qo'llab-quvvatladi.

1875 yilda Grant, Belknap va Grant ma'muriyatining boshqa a'zolari yashirin ravishda qo'shinlarni tarkibidan olib chiqishga kelishib oldilar Qora tepaliklar oltin topilgandan keyin. AQSh bilan tuzilgan shartnomaning bir qismi sifatida AQSh bu hududni oq ko'chmanchilardan himoya qilgan edi Lakota. Qo'shinlarni olib chiqib ketish oq ko'chmanchilarning oltin shoshilishiga imkon berdi va AQSh oldi amalda Lakota o'zlarining muqaddas erlarini sotishdan bosh tortgandan keyin egalik qilish. 1876 ​​yilda savdogar posti janjali Fort Sillda Belknapning iste'foga chiqishiga, Demokratlar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan uy tomonidan impichment e'lon qilinishiga va Senat tomonidan sud qilinishiga olib keldi. Senatorlarning aksariyati sudlanishga ovoz bergan bo'lsa-da, ularga talab qilingan uchdan ikki qismi etishmadi va Belknap oqlandi. Belknap Vashingtonda advokatlik faoliyatini qayta boshladi; u Ayova shtati fuqarolar urushi faxriylari orasida mashhur bo'lib kelmoqda va 1890 yilda yurak xurujidan vafot etguniga qadar faol bo'lgan. Bir tarixchi Belknapni har ikkala fazilat va kamchiliklarga ega odam, iste'dodli advokat, ma'mur va harbiy ofitser, ammo uning shaxsiy korruptsiyasi deb ta'riflagan uning ijobiy fazilatlarini soya qildi.

Dastlabki hayot va martaba

Uilyam G. Belknap
Ota

Uilyam Uort Belknap tug'ilgan Nyu-York, Nyu-York martabali askarning o'g'li, 1829 yil 22 sentyabrda Uilyam G. Belknap va Anne (Klark) Belknap.[1] Belknapning otasi farqli o'laroq kurashgan 1812 yilgi urush, Florida urushi va Meksika-Amerika urushi.[2][3] Belknap Nyuburgdagi mahalliy maktablarda o'qigan va uni tugatgan Princeton universiteti 1848 yilda.[2] Bilan Prinstonda qatnashishdan tashqari Xister Klymer Keyinchalik Belknapning Urush departamentidagi korrupsiyani tergov qilishga rahbarlik qilgan Demokratik Kongressmen, Belknap Grantning dengiz floti kotibining zamondoshi bo'lgan. Jorj M. Robeson, Prinstonda Klymer va Belknapdan bir yil orqada qolgan.[4] Bitirgandan so'ng u yuridik fakultetida o'qidi Jorjtaun advokat Xyu E. Kaperton. Sudya tomonidan imtihon topshirilgandan so'ng Uilyam Krench 1851 yilda Belknap qabul qilindi Vashington, Kolumbiya bar va o'z faoliyatini boshlash uchun joy izlay boshladi.

U g'arbiy tomonga harakat qildi Keokuk, Ayova bilan hamkorlik qildi Ralf P. Lou.[2] Ayovani doimiy yashash joyiga aylantirishga qaror qilib, 1854 yilda Belknapning Keokukda uyi bor edi. U Demokratik partiyaga qo'shildi va 1856 yilda davlat xizmatiga muvaffaqiyatli qatnashdi va shu muddat ichida bir muddat xizmat qildi Ayova Vakillar palatasi 1857 yildan 1858 yilgacha.[2][5] Belknap, shuningdek, mahalliy militsiya kompaniyasiga, "City Rifles" ga qo'shildi va u martabaga erishdi kapitan.[6]

Nikoh va oila

1854 yilda Belknap 1862 yilda vafot etgan Kora LeRoyga uylandi. Ularning birga bitta farzandi bor edi, Xyu R. Belknap sifatida xizmat qilgan AQSh vakili dan Illinoys.[7] Belknap 1869 yil yanvar oyida Kentukki shtatidan Carita S. Tomlinsonga uylandi;[7] u vafot etdi sil kasalligi tug'ilgandan ko'p o'tmay, 1870 yil dekabrda.[7]

Belknap yana 1873 yil 11-dekabrda ikkinchi xotinining beva singlisi Amanda (Tomlinson) Bauerga turmushga chiqdi.[7] Ularning 1874 yil 28-noyabrda tug'ilgan Elis Belknap ismli qizi bor edi.[8][9][10] Elis Belknap Vashington jamiyatining eng ko'p terilgan qo'ng'iroqlaridan biri deb hisoblanardi.[11] Xabarlarga ko'ra, 1897 yilda u Vashingtondagi Belgiya legatsiyasining attaşesi Pol Mey bilan aloqasi uchun yahudiylikni qabul qilgan.[12][13] Kelgusi yil nishon buzildi va 1898 yil iyun oyida Elis Belknap Filadelfiya vakili Uilyam Barkli Genriga uylandi.[14]

Amerika fuqarolar urushi

General-mayor Belknap

Amerika fuqarolar urushi boshlanganda, Belknap bularga sodiq qoldi Ittifoq urush tarafdori demokrat sifatida.[15] U 1861 yil kuzida Ittifoq armiyasiga qo'shildi, mayor sifatida tayinlandi va 7 dekabrda uni ko'tarish va jihozlash vazifasi topshirildi. Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlari.[2][16] Qattiqqo'l, xarizmatik va kelishgan odam Belknap askar bo'lish talablariga juda mos edi. Bo'yi olti futdan va 200 funtdan ziyod, ko'k ko'zlari va sochlari, mo'ylovlari va soqollari bilan Belknap "yaxshi turdagi" deb ta'riflangan tabiiy rahbar edi. Sakson-amerikalik erkaklik ".[4] Bundan tashqari, u advokat sifatida rivojlangan notiqlik mahorati va ishontirish qobiliyatlari uni samarali ishga yollovchiga aylantirdi.[17] Uning tabiiy etakchilik qobiliyati va militsiya tajribasi yangi ro'yxatga olinganlarni tayyorlashda ham muhim rol o'ynadi oddiy askarlar.[18]

Shilo, Korint va Viksburg

Shilo jangi

1862 yil mart oyida mayor Belknap va Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlari harbiy harakatlarga to'plandilar.[18] Sent-Luisdan paroxod bilan sayohat qilgan Belknap frontga jo'natildi Shilo jangi; 6-aprel kuni Pitsburgga qo'shilish bilan qo'shilish Tennesi armiyasi, General General vakolatiga binoan Uliss S. Grant.[18] Belknap va uning odamlari frontga general-mayor tarkibida xizmat qilishni buyurdilar Benjamin M. Prentiss da Hornet's Nest.[18] Belknap va uning 15-i Ayova shtatidagi ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlari Prentissning zaiflashgan safida doimiy armiya faxriylari kabi jang qilishga majbur bo'ldilar.[18] Belknap jasorat bilan jang qildi, engil jarohat oldi va oti ostidan otib o'ldirildi.[18] Shilodan keyin Belknap xizmat qildi aktyorlik 15-da Ayova shtati ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlari qo'mondoni Korinf jangi.[18] Polkovnik Xyu T. Rid, Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlari qo'mondoni, Shiloda bo'ynidan qattiq jarohat olgan va faol xizmatdan chetlatilgan edi.[19] Polkovnik Rid Shilo Belknapda "har doim o'z vaqtida kerakli joyda bo'lgan, zobitlar va odamlarni faxriy singari sovuqqonlik bilan boshqargan va rag'batlantirgan" deb aytgan.[1] Korinfda Belknap "ko'zga tashlanadigan gallantika" bilan ajralib turardi.[1] Korinfdan keyin Belknap va Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyoda askarlari bir muddat qorovullik vazifasini o'tashdi.[18][19] Belknap rasmiy ravishda 1862 yil 20 avgustda mayordan podpolkovnik darajasiga ko'tarilgan.[16] Belknap 1863 yil 3 iyunda podpolkovnikdan Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyoda polkovnikiga ko'tarildi.[16][18] Belknapning asosiy harbiy operatsiyasi Viksburgni qamal qilish 1863 yil 4-iyulgacha.[2][18] 1863 yil 24-dekabrda Belknap Ayova shtatining 11-ko'ngilli piyodalari va Viksburgning janubidagi Missisipi shtatidagi Redbonni kuchaytirgan 15-Ayova ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlariga qo'mondonlik qildi.[19] 1864 yil 26-fevralda Belknap xizmat qildi Provost Marshal of Post yilda Kanton, Missisipi.[19]

Atlantadagi jang va dengizga mart

Atlantadagi jang

1864 yil 8 iyunda polkovnik Belknap va faxriysi Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shinlari Jorjia shtatidagi Akvortdagi XVII korpusning 4-bo'limiga o'tkazildi.[18] 1864 yil 22-iyulda Atlantadagi jang, Belknap 45-Alabama piyoda piyodalariga qarshi kurash olib borishda alohida xizmat qildi.[2][20] Belknap va uning Ayova shtatidagi qo'shinlari qazib olib, Toz tepaligi atrofida tuproq ishlari va parapet o'rnatdilar.[20] Konfederat polkovnik Xarris D. Lamplei boshchiligidagi 45-Alabama piyoda qo'shini ikki marotaba qasd qildi, ammo Ittifoqning katta qurol kuchi bilan qaytarildi.[20] Ikkinchi urinishda Lampley va uning qolgan odamlari qo'l jangi uchun Ittifoq safiga o'tdilar. Otib tashlangan Lampley yiqilgan yoki orqaga chekinayotgan odamlarini la'natladi.[20] Shiddatli kurash o'rtasida Belknap yarador Lampleyni yoqasidan ushlab, uni Konfederatsiya saflariga burish uchun aylantirdi va qichqirib yubordi: "Sizning odamlarga qarang! Ular o'lik! Siz ularni nima uchun la'natlayapsiz !?" [21] Belknap yaralangan Lampleyni asirga oldi; u 24 avgustda vafotigacha ushlab turilgan.[20]

"Ertasi kuni [1864 yil 23-iyul] 15-Ayova shtatidagi polkovnik Vm. Belknapni ko'rganimni eslayman (keyinchalik Brigada generali va urush kotibi). U jasur, qizil soqolli gigant edi va unga aytilgan edi Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u ko'plab mahbuslarni asosiy kuch bilan ko'krak qafasi ustidagi ustki qismidan tortib olib, qo'lga kiritgan.[22]

1864 yil 28-iyulda Belknap Ayova shtatining 15-ko'ngilli piyodalari va 32-Ogayo shtatidagi ko'ngilli piyoda qo'shin bu general-mayorni kuchaytirdi. Morgan Lyuis Smit XV korpus.[19] 30 iyulda Belknap 4-diviziya, XVII korpus komandiri sifatida brigadir generaliga ko'tarildi va general-mayor tarkibida qatnashdi. Sherman ning operatsiyalari Gruziya va karolinalar.[2][19] Atlanta uyushma armiyasi tomonidan qabul qilingandan so'ng, Belknap general-mayor Sherman bilan birga edi Dengizga mart.[2] Belknap 1865 yil 13 martda Atlanta kampaniyasidagi jasorati uchun mukofot sifatida Brevet general-mayori unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi.[2] Rad etdi a muntazam armiya komissiya, 1865 yil 24-avgustda Belknap AQSh armiyasi safidan chiqarildi.[2]

Ayova ichki daromad yig'uvchisi (1865-1869)

1865 yilda, Amerika fuqarolar urushi tugaganidan so'ng, Prezident Endryu Jonson hozirda harbiy xizmatdan nafaqaga chiqqan Belknapni Ayova shtati ichki daromadlar yig'uvchisi lavozimiga tayinladi. Ushbu lavozimda Belknap millionlab dollar federal soliqlarni yig'ish uchun javobgardir; kollektsionerlarga olib kelgan daromadlarining bir qismi to'langan, bu esa pozitsiyani daromadli va juda talabchan qilgan.[23] Belknap ushbu lavozimda to'rt yilgacha tayinlanguniga qadar xizmat qildi Urush kotibi 1869 yilda Prezident Uliss S. Grant tomonidan.[7] Kollektsionerlik davrida Belknap o'zini Respublika partiyasi davrida Qayta qurish.[16]

Harbiy kotib (1869–1876)

Uilyam V. Belknap
30-chi AQSh harbiy kotibi
Xantington 1874

Armiya generalining maslahati bilan Uilyam T. Sherman, Prezident Uliss S. Grant Belknapni tayinladi Urush kotibi 1869 yil 25 oktyabrda kotib o'rnini egallaydi Jon A. Ravlinz lavozimida vafot etgan sil kasalligi.[24][25] Shermanning o'zi, Ravlin vafotidan keyin qisqa vaqt ichida harbiy kotib vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida ishlagan.[25] Belknap a himoyachi Shermanning, Atlanta kampaniyasida qatnashgan va unga hamrohlik qilgan Shermanning dengizga yurishi.[24] Prezident Grant Belknap bu davrda qobiliyatli xizmat qildi deb ishongan Amerika fuqarolar urushi va urush departamentini boshqarishga loyiq edi.[24] Belknap tayinlanganidan keyin bir nechta ijobiy tashabbuslarni amalga oshirdi yoki tavsiya qildi. U Kongressga 1-may kunini boshlanishi sifatida belgilashga harakat qilishni tavsiya qildi moliyaviy yil, bo'lim mablag'larini aniqroq hisobga olishga imkon beradi. U postlar qo'mondonlari tomonidan tarixiy hisobotlarni tayyorlashni ularning avlodlari uchun o'z faoliyatini hujjatlashtirish usuli sifatida ochib berdi va saqlab qolish uchun harakatlarni taklif qildi. Yellowstone milliy bog'i.[26] Biroq, Belknapning barcha harakatlari yaxshi qabul qilinmadi. U tayinlash paytida Shermanni chetlab o'tdi va Shermanning byudjetini qisqartirdi va shu bilan armiya generali lavozimining vakolatini zaiflashtirdi.

1874 yilda Sherman bunga javoban Vashingtonni tark etib, shtab-kvartirasini ko'chirdi Sent-Luis.[27] General-mayor Oliver O. Xovard ham edi chetlatilgan Belknap tomonidan. Oregonda joylashganida, 1874 yilda general-mayor Xovard Belknap haqida o'z fikrini ochiqchasiga aytdi. Xovard Belknapning "General Grant" ga aldanganligini, Belknapning haqiqiy respublikachi emasligini va tunda u "yomon og'zaki" Demokratik Kentukki sheriklari bilan aloqadorligini aytdi. Xovard, shuningdek, Belknap Prezidentning hindistonlik tinchlik siyosatini "yoqlamagan".[28] Ushbu bayonot, ehtimol Belknap davrida urush va ichki ishlar idoralari o'rtasidagi nazoratni amalga oshiradigan mojaro bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin. Amerikalik hindu siyosat.[27] Ushbu davr kontekstida Belknapning xatti-harakatlari haddan tashqari tajovuzkor yoki haddan tashqari harakat deb qaralmasligi mumkin. Xususida Qayta qurish, tarixchi Jan Edvard Smit, armiyaning sobiq generali Grant AQSh harbiy xizmatidan foydalanishni shaxsan o'zi nazorat qilganligini va Belknapning "boshqa kabinet a'zolaridan keyin harakat erkinligi kam bo'lganini" ta'kidlaydi.[29] Belknap 6 yil, 4 oy va 7 kun davomida ish olib bordi.[30]

Urush bo'limi portret galereyasi 1869

1869 yilda o'z vazifasini bajarishga kirishganida, Belknap 1876 yilgi sharafiga urush departamentining avvalgi fuqarolik rahbarlarining portretlarini yaratish g'oyasini ilgari surdi. AQSh Centennial,[31] taniqli rassomlarni yolladi Daniel Xantington, Robert Vayr va Genri Ulke.[31] Belknapning portretini Xantington 1874 yilda chizgan.[31] Portretlar alohida kollektsiyaga yig'ilib, jamoatchilik tomonidan ko'rib chiqildi.[31] Portret tashabbusini Belknapning vorislari davom ettirdilar;[31] kotiblardan tashqari, to'plamda harbiy jihatdan ajralib turadigan boshqalar ham bor edi.[31] Tarixiy muhofazadagi bu harakat muvaffaqiyatli deb topildi va Belknap Urush departamenti portret galereyasini yaratgani uchun "malakasiz kredit" oldi.[31]

Dabdabali turmush tarzi, treyderlar post monopoliyalari 1870–1876

Fort Sill
Oklaxoma Hindiston hududi

1870 yil yozida Belknap AQShning G'arbiy chegaralaridagi harbiy qal'alarida juda daromadli "savdo-sotiq" larga egalik huquqiga ega bo'lgan sutler deb nomlanuvchi agentlarni tayinlash va litsenziyalash bo'yicha yagona vakolatni berish uchun Belknap muvaffaqiyatli ravishda lobbichilik qildi.[23][32] Ushbu monopol savdo-sotiqlar davomida yaxshi sarmoyalar hisoblangan Oltin oltin va juda izlangan.[33][34] 15 iyulda armiyaning qo'mondonligi generalining savdoni tayinlash vakolati bekor qilindi va Belmannapga kuch berilib, Shermanning vakolatlarini yanada pasaytirdi.[32] Maksimal daromadni ta'minlash uchun Belknap Belknap tomonidan tasdiqlangan tikuvchisi bo'lgan qal'alarda joylashgan askarlarga materiallarni faqat vakolatli savdo shirkatlari orqali sotib olishni buyurdi.[23] G'arbiy chegaradagi askarlar, shu tariqa odatdagi stavkadan ancha oshib ketgan mollarni o'ta yuqori narxlarda sotib olishga majbur bo'ldilar, natijada qarzga botdilar yoki qashshoqlashdilar.[35] Dushmanlik Amerika hindulari ushbu savdo-sotiq do'konlarida materiallarni, shu jumladan yuqori sifatli bir martalik o'q-yuk mashinalari va takroriy miltiqlarni sotib oldi.[36] Shu bilan birga, qurol-yarog 'uchun armiya talabnomalari Belknapning Urush bo'limi tomonidan tez-tez tiqilib qoladigan past darajadagi bir martalik yuk ko'taruvchi yuk mashinalari bilan to'ldirildi va ustun yuk ko'taruvchilar va takrorlanadigan miltiqlarga teng kelmadi.[36] Ushbu siyosat AQSh qo'shinlarining otashin kuchiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi va mag'lub bo'lishiga hissa qo'shgan bo'lishi mumkin Jorj Armstrong Kuster va 7-otliqlar da Kichik katta shox jangi 1876 ​​yil iyun oyida, Belknap ishdan bo'shatilgandan bir necha oy o'tgach.[36] (Biroq, Kuster Gatling qurollarini olib kelishga ham qaror qilgan edi; bu ularning qo'shinlari past miltiq bilan qurollangan bo'lsa ham, Kusterning o't kuchini oshirgan bo'lar edi.)[37]

Belknapning ikkinchi rafiqasi Karita ijtimoiy jihatdan shuhratparast edi va Vashingtonda, Belknapning yillik 8000 dollar maoshi (2018 yilda 157000 AQSh dollari) evaziga yashashni xohlamas edi.[34] Er-xotin 1869 yilda Ayova shtatining Keokuk shahridan Vashingtonga kelganida, Belknap yaqinda davlat kotibi tomonidan bo'shatilgan katta uyni ijaraga oldi Uilyam X.Syuard.[38] Belknaplar katta partiyalarga mezbonlik qilishda, hukumat a'zolari uchun odatiy ijtimoiy talab, Belknaplar o'zlarining takliflarini haddan tashqari oshirdilar; ularning tadbirlaridan biri 1200 nafar mehmonni, shu jumladan ko'plab yosh armiya zobitlarini jalb qildi; Natijada paydo bo'lgan g'azabli xatti-harakatlar katta zarar va vandalizmga olib keldi, shu jumladan pardalar, divanlar va boshqa mebellar yo'q qilindi.[38] Belknaplar zararni to'lashga qodir emaslar va Vashington jamiyatidan chiqib ketish, pansionatda yashash yoki xarajatlarini kamaytirish yoki daromadlarini oshirish yo'llarini topish bilan duch kelishgan.[38] Ular qo'shimcha daromad izlashga qaror qilishdi va Carita daromad olish rejasini ishlab chiqdi "naqd sigir "Yaqinda qurilgan hind savdosi pozitsiyasi Fort Sill, Oklaxomada joylashgan Hindiston hududi.[34][38] Karita eri Nyu-Yorkdagi pudratchi Xolib P. Marshni Fort Sill savdo-sotiq guruhiga tayinlash uchun lobbichilik qildi; Tajribali sutchi Jon S. Evans allaqachon tayinlangan edi va undan voz kechishni istamadi.[39][34] Savolni hal qilish uchun Marsh, Evansga Fort Sill-da savdoni davom ettirishga imkon beradigan noqonuniy sheriklik shartnomasini tuzdi, agar u Marshga har chorakda yiliga 12000 dollar to'lashi sharti bilan (2018 yilda taxminan 236000 dollar).[40] Marsh, o'z navbatida, 12000 dollar miqdorining yarmini Caritaga, shuningdek har chorakda bo'lib berib turishi kerak edi.[40] Barcha tomonlar kelishuvga kelishib oldilar; ammo, Karita 1870 yil dekabrida tug'ilgandan keyin sil kasalligidan o'limidan oldin faqat bitta to'lovni olgan.[40]

Carita vafotidan so'ng, Marsh Karitaning "Puss" nomi bilan tanilgan singlisi Amandaga choraklik foyda hissasini to'lashni davom ettirdi,[41] Belknaplar bilan ko'chib o'tgan, go'yo Carita bolasi manfaati uchun ishonchli jamg'arma sifatida.[39][40] Amanda va Marsh o'rtasidagi foyda keltiruvchi kelishuv Belknapning to'liq bilimi va roziligi bilan amalga oshirildi.[40] Karitaning bolasi 1871 yil iyun oyida vafot etganidan so'ng, Amanda Evropaga sayohat qilish uchun jo'nab ketdi va Belknap har chorakda qatnashishni davom ettirdi pora berish 1873 yil dekabriga qadar, Amanda qaytib kelib, Belknapning uchinchi xotini bo'ldi.[39] Amanda chiroyli yosh sotsialist edi; Vashington jamiyatida yuqori mavqega ega bo'lish bilan birga, oilasidan meros bo'lib o'tgan kamtarin boylikni saqlab qolishni niyat qilib, Belknapdan nikohgacha shartnoma imzolashni talab qildi.[42] Belknap G ko'chasida qurgan yangi katta uyni ijaraga oldi Orvill Babkok, Prezident Grantning shaxsiy kotibi.[4] O'sha paytdan boshlab Belknap va Amanda Marshning choraklik to'lovlarini qabul qilishni davom ettirdilar.[39][40] Amanda singlisi Karitadan keyin o'zini ko'proq qoniqtiradigan, kechalar va boshqa tadbirlar uchun ajoyib xalatlar, zargarlik buyumlari va boshqa aksessuarlarni kiyib yurgan va shubhali Vashington jamiyati tomonidan "mablag 'tejash" deb atashgan.[40][43] Vashington jamiyatiga ko'ngil ochish, dabdabali ziyofatlar uyushtirish va nafis kiyimlar kiyib olishning Belknaps isrofgarchilik tarzi ham demokrat siyosiy arboblar, ham Vashingtonning doimiy aholisi orasida hasadni keltirib chiqardi.[3][41][42][43] Biroq, Belknaplar 1876 yil fevralgacha, demokratlar nazorati ostidagi Vakillar palatasi tergov boshlaguniga qadar, pul qaytarib olishgani jamoatchilikka ma'lum emas edi.[39][41] Belknap va uning xotinlari Marshdan taxminan 20000 dollar pora olganligini aniqladilar (2018 yilda taxminan 394000 dollar).[43]

Frantsiya qurol savdosi 1870

Davomida Frantsiya-Prussiya urushi 1870 yildan 1871 yilgacha davom etgan Qo'shma Shtatlar betarafligini e'lon qildi.[44] Belknap Grant ma'muriyati tanqidchilari, shu jumladan senatorlar tomonidan ayblangan edi Charlz Sumner va Karl Shurts, betaraflikni buzish va frantsuz agentlariga qurol sotish.[44] Aslida, Belknap AQSh harbiy departamentining eskirgan o'qotar qurollarini Remington oilasining qo'shnisiga sotgan. E. Remington va o'g'illar qurol ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya. Samyuel Remington Frantsiya hukumatiga qurol sotuvchi agent sifatida ushbu qurollarni Frantsiyaga sotishni tashkil qildi.[44][45] Keyinchalik Belknap Frantsiya armiyasiga 54,000,000 patronlarini sotdi - u ilgari Remington qo'shnisiga sotgan o'qotar qurolga mos keladigan patronlar.[44] 1872 yilda bo'lib o'tgan Kongress tergovi Belknapni oqladi va impichment uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmadi.[44]

Kadet Smitni kechirish 1871

Davomida Qayta qurish davri, sobiq qul Jeyms Vebster Smit birinchi bo'ldi Afroamerikalik ro'yxatdan o'tish uchun kursant G'arbiy nuqta.[46] 1870 yilda darslarni boshlaganidan so'ng, Smit zudlik bilan va oq tanli kursantlar tomonidan qattiq qo'rqitildi. Belknapning jiyanlaridan biri, akademiyaning kursanti, Smitni hazing qilgani uchun tanbeh berildi (lekin boshqacha jazolanmagan).[47] Boshqa holatda, Smit hibsga olingan va harbiy sudga oq tanli kursantga qarshi kurashgani uchun olib borilgan, ammo Smit o'zini shunchaki himoya qilganini aytgan. General-mayor Oliver O. Xovard, afroamerikaliklarning fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha advokati va sud jarayoni uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Smitni oqladi va unga noqonuniy xatti-harakati uchun engil jazo berdi.[48] Bu Akademiyani g'azablantirdi Harbiy adolat byurosi, 1870 yil 20-noyabrda Belknapga rasmiy norozilik bildirgan.[49] Boshqa bir hazing hodisasida, 1871 yil yanvar oyida Smit yurish paytida boshini ko'tarmaganligi uchun hibsga olingan va yana oq tanli kursantlar tomonidan qattiq ta'qib qilingan.[49]

Xovard endi AQShning g'arbiy qismiga tayinlangach, Akademiya ma'muriyati Smitni majburan chiqarib yuborishga qaror qildi.[50] Bu safar u sudlandi; keyin uning ishi Belknapga murojaat qilingan.[49] Smitni chiqarib yuborish tavsiya qilingan edi, lekin Belknap prezident Grantga aralashdi, u hukmni Smitni akademik ravishda qaytarib berishga o'zgartirdi, bu esa uning takrorlanishiga sabab bo'ldi Plebe yil.[49] Smit 1874 yilgacha G'arbiy Poytnda davom etdi, professor Piter S.Michi, a oq supremacist, Smitga an'anaviy West Point amaliyotiga zid ravishda shaxsiy sinovini o'tkazdi va Smitning muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lganligini da'vo qildi.[51] Keyin Smitga qayta sinov o'tkazish imkoniyati berilmadi va Uest-Peyntdan majburan chiqarib yuborildi.[51] Belknap general-mayor bilan gaplashdi Tomas H. Ruger, 1871 yilda West Point-ning boshlig'i etib tayinlanib, 1873-yilga qadar kursantlarning hazing miqdorini kamaytirdi va "obro'sizlantiruvchi" amaliyotni yo'q qilish uchun kuchli harakatlarni amalga oshirdi.[52] Belknap Rugerning West Point nazoratchisi sifatidagi ishiga qoyil qoldi va shunday dedi: "Men sizning rahbariyatingizning muvaffaqiyatidan va barcha darajadagi ofitserlar bilan shaxsiy suhbatlarimdan va sizning qo'shilishingizdan beri u erda bo'lgan oddiy odamlar bilan juda mamnunman ...".[53][54] Boshqa afroamerikaliklar Smitning G'arbiy Peyntga kirishini kuzatib borishdi va Genri O. Flipper akademiyani 1877 yilda birinchi bo'lib tugatgan.[55] 1997 yilda Prezident Bill Klinton Smitga vafotidan keyin komissiyani ikkinchi leytenant sifatida tayinlash bilan unga qilingan xatolarni tan olishga va to'g'rilashga urindi.[56]

Chikagodagi yong'in qurbonlariga yordam 1871

Asosiy maqola: Buyuk Chikagodagi olov
Belknap 1871 yilda Chikagodagi yong'in qurbonlariga yordam berdi.

1871 yil 8 oktyabrdan 10 oktabrgacha bo'lgan davrda dahshatli yong'in Chikagoning katta qismini yoqib yubordi va yuzlab odamlarning hayotiga zomin bo'ldi va 200 000 000 dollar zarar etkazdi (2018 yilda 4 milliard dollar). 100 mingdan ortiq fuqaro qashshoq va uysiz qoldi.[57] Belknap 9 oktyabr kuni tezkor choralarni ko'rdi, yuborilgan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga buyurtma berdi Sent-Luis, dan chodirlar Jefferson barakasi va ikkita rota qo'shinlari Omaha Fort tinchlik va tartibni saqlashga yordam berish.[57] 10 oktyabrda Belknap general-leytenantga jo'natma yozma ravishda Filipp Sheridan yong'in "... milliy musibat. Jabr ko'rganlar millatning samimiy hamdardligiga ega" deb ta'kidladilar.[57] Belknap butun mamlakat bo'ylab harbiy zobitlarga Chikagoga "erkin va tezkor" yuklarni yuborishni buyurdi.[57] 1871 yil dekabrda Prezident Grantga yillik hisobotida Belknap Urush departamentini Chikago yong'inida uysizlar va qashshoqlarga yordam berish operatsiyalari samaradorligi to'g'risida xabar berganidan keyin bir necha soat ichida, yong'in hali ham davom etmoqda.[58] Belknap, shuningdek, vayron bo'lgan shaharda qonun va tartibni saqlash uchun Sheridanni va uning qo'mondonligidagi bir necha qo'shinlarini maqtadi.[58]

Talab qilingan mahbus va qamoqxonada islohot 1871

1871 yil yozida AQSh harbiy ofitserlar kengashi tashrif buyurdi Kvebek, Kanada Britaniya armiyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan harbiy qamoqxona.[58] Kengash Buyuk Britaniyaning AQSh armiyasidagi uslublarini, shu jumladan yaxshi xulq-atvori uchun mukofotlash tizimini va jismoniy mashqlar uchun og'ir mashqlar va jazo sifatida harbiy mashg'ulotlar va marosimlarni soliqqa tortishni, mahkumlarni jazo muddati tugashi bilan harbiy xizmatga qaytarishni maqsad qilgan. va takroriy huquqbuzarliklarning oldini olish.[58] Belknap Kengashning tavsiyalarini ma'qulladi va Kongressdan Britaniya tizimini AQSh armiyasiga qo'shilishini so'radi,[58] va shuningdek, yangi dasturni moliyalashtirishni qamoq paytida mahbuslarning ish haqidan mahrum qilish bilan to'lashni iltimos qildi.[58]

Nyu-Orlean 1872 yilgi ko'cha tartibsizligi

Davomida Qayta qurish Uchun fuqarolik va ovoz berish huquqlarini taqdim eting Afroamerikaliklar janubda, armiyani va yangi tashkil etilgan Adliya vazirligini yo'q qilish uchun ishlatgan Ku-kluks-klan 1871 yilda, ostida Majburiy ijro aktlari. Luiziana davomida Qayta qurish siyosiy jihatdan eng notinch, zo'ravon va bahsli davlatlardan biri edi. Raqobatchi siyosiy guruhlar shtat hukumatida hokimiyat uchun kurash olib bordilar va oq isyonchilar tez-tez ozodlikka chiqqanlarga va ularning hamdardlariga hujum qilib, tinchlikni saqlash uchun federal qo'shinlarni kiritishni talab qildilar.[59]

1872 yil yanvar oyida urush bo'limi zo'ravon qarama-qarshiliklar ehtimoli bilan bog'liq holda yuqori tayyorgarlik holatida edi Yangi Orlean hukumat o'rtasida Genri Kley Varmot fraksiya va Luiziana uyining sobiq spikeri Jorj V.Karter.[60] Warmoth ijtimoiy tenglik va ovoz berish huquqlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi Afroamerikaliklar, ammo janubiy konservatorlar uni buzilgan shimol deb hisoblashdi gilam sumkasi.[61] Tartibsizlikni oldini olish uchun general-mayor Uilyam H. Emori, Nyu-Orlean uchun mas'ul Louisville okrug qo'mondoni, zo'ravonlikning oldini olish uchun federal qo'shinlar kerak deb qaror qildi.[62] Belknap bu haqda general-boshga xabar berdi Uilyam T. Sherman, Emori so'rovini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[62] 5-yanvar kuni Nyu-Orleanda zo'ravonlikning oldini olish uchun federal qo'shinlar joylashtirildi va ular 11 yanvarga qadar hududni egallab olishlari kerak edi.[63] Sek. Belknap Prezident Grantga Emori kuchlardan foydalanish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishda eng yaxshi bo'lgan deb maslahat berdi.[63]

9 yanvar kuni Gov Warmoth tarafdoriga suiqasd uyushtirilganidan keyin ko'cha tartibsizligi boshlandi; Gubernator Varmot shtati politsiyasi qasos qilib, Gem salonidagi Karterning guruhiga hujum qildi va tarqatdi. Emori tartibni tiklash uchun 10 yanvar kuni kuch qo'shinlarini safarbar qildi.[64] 12 yanvarda Grant davlat siyosatidan chetda qolishni istab, Urush departamenti orqali Yangi Orlean meriga Luizianada harbiy holat e'lon qilmasligini aytdi.[64] Karterning minglab odamlaridan g'azablangan olomon ko'chalarga chiqdi. Emori jihozlangan qo'shinlarni joylashtirdi Shitirlash qurollari.[65] Karterning odamlari tinchlikni saqlash uchun Emori AQShning harbiy kuchini ishlatishiga ishonib, tarqalib ketishdi.[65]

15-yanvar kuni Grant Belknapga "qon to'kilish xavfi" ning oldini olish, ikkala fraktsiya tarafini olmasdan turib yozishni istadi.[66] 16 yanvar kuni Att. General Jorj H. Uilyams Gubernator Varmotga Grant "qonuniy huquq va o'ta muhim ehtiyoj aniq holati" bo'lgan taqdirdagina tarafdor bo'lishini aytdi.[66] 22 yanvarda Gubernator Varmot ham, Karter ham raqib qurolli kuchlarni tuzganliklarini va zo'ravonlikka tayyorlanayotganini bilib, Prezident Grant Emori uchun urush boshqarmasi orqali agar kerak bo'lsa qo'shinlardan foydalanish to'g'risida buyruq chiqardi.[67] Emori Grantning xabarini Gubernator Varmotga ham, Karterga ham etkazganida, ular o'z guruhlarini tarqatib yuborishdi va 10 oy davomida tinchlikni saqlashdi.[67]

Eads Bridge komissiyasi 1873

Eads ko'prigi

1873 yilda Amerikaning birinchi temir kemerli ko'prigi qurilib, uning nomi bilan atalgan Jeyms B. Eads, qurilishi tugash arafasida edi Sent-Luis.[68] Belknap, Keokuk Packet bug 'samolyoti kompaniyasining ta'siri ostida, uning tugatilishiga qarshi edi. U ko'prikni yiqitishni xohladi, shuning uchun paroxodlar uning ostida suzib yurish uchun tutunlarini tushirmasliklari kerak edi.[68] Belknap komissiyani tuzib, ko'prikni yo'q qilish va uni paroxodlar o'tishiga imkon beradigan loyiha bilan qayta qurish yoki ko'prik atrofida paroxodlar o'tishi uchun kanal qurish bo'yicha tavsiyalar berdi.[68] Grant bilan do'st bo'lgan Eads 1873 yilning noyabrida Belknap hisobotni Kongressga taqdim etishidan oldin Vashingtonga tashrif buyurdi va Grantdan ko'prikni halokatdan qutqarishini so'radi.[69] Belknapning ta'kidlashicha, federal qonunlarga ko'ra, harbiy kotib Missisipi daryosiga to'siq qo'yishning oldini olishga vakolat bergan.[69]

Bunga javoban Grant Belknapga Kongress ko'prikni qurishga ruxsat berganligini eslatdi,[69] va Kongress, ehtimol, uni yiqitish uchun pul berishga ruxsat bermaydi. U Belknapning qarorini bekor qildi va Belknapga shaxsan o'zi aytdi: "Siz, albatta, ushbu inshootni o'zingizning hokimiyatingiz bilan yo'q qila olmaysiz ... Umumiy, bu ishni bekor qilganingiz ma'qul".[70] Belknap xijolat bo'lib, qizarib qizarib o'rnidan turdi va Prezident Grantga ta'zim qildi va yig'ilishni tark etdi.[70] Eads Bridge 1874 yilda qurib bitkazilgan va bugungi kunda ham faol foydalanishda.[71]

Metyu Brady fuqarolik urushi fotosuratlari saqlanib qoldi 1874

1872 yilda fotograf Metyu Brady bankrot bo'ldi; uning mol-mulki, shu jumladan fotosuratlar va salbiy narsalar, kreditorlarni qondirish uchun sotilgan.[72] 1874 yilda Nyu-York shahridagi ombor egasi sotish uchun 2000 dan ortiq Brady negativ to'plamini taklif qildi; Belknap ularni 2500 dollarga sotib olishga ruxsat berdi.[73] Salbiy narsalar qadoqlangan yoki ehtiyotkorlik bilan tashilmagan va Urush departamenti egallab olgan paytgacha ularning uchdan bir qismi zarar ko'rgan yoki yo'q qilingan.[73]

Keyinchalik Brady Belknapga 2500 dollarning hech biri unga yoki uning kreditorlariga tushmaganidan shikoyat qildi.[73] Muhokama davomida Brady ikkinchi salbiy guruhni sotishni taklif qildi; Kongress sotib olish uchun 25000 dollargacha mablag 'ajratdi va Belknap materiallarni o'rganib chiqib, ularning qiymati bo'yicha urush departamenti advokatidan maslahat olgandan so'ng, Belknap to'lovni to'liq tasdiqladi.[73]

Belknapning tashabbusi natijasida Urush bo'limi Fuqarolar urushi davridagi 6000 dan ortiq rasmlarni, shu jumladan taniqli harbiy va hukumat amaldorlarining fotosuratlari, jang maydonlari va mudofaa ishlarini sotib oldi.[74] Keyinchalik ushbu kollektsiya federal hukumat tomonidan sotib olingan Brady fotosuratlarining boshqa to'plamlari bilan birlashtirildi; keyinchalik ular katalogga kiritildi va Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi va Kongress kutubxonasi.[75]

Yellowstone ekspeditsiyasi 1875

1875 yil yozida Belknap kashf etishga qaror qildi Yellowstone 1872 yil 2 martda Prezident Grant tomonidan imzolangan qonun natijasida vujudga kelgan millatning birinchi milliy bog'i.[76] Belknap bilan birga polkovnik ham bor edi Randolf B. Marsi, Podpolkovnik Jeyms V. Forsit va Chikagolik tadbirkor Uilyam E. Strong.[76] Ekspeditsiyani leytenant boshqargan Gustavus C. Doane kim boshqargan Washburn-Langford-Doane ekspeditsiyasi 1870 yilda, parkni shakllantirish uchun qisman mas'ul bo'lgan Yellowstone hududidagi birinchi keng ko'lamli federal so'rov.[76][77] Doane o'zi joylashgan Ellis Fortini tark etdi va Belknap partiyasining kelishiga tayyorgarlik ko'rdi Mamont issiq buloqlari.[78] 26 iyulda Belknapning partiyasi Ellis Fortiga etib bordi va Doane bilan uchrashishga kirishdi.[78] Doane boshchiligida Belknapning partiyasi safarda topilgan har qanday katta o'yinni ov qilishdan tashqari, 1870 yilgi ekspeditsiyaning asl nusxasini qaytarib olishga harakat qildi.[79] Belknap partiyasida 24 nafar askar va ikkita tez yordam mashinasi bo'lgan.[80] Ikki haftalik ekspeditsiya mashaqqatli bo'lib chiqdi, chunki Doane ov qilish uchun katta o'yin topa olmadi va qisqa ko'rgandan keyin Yelloustondagi Katta Kanyon, Belknapning partiyasi Doane nihoyat izni topguncha bir necha soat kutishga to'g'ri keldi.[79][81]

Buyuk Siu urushi 1876

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Buyuk Siu urushi

1874 yil iyul oyi oxirida AQSh armiyasining ekspeditsiyasi polkovnik boshchiligida. Jorj A. Kuster Qora tepaliklarda oltinni kashf etdi.[82] Ko'p o'tmay, ko'plab oltin ishlab chiqaruvchilar 1868 yilgi Laramie Fort shartnomasi bo'yicha hindlarga berilgan erlarni buzib kirmoqdalar. 1875 yil iyun oyida Prezident Grant hindularga o'z erlarini ijaraga berish uchun yiliga 100000 AQSh dollari yoki Qora tepaliklar uchun 6000.000 dollar taklif qilib muammoni hal qilishga urindi.[82] Boshliq boshchiligidagi Lakota Sio Qizil bulut rad etdi, chunki taklif Siuxni Oklaxomadagi Hindiston hududiga ko'chirishni talab qiladi. 1875 yil 3-noyabrda inqiroz avj olgach, Prezident Grant Oq uyda Belknap va ichki ishlar vazirini o'z ichiga olgan maxfiy yig'ilish o'tkazdi. Zakariya Chandler. Grant, Belknap va Chandler AQSh harbiylarini Qora tepaliklardan olib chiqib, konchilarga Hindiston hududida kon qazib olishga imkon beradigan rejaga rozi bo'lishdi.[82] Qo'shinlarni olib chiqib ketishdan maqsad hind urushini boshlash edi.[82] 1875 yil 3-dekabrda Chandler barcha hindularga o'zlarining hurmatli rezervlariga qaytishni buyurdi, ammo jangari hindular Buqa o'tirib va Crazy Horse qaytib kelishni rad etdi. 1876 ​​yil yanvarga kelib 4000 konchi hind yerlarini noqonuniy bosib oldi.[82] 31 yanvarga qadar dushman hindular ov qilish joylarini tark etishdan bosh tortganlarida, Chandler hindlarni Belknapning urush bo'limiga topshirdi va "hindular shu tariqa siz kabi harbiy harakatlar uchun urush bo'limiga topshirildi [Belknap ] sharoitda tegishli deb topishi mumkin. "[83] 1876 ​​yil 8 fevralda generallar Kruok va Terriga dushman hindular va ularga qarshi qishki harbiy kampaniyalarni boshlash buyurilgan Buyuk Siu urushi boshlandi.[84] 1876-yil 1-martda Krouk, sovuq havoda, shimoldan yurish qildi Fetterman Fort yaqin Duglas, Vayoming hujum qilmoq Buqa o'tirib va Crazy Horse va ularning hind izdoshlari Pudra daryosida.[85] Ertasi kuni, 2 mart kuni Belknap Fort Sill savdo-sotiq posti mojarosi tufayli kutilmaganda o'z lavozimini tark etdi. 3 martdan 7 martgacha Urush departamenti boshqarildi reklama vaqtinchalik dengiz floti kotibi ostida Jorj M. Robeson. 1876 ​​yil 8 martda Alphonso Taft Grantning harbiy kotibi tomonidan tayinlangan. Buyuk Siu urushi 1877 yil aprelida Prezident davrida tugadi Rezerford B. Xeys.

Uydagi tergov, korruptsiya va iste'fo 1876

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Savdogar posti bilan bog'liq janjal
Demokratik kongressmen Xister Klymer Belknapning urush bo'limini tergov qildi

18 fevralning 29 fevralida Belknap savdodan foyda olayotgani haqidagi mish-mishlar Vakilga etib keldi Xister Klymer, Urush departamentidagi xarajatlar bo'yicha qo'mitaning raisi. Bunga javoban, Klymer urush departamenti bo'yicha tergovni boshladi. Klimer va Belknap do'st bo'lishgan va kollejda xonada bo'lishgan bo'lishsa-da, Klymer respublika tiklanishiga qat'iy qarshi chiqqan. During Belknap's tenure, the Army was used in combination with the Justice Department to prosecute the Ku-kluks-klan, a policy opposed by most Democrats. Caleb P. Marsh testified to the Clymer Committee that Belknap had personally taken Fort Sill tradership profit payments as part of the partnership agreement between Marsh and John S. Evans. On February 29, 1876, Belknap and his counsel went before Clymer's committee, but Belknap declined to testify.[86] On the morning of March 2, Treasury Secretary Benjamin Bristov told President Grant of Belknap's impending impeachment. After Grant finished breakfast, Secretary Belknap and Secretary Chandler arrived at the White House. Belknap was extremely anxious, openly wept, and confessed to Grant. Belknap handed Grant a one-sentence resignation letter. Grant personally wrote a letter accepting Belknap's resignation, which he placed on a White House mantiya at 10:20 A.M.[86]

Clymer's committee was informed at 11:00 A.M. of Belknap's resignation.[87] Although Belknap's resignation caused great commotion among House members, it did not prevent action by the Clymer committee. The committee unanimously passed resolutions to impeach Belknap and drew up five articles of impeachment to be sent to the Senate. Belknap, by then a private citizen, was impichment e'lon qilindi by a unanimous vote of the House of Representatives.[88] Palata spikeri Maykl Kerr ga yozgan Senat that Belknap resigned "with intent to evade the proceedings of impeachment against him."[88] Belknap's case was constitutionally unprecedented and would serve as reference for nine other civilian officials' resignations before trial, including President Richard Nikson.[89]

On March 29 and April 4, 1876, Jorj Kuster testified before the Clymer Committee, which continued to gather evidence for the Senate trial. Custer's testimony was a national media sensation because he accused both Grant's brother and the Secretary of War of corruption. Although Belknap had resigned, he had many political allies in Washington, D.C., including Grant. Custer had previously arrested Grant's son Fred, an Army officer, on the charge of drunkenness. As the result of that incident and his testimony to the Clymer Committee, Custer incurred Grant's displeasure. It took more than a month for Custer to resolve the situation and obtain Grant's permission to return to duty and lead the expedition that culminated with the Kichik Bighorn jangi.

Upon Belknap's sudden resignation in March, Grant had to hastily ask his Secretary of Navy Jorj M. Robeson to run the War Department ad interum, which lasted a week. Grant then appointed Alphonso Taft Secretary of War; Taft was an attorney and former judge; unfamiliar with military matters, he reluctantly agreed to serve in order to stabilize the War Department, and Grant promised to nominate him later for another, more suitable position. In May, Grant kept his word when he created a vacancy in the Attorney General's post by naming the incumbent, Edvards Perrepont sifatida xizmat qilish Minister to England; he then appointed Taft to serve as Attorney General, and J. Donald Kemeron to succeed Taft as Secretary of War.

Senate trial and acquittal

Belknap's Senate trial defender Metyu H. Karpenter

Starting on April 5, 1876, Belknap was tried by the Senate. For several weeks Senators argued over whether the Senate had jurisdiction to put Belknap on trial since he had already resigned office in March.[90] Belknap's defense managers argued that the Senate had no jurisdiction;[90] the Senate ruled by a vote of 37-29 that it did.[88][90] Belknap was charged with five articles of impeachment, and the Senate listened to over 40 witnesses.[3] With 40 votes needed for conviction, the Senate voted 35 to 25 to convict Belknap, with one Senator not voting, thus acquitting Belknap of all charges by failing to reach the required two-thirds majority.[91][90][90][3] All Senators agreed that Belknap took the money from Marsh, but 23 who voted for acquittal believed that the Senate did not have jurisdiction.[91][90] Grant's speedy acceptance of Belknap's resignation undoubtedly saved him from conviction.[91] After the trial, Belknap's wife Amanda, known as "Puss" in Washington society, and their daughters traveled to and remained in Europe.[90] Sobiq senator Metyu H. Karpenter ning Viskonsin, who had defended Belknap at the Senate trial, said that Belknap was entirely innocent and that if he outlived Belknap he would clear Belknap's name.[92] Carpenter was reelected to the Senate in 1879, but had been in ill health; he died in February 1881, but never produced any new evidence.[92]

Washington, D.C. indictment (1876–1877)

On March 4, 1876, one month prior to his Senate impeachment trial, Grant's Attorney General Edvards Perrepont had Belknap arrested; as a foe of the Tweed Ring in New York, Pierrepont was seen as a lawyer of integrity, and Grant named him as Attorney General to promote reform and anti-corruption within Grant's administration.[93] Grant, who as former commanding general put more scrutiny into military matters, had ordered Pierrepont to launch a criminal investigation into Belknap's War department.[94] Much to Belknap's anger, Pierrepont put an armed guard around his home to ensure he did not attempt to flee.[95] In May 1876, Grant named Pierrepont Minister to Britain, and appointed his Secretary of War Alphonso Taft to be Attorney General.[93] After Belknap's Senate acquittal on August 1, the guards were removed; he was indicted by a grand jury on the same day, and set for trial in the District of Columbia federal court.[96][95] However, journalists and other observers were of the view that the district courts were unlikely to convict, given the number of Grant administration officials who had been accused of corruption and received little or no punishment.[96] Belknap remained angry at Pierrepont, and threatened to sue him for false imprisonment.[95] On February 2, 1877, Belknap visited Grant and pleaded for his indictment to be dismissed.[93] The next day Grant asked his cabinet for advice;[93] Davlat kotibi Xemilton baliq was furious at Belknap and wanted him to be tried.[93] Grant decided otherwise, and wrote to Taft that the District Attorney should be directed to dismiss the case.[93] Following Grant's instructions, Taft told Washington, D.C. District Attorney Genri H. Uells that the evidence against Belknap would not sustain a conviction, and that Belknap had suffered enough during the Senate trial.[97] [93] Wells moved for dismissal; on February 8, 1877, Belknap's case, indictment No. 11,262, was dismissed by Justice Artur MacArtur Sr.[97] No longer facing the possibility of conviction and imprisonment, Belknap decided not to follow through on his threat to sue Pierrepont.[95]

Keyinchalik martaba

1880 Puck Cartoon

Having been disgraced by the Senate trial, Belknap sought to escape from the scrutiny and disapproval of Washington society by moving to Philadelphia.[98] The Belknaps remained married; Amanda and the children visited Catskills, Koni oroli, and other resorts, and Belknap saw them periodically.[98] Belknap later resided in Keokuk where he practiced law that largely involved representing railroads.[99] Although he was no longer involved in politics or government, Belknap often returned to Washington to represent clients, and maintained a residence and office there.[99]

Years after his impeachment, Belknap's reputation still remained damaged. Davomida 1880 yilgi prezidentlik poygasi, he was among those lampooned in a Puck magazine cartoon (Grant the Acrobat, tomonidan Joseph Ferdinand Keppler ) opposing Uliss S. Grant 's bid for a third term.[100] He remained popular among his fellow Civil War veterans; in 1887, Belknap coauthored the book History of the Fifteenth Regiment, Iowa Veteran Volunteer Infantry.[98]

Death, burial, and memorial

Belknap died suddenly from a massive yurak xuruji in Washington, D.C. on Sunday October 12, 1890.[2] The Nyu-York Tayms stated that his death occurred on Sunday between 1:00 A.M and 9:00 a.m., and that he died alone at his residence in the Evans building on New York Avenue.[2][101] Prior to his death, Belknap had played cards with his friends on Saturday night, then retired upstairs for the evening.[2][101] Belknap's wife, Amanda, was in New York City at the time.[101] At 8:30 a.m. on Monday morning, Belknap's business associate, John W. Cameron, picked up Belknap's mail on the first floor of Belknap's home, where he maintained his law office, and proceeded to the second floor, where Belknap lived.[2] Cameron and a maid found that all the rooms had been locked.[2] A janitor was summoned to open the doors, and a step ladder was used to peer into Belknap's bedroom.[2] Belknap had placed his hat and coat on a chair and his lifeless body was found on his bed.[2] His left arm had been raised toward his head with his left hand tightly clenched.[2] The bed clothes were disheveled and he appeared to have struggled for breath.[2] The physician who initially examined the body stated that he had died of apopleksiya; however, an autopsy by the sud tekshiruvchisi revealed that Belknap suffered from heart disease.[2][102] The War Department was notified and received with "genuine sorrow" the news of Belknap's death, since Belknap had been a popular Secretary of War.[101]

Belknap was buried in Section 1 at Arlington milliy qabristoni on October 16, 1890. The ceremony was conducted by Avliyo Ioann episkopal cherkovi.[103] The site features a granite gravestone with a bronze relief memorial designed by sculptor Karl Rohl-Smit. The bronze relief (2 ft. x 2 ft.) bust shows Belknap wearing a dress uniform with his hair parted on the right side as well as a long, full beard. The relief is placed on the front of a granite base (6 ft. x 5 ft. x 5 ft.). Ushbu parcha Smithsonianniki Ochiq haykallarni saqlang! survey in 1995 and its condition was described as "Treatment being needed". The relief is signed by the artist: C.R. 1897.[104]

Belknap Gravestone and Memorial
Old

A plaque on the front of the granite base is inscribed:

WILLIAM WORTH BELKNAP
BORN 1829 – DIED 1890
COLONEL 15TH IOWA VOL. INFANTRY
BRIGADIER & BREVET MAJOR GENERAL U.S.VOLS.
SECRETARY OF WAR 1869–1876
ERECTED BY HIS COMRADES OF THE
CROCKER IOWA BRIGADE
11TH, 13TH, 15TH AND 16TH IOWA VOL. INFANTRY
ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE.
COMPANIONS OF THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE
LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES
AND OTHER FRIENDS [104]

Tarixiy obro'-e'tibor

In 2003 biographer Edward S. Cooper described Belknap as a man of virtues and flaws.[105] According to Cooper, Belknap "willingly turned to payvandlash to support the social ambitions of his wives" while living a lavish lifestyle in Washington, D.C. at the expense of soldiers and Indians during the Gilded Age.[106] Belknap is positively credited by Cooper for creating and expanding the weather bureau, reforming the military justice system, and for preserving Mathew Brady's photographic record of the Fuqarolar urushi.[105] Belknap's abrupt and controversial resignation in March 1876 caused an unprecedented succession of four Secretaries of War within a 13-month time period: Belknap, Alphonso Taft, J. Donald Kemeron va Jorj V. Makkrasi.

In Keokuk, Belknap is remembered for being one of its "colorful citizens" and he has two streets named after him.[99] He was commended by his Army colleagues for his coolness under fire during the Civil War, but his reputation suffered as the result of his forced resignation as Grant's Secretary of War, which took place under a cloud amid suspicions of misconduct.[99]

Belknap's home in Keokuk – Built 1854

Indian campaigns, battles, and wars under Secretary Belknap

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v Dictionary of American Biography (1936), Uilyam Uort Belknap
  2. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz "Belknap's Sudden Death", Nyu-York Tayms (October 14, 1890)
  3. ^ a b v d Glass 2017.
  4. ^ a b v Gen. Belknap's Career.
  5. ^ Agentlik, Ayova shtati qonunchilik xizmati. "Davlat vakili".
  6. ^ Kuper 2003 yil, p. 61.
  7. ^ a b v d e Koster (2010), pp. 59-60.
  8. ^ Patterson, Maykl Robert. "William Worth Belknap, Brigadier General, United States Army".
  9. ^ The History of Lee County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, Etc. G'arbiy tarixiy kompaniya. 1 January 1879 – via Internet Archive. alice belknap marriage.
  10. ^ Grimmett, Richard F. (1 January 2009). St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: The History and Heritage of the Church of the Presidents, Washington, D.C. Hillcrest Publishing Group. ISBN  9781934248539 - Google Books orqali.
  11. ^ Form: An Illustrated Weekly Pub. Har shanba in the Interests of American Society at Home and Abroad
  12. ^ "Miss Belknap's Engagement". Chicago Tribune. 25 oktyabr 1896. p. 1.
  13. ^ "Poytaxt". Capital nashriyoti kompaniyasi. 1 January 1897 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "Poytaxt". Capital nashriyoti kompaniyasi. 1898 yil 1-yanvar - Google Books orqali.
  15. ^ Kuper 2003 yil, p. 58.
  16. ^ a b v d Arlington milliy qabristoni
  17. ^ Kuper 2003 yil, 64-65-betlar.
  18. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Ingersoll (1880), pp. 566-577
  19. ^ a b v d e f Belknap-Tyler (1887), p. 609
  20. ^ a b v d e Severance (2012), Mojaro portretlari: Fuqarolar urushidagi Alabama shtatining fotografik tarixi, p. 213
  21. ^ Belknap-Tyler (1887), p. 24
  22. ^ W. H. Chamberlin. "Hood's Second Sortie at Atlanta," in Jonson, Robert Andervud and Buel, Clarence Clough, edd., Urushlar va fuqarolar urushi rahbarlari, Jild IV, p. 331. ISBN  0-89009-572-8.
  23. ^ a b v Koster (2010), p. 59
  24. ^ a b v Smith (2001), pp. 542-543
  25. ^ a b Chernow 2017 yil, p. 669-670.
  26. ^ Bell (1981), p. 78
  27. ^ a b Donovan (2008), pp. 104-105
  28. ^ Simon ( 2003), Uliss S. Grantning hujjatlari, Jild 5, 1874
  29. ^ Smit (2001), p. 543
  30. ^ "Calculate Duration Between Two Dates". timeanddate.com.
  31. ^ a b v d e f g Bell (1981), p. 8
  32. ^ a b Forty First Congress, Statutes At Large, pp. 319-320
  33. ^ Koster, p. 59-60
  34. ^ a b v d Oq 2016 yil, p. 564.
  35. ^ Koster pp. 58-59
  36. ^ a b v Koster, p. 58
  37. ^ Hofling (1981), p. 30
  38. ^ a b v d A Sad Week For The Capital.
  39. ^ a b v d e McFeely (1981), p. 58
  40. ^ a b v d e f g Oq 2016 yil, p. 565.
  41. ^ a b v Purcell 2008.
  42. ^ a b Brendlar 2012 yil, p. 560.
  43. ^ a b v Lamphier 2003, p. 144.
  44. ^ a b v d e McFeely (1981), pp. 150-151
  45. ^ Doukas (2003), p. 80
  46. ^ McFeely (1981), p. 375
  47. ^ McFeely (1981), p. 377
  48. ^ McFeely (1981), pp. 377-378
  49. ^ a b v d McFeely (1981), p. 378
  50. ^ McFeely (1981), pp. 375-376.
  51. ^ a b McFeely (1981), p. 379
  52. ^ New York Times (August 23, 1873), The Military Academy Report of the Board of West Point Visitors
  53. ^ Cowan's (June 24, 2009), West Point Superintendent Thomas H. Ruger Archive Arxivlandi 2010-09-23 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  54. ^ Belknap (Nov. 17, 1871), Frohne's Historic Military[o'lik havola ]
  55. ^ Art of the Possible Online (July 3, 2009), James Webster Smith and Henry O. Flipper Arxivlandi 2011 yil 23-noyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  56. ^ O'qishni burgut, Armies First Black Cadet Gets Bars 123 Years Later, p. A13
  57. ^ a b v d New York Times (October 11, 1871), Vayrona shahar
  58. ^ a b v d e f New York Times (December 4, 1871).
  59. ^ Coakley (1988), pp. 316-317
  60. ^ Coakley (1988), pp. 317-318
  61. ^ Hogue (2006), Uncivil War, 58-59 betlar
  62. ^ a b Dawson (1982), pp. 117-118
  63. ^ a b Coakley (1988), pp. 318-319
  64. ^ a b Coakley (1988), p. 319
  65. ^ a b Coakley (1988), pp. 319-320
  66. ^ a b Coakley (1988), p. 320
  67. ^ a b Coakley (1988), pp. 321-322
  68. ^ a b v Stevens (2008), pp. 99-100
  69. ^ a b v Stevens (2008), pp. 100-101
  70. ^ a b Stevens (2008), pp. 101-102
  71. ^ Eads Bridge infosite, en.structurae.de; accessed June 19, 2015.
  72. ^ Wilson, Robert (2013). Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Company. pp.210 –211. ISBN  978-1-62040-203-0.
  73. ^ a b v d Mathew Brady: Portraits of a Nation.
  74. ^ "Mathew Brady Photographs of Civil War-Era Personalities and Scenes". research.archives.gov/. Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2017.
  75. ^ "Mathew Brady Photographs of Civil War-Era Personalities and Scenes".
  76. ^ a b v Scott (2007), p. 105
  77. ^ Cambell (1909), p. 72
  78. ^ a b Scott (2007), pp. 105-106
  79. ^ a b Bonni, Orrin H. (1970). Jangovar davullar va geyzerlar - leytenant Gustavus Cheyney Doane hayoti va jurnallari, askar va Yelloustoun va ilon daryosi mintaqalarining tadqiqotchisi.. Chikago: qaldirg'och matbuot. 47-50 betlar.
  80. ^ Scott (2007), p. 106
  81. ^ Scott (2007), pp. 106-107
  82. ^ a b v d e Jeffrey Ostler (2004) Lyuis va Klarkdan Vounded Tizgacha bo'lgan tekisliklar Syu va AQSh mustamlakachiligi, pp 60-62
  83. ^ Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of War, February 1, 1876, National Archives
  84. ^ Colonel Drum to Gen. Terry and Gen. Crook, February 8, 1876, National Archives
  85. ^ Kollinz, kichik, Charlz D. Siu urushlari atlasi, Ikkinchi nashr, Fort Leavenworth, Kanzas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006, Map 14, 15
  86. ^ a b McFeely (1981), Grant, p. 433
  87. ^ McFeely (1981), Grant, p. 434
  88. ^ a b v Hinds' Precedents.
  89. ^ Woldow (Feb. 2004), Vermont Law Library Newsletter
  90. ^ a b v d e f g Purcell 2008, p. 34.
  91. ^ a b v McFeely (1974), p. 152
  92. ^ a b Amerikaning biografik lug'ati 1906 yil, p. 280.
  93. ^ a b v d e f g Kuper 2003 yil, p. 311.
  94. ^ Smit 2001 yil, pp. 543,595.
  95. ^ a b v d Kuper 2003 yil, p. 310.
  96. ^ a b Nyu-York Tayms (August 2, 2012), "Acquittal of Belknap"
  97. ^ a b Nyu-York Tayms, "The Suit Against Gen. Belknap"
  98. ^ a b v Cooper (2003) William Worth Belknap: An American Disgrace, pp 312-313
  99. ^ a b v d Sloat 2017.
  100. ^ Nowlan, Robert A. (2016). The American Presidents From Polk to Hayes. Denver: Outskirts Press, Inc. p. 498. ISBN  978-1-4787-6572-1.
  101. ^ a b v d Miluoki jurnali, "Dying A Solitary Death"
  102. ^ Spokane sharsharasini ko'rib chiqish, "Death Of General Belknap"
  103. ^ M.R. Patterson (2003). "William Worth Belknap". Arlington milliy qabristoni veb-sayti. Olingan 31 dekabr 2010.
  104. ^ a b Smithsonian (1995). "William Worth Belknap Monument, (sculpture)". Ochiq haykallarni saqlang. Smithsonian. Olingan 31 dekabr 2010.
  105. ^ a b Cooper (2003) William Worth Belknap: An American Disgrace, p 13
  106. ^ Cooper (2003) William Worth Belknap: An American Disgrace, pp 12-13

Manbalar

Kitoblar

Maqolalar

  • Koster, John (June 2010). "The Belknap Scandal Fulcrum to Disaster". Yovvoyi G'arb: 58–64.

Gazetalar

Lug'atlar

Internet

Tashqi havolalar

Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Jon Aaron Ravlinz		 AQSh harbiy kotibi
Quyida xizmat qilgan: Uliss S. Grant
1869–1876		Muvaffaqiyatli
Alphonso Taft