Rezerford B. Xeys - Rutherford B. Hayes

"Prezident Xeys" va "Rezerford Xeys" bu erga yo'naltirishadi. O'g'li uchun qarang Rezerford P. Xeys. Paragvaydagi bo'lim uchun qarang Prezident Xeys departamenti.

Rezerford B. Xeys
Prezident Rezerford Xeys 1870 - 1880 yillarda qayta tiklandi.jpg
Xeys 1870 yildan 1880 yilgacha
19-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti
Ofisda
1877 yil 4 mart - 1881 yil 4 mart
Vitse prezidentUilyam A. Uiler
OldingiUliss S. Grant
MuvaffaqiyatliJeyms A. Garfild
29 va 32-chi Ogayo shtati gubernatori
Ofisda
1876 ​​yil 10 yanvar - 1877 yil 2 mart
LeytenantTomas L. Yosh
OldingiUilyam Allen
MuvaffaqiyatliTomas L. Yosh
Ofisda
1868 yil 13 yanvar - 1872 yil 8 yanvar
LeytenantJon Kalvin Li
OldingiJeykob Dolson Koks
MuvaffaqiyatliEdvard Follansbi Noyes
A'zosi AQSh Vakillar palatasi
dan Ogayo shtati "s 2-chi tuman
Ofisda
1865 yil 4 mart - 1867 yil 20 iyul
OldingiAleksandr Long
MuvaffaqiyatliSamuel Fenton Kari
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Rezerford Birchard Xeys

(1822-10-04)1822 yil 4 oktyabr
Delaver (Ogayo shtati), BIZ.
O'ldi1893 yil 17-yanvar(1893-01-17) (70 yosh)
Fremont, Ogayo shtati, BIZ.
Dam olish joyiSpiegel Grove shtat bog'i
Siyosiy partiya
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
​
(m. 1852; vafot etdi1889)​
Bolalar8, shu jumladan Uebb C. Xeys va Rezerford P. Xeys
Ta'lim
ImzoMurakkab imzo
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmatIttifoq armiyasi (USV )
Xizmat qilgan yillari1861–1865
Rank
Polklar23-Ogayo piyoda askarlari
BuyruqlarKanawha Division
JanglarAmerika fuqarolar urushi
Crest of Rutherford B. Hayes.svg
Rezerford B. Xeys

Rezerford Birchard Xeys (1822 yil 4 oktyabr - 1893 yil 17 yanvar) 19 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidenti xizmat qilganidan keyin 1877 yildan 1881 yilgacha AQSh Vakillar palatasi va kabi Ogayo shtati gubernatori. Advokat va qat'iy bekor qiluvchi, sud jarayonida u qochoq qullarni himoya qilgan antebellum yillari.

The Respublika partiyasi nomzodi Xeyz 1876 ​​yilda prezident va u orqali g'alaba qozondi 1877 yilgi murosaga kelish rasmiy ravishda tugadi Qayta qurish o'zini o'zi boshqarish uchun janubni tark etish orqali. O'z lavozimida u janubdagi harbiy qo'shinlarni chiqarib yubordi, shu bilan Janubdagi Respublikachilar shtati hukumatlariga va afro-amerikalik ozodlikchilarning o'z oilalarini erkin fuqaro sifatida barpo etish borasidagi sa'y-harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi. Xeys lavozimiga ko'tarildi davlat xizmati islohotlar natijasida qolgan bo'linishlarni yarashtirishga harakat qildi Fuqarolar urushi 1861–65 va 1865–77 yillarda qayta qurish davri.

Advokat Ogayo shtati, Xeys shahar advokati bo'lib xizmat qilgan Sinsinnati 1858 yildan 1861 yilgacha. Fuqarolar urushi boshlanganda u yangi boshlang'ich siyosiy faoliyatini tark etib, safiga qo'shildi Ittifoq armiyasi ofitser sifatida. Xeys besh marotaba jarohat oldi Janubiy tog 'jangi 1862 yilda. U jangovar jasorati uchun obro'-e'tibor qozondi va darajaga ko'tarildi breket general-mayor. Urushdan keyin u 1865-1867 yillarda respublikachi sifatida Kongressda xizmat qildi. Xayz Ogayo shtati gubernatori lavozimiga nomzodini ko'rsatish uchun Kongressni tark etdi va 1868 yildan 1872 yilgacha ketma-ket ikki muddatga saylandi. U 1876 yildan 1877 yilgacha uchinchi ikki yillik muddatni o'tkazdi.

1876 ​​yilda Saylov kolleji Xeyzni prezident qildi AQSh tarixidagi eng munozarali saylovlardan biri. U xalq ovozini Demokratga boy berdi Samuel J. Tilden, ammo a-dan so'ng qizg'in bahsli saylov-kollej ovozini qo'lga kiritdi Kongress komissiyasi unga 1877 yilgi murosada 20 ta bahsli saylovchilar ovozini berdi, shu bilan demokratlar Xeysning saylanishiga rozi bo'lishdi, chunki u janubdagi respublika amaldorlarini himoya qiladigan AQShning qolgan qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketish va shu tariqa qayta qurish davrini rasman tugatish.

Xeys ishongan meritokratik davlat va boylik, ijtimoiy mavqe va irqni hisobga olmasdan teng munosabatda bo'lish. U federal qo'shinlarga federal binolarni qo'riqlashni buyurdi va shu bilan birga tartibni tikladi 1877 yildagi buyuk temir yo'l ish tashlashi. Xeys 1880 va 1890 yillarda keyingi islohotlarga zamin yaratgan davlat xizmatidagi kamtarona islohotlarni amalga oshirdi. U veto qo'ydi 1878 yildagi Bland-Allison qonuni kumush pullarni muomalaga kiritgan va nominal narxlarni ko'targan, bu pulni ushlab turishni talab qilgan oltin standart iqtisodiy tiklanish uchun juda muhim edi. G'arbiy hindularga nisbatan Xeysning siyosati assimilyatsiya dasturini kutgan edi 1887 yil Dawes qonuni.

Xeyz qayta saylanmaslik uchun bergan va'dasini bajardi, Ogayo shtatidagi nafaqaga chiqdi va ijtimoiy va ta'lim islohotlarining himoyachisi bo'ldi. Biograf Ari Hoogenboom Xeysning eng katta yutug'i xalqning prezidentlikka bo'lgan ishonchini tiklash va undan keyin o'rnatilgan ijroiya hokimiyatining yomonlashuviga barham berish deb yozgan. Avraam Linkolnning o'ldirilishi 1865 yilda. Yordamchilar uning davlat xizmatini isloh qilish va fuqarolarning huquqlarini himoya qilish borasidagi sadoqatini yuqori baholadilar,[1] ammo tarixchilar va olimlar odatda Xeysni an o'rtacha darajadan o'rtacha darajadan pastroq prezidentga.[2][3]

Oila va erta hayot

Bolalik va oilaviy tarix

Ikki qavatli g'ishtli uy
Xeysning bolalik uyi Delaver (Ogayo shtati)

Rezerford Birchard Xeys tug'ilgan Delaver (Ogayo shtati), 1822 yil 4-oktabrda kichik Rezerford Xeys va Sofiya Birchardga. Xeysning otasi, a Vermont omborchi, 1817 yilda oilasini Ogayo shtatiga olib ketgan. U Rezerford tug'ilishidan o'n hafta oldin vafot etgan. Sofiya oilani boshqarishni o'z zimmasiga oldi, Xeys va uning singlisi Fanni voyaga yetguncha omon qolgan to'rt farzanddan ikkitasi.[4] U hech qachon qayta turmushga chiqmagan,[5] va Sofiyaning ukasi Sardis Birchard bir muncha vaqt oila bilan yashagan.[6] U har doim Xeys bilan yaqin bo'lgan va uning erta ta'lim olishiga hissa qo'shib, unga ota bo'lgan.[7]

Har bir ota-onasi orqali Xeys nasldan naslga o'tdi Yangi Angliya mustamlakachilar.[8] Uning eng qadimgi immigrant ajdodi keldi Konnektikut dan Shotlandiya 1625 yilda.[9] Xeysning bobosi Ezekiel Xeyz Konnektikutda militsiya kapitani bo'lgan Amerika inqilobiy urushi, ammo Hizqiyolning o'g'li (Xeyzning bobosi, shuningdek, Rezerford) uni qoldirgan Branford Vermontning nisbatan tinchligi uchun urush paytida uy.[10] Xuddi shu vaqtda onasining ajdodlari Vermontga ko'chib ketgan. Ogayo shtatidan tashqarida bo'lgan yaqin qarindoshlarining aksariyati u erda yashashni davom ettirdilar. Jon Noyes, turmush o'rtog'i tog'asi, Vermontda otasining biznes hamkori bo'lgan va keyinchalik Kongressga saylangan.[11] Uning birinchi amakivachchasi Meri Jeyn Mead haykaltaroshning onasi bo'lgan Larkin Goldsmith Mead va me'mor Uilyam Rezerford Mead.[11] Jon Xemfri Noys, asoschisi Oneida hamjamiyati, shuningdek, birinchi amakivachcha edi.[12]

Ma'lumot va dastlabki yuridik martaba

Xeys ishtirok etdi umumiy maktablar Ogayo shtatining Delaver shahrida va 1836 yilda ro'yxatdan o'tgan Metodist Norwalk seminariyasi yilda Norvalk (Ogayo shtati).[13] U Norvalkda yaxshi natija ko'rsatdi va keyingi yil Uebb maktabiga o'tdi, a tayyorlov maktabi yilda Midltaun, Konnektikut, u erda o'qigan Lotin va Qadimgi yunoncha.[14] Ogayo shtatiga qaytib, u ishtirok etdi Kenyon kolleji yilda Gambier 1838 yilda.[15] U Kenyonda bo'lgan vaqtidan zavqlanar edi va muvaffaqiyatli ravishda muvaffaqiyatga erishgan;[16] u erda bo'lganida, u bir nechta talabalar jamiyatlariga qo'shilib, qiziqib qoldi Whig siyosat. Uning sinfdoshlari ham qo'shildi Stenli Metyus va John Celivergos Zachos.[17][18] U bitirgan Phi Beta Kappa va 1842 yilda eng yuqori mukofotlar bilan va sinfga murojaat qildi valediktorian.[19]

Qisqadan keyin qonunni o'qish yilda Kolumb, Ogayo, Xeys qatnashish uchun sharqqa ko'chib o'tdi Garvard yuridik fakulteti 1843 yilda.[20] Bilan tugatish LL.B, u edi tan olindi 1845 yilda Ogayo shtatidagi barga va Quyi Sanduskida o'z yuridik idorasini ochgan (hozir Fremont ).[21] Dastlab biznes sust edi, lekin u asta-sekin mijozlarni jalb qildi va ko'chmas mulk bo'yicha sud jarayonlarida amakisi Sardisni ham himoya qildi.[22] 1847 yilda Xeys shifokorning fikri bilan kasal bo'lib qoldi sil kasalligi. Ob-havoning o'zgarishi yordam beradi deb o'ylar ekan, u u erga qo'shilishni o'ylardi Meksika-Amerika urushi, ammo uning o'rniga shifokorning maslahati bilan Yangi Angliyadagi oilaga tashrif buyurishdi.[23] U erdan qaytib, Xeys va uning amakisi Sardis uzoq yo'l bosib o'tishdi Texas, u erda Xeys tashrif buyurgan Yigit M. Bryan, Kenyonning sinfdoshi va uzoq qarindoshi.[24] Quyi Sanduskiga qaytishda biznes ozgina qoldi va Xeys ko'chib o'tishga qaror qildi Sinsinnati.[25]

Cincinnati amaliyoti va nikoh

Odam va momaning qora-oq rangli surati
Ruterford va Lyusi Xeys to'y kuni

Xeys 1850 yilda Cincinnatiga ko'chib o'tdi va advokat Jon V. Herron bilan yuridik idora ochdi Chillicothe.[26][a] Keyinchalik Herron ancha rivojlangan firma tarkibiga kirdi va Xeyz Uilyam K. Rojers va Richard M. Korvin bilan yangi hamkorlik aloqalarini o'rnatdi.[28] U Sincinnatida o'z biznesini yaxshiroq topdi va unga qo'shilib, uning ijtimoiy diqqatga sazovor joylaridan zavqlandi Cincinnati Adabiy Jamiyati va Odd Fellows Club.[29] U ham qatnashdi Yepiskop cherkovi Sincinnatida, lekin a'zo bo'lmadi.[29]

Xeys bo'lajak xotiniga murojaat qildi, Lyusi Uebb, u erda bo'lgan vaqtida.[30] Onasi uni bir necha yil oldin Lyusi bilan tanishishga undagan edi, ammo Xeys uning yoshligiga ishongan va e'tiborini boshqa ayollarga qaratgan.[31] To'rt yil o'tgach, Xeys Lyusi bilan ko'proq vaqt o'tkazishni boshladi. Ular 1851 yilda unashtirishdi va 1852 yil 30 dekabrda Lyusining onasining uyida turmush qurishdi.[30] Keyingi besh yil ichida Lyusi uchta o'g'il tug'di: Birchard Ostin (1853), Uebb Kuk (1856) va Rezerford Platt (1858).[28] A Metodist, Lucy a edi teetotaler va bekor qiluvchi. U bu masalada erining qarashlariga ta'sir qildi, garchi u hech qachon uning cherkoviga rasmiy ravishda qo'shilmagan bo'lsa.[32]

Xeys birinchi navbatda tijorat masalalari bilan shug'ullanadigan yuridik amaliyotini boshlagan, ammo Sinsinnatida jinoiy himoya bo'yicha advokat sifatida katta obro'ga ega bo'lgan,[33] qotillikda ayblangan bir necha kishini himoya qilish.[34] Bir holda, u bir shaklini ishlatgan aqldan ozish mudofaasi ayblanuvchini dor ostidan qutqargan; u o'rniga ruhiy muassasa bilan cheklangan edi.[35] Shuningdek, Xeys qochib ketgan va ostida ayblangan qullarni himoya qildi Qochqin qullar to'g'risidagi qonun 1850 y.[36] Tsintsinnati oldida edi Ogayo daryosi dan Kentukki, qul davlati, bu qullardan qochib qutulish uchun joy edi va bu kabi ko'plab ishlar uning sudlarida ko'rib chiqildi. Qat'iy bekor qiluvchisi, Xeys qochqin qullar nomidan qilgan ishi shaxsan mamnun va siyosiy jihatdan foydalidir, chunki bu uning yangi tashkil topgan obro'sini oshirdi. Respublika partiyasi.[37]

Uning professional obro'si bilan uning siyosiy obro'si ko'tarildi. Xeys 1856 yilda sudyalikka respublikachilar nomzodini rad etdi.[38] Ikki yil o'tgach, ba'zi respublikachilar Xeysga zaxira o'rindig'ini to'ldirishni taklif qilishdi va u ushbu lavozimga tayinlangunga qadar qabul qilishni o'ylab topdi. shahar advokati shuningdek bo'sh bo'ldi.[39] Shahar kengashi bo'sh joyni to'ldirish uchun Xeys shahar advokatini sayladi va saylovchilar uni 1859 yil aprelda boshqa respublikachilarga nisbatan ko'pchilik ovoz bilan ikki yillik muddatga sayladilar.[40]

Fuqarolar urushi

19-asr armiya kiyimidagi soqolli odam
Fuqarolar urushi formasidagi Xeys 1861 yilda

G'arbiy Virjiniya va Janubiy tog '

Janubiy shtatlar tezda ajralib chiqa boshlagach Linkoln 1860 yilda prezidentlikka saylangan Xeyz iliq edi Fuqarolar urushi ittifoqni tiklash uchun. Ikki tomon murosasiz bo'lishi mumkinligini hisobga olib, u Ittifoqga "[ularni] ketishni" taklif qildi.[41] Garchi Ogayo 1860 yilda Linkolnga ovoz bergan bo'lsa-da, Sinsinnati saylovchilari ajralib chiqqandan keyin Respublikachilar partiyasiga qarshi chiqishdi. Uning aholisi janubdan ko'plarni o'z ichiga olgan va ular demokratlarga ovoz berishgan Nou-nothings, 1861 yil aprel oyida shahar saylovlarini o'tkazish uchun birlashib, Xeysni shahar advokatlik idorasidan chiqarib yubordi.[42]

Xususiy amaliyotga qaytsak, Xeyz juda qisqa muddatli sheriklik munosabatlari tuzdi Leopold Markbreit, urush boshlanishidan uch kun oldin.[42] Keyin Konfederatlar Sumter Fortiga o'q uzdi, Xeys shubhalarini hal qildi va Adabiyot Jamiyati do'stlaridan tashkil topgan ko'ngilli kompaniyaga qo'shildi.[43] O'sha iyun oyida, gubernator Uilyam Dennison ko'ngillilar kompaniyasining bir nechta ofitserlarini lavozimlarga tayinladilar Ogayo shtatining ko'ngillilar piyodalarining 23-polk. Xeys lavozimiga ko'tarildi katta, va uning do'sti va kollej kursdoshi Stenli Metyus tayinlandi podpolkovnik.[44] A sifatida polkga qo'shilish xususiy boshqa kelajak prezident edi, Uilyam Makkinli.[44]

Bir oylik mashg'ulotdan so'ng Xeys va 23-Ogayo shtati 1861 yil iyulda g'arbiy Virjiniyaga yo'l oldi Kanawha Division.[45] Polk Konfederatlar bilan to'qnashgan sentyabrgacha ular dushman bilan uchrashmadilar Carnifex feriboti hozirgi kunda G'arbiy Virjiniya va ularni orqaga qaytarib yubordi.[46] Noyabr oyida Xeys podpolkovnik unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi (Metyus boshqa polk polkovnigi darajasiga ko'tarildi) va o'z qo'shinlarini g'arbiy Virjiniyaga chuqurroq olib bordi, u erda ular qishki binolarga kirishdi.[47] Bo'linish keyingi bahorda o'z harakatini davom ettirdi va Xeyz isyonchilar kuchlariga qarshi bir necha marta reydlar o'tkazdi, ulardan birida u tizzasidan engil jarohat oldi.[48] O'sha sentyabr oyida Xeysning polki generalni kuchaytirish uchun sharqqa chaqirildi Jon Papa "s Virjiniya armiyasi da Bull Running ikkinchi jangi.[49] Xeys va uning qo'shinlari jangga o'z vaqtida etib bormadilar, ammo qo'shilishdi Potomak armiyasi kesib o'tishga shimol tomon shoshilayotganda Robert E. Li "s Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasi ichiga kirib borayotgan edi Merilend.[49] Shimol tomon yurib, 23-chi Konfederatlar bilan to'qnash kelgan etakchi polk edi Janubiy tog 'jangi 14 sentyabr kuni.[50] Xeys qotib qolgan pozitsiyaga qarshi ayblovni qo'zg'atdi va chap qo'lidan otilib, suyakni sindirdi.[51] Uning odamlaridan biri qon ketishini to'xtatish uchun yara ustiga ro'molcha bog'lab qo'ydi va jangda o'z odamlarini boshqarishda davom etdi. Dam olish paytida u o'z odamlariga qanot hujumini kutib olishni buyurdi, aksincha uning butun qo'mondoni orqaga qarab harakat qildi va Xeyzni chiziqlar orasida yotdi.

Oxir-oqibat, uning odamlari Xeyzni o'z saflari ortiga qaytarishdi va u kasalxonaga yotqizildi. Polk davom etdi Antietam, ammo Xeyz kampaniyaning qolgan qismida ishdan chiqqan edi.[52] Oktyabr oyida u lavozimga ko'tarildi polkovnik va Kanavha diviziyasining birinchi brigadasi qo'mondonligiga a breket brigada generali.[53]

Shenandoah armiyasi

Armiya formasidagi soqolli odamning oq-qora tasviri
Jorj Krok Xeysning qo'mondoni va to'rtinchi o'g'lining ismdoshi edi

Bo'lim keyingi qish va bahorni yaqinida o'tkazdi Charlston, Virjiniya (hozirgi G'arbiy Virjiniya), dushman bilan aloqada bo'lmagan.[54] Xeyz 1863 yil iyulgacha bo'linish bilan to'qnash kelguniga qadar ozgina harakatlarni ko'rdi Jon Xant Morgan da otliqlar Buffington orolidagi jang.[55] Yozning qolgan qismida Charlstonga qaytib, Xeyz kuzni 23-Ogayo shtatining erkaklarini qayta ro'yxatdan o'tishga undash bilan o'tkazdi va ko'pchilik qo'shildi.[56] 1864 yilda G'arbiy Virjiniyada armiya qo'mondonligi tarkibi qayta tashkil etildi va Xeys bo'limi tayinlandi Jorj Krok "s G'arbiy Virjiniya armiyasi.[56] Virjiniyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismiga kirib, ular Konfederatsiyadagi tuz va qo'rg'oshin konlarini yo'q qildilar.[57] 9 may kuni ular Konfederatsiya qo'shinlarini jalb qilishdi Kloyd tog'i, bu erda Xeys va uning odamlari dushman qo'shinlarini zaryad qilishdi va isyonchilarni daladan haydashdi.[57] Ushbu marshrutdan keyin Ittifoq kuchlari Konfederatsiya zaxiralarini yo'q qildilar va yana dushman bilan muvaffaqiyatli kurash olib bordilar.[57]

Xeys va uning brigadasi ko'chib o'tishdi Shenandoax vodiysi uchun 1864 yilgi vodiy kampaniyalari. Krukin korpusi general-mayorga biriktirilgan edi Devid Xanter "s Shenandoah armiyasi va tez orada yana Konfederatsiya kuchlari bilan aloqada bo'lib, qo'lga olindi Leksington, Virjiniya 11 iyun kuni.[58] Ular janub tomonga qarab davom etishdi Lynchburg ilgarilab ketayotganlarida temir yo'lni yirtib tashlash,[58] ammo Hunter Linchburgdagi qo'shinlar juda kuchli ekanligiga ishongan va Xeys va uning brigadasi G'arbiy Virjiniyaga qaytib kelishgan.[58] Xeys Hunterga tajovuzkorlik etishmayapti deb o'ylardi va "General Crook Lynchburgni olgan bo'lardi" deb uyiga yozgan xatida.[58] Armiya yana bir bor urinib ko'rishdan oldin, Konfederat general Jubal erta Merilendga reyd shimolga qaytarib olishga majbur qildi. Dastlabki armiya ularni hayratga soldi Kernstaun 24 iyul kuni Xeys yelkasiga o'q bilan ozgina yaralangan.[59] Shuningdek, uning ostidan ot otilib chiqdi va qo'shin mag'lub bo'ldi.[59] Merilendga chekinib, armiya yana general-mayor bilan qayta tashkil etildi Filipp Sheridan Hunterni almashtirish.[60] Avgustga kelib, Erid vodiydan orqaga chekinayotgan edi, Sheridan esa uni ta'qib qildi. Xeys qo'shinlari Konfederatsiyaning hujumiga qarshi kurash olib borishdi Berrivil va oldinga Opequon Creek, ular dushman saflarini buzib, ularni janubga qarab ta'qib qildilar.[61] Ular g'alabani boshqasi bilan davom ettirishdi Fisher tepaligi 22 sentyabrda va yana bittasida Sidar Creek 19 oktyabrda.[62] Sidar Krikda Xeyz otdan uloqtirilgandan so'ng to'pig'ini tortib oldi va boshiga zarba berib, jiddiy zarar etkazmadi.[62] Uning etakchiligi va jasurligi boshliqlarining e'tiborini o'ziga qaratdi Uliss S. Grant Keyinchalik Xeysning yozishicha, "[h] maydonda o'zini tutish, shunchaki shaxsiy jasoratga qaraganda yuqori darajadagi fazilatlarni namoyon etish bilan birga ko'zga tashlanadigan gallantika bilan ajralib turardi".[63]

Sidar Krik kampaniyani yakunladi. Xeys lavozimiga ko'tarildi brigada generali 1864 yil oktyabrda va qisqartirilgan general-mayor.[64] Taxminan shu vaqt ichida Xeyz to'rtinchi o'g'li Jorj Kruuk Xeysning tug'ilishi haqida bilib oldi. Armiya yana bir bor qishki binolarga kirdi va 1865 yil bahorida Li Appomattoksda Grantga taslim bo'lishi bilan urush tezda tugadi. Xeys tashrif buyurdi Vashington, Kolumbiya May va kuzatilgan Armiyalarning katta sharhi, shundan so'ng u va 23rd Ogayo o'z xizmatlariga jalb qilinmasdan o'z uylariga qaytib kelishdi.[65]

Urushdan keyingi siyosat

Ogayo shtatidan AQSh Kongress a'zosi

Qora kostyum kiygan odamning fotosurati
Prezident Endryu Jonson va respublikachilar qayta qurish uchun kurashdilar

Xizmat qilish paytida Shenandoah armiyasi 1864 yilda Xeyz respublikachilar tomonidan nomzod qilib ko'rsatildi Vakillar palatasi dan Ogayo shtatining 2-kongress okrugi.[66] Cincinnatidagi do'stlari armiyani tark etib, saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borishni so'rashganda, u "bu inqiroz paytida saylovda qatnashadigan lavozimidan voz kechib, Kongressdagi o'rindiq uchun xizmat vazifasini o'tab beradigan ofitserning boshini sochish kerak" deb rad etdi.[66] Buning o'rniga, Xeyz saylovchilarga o'zining siyosiy mavqeini tushuntirib beradigan bir nechta maktublar yozdi va amaldagi Demokratdan 2400 ovoz ko'pchilik ovozi bilan saylandi. Aleksandr Long.[66]

Qachon 39-kongress 1865 yil dekabrda yig'ilgan Xeys katta respublikachilar ko'pchiligining bir qismi sifatida qasamyod qildi. Xeys partiyaning mo''tadil qanoti bilan birlashdi, ammo ovoz berishga tayyor edi radikallar partiyalar birligi uchun.[67] Kongressning asosiy qonunchilik harakatlari bu edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasiga o'n to'rtinchi o'zgartirish uchun, Xeyz ovoz bergan va 1866 yil iyun oyida Kongressning ikkala palatasidan o'tgan.[68] Xeysning e'tiqodi uning boshqa respublikachilarga mos edi Qayta qurish masalalar: Janubni Ittifoqqa qaytarish kerak, ammo etarli himoya qilinmasdan ozodlar va boshqa qora tanli janubliklar.[69] Prezident Endryu Jonson Linkolnning o'ldirilishidan keyin o'z lavozimini egallashga muvaffaq bo'lgan, aksincha, ajralib chiqqan davlatlarni yangi ozod qilingan qullarning fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi qonunlar qabul qilinishini ta'minlamasdan tezda qayta qabul qilishni xohlagan; u shuningdek, ko'plab etakchi sobiq Konfederatlarning afvlarini berdi.[69] Kongress respublikachilari bilan birgalikda Xeys bu fikrga qo'shilmadi. Ular Jonsonning Qayta qurish haqidagi qarashlarini rad etish va ushbu qarorni qabul qilish uchun harakat qilishdi 1866 yildagi fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun.[70]

1866 yilda qayta saylangan Xeyz yana qaytib keldi oqsoq o'rdak sessiyasi uchun ovoz berish Ofis qonuni muddati Jonson ma'muriy amaldorlarni Senatning roziligisiz ishdan bo'shata olmasligini ta'minladi.[71] Shuningdek, u muvaffaqiyatsiz tugmachani bosdi davlat xizmatini isloh qilish ko'plab islohotchi respublikachilarning ovozini jalb qilgan qonun loyihasi.[72] Xeys ko'pchilik ovoz bilan ovoz berishda davom etdi 40-kongress ustida Qayta qurish to'g'risidagi aktlar, ammo 1867 yil iyul oyida Ogayo shtatining gubernatori lavozimiga nomzodlik uchun iste'foga chiqdi.[73]

Ogayo shtati gubernatori

Ommabop kongressmen va sobiq armiya zobiti Xeyzni Ogayo respublikachilari 1867 yilgi saylov kampaniyasining eng yaxshi namunasi deb hisoblashgan.[74] Uning siyosiy qarashlari Respublikachilar partiyasining platformasidan ko'ra mo'tadil edi, garchi u Ogayo shtati konstitutsiyasiga kafolat beradigan o'zgartirish taklif qilinganiga rozi bo'lsa ham saylov huquqi Ogayo shtatining qora tanli erkaklariga.[74] Xeysning raqibi, Allen G. Turman, taklif qilingan tuzatishni kampaniyaning markaziga aylantirdi va qora saylov huquqiga qarshi chiqdi. Ikkala shaxs ham faol ravishda saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borishdi va shtat bo'ylab nutq so'zladilar, asosan saylov huquqi masalasiga e'tibor qaratdilar.[74] Saylov asosan respublikachilarning hafsalasini pir qildi, chunki tuzatish qabul qilinmadi va demokratlar ko'pchilik ovozni qo'lga kiritdi davlat qonun chiqaruvchi organi.[75] Avvaliga Xeys u ham yutqazdi deb o'ylardi, ammo yakuniy hisob uning 484603 ovozdan 2.983 ovozi bilan saylovda g'olib chiqqanligini ko'rsatdi.[75]

Demokratik qonun chiqaruvchisi bo'lgan respublikachi gubernator sifatida Xeys boshqaruvda cheklangan rolga ega edi, ayniqsa Ogayo shtati gubernatori yo'q edi veto kuch. Ushbu cheklovlarga qaramay, u kar-soqovlar uchun maktab va qizlar uchun islohotlar maktabini tashkil etishni nazorat qildi.[76] U ma'qulladi Prezident Endryu Jonsonni impichmenti va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatida bir ovozdan muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagan sudlanishga undaydi.[77] 1869 yilda ikkinchi muddatga nomzod qilib ko'rsatilgan Xeyz yana qora tanli Ogayo shtati uchun teng huquqlar uchun kurash olib bordi va Demokratik raqibiga qo'shilishga intildi, Jorj H. Pendlton, kelishmovchilik va Konfederatsiyaning xushyoqishlari bilan.[78] Xeys ko'pchilik ovoz bilan qayta saylandi va respublikachilar Ogayo tomonidan tasdiqlanishini ta'minlab, qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni egalladilar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasiga o'n beshinchi tuzatish bu qora (erkak) saylov huquqini kafolatlagan.[78] Respublikachilar qonun chiqaruvchi organi bilan Xeysning ikkinchi muddati yanada yoqimli o'tdi. Saylov huquqi kengaytirildi va davlat qishloq xo'jaligi va mexanika kolleji (keyinchalik The ga aylandi) Ogayo shtati universiteti ) tashkil etilgan.[79] Shuningdek, u davlat soliqlarini kamaytirish va davlat qamoqxonalari tizimini isloh qilishni taklif qildi.[80] Qayta saylanishga intilmaslikni tanlagan Xeys 1872 yilda siyosatdan ketishni orziqib kutdi.[81]

Shaxsiy hayot va siyosatga qaytish

Daraxtlar bilan o'ralgan katta g'ishtli uy
Xeysning uyi, Spiegel Grove, yilda Fremont, Ogayo shtati

Xeyz lavozimini tark etishga tayyorlanar ekan, islohotchi respublikachilarning bir nechta delegatsiyasi uni nomzodini qo'yishga undashdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati amaldagi respublikachiga qarshi, Jon Sherman.[81] Xeys rad etdi, partiya birligini saqlab qolish va shaxsiy hayotga nafaqaga chiqishni afzal ko'rdi.[81] U, ayniqsa, so'nggi besh yil ichida ikkitasi (qizi Fanni va o'g'li Skott) tug'ilgan farzandlari bilan vaqt o'tkazishni orziqib kutar edi.[82][b] Dastlab, Xeys tug'ilgan shahri Fremontga temir yo'l uzatmalarini targ'ib qilishga urindi. Shuningdek, u sotib olgan ba'zi ko'chmas mulkni boshqargan Dulut, Minnesota.[84] Siyosatdan butunlay chetlashtirilmagan, Xeyz a umidida edi kabinet tayinlash, lekin u Sincinnatida AQSh xazinachisi yordamchisi lavozimiga tayinlanganidan xafa bo'lib, u rad etdi.[85] U 1872 yilda o'zining eski uyidagi o'rindiqqa nomzod bo'lishga rozi bo'lgan, ammo saylovda yutqazganidan xafa bo'lmagan Genri B. Banning, o'rtoq Kenyon kolleji bitiruvchi.[86]

1873 yilda Lyusi boshqa o'g'il Manning Fors Xeysni tug'di.[87][c] Xuddi shu yili 1873 yilgi vahima butun mamlakat bo'ylab, shu jumladan Xeysning biznes istiqbollariga zarar etkazdi. O'sha yili uning amakisi Sardis Birchard vafot etdi va Xeys oilasi ko'chib o'tdi Spiegel Grove, Birchard ularni yodda tutib qurgan katta uy.[89] O'sha yili Xeys tog'asining Fremontga jamoat kutubxonasini berish uchun 50 ming dollarlik mol-mulkni Birchard kutubxonasi deb atashni vasiyat qilganligini e'lon qildi. U 1874 yilda Front ko'chasida ochilgan va 1878 yilda Fort Stivenson shtatidagi yangi binoda qurib bitkazilgan. (Ushbu sayt vasiyat qilish shartlariga muvofiq edi.) Xeys vafotigacha kutubxonaning vasiylik kengashi raisi bo'lib ishlagan.[90]

Xeys vahima paytida olgan qarzlarini to'lash uchun siyosatdan chetda qolishga umid qilar edi, ammo Respublikachilar shtati qurultoyi uni 1875 yilda gubernator lavozimiga taklif qilganida, u qabul qildi.[91] Uning Demokratik nomzodga qarshi kampaniyasi Uilyam Allen birinchi navbatda protestantlarning ehtimoli haqidagi qo'rquvlariga qaratilgan katolik maktablariga davlat yordami.[92] Xeys bunday moliyalashtirishga qarshi bo'lgan va shaxsan o'zi ma'lum bo'lmagan katoliklarga qarshi, u katoliklarga qarshi qizg'inlikka o'z nomzodiga bo'lgan ishtiyoqni qo'shishiga imkon berdi.[92] Kampaniya muvaffaqiyatli o'tdi va 1875 yil 12-oktabrda Xeyz 5544 ovoz ko'pchilik ovozi bilan gubernatorlikka qaytarildi.[92] Ogayo shtati gubernatori sifatida uchinchi muddatni qo'lga kiritgan birinchi kishi Xeyz davlat qarzini kamaytirdi, Xayriya kengashini qayta tikladi va katolik ruhoniylarini maktablar va jazoni ijro etish muassasalariga tayinlashga ruxsat bergan Geghan qonunini bekor qildi.[93]

1876 ​​yilgi saylov

Asosiy maqola: 1876 ​​yil AQShda prezident saylovi

Respublikachilar nominatsiyasi va Tildenga qarshi kampaniya

Sepiya rangidagi ikki kishining surati; biri soqolli, biri soqollangan
original Currier va Ives firmaning "Buyuk milliy bayroq" turkumidagi eng so'nggi va eng kam uchraydigan Hayz-Uiler chiptasi aks etgan reklama kampaniyasi

Xeysning Ogayo shtatidagi muvaffaqiyati uni darhol 1876 yilda prezidentlikka saylanadigan respublikachi siyosatchilarning yuqori darajalariga ko'tardi.[94] Ogayo shtati delegatsiyasi 1876 ​​yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani uning orqasida birlashgan va senator Jon Sherman Hayes nomzodini qo'lga kiritish uchun qo'lidan kelgan barcha ishni qildi.[95] 1876 ​​yil iyun oyida anjuman yig'ildi Jeyms G. Bleyn ning Meyn favorit sifatida.[96] Bleyn delegatlar sonini sezilarli ustunlik bilan boshladi, ammo ko'pchilikni tashkil qila olmadi. U ovoz to'play olmaganligi sababli, delegatlar nomzodni boshqa joydan qidirib topdilar va ettinchi byulletenda Xeysga joylashdilar.[97] Qurultoyda Vakil tanlandi Uilyam A. Uiler dan Nyu York vitse-prezident uchun, yaqinda Xeys haqida so'ragan odam "Men aytishga uyalaman: Uiler kim?"[98]

Demokratik nomzod edi Samuel J. Tilden, Nyu-York gubernatori. Tilden, Xeyz singari, halollik obro'siga ega bo'lgan dahshatli dushman deb hisoblanardi.[99] Shuningdek, Xeys singari, Tilden ham a qattiq pul inson va davlat xizmati islohotini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[99] Vaqt odatiga ko'ra, kampaniyani surrogatlar olib borgan, Xeys va Tilden o'z shaharlarida qolishgan.[100] Yomon iqtisodiy sharoitlar hokimiyatdagi partiyani yoqtirmaslikka olib keldi va Xeysni saylovda yutqazadi deb gumon qildi.[101] Ikkala nomzodlar ham shtatlarning belanchak shtatlariga jamlangan Nyu York va Indiana, shuningdek uchta janubiy shtatlar -Luiziana, Janubiy Karolina va Florida - qaerda Qayta qurish Respublikachilar hukumatlari takrorlanadigan siyosiy zo'ravonliklar, shu jumladan, bostirish bo'yicha keng ko'lamli harakatlar orasida hali ham zo'rg'a hukmronlik qildilar ozodlik ovoz berish.[102] Respublikachilar janubiy demokratlar fuqarolar urushini qo'zg'atganidan ko'p o'tmay, demokratlarga millatni boshqarish huquqini berish xavfini va demokratiya ma'muriyati janubiy qora tanlilarning yaqinda qo'lga kiritgan fuqarolik huquqlariga nisbatan xavf tug'dirishini ta'kidladilar.[103] Demokratlar, o'z navbatida, Tildenning islohotlar haqidagi yozuvlarini karnay qilib, buni "bilan" taqqosladilar amaldagi Grant ma'muriyatining korrupsiyasi.[104]

Saylov kuni daromadlar hisoblab chiqilgach, poyga yaqinligi aniq edi: Demokratlar janubning katta qismini, shuningdek, Nyu-York, Indiana, Konnektikut va Nyu-Jersi.[105] Shimoli-sharqda muhojirlar va ularning avlodlari tobora ko'payib borayotgan Demokratlarga ovoz berishdi. Tilden xalq ovozini qo'lga kiritgan va 184 saylovchining ovoziga da'vogarlik qilgan bo'lsa-da, respublikachilar rahbarlari natijalarga qarshi chiqishdi va demokratlarni firibgarlikda va Florida, Luiziana va Janubiy Karolinada qora tanlilarni (aks holda respublikachilarga ovoz bergan bo'lardilar) bostirishda ayblashdi.[106] Respublikachilar, agar ular uchta bahsli bo'lsa, buni tushunib etishdi qayta tiklanmagan ba'zi g'arbiy shtatlar bilan birga janubiy shtatlar, ular bilan paydo bo'ladi saylovchilar kolleji ko'pchilik.[107]

Saylovchilarning bahsli ovozlari

Asosiy maqolalar: 1877 yilgi murosaga kelish va Saylov komissiyasi (AQSh)

11-noyabr kuni, saylov kunidan uch kun o'tgach, Tilden 184 saylovchilar ovozini qo'lga kiritganga o'xshab qoldi, aksariyat ko'pchilik ovoz.[108] Xeys 166 ovozga ega bo'lib chiqdi, Florida, Luiziana va Janubiy Karolinaning 19 ovozi hali ham shubha ostida.[108] Respublikachilar va demokratlar har biri so'nggi uchta shtatda g'alaba qozonganini da'vo qilishdi, ammo ikkala tomon firibgarligi tufayli ushbu shtatlarda natijalar noaniq bo'lib chiqdi.[109] Ishni yanada murakkablashtirish uchun, uchta saylovchidan biri Oregon (shtat Xeys g'alaba qozongan) diskvalifikatsiya qilindi, Xeysning umumiy soni 165 ga kamaydi va bahsli ovozlar 20 ga ko'tarildi. [110][d] Agar Xeyzga bahsli 20 ovozning hammasi berilmagan bo'lsa, Tilden prezident etib saylanar edi.

1876 ​​yildagi saylov natijalarini ko'rsatadigan AQSh xaritasi
1876 ​​yilgi saylov natijalari, shtatlarda Xeys g'olib chiqqan qizilva Tilden qo'lga kiritganlar ko'k

Kongressning qaysi shaxsiga yoki uyiga saylovchilarning raqobatdosh slanetslari o'rtasida qaror qabul qilishga vakolat berilganligi to'g'risida jiddiy munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi, Respublikachilar Senati va Demokratik Uy har birining ustuvorligini da'vo qildilar.[112] 1877 yil yanvariga kelib, bu savol hali hal qilinmagan, Kongress va Prezident Grant masalani ikki tomonga taqdim etishga rozi bo'ldi Saylov komissiyasi saylovchilarning bahsli ovozlari taqdirini aniqlashga vakolatli bo'lar edi.[113] Komissiya besh kishidan iborat bo'lishi kerak edi vakillar, besh senatorlar va beshta Oliy sud sudyalari.[114] Partiyalar muvozanatini ta'minlash uchun Adolat bilan etti demokrat va etti respublikachi bo'lar edi Devid Devis, ikkala tomon ham hurmat qiladigan, 15-a'zo sifatida mustaqil.[114] Demokratlar qachon muvozanat buzilgan edi Illinoys qonun chiqaruvchisi ovozini chalg'itishga umid qilib, Devisni Senatga sayladi.[115] Devis Senatga saylangani sababli Komissiyada ishlashdan bosh tortib, demokratlarning ko'nglini qoldirdi.[115] Qolgan barcha odil sudlovchilar respublikachilar bo'lganligi sababli, Adolat Jozef P. Bredli, ulardan eng mustaqil fikrlovchi deb hisoblanib, Devisning Komissiyadagi o'rnini egallash uchun tanlangan.[116] Komissiya fevral oyida yig'ilgan va sakkiz respublikachi Xeysga barcha 20 ta saylovchilar ovozini berish uchun ovoz bergan.[117] Natijadan g'azablangan demokratlar, a muvozanatlash Kongressning Komissiya xulosalarini qabul qilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik.[118]

Inauguratsiya kuni yaqinlashganda, Respublikachilar va Demokratik Kongress rahbarlari bu erda uchrashishdi Wormley's Hotel Vashingtonda muzokara o'tkazish uchun a murosaga kelish. Respublikachilar Qo'mitaning qaroriga Demokratik ravishda qo'shilish evaziga imtiyozlar berishni va'da qilishdi. Xeys va'da qilgan asosiy imtiyoz - federal qo'shinlarning janubdan chiqarilishi va qolgan "qayta tiklanmagan" janubiy shtatlarda Demokratik hukumatlar saylovini qabul qilish edi.[119] Demokratlar bunga rozi bo'lishdi va 2-mart kuni filibuster tugatildi. Xeys saylandi, ammo Qayta qurish tugadi va erkinlar o'z huquqlarini himoya qilmoqchi bo'lmagan oq tanli demokratlar rahnamoligida qoldi.[120] 3 aprelda Xeys harbiy kotibga buyruq berdi Jorj V. da joylashgan federal qo'shinlarni olib chiqish Janubiy Karolina shtati uyi ularning baraklariga. 20 aprelda u McCrary-ga joylashgan federal qo'shinlarni yuborishni buyurdi Yangi Orlean Sent-Luis mehmonxonasi Jekson barakasi.[121]

Prezidentlik (1877–1881)

Asosiy maqola: Rezerford B. Xeyz prezidentligi

Inauguratsiya

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy binosi tashqarisida ko'plab odamlar
Bosh sudya Morrison R. Vayt Xeysga qasamyod qilish

1877 yil 4 mart yakshanba bo'lganligi sababli, Xeys 3 mart shanba kuni yakka tartibda qasamyod qildi. Qizil xona ning oq uy, Ijroiya uyida buni qilgan birinchi prezident. U 5 mart kuni Sharqiy Portikoda qasamyod qabul qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy.[122] O'zining ochilish marosimida Xeys so'nggi bir necha oy ichida ehtiroslarni tinchlantirishga urinib, "u o'z partiyasiga eng yaxshi xizmat qiladi, kim o'z mamlakatiga eng yaxshi xizmat qiladi" deb aytdi.[123] U janubdagi "dono, halol va tinch mahalliy o'zini o'zi boshqarish" ni hamda islohotlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga va'da berdi davlat xizmati va to'liq qaytish oltin standart.[124] Uning yarashtirish to'g'risidagi xabariga qaramay, ko'plab demokratlar Xeyzning saylanishini hech qachon qonuniy deb hisoblamadilar va kelasi to'rt yil davomida uni "Ruterfraud" yoki "Uning firibgarligi" deb atashdi.[125]

Janub va tiklanishning oxiri

Xeyz respublikachini qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatlagan edi Qayta qurish uning karerasi davomida siyosat, ammo prezidentlik davridagi birinchi muhim harakat - Qayta qurishni tugatish va janubning "uy boshqaruvi" ga qaytishi.[126] Uormli mehmonxonasi shartnomasi shartlari bo'lmagan taqdirda ham, Xeys avvalgilarining siyosatini davom ettirishga qiynalgan bo'lar edi. Vakillar palatasi 45-kongress Demokratlarning aksariyati tomonidan nazorat qilingan va ular armiyani Janubni garnizon qilishni davom ettirish uchun etarli mablag 'ajratishdan bosh tortgan.[127] Hatto respublikachilar orasida ham doimiy Janubiy isyon va zo'ravonlik sharoitida davom etayotgan harbiy qayta qurishga sodiqlik susaymoqda edi.[128] Xeyz prezidentlikka kirishganida va ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonunlarni amalga oshirish uchun qo'shinlarsiz ular tez orada Demokratik nazoratga o'tib ketgandan keyingina faqat ikkita shtat Tiklanishning ta'sirida edi.[129][e]

Keyinchalik Xeysning janubiy qora tanlilar huquqlarini himoya qilishga urinishlari samarasiz bo'lib, uning janubda respublikachilar kuchini tiklashga urinishlari ham samarasiz edi.[131] Biroq, u Kongressning federal saylovlarni kuzatishda federal hokimiyatni cheklash bo'yicha harakatlarini mag'lubiyatga uchratdi.[132] Kongressdagi demokratlar armiyadan o'tdilar mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi 1879 yilda a chavandoz bekor qildi Majburiy ijro aktlari, bostirish uchun ishlatilgan Ku-kluks-klan. Bo'limlar janub bo'ylab gullab-yashnagan va bu ozodliklarga hujum qilgan va ularni bostirgan qo'zg'olonchilar guruhlaridan biri bo'lgan.[132] Qayta qurish davrida qabul qilingan ushbu Hujjatlar, kimningdir irqi tufayli ovoz berishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik jinoyatga aylandi. Kabi boshqa harbiylashtirilgan guruhlar, masalan Qizil ko'ylaklar karolinalarda esa ozodlarni qo'rqitgan va ovoz berishni bostirgan. Xeys qora tanli saylovchilarni himoya qiluvchi qonunni saqlab qolishga bel bog'ladi va o'zlashtirishga veto qo'ydi.[132]

Demokratlar vetoni bekor qilish uchun etarli ovozga ega bo'lmadilar, ammo ular xuddi shu chavandoz bilan yangi qonun loyihasini qabul qildilar. Xeys ushbu qonun loyihasiga ham veto qo'ydi va jarayon yana uch marta takrorlandi.[132] Nihoyat, Xeys tajovuzkor chavandozsiz mablag 'ajratdi, ammo Kongress Majburiy ijro hujjatlarini ijro etish uchun muhim bo'lgan federal marshallarni moliyalashtirish uchun boshqa qonun loyihasini qabul qilishdan bosh tortdi.[132] Saylov to'g'risidagi qonunlar o'z kuchida qoldi, ammo ularni amalga oshirish uchun mablag 'hozircha cheklandi.[133]

Xeys ijtimoiyni yarashtirishga harakat qildi xulq-atvor yaqinda qabul qilingan fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunlar bilan janubiy demokratlar o'rtasida homiylikni tarqatish orqali. "Mening vazifam rang chizig'ini yo'q qilish, seksionalizmni yo'q qilish, urushni tugatish va tinchlikni o'rnatish edi", deb yozgan u o'z kundaligida. "Buning uchun men g'ayrioddiy choralarni ko'rishga va partiyam va mamlakat ichidagi o'z obro'-e'tiborim va obro'-e'tiborimni xavf ostiga qo'yishga tayyor edim."[134] Uning barcha urinishlari besamar ketdi; Xeys janubni qonuniy irqiy tenglikni qabul qilishga yoki Kongressni majburiy mablag'larni jalb qilish uchun tegishli mablag'larga ishontirishga ishontirmadi. fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunlar.[135]

Davlat xizmatini isloh qilish

Xeys o'z lavozimiga kelib, davlat xizmatiga tayinlash tizimini isloh qilishga qaror qildi tizimni buzadi beri Endryu Jekson prezidentligi.[136][f] Federal ish joylarini siyosiy tarafdorlariga berish o'rniga, Xeyz ularni an imtihon barcha abituriyentlar oladigan.[138] Xeysning islohotga da'vati uni zudlik bilan ziddiyatga olib keldi Stalvar, yoki Respublika partiyasining filiali. Ikkala partiyaning senatorlari siyosiy tayinlovlar to'g'risida maslahat olishga odatlanib, Xeysga qarshi chiqishdi. Uning dushmanlari orasida birinchi bo'lib Nyu-York senatori bo'lgan Roscoe Conkling, Xeysning islohot harakatlariga qarshi har qadamda kurashgan.[139]

Islohotga sodiqligini ko'rsatish uchun Xeys islohotlarning eng taniqli tarafdorlaridan birini tayinladi, Karl Shurts, bolmoq Ichki ishlar kotibi va Schurzdan so'radi va Davlat kotibi Uilyam M. Evarts federal tayinlash uchun yangi qoidalarni ishlab chiqish bilan shug'ullanadigan maxsus kabinet qo'mitasiga rahbarlik qilish.[140] Moliya kotibi Jon Sherman buyurdi Jon Jey tergov qilish Nyu-York maxsus uyi, bu Konklingning talon-tarojchilari bilan to'ldirilgan edi.[138] Jeyning hisobotida ta'kidlanishicha, Nyu-York Custom House siyosiy tayinlanganlar bilan shunchalik ko'pki, ishchilarning 20% ​​sarflanadigan.[141]

Bir odamning boshqasini binodan quvib chiqarishi haqidagi multfilm
Xeys tepayotgani haqidagi multfilm Chester A. Artur Nyu-York Custom House-dan tashqarida

Garchi u Kongressni talon-taroj qilish tizimini taqiqlashiga ishontira olmasa ham, Xeyz an ijro buyrug'i federal idora xodimlaridan saylovoldi tashviqotini o'tkazish yoki partiyaning siyosiy faoliyatida boshqacha tarzda ishtirok etishni taqiqlagan.[141] Chester A. Artur, Nyu-York portining kollektsioneri va uning bo'ysunuvchilari Alonzo B. Kornell va Jorj X. Sharpe, barcha Konkling tarafdorlari buyruqqa bo'ysunishdan bosh tortdilar.[141] 1877 yil sentyabr oyida Xeyz o'zlarining iste'folarini talab qildilar, ular berishdan bosh tortdilar. U tayinlanishlarni topshirdi Teodor Ruzvelt, kichik, L. Bredford shahzodasi va Edvin Merritt - Konklingning Nyu-Yorkdagi raqibi Evartsning barcha tarafdorlari - ularning o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida tasdiqlash uchun Senatga.[142] Senatning Savdo qo'mitasi, Konkling raisligida, nomzodlarni rad etish uchun bir ovozdan ovoz berdi. Senatning to'liq tarkibi Ruzvelt va Shahzodani 31–25 ovoz bilan rad etdi va Merritni Sharpning muddati tugagani uchun tasdiqladi.[143]

Xeys 1878 yil iyulgacha kutishga majbur bo'ldi, u Kongress ta'tilida Artur va Kornellni ishdan bo'shatib, ularni o'rniga qo'ydi tanaffusga tayinlash Merritt va Silas V. Burt navbati bilan.[144][g] Senat 1879 yil fevralda qayta yig'ilgach, Konkling tayinlanganlarning tasdiqlanishiga qarshi chiqdi, ammo Merrit 31–25, Burt esa 31–19 ovoz bilan tasdiqlandi va Xeysga davlat xizmatidagi islohotlarning eng muhim g'alabasini taqdim etdi.[146]

Qolgan muddat davomida Xeyz Kongressni doimiy islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni qabul qilish va mablag 'bilan ta'minlash uchun bosim o'tkazdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining davlat xizmati bo'yicha komissiyasi, hatto oxirgi foydalanib yillik xabar islohot uchun murojaat qilish uchun 1880 yilda Kongressga. Hays prezidentligi davrida islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonunchilik qabul qilinmadi, ammo uning advokati "muhim pretsedent hamda siyosiy turtki berdi" Pendlton to'g'risidagi qonun of 1883," which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur.[147] Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments, permitting George Congdon Gorham, secretary of the Republican Congressional Committee, to solicit campaign contributions from federal officeholders during the Congressional elections of 1878.[148] 1880 yilda Xeys tezda dengiz floti kotibini majbur qildi Richard V. Tompson to resign after Thompson accepted a $25,000 salary for a nominal job offered by French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps to promote a French canal in Panama.[149]

Hayes also dealt with corruption in the postal service. In 1880, Schurz and Senator Jon A. Logan asked Hayes to shut down the "star route " rings, a system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service, and to fire Second Assistant Postmaster-General Thomas J. Brady, the alleged ringleader.[150] Hayes stopped granting new star route contracts but let existing contracts continue to be enforced.[151] Democrats accused him of delaying proper investigation so as not to damage Republicans' chances in the 1880 elections but did not press the issue in their campaign literature, as members of both parties were implicated in the corruption.[150] Tarixchi Hans L. Trefousse later wrote that Hayes "hardly knew the chief suspect [Brady] and certainly had no connection with the [star route] corruption."[152] Although Hayes and the Congress both investigated the contracts and found no compelling evidence of wrongdoing, Brady and others were indicted for conspiracy in 1882.[153] After two trials, the defendants were acquitted in 1883.[154]

Buyuk temir yo'l ish tashlashi

Asosiy maqola: 1877 yildagi buyuk temir yo'l ish tashlashi
Yonayotgan bino
Burning of Union Depot, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 21–22, 1877

In his first year in office, Hayes was faced with the United States' largest labor uprising to date, the 1877 yildagi buyuk temir yo'l ish tashlashi.[155] To make up for financial losses suffered since the panic of 1873, the major railroads had cut their employees' wages several times in 1877.[156] In July of that year, workers at the Baltimor va Ogayo temir yo'li walked off the job in Martinsburg, G'arbiy Virjiniya, to protest their reduction in pay.[157] The urish quickly spread to workers of the Nyu-York Markaziy, Eri va Pensilvaniya railroads, with the strikers soon numbering in the thousands.[158] Fearing a g'alayon, Hokim Genri M. Metyuz asked Hayes to send federal troops to Martinsburg, and Hayes did so, but when the troops arrived there was no riot, only a peaceful protest.[159] Yilda Baltimor ammo, a riot did erupt on July 20, and Hayes ordered the troops at Fort-Xenri to assist the governor in suppressing it.[158]

Pitsburg exploded into riots next, but Hayes was reluctant to send in troops without the governor's request.[158] Other discontented citizens joined the railroad workers in rioting.[160] After a few days, Hayes resolved to send in troops to protect federal property wherever it appeared to be threatened and gave Major General Uinfild Skot Xenkok overall command of the situation, marking the first use of federal troops to break a strike against a private company.[158] The riots spread further, to Chikago va Sent-Luis, where strikers shut down railroad facilities.[158]

By July 29, the riots had ended and federal troops returned to their barracks.[161] No federal troops had killed any of the strikers, or been killed themselves, but clashes between state militia troops and strikers resulted in deaths on both sides.[162] The railroads were victorious in the short term, as the workers returned to their jobs and some wage cuts remained in effect. But the public blamed the railroads for the strikes and violence, and they were compelled to improve working conditions and make no further cuts.[163] Korxonalar rahbarlari Xeysni maqtashdi, lekin uning fikri ko'proq ochiqchasiga edi; as he recorded in his diary:

"The strikes have been put down by force; lekin hozir uchun haqiqiy remedy. Can't something [be] done by education of strikers, by judicious control of capitalists, by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil? The railroad strikers, as a rule, are good men, sober, intelligent, and industrious."[164]

Valyuta bahslari

Odamning o'tirgan oq-qora fotosurati
Moliya kotibi Jon Sherman mamlakatni oltin standartga qaytarish uchun Xeys bilan ishlagan.

Hayes confronted two issues regarding the valyuta, ulardan birinchisi coinage of silver va uning aloqasi oltin. 1873 yilda 1873 yildagi tangalar to'g'risidagi qonun stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more, effectively tying the dollar to the value of gold. Natijada money supply contracted and the effects of the Panic of 1873 grew worse, making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable.[165] Farmers and laborers, especially, clamored for the return of coinage in both metals, believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values.[166] Demokratik vakil Richard P. Bland ning Missuri proposed a bill to require the United States to coin as much silver as miners could sell the government, thus increasing the money supply and aiding debtors.[167] Uilyam B. Allison, respublikachi Ayova, offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month, and the resulting Bland-Allison qonuni passed both houses of Congress in 1878.[167] Hayes feared the Act would cause inflyatsiya that would be ruinous to business, effectively impairing contracts that were based on the gold dollar, as the silver dollar proposed in the bill would have an intrinsic value of 90 to 92 percent of the existing gold dollar.[168] He also believed that inflating the currency was dishonest, saying, "[e]xpediency and justice both demand an honest currency."[168] He vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode his veto, the only time it did so during his presidency.[167]

The second issue concerned Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari eslatmalari (odatda chaqiriladi Yashillar ), shakli fiat currency first issued during the Civil War. The government accepted these notes as valid for payment of taxes and tariffs, but unlike ordinary dollars, they were not redeemable in gold.[167] The To'lovni qayta tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun of 1875 required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold, thus retiring them from circulation and restoring a single, gold-backed currency.[167] Sherman agreed with Hayes's favorable opinion of the Act, and stockpiled gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for gold.[168] But once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for specie (gold), few did so; when the Act took effect in 1879, only $130,000 of the outstanding $346,000,000 in greenbacks were actually redeemed.[169] Together with the Bland–Allison Act, the successful specie resumption effected a workable compromise between inflationists and qattiq pul men and, as the world economy began to improve, agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayes's presidency.[170]

Tashqi siyosat

Qulflangan darvoza oldida o'tirgan xitoylik
A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing Chinese exclusion

Most of Hayes's foreign-policy concerns involved lotin Amerikasi. 1878 yilda quyidagilarga amal qilgan Paragvay urushi, he arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina va Paragvay.[171] Hayes awarded the disputed land in the Gran Chako region to Paraguay, and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city (Villa Xeys ) va a Bo'lim (Prezident Xeys ) uning sharafiga.[171] Hayes became concerned over the plans of Ferdinand de Lesseps, quruvchisi Suvaysh kanali, to construct a canal across the Panama Istmusi, keyin qismi Kolumbiya.[172] Worried about a repetition of French adventurism in Mexico, Xeyz Monro doktrinasi firmly.[173] In a message to Congress, Hayes explained his opinion on the canal: "The policy of this country is a canal under American control ... The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers."[173]

The Meksika chegarasi also drew Hayes's attention. Throughout the 1870s, "lawless bands" often crossed the border on raids into Texas.[174] Three months after taking office, Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue qaroqchilar, even if it required crossing into Mexican territory.[174] Meksika prezidenti Porfirio Dias protested the order and sent troops to the border.[174] The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States.[175] The violence along the border decreased, and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico.[176]

Outside the Western hemisphere, Hayes's biggest foreign-policy concern dealt with Xitoy. In 1868 the Senate had ratified the Burlingam shartnomasi with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of Xitoylik muhojirlar Qo'shma Shtatlarga As the economy soured after the 1873 yilgi vahima, Chinese immigrants were blamed in the American West for depressing workmen's wages.[177] During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, anti-Chinese riots broke out in San-Fransisko va a uchinchi tomon, Workingman's Party, formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration.[177] In response, Congress passed a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty.[178] Hayes vetoed the bill, believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation.[179] The veto drew praise from eastern liberals, but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the West.[179] In the subsequent furor, Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impichment him, but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a kvorum by refusing to vote.[180] After the veto, Davlat kotibining yordamchisi Frederik V. Seward suggested that the countries work together to reduce immigration, and he and Jeyms Burril Angell negotiated with the Chinese to do so.[180] Congress passed a new law to that effect, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, after Hayes had left office.[180]

Hindiston siyosati

An 1881 political cartoon about Karl Shurts 's management of the Indian Bureau

Ichki ishlar kotibi Karl Shurts carried out Hayes's Amerikalik hindu policy, beginning with preventing the Urush bo'limi from taking over the Hindiston ishlari byurosi.[181] Hayes and Schurz carried out a policy that included assimilation into white culture, educational training, and dividing Indian land into individual household allotments.[182] Hayes believed his policies would lead to self-sufficiency and peace between Indians and whites.[183] The ajratish tizimi under the Dawes Act, later signed by President Cleveland in 1887, was favored by liberal reformers at the time, including Schurz, but instead proved detrimental to American Indians. They lost much of their land through sales of what the government classified as "surplus lands", and more to unscrupulous white chayqovchilar who tried to get the Indians to sell their allotments.[184] Hayes and Schurz reformed the Hindiston ishlari byurosi to reduce fraud and gave Indians responsibility for policing their reservations, but they were generally understaffed.[185]

Hayes dealt with several conflicts with Indian tribes. The Nez Perce, boshchiligida Bosh Jozef, boshlangan qo'zg'olon in June 1877 when Major General Oliver O. Xovard ordered them to move to a bron qilish. Howard's men defeated the Nez Perce in battle, and the tribe began a 1,700-mile retreat to Kanada.[186] In October, after a decisive battle at Oyoq panjasi, Montana, Chief Joseph surrendered and Uilyam T. Sherman ordered the tribe transported to Indian Territory in Kanzas, where they were forced to remain until 1885.[187] The Nez Perce war was not the last conflict in the West, as the Bannok rose up in spring 1878 in Idaho and raided nearby settlements before being defeated by Howard's army in July.[181] Bilan urush Ute qabilasi broke out in Colorado in 1879 when some Ute killed Indian agent Nathan Meeker, who had been attempting to convert them to Christianity. Keyingi White River War ended when Schurz negotiated peace with the Ute and prevented white settlers from taking revenge for Meeker's death.[188]

Hayes also became involved in resolving the removal of the Ponca qabilasi Nebraska ga Hindiston hududi (Bugungi kun Oklaxoma ) because of a misunderstanding during the Grant administration. The tribe's problems came to Hayes's attention after its chief, Tik turgan ayiq, filed a lawsuit to contest Schurz's demand that they stay in Indian Territory. Overruling Schurz, Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled the Ponca were free to return to their home territory in Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory. The Ponca were awarded compensation for their land rights, which had been previously granted to the Si.[189] In a message to Congress in February 1881, Hayes insisted he would "give to these injured people that measure of redress which is required alike by justice and by humanity."[190]

Great Western Tour of 1880

Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes by Eliphalet Frazer Endryus, 1881

In 1880, Hayes embarked on a 71-day tour of the American West, becoming the second sitting president to travel west of the Rocky Mountains. (Hayes's immediate predecessor, Ulysses Grant, visited Utah in 1875.) Hayes's traveling party included his wife and Uilyam T. Sherman, who helped organize the trip. Hayes began his trip in September 1880, departing from Chicago on the transkontinental temir yo'l. He journeyed across the continent, ultimately arriving in California, stopping first in Wyoming and then Utah and Nevada, reaching Sacramento and San Francisco. By railroad and stagecoach, the party traveled north to Oregon, arriving in Portland, and from there to Vancouver, Washington. Going by steamship, they visited Seattle, and then returned to San Francisco. Hayes then toured several southwestern states before returning to Ohio in November, in time to cast a vote in the 1880 presidential election.[191]

Hayes's White House

Hayes and his wife Lyusi were known for their policy of keeping an alcohol-free White House, giving rise to her nickname "Lemonade Lucy."[192] The first reception at the Hayes White House included wine,[193] but Hayes was dismayed at drunken behavior at receptions hosted by ambassadors around Washington, leading him to follow his wife's mo''tadillik suyanish.[194] Alcohol was not served again in the Hayes White House. Critics charged Hayes with parsimony, but Hayes spent more money (which came out of his personal budget) after the ban, ordering that any savings from eliminating alcohol be used on more lavish entertainment.[195] His temperance policy also paid political dividends, strengthening his support among Protestant ministers.[194] Although Secretary Evarts quipped that at the White House dinners, "water flowed like wine," the policy was a success in convincing prohibitionists to vote Republican.[196]

Ma'muriyat va kabinet

Bir necha kishi stol atrofida o'tirishdi
Currier va Ives lithograph of the Hayes cabinet in 1877
The Hayes Cabinet
IdoraIsmMuddat
PrezidentRezerford B. Xeys1877–1881
Vitse prezidentUilyam A. Uiler1877–1881
Davlat kotibiUilyam M. Evarts1877–1881
G'aznachilik kotibiJon Sherman1877–1881
Urush kotibiJorj V.1877–1879
Aleksandr Ramsey1879–1881
Bosh prokurorCharlz Devens1877–1881
Pochta mudiriDevid M. Key1877–1880
Horace Maynard1880–1881
Dengiz kuchlari kotibiRichard V. Tompson1877–1880
Natan Goff, kichik1881
Ichki ishlar kotibiKarl Shurts1877–1881

Sud tayinlovlari

Asosiy maqola: Rezerford B. Xeyz tomonidan tayinlangan federal sudyalar ro'yxati
Soqolli odamning oq-qora fotosurati
Stanley Matthews's confirmation to the Supreme Court was more difficult than Hayes expected.

Hayes appointed two Associates Adliya uchun Oliy sud. The first vacancy occurred when David Davis resigned to enter the Senate during the election controversy of 1876. On taking office, Hayes appointed Jon Marshall Xarlan to the seat. A former candidate for governor of Kentucky, Harlan had been Benjamin Bristov 's campaign manager at the 1876 Republican convention, and Hayes had earlier considered him for bosh prokuror.[197] Hayes submitted the nomination in October 1877, but it aroused some dissent in the Senate because of Harlan's limited experience in public office.[197] Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for 34 years, voting (usually in the minority) for aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws.[197] In 1880, a second seat became vacant upon the resignation of Justice Uilyam Strong. Hayes nominated Uilyam Bernx Vuds, a gilam sumkasi Respublika tuman sudi judge from Alabama.[198] Woods served six years on the Court, ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayes's own preferences.[199]

Hayes unsuccessfully attempted to fill a third vacancy in 1881. Justice Nuh Xeyns Sveyne resigned with the expectation that Hayes would fill his seat by appointing Stenli Metyus, a friend of both men.[200] Many senators objected to the appointment, believing that Matthews was too close to corporate and railroad interests, especially those of Jey Gould,[201] and the Senate adjourned without voting on the nomination.[200] The following year, when Jeyms A. Garfild entered the White House, he resubmitted Matthews's nomination to the Senate, which this time confirmed Matthews by one vote, 24 to 23.[200] Matthews served for eight years until his death in 1889. His opinion in Hik Vo va Xopkins in 1886 advanced his and Hayes's views on the protection of ethnic minorities' rights.[202]

Later life and death (1881–1893)

Tik turgan soqolli odamning rasmlari
White House portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes

Hayes declined to seek reelection in 1880, keeping his pledge not to run for a second term.[203] He was gratified with the election of fellow Ohio Republican Jeyms A. Garfild to succeed him, and consulted with him on appointments for the next administration.[204] After Garfield's inauguration, Hayes and his family returned to Spiegel Grove.[205] In 1881, he was elected a companion of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining sodiq legioni harbiy ordeni. He served as commander-in-chief (national president) of the Loyal Legion from 1888 until his death in 1893. Although he remained a loyal Republican, Hayes was not too disappointed in Democrat Grover Klivlend 's election to the presidency in 1884, approving of Cleveland's views on civil service reform.[206] He was also pleased at the progress of the political career of Uilyam Makkinli, his army comrade and political protégé.[207]

Hayes became an advocate for educational charities and federal education subsidies for all children.[208] He believed education was the best way to heal the rifts in American society and allow people to improve themselves.[209] In 1887 Hayes was appointed to the Board of Trustees of Ogayo shtati universiteti, the school he helped found as governor of Ohio.[210] He emphasized the need for kasb-hunarga oid, as well as academic, education: "I preach the gospel of work," he wrote, "I believe in skilled labor as a part of education."[211] He urged Congress, unsuccessfully, to pass a bill written by Senator Genri V. Bler that would have allowed federal aid for education for the first time.[212] In 1889 Hayes gave a speech encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the Slater Fund, one of the charities with which he was affiliated.[213] One such student, W. E. B. Du Bois, received a scholarship in 1892.[213] Hayes also advocated better prison conditions.[214]

In retirement, Hayes was troubled by the disparity between the rich and the poor, saying in an 1886 speech, "free government cannot long endure if property is largely in a few hands and large masses of people are unable to earn homes, education, and a support in old age."[215] The next year, he recorded thoughts on that subject in his diary:

In church it occurred to me that it is time for the public to hear that the giant evil and danger in this country, the danger which transcends all others, is the vast wealth owned or controlled by a few persons. Money is power. In Congress, in state legislatures, in city councils, in the courts, in the political conventions, in the press, in the pulpit, in the circles of the educated and the talented, its influence is growing greater and greater. Excessive wealth in the hands of the few means extreme poverty, ignorance, vice, and wretchedness as the lot of the many. It is not yet time to debate about the remedy. The previous question is as to the danger—the evil. Let the people be fully informed and convinced as to the evil. Let them earnestly seek the remedy and it will be found. Fully to know the evil is the first step towards reaching its eradication. Genri Jorj is strong when he portrays the rottenness of the present system. We are, to say the least, not yet ready for his remedy. We may reach and remove the difficulty by changes in the laws regulating corporations, descents of property, wills, trusts, taxation, and a host of other important interests, not omitting lands and other property.[216]

Hayes in 1886

Hayes was greatly saddened by his wife's death in 1889.[217] When she died, he wrote, "the soul had left [Spiegel Grove]".[217] After Lucy's death, Hayes's daughter Fanny became his traveling companion, and he enjoyed visits from his grandchildren.[218] In 1890, he chaired the Lake Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question, a gathering of reformers that met in upstate New York to discuss racial issues.[219] Hayes died of complications of a heart attack at his home on January 17, 1893, at the age of 70.[220] His last words were "I know that I'm going where Lucy is."[220] President-elect Cleveland and Ohio Governor McKinley led the funeral procession that followed his body until Hayes was interred in Oakwood qabristoni.[221]

Meros va sharaflar

Grave at Spiegel Grove

After the donation of his home to the state of Ohio for Spiegel Grove State Park, Hayes was reinterred there in 1915.[222] Keyingi yil Hayes Commemorative Library and Museum, the country's first presidential library, opened on the site, funded by contributions from the state of Ohio and Hayes's family.[223]

An 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay that Hayes had arbitrated and decided in favor of Paraguay, giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory, led to the naming of a province in the region after him: Prezident Xeys departamenti (poytaxt: Villa Xeys ); an official holiday: Laudo Xeys firmasi kuni, the anniversary of the decision, celebrated in Presidente Hayes province; a local soccer team: Klub prezidenti Xeys (also known as "Los Yanquis"), based in the national capital, Asuncion; a postage stamp, the design of which was chosen in a contest run by the U.S. Embassy; and even the granting of the wish of a young girl who came out of a coma—a trip to the Hayes Presidential Center in Fremont, Ohio.[224]

Also named for Hayes is Nebraska shtatidagi Xeys okrugi.[225]

Xeyz a'zosi etib saylandi Amerika antikvarlari jamiyati 1890 yilda.[226]

Rutherford B. Hayes High School in Hayes's hometown of Delaware, Ohio, was named in his honor, as is Xeys Xoll, built in 1893, at the Ohio State University. It is Ohio State's oldest remaining building, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1970, due to its front facade, which remains virtually untouched from its original appearance. Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor, but did not live to see it completed.[227]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Herron's daughter, Xelen, later married Uilyam Xovard Taft.[27]
  2. ^ his first two sons, Joseph and George, had died in infancy.[83]
  3. ^ He was named after Hayes's friend, Manning Force.[88]
  4. ^ The elector, John W. Watts, was disqualified because he held "an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States", in violation of Article II, section 1, clause 2 AQSh Konstitutsiyasining.[111]
  5. ^ At the time of the 1876 election only three states, Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana, still had Republican governments. In Florida the Democrats won the governor's election and controlled the state house, leaving South Carolina and Louisiana as the only states in which the Republican regimes was supported by Federal troops.[130]
  6. ^ Hayes's predecessor, President Uliss S. Grant, appointed the first Davlat xizmati komissiyasi in 1871, but it dissolved in 1874.[137]
  7. ^ Charlz K. Grem filled Merritt's former position.[145]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Hamilton, Neil A. (2010). Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary. Washington, DC: Facts on File. p. 163. ISBN  978-0-8160-7708-3.
  2. ^ "Rating the Presidents of the United States, 1789–2000: A Survey of Scholars in History, Political Science, and Law". Federalistlar jamiyati. Vashington, DC. November 16, 2000.
  3. ^ Otis, John (October 30, 2014). "The Place Where Rutherford B. Hayes Is A Really Big Deal". Milliy radio. Vashington, DC. Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th U.S. president, doesn't get much respect. He's remembered, if at all, for losing the popular vote in 1876 but winning the presidency through Electoral College maneuvering.
  4. ^ Hoogenboom 1995 yil, 7-8 betlar.
  5. ^ Hoogenboom 1995 yil, p. 10; Barnard 2005, 76-77 betlar.
  6. ^ Trefousse 2002, p. 4.
  7. ^ Hoogenboom 1995 yil, 20-21 betlar; Barnard 2005, pp. 27–31.
  8. ^ Barnard 2005, p. 41.
  9. ^ Trefousse 2002, p. 3.
  10. ^ Barnard 2005, p. 53.
  11. ^ a b Hoogenboom 1995 yil, 17-18 betlar.
  12. ^ Hoogenboom 1995 yil, 62-63 betlar; Barnard 2005, p. 113.
  13. ^ Trefousse 2002, 4-5 bet.
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Manbalar

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