Kichik Bighorn jangi - Battle of the Little Bighorn - Wikipedia

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Kichkina BigHorn jangi
Kichik Bighorn jangi
	Qismi 1876 yildagi Buyuk Syu urushi
	; Kassetalar jangi tomonidan Charlz Marion Rassel
Sana	1876 yil 25-26 iyun
Manzil	Yaqin Kichik Bighorn daryosi, Crow hindlarning rezervasyoni, Big Horn okrugi, Montana, BIZ.45 ° 33′54 ″ N 107 ° 25′44 ″ V / 45.56500 ° 107.42889 ° VtKoordinatalar: 45 ° 33′54 ″ N 107 ° 25′44 ″ V / 45.56500 ° 107.42889 ° Vt
Natija	Lakota, Shimoliy shayen va Arapaxoning g'alabasi
Urushayotganlar
Lakota; Dakota; Shimoliy shayen; Arapaxo;	Qo'shma Shtatlar; Qarg'a skautlari; Arikara skautlari;
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Buqa o'tirib; Crazy Horse; Bosh o't; Cho'loq oq odam †; Ikki oy;	Jorj A. Kuster †; Markus Reno; Frederik Bentin; Maylz Keog †; Jeyms Kalxun †;
Jalb qilingan birliklar
Noqonuniy harbiy	7-otliq polki
Kuch
1500–2,500 jangchi	~ 700 otliq va skaut
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
31 kishi (135 tagacha) o'ldirilgan; 160 tagacha jarohatlangan;	268 kishi o'ldirilgan; 55 yarador (ulardan 6 nafari keyinchalik yaralardan vafot etgan);
	10 jangovar bo'lmagan mahalliy aholi o'ldirildi
	Kichkina katta shox jang maydoni Montana ichidagi joylashuv

Lakota urushlari (1854–1890) va Lakota hindulari jang maydonlarini ko'rsatuvchi xarita Laramie Fort shartnomasi (1851). Kichik Bighorn jangi singari (xaritada 14 ta), armiya va Lakota o'rtasidagi ko'plab janglar "hindular 1851 yildan beri boshqa qabilalardan olgan erlarda bo'lgan".^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Lakotaning kichik qabilalarga mansub shartnoma hududlariga barqaror bosqini^[5] Qo'shma Shtatlarning hind ittifoqchilarining qat'iyligini ta'minladi Arikaras^[6] va Qarg'alar Lakota urushlari paytida.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Crow Indian Reservation, 1868 (maydon 619 va 635). Sariq maydon 517 - bu 1851 yil. Qarg'a shartnomasi AQShga topshirilgan. Bu qizil maydonda 635 jang bo'lgan. Lakotalar bu erda shartnoma tuzgan mahalliy qarg'a qabilasining roziligisiz edi. 1873 yilda allaqachon qarg'a boshlig'i Blekfut AQShni hind bosqinchilariga qarshi harbiy harakatlarga chaqirgan.^[10]^[11]

The Kichik Bighorn jangi, ma'lum bo'lgan Lakota va boshqalar Hindiston tekisliklari sifatida Moyli o'tlarning jangi^[12] va shuningdek, odatda deb nomlanadi Kusterning so'nggi turishi, Lakota qo'shma kuchlari o'rtasida qurolli kelishuv bo'lgan, Shimoliy shayen va Arapaxo qabilalar va 7-otliq polki ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi. AQSh kuchlarining mag'lubiyatiga olib kelgan jang bu eng muhim harakat bo'ldi 1876 yildagi Buyuk Syu urushi. Bo'ylab 1876 yil 25–26 iyun kunlari bo'lib o'tdi Kichik Bighorn daryosi ichida Crow hindlarning rezervasyoni janubi-sharqda Montana hududi.^[13]

Bu kurash Lakota, Shimoliy shayen va Arapaxoning katta g'alabasi edi, ular bir necha yirik urush rahbarlari, shu jumladan Crazy Horse va Bosh o't va vahiylaridan ilhomlangan edi Buqa o'tirib (Tȟatȟáŋka otyotake). 700 kishidan iborat AQShning 7-otliq qo'shinlari qo'mondonlik qilgan paytda katta mag'lubiyatga uchradi Podpolkovnik Jorj Armstrong Kuster (ilgari a qisqartirilgan general-mayor davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi ). 7-otliq askarlarning o'n ikkita rota-sidan beshtasi yo'q qilindi va Kuster, uning ikkita ukasi, jiyani va qayin singari o'ldirildi. AQSh qurbonlarining umumiy soniga 268 nafar o'lik va 55 nafar og'ir yaradorlar kiritilgan (olti kishi jarohatlaridan keyin vafot etgan),^[14]^:244 to'rtta, shu jumladan Qarg'a Hind skautlari va kamida ikkitasi Arikara Hind skautlari.

Ommaviy munosabat Buyuk Siu urushi jangdan so'ng darhol o'zgarib turdi. Libbi Kuster, Kusterning bevasi, tez orada erining xotirasini yoqish uchun ishladi va keyingi o'n yilliklarda Kuster va uning qo'shinlari Amerika tarixidagi ramziy, hatto qahramon shaxslar sifatida qaraldi. Jang va ayniqsa Kusterning harakatlari tarixchilar tomonidan keng o'rganilgan.^[15] Kichik Bighorn jang maydonidagi milliy yodgorlik har ikki tomonda ham kurashganlarni hurmat qiladi.

Fon

Jang maydoni va uning atrofidagi joylar

1805 yilda mo'yna savdogari Fransua Antuan Larok a-ga qo'shilganligi haqida xabar berdi Qarg'a Yellouston hududidagi lager. Yo'lda u qarg'a bufalo ovlaganini ta'kidladi "Kichik Shox daryosi ".^[16] Sent-Luisda joylashgan mo'yna savdogari Manuel Liza qurilgan Raymond Fort qarg'a bilan savdo qilish uchun 1807 yilda. U Yelloustoun va Bighorn daryosi tutashgan joyda, bo'lajak jang maydonidan 64 km shimolda joylashgan edi.^[17] Hudud birinchi marta 1851 yilda qayd etilgan Fort Laramie shartnomasi.^[18]

19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida mahalliy aholi o'rtasida ziddiyat kuchaygan Buyuk tekisliklar AQSh va ko'chmanchilarni bosib olish. Natijada ma'lum bo'lgan bir qator nizolar kelib chiqdi Syu urushlari 1854 yildan 1890 yilgacha sodir bo'lgan. Ba'zi mahalliy aholi oxir-oqibat tobora kamayib borayotgan joyga ko'chib o'tishga rozi bo'lishgan. rezervasyonlar, ularning bir qismi qarshilik ko'rsatdi, ba'zida qattiq.^[19]

1868 yil 7-mayda Kichik Bighorn vodiysi yangi sharqiy qismida traktka aylandi Crow hindlarning rezervasyoni eski qarg'a mamlakatining markazida.^[20] Syu va qarg'a qabilalari o'rtasida ko'plab to'qnashuvlar bo'lgan^[21] shuning uchun Syu vodiyda 1876 yilda roziligisiz bo'lganida qarg'a qabilasi,^[22] Qarg'a ularni haydab chiqarish uchun AQSh armiyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi (masalan, qarg'alar ro'yxatga olingan) Armiya skautlari^[23] va qarg'a jangchilari yaqin atrofda jang qilishardi Rosebud jangi^[24]).

Jang maydoni Lakota, Dakota, Cheyne va boshqalarga "Moyli o't" nomi bilan mashhur. Hindiston tekisliklari; ammo, ishtirokchilar tomonidan yozilgan zamonaviy hisobotlarda u "Sardorlar vodiysi" deb nomlangan.^[25]

1876 yil Quyosh raqsi marosimi

Orasida Oddiy qabilalar, deb nomlanuvchi qadimgi marosim an'analari Quyosh raqsi yilning eng muhim diniy hodisasi bo'ldi. Bu jamoat uchun ibodat qilish va shaxsiy qurbonlik qilish, shuningdek shaxsiy va'dalar berish vaqti. 1876 yil bahor oxiriga kelib, Lakota va shayenlar Quyosh raqsini o'tkazdilar, unda o'zlarining rezervasyonlaridan uzoqlashgan "agentlik hindulari" ham ishtirok etdilar.^[26] 1876 yil 5-iyun kuni Quyosh raqsi paytida Rouzbud Kriki yilda Montana, Buqa o'tirib, ning ma'naviy etakchisi Xunkpapa Lakota, xabarlarga ko'ra, "askarlar uning lageriga osmondan chigirtka kabi qulab tushgan".^[27] Shu bilan birga, AQSh harbiy amaldorlari yozgi kampaniyani Lakota va shayenni o'zlariga qaytarishga majbur qilishdi rezervasyonlar, foydalanib piyoda askarlar va otliqlar "uch tomonlama yondashuv" deb nomlangan holda.

A Shayen Quyosh raqsi yig'ilish, taxminan 1909 yil

1876 AQSh harbiy kampaniyasi

1876 yil Sioga qarshi armiya yurishi

Polkovnik Jon Gibbon oltita kompaniyaning ustunlari (A, B, E, H, I va K) 7-piyoda askarlari va to'rtta kompaniya (F, G, H va L) 2-otliqlar dan sharqqa yurishdi Fort Ellis 30-mart kuni Montananing g'arbiy qismida patrul qilish uchun Yellowstone daryosi. Brig. General Jorj Krok o'n kompaniyaning ustuni (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, L va M) 3-otliq askar, beshta kompaniya (A, B, D, E va I) 2-otliqlar, ikkita kompaniya (D va F) 4-piyoda askarlar, va uchta kompaniya (C, G va H) 9-piyoda askarlari dan shimolga ko'chib o'tdi Fetterman Fort ichida Vayoming hududi tomonga yurish 29 may kuni Chang daryosi maydon. Brig. General Alfred Terri podpolkovnik boshchiligidagi 7-otliq askarning o'n ikkita kompaniyasi (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L va M), shu jumladan ustun. Jorj Armstrong Kuster darhol buyruq,^[28] AQShning 17-piyoda qo'shinlarining C va G kompaniyalari va Gatling qurol 20-piyoda qo'shinlari g'arbga qarab jo'nadilar Avraam Linkoln Fort ichida Dakota hududi 17-may kuni ularga 150 vagon va klasterni kuchaytirgan paketli xachirlarning katta kontingenti bo'lgan jamoadoshlar va qadoqlovchilar hamrohlik qilishdi. C, D va I kompaniyalari 6-chi AQSh piyoda qo'shinlari dan Yellouston daryosi bo'ylab harakatlangan Fort Buford ustida Missuri daryosi ta'minot omborini tashkil etish va 29 may kuni Pudra daryosining og'zida Terriga qo'shildi. Keyinchalik ularga paroxod qo'shildi Uzoq G'arb, Linkoln Fortidan 200 tonna material yuklangan.^[29]

7-otliqlar tashkiloti

7-otliq askar Amerika fuqarolar urushidan keyin tuzilgan edi. Ko'plab erkaklar urush faxriylari, shu jumladan etakchi ofitserlarning aksariyati edi. Polkning muhim qismi ilgari 4½ yil xizmat qilgan Fort-Rayli, Kanzas, shu vaqt ichida u bitta yirik jang va ko'plab to'qnashuvlarga qarshi kurash olib bordi, ular 36 kishining halok bo'lishiga va 27 kishining yaralanishiga olib keldi. Olti askar cho'kib ketgan va 51 kishi halok bo'lgan vabo epidemiyalar. 1868 yil noyabrda Kanzas shtatida joylashganida, Kuster boshchiligidagi 7-otliq qo'shin muvaffaqiyatli yo'l oldi Qora choynak Janubiy shayen lageri Washita daryosi ichida Washita daryosi jangi, hujum o'sha paytda "begunoh hindlarning qirg'ini" deb nomlangan Hindiston byurosi.^[30]

"I" 7-otliq polk qo'shinlari qo'llanma lagerida tiklandi Keksa amerikalik ot

Kichik Bighorn davrida, 7-otliq askarlarning yarmi 18 oylik konstruktorlik burchidan qaytgan edi. Chuqur janub, qaytarib olingan Avraam Linkoln Fort, Dakota hududi kampaniya uchun polkni qayta yig'ish. Taxminan 20% askarlar oldingi etti oy ichida ro'yxatga olingan (718 kishilik ro'yxatdan 139 ta), faqat juda kam darajada tayyorlangan va hech qanday jangovar va chegara tajribasiga ega bo'lmagan. Ushbu yollanuvchilarning taxminan 60% i edi Amerika, qolganlari edi Evropa muhojirlar (Ko'pchilik edi (Irland va Nemis ) - xuddi shu kabi ko'plab faxriy askarlar harbiy xizmatga chaqirilishidan oldin bo'lganlar. Arxeologik dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ushbu askarlarning ko'pchiligi armiyada eng yaxshi jihozlangan va ta'minlangan polk bo'lishiga qaramay, to'yib ovqatlanmagan va jismoniy holati yomon bo'lgan.^[31]^[32]

Keyinchalik 7-otliq askarga tayinlangan 45 ta ofitser va 718 ta askarning (shu qatorda 20-piyoda askaridan ajralib chiqqan va L kompaniyasida xizmat qilgan ikkinchi leytenantni ham qo'shgan holda) 14 ta ofitser (polk komandiri bilan birga) va 152 ta askar 7-chi safari davomida hamrohlik qilmadi. Polk komandiri polkovnik Samuel D. Sturgis, o'rnatilgan xizmatga qabul qilish boshlig'i va otliqlar omborining qo'mondoni sifatida alohida vazifada bo'lgan. Sent-Luis, Missuri,^[33] bu polkovnik qo'mondonligi podpolkovnik Kusterni qoldirgan. Boshqa xizmatga ajratilgan qo'shinlarning nisbati (taxminan 22%) bu hajmdagi ekspeditsiya uchun g'ayrioddiy emas edi,^[34] va ofitser etishmovchiligining bir qismi armiyaning qat'iy qariyalar tizimi tufayli surunkali edi: polkning 12 sardorlaridan uchtasi doimiy ravishda ajralib turdi va ikkitasi 1866 yil iyulda tayinlanganidan beri hech qachon 7-kun bilan xizmat qilmagan.^{[eslatma 1]} Uchinchi leytenant vakansiyalari (E, H va L kompaniyalarida) ham to'ldirilmagan.

Rosebud jangi

Armiyani muvofiqlashtirish va rejalashtirish 1876 yil 17-iyunda, Crook kolonnasi orqaga chekingandan keyin buzila boshladi. Rosebud jangi, nihoyat Kichik Bighorn jang maydonidan janubi-sharqda 48 km uzoqlikda. Mahalliy amerikaliklarning g'ayrioddiy ko'pligidan hayratga tushgan va ba'zi bir ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Kru jang oxirida maydonni ushlab turdi, ammo orqaga chekinish, qayta guruhlanish va qo'shimcha kuchlarni kutish uchun yo'qotishlaridan majbur bo'ldi. Krokning jangini bilmagan Gibbon va Terri davom etishdi, iyun oyining boshlarida og'ziga yaqin kuchlarni birlashtirdilar Rouzbud Kriki. Ular Terri va Kuster polkini Rozbud bo'ylab janubga borishga chaqirgan rejasini ko'rib chiqdilar, Terri va Gibbonning birlashgan kuchlari g'arbiy yo'nalishda Bighorn va Kichkina Bighorn daryolar. Bu mahalliy qarorgohlarning joylashgan joyi bo'lganligi sababli, barcha armiya elementlariga amerikalik tub aholini yutib olish uchun 26 yoki 27 iyun kunlari u erga yaqinlashish to'g'risida ko'rsatma berilgan edi. 22 iyun kuni Terri Kuster boshchiligidagi 31 zobit va 566 askardan iborat 7-chi otliq qo'shinni kuch bilan razvedka qilishni va Rosebud bo'ylab ta'qib qilishni boshlashni buyurdi, agar Kuster "etarli sabab" ni ko'rsa, buyruqlardan "ketish" huquqiga ega. Custer-dan foydalanish taklif qilingan edi Shitirlash qurollari ammo ular uning yurish tezligini pasayishiga ishonib, rad etishdi.^[28]

Kichkina Bighorn

Terri-Gibbon kolonnasi Kichik Bighornning og'ziga qarab yurayotgan paytda, 24-iyun kuni kechqurun Kustarning hindistonlik skautlari Kichik Bighorn daryosidan 23 mil (23 km) sharqda, qarg'a uyasi deb nomlanuvchi qarovsiz joyga etib kelishdi. 25-iyun kuni quyosh chiqqanda Kuster skautlari katta pony podasini va tub amerikaliklar qishlog'ining belgilarini ko'rishlari mumkinligini xabar qilishdi.^[2-eslatma] masofada taxminan 15 mil (24 km). Bir kecha yurishdan so'ng, skautlar bilan jo'natilgan charchagan ofitser hech narsani ko'ra olmadi va Kuster ularga qo'shilganda, u ham ko'rishni amalga oshirolmadi. Kuster skautlari, shuningdek, polkning pozitsiyasini ochib berib, 10 mildan (16 km) uzoqroqda ko'rinadigan polk pishirish yong'inlarini aniqladilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Kuster ertasi kuni 26-iyun kuni ertalab qarorgohga qarshi kutilmagan hujumni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo keyin unga bir nechta dushman o'z qo'shinlari qoldirgan izni topgani haqida xabar bergan.^[37] Uning mavjudligi fosh etilgan deb taxmin qilgan Kuster, qishloqqa ko'proq kechiktirmasdan hujum qilishga qaror qildi. 25-iyun kuni ertalab Kuster bo'lajak kelishuvni kutib, o'zining 12 ta kompaniyasini uchta batalonga ajratdi. Major boshchiligida uchta kompaniya joylashtirildi Markus Reno (A, G va M) va uchta kapitan qo'mondonligi ostida joylashtirildi Frederik Bentin (H, D va K). Beshta kompaniya (C, E, F, I va L) Kusterning darhol qo'mondonligi ostida qoldi. 12-chi, kapitan boshchiligidagi B kompaniyasi Tomas Makdugal, ta'minot va qo'shimcha o'q-dorilarni olib ketayotgan sekinroq poezd paketini kuzatib borish uchun tayinlangan edi.^[28]

Kasterga noma'lum bo'lgan, uning izidan ko'ringan tub amerikaliklar guruhi aslida qarorgohdan chiqib ketayotgan edi va qishloqning qolgan qismini ogohlantirmadi. Kusterning skautlari uni qishloqning kattaligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdilar Mitch Bouyer xabarlarga ko'ra "general, men bu hindular bilan 30 yildan beri birgaman va bu men eshitgan eng katta qishloqdir".^[3-eslatma]^[39] Kasterning asosiy tashvishi - tub amerikaliklar guruhi tarqalib ketishi. Qo'mondonlik peshin vaqtida qishloqqa yaqinlashishni boshladi va to'liq kun yorug'ida hujum qilishga shaylandi.^[40]

Yaqinlashib kelayotgan halokat hissi bilan Qarg'a skauti Yarim sariq yuz payg'ambarlik bilan Kusterni (tarjimon Mitch Buyer orqali gaplashayotganda) ogohlantirdi: "Siz va men bugun biz o'zimiz bilmagan yo'l bilan uyga ketyapmiz".^[41]

Prelude

Jang oldidan harbiy taxminlar

Hind jangchilari soni

Chaynen rassomining Kichik Bighorn jangi tasviri

Armiya o'z ekspeditsiyasida maydonga ko'chib o'tayotganda, hindularning duch keladigan soni to'g'risida noto'g'ri taxminlar bilan ish olib borgan. Ushbu taxminlar hind agentlari tomonidan ushbu hududda 800 dan ortiq "dushman" bo'lmaganligi haqidagi noto'g'ri ma'lumotlarga asoslangan edi. Hindiston agentlari ushbu taxminni Sitting Bull va boshqa rahbarlar AQSh hukumatining siyosatiga norozilik sifatida rezervatsiyadan chiqarib yuborgan Lakota soniga asoslanishdi. Bu jangdan bir necha hafta oldin, "hindular zahirasi" yozgi buffalo ovi uchun Sitting Bull safiga qo'shilishgacha bo'lgan to'g'ri taxmin edi. Rasmiy ravishda rezervatsiyadan chiqib, "o'tirgan Bull boshchiligidagi notekis qarindoshlariga" qo'shilish uchun ketgan minglab "hindular" ni agentlar ko'rib chiqmadilar. Shunday qilib, Kuster bilmagan holda minglab hindularga duch keldi, shu jumladan 800 ta "bron" bo'lmaganlar. Barcha armiya rejalari noto'g'ri raqamlarga asoslangan edi. Jangdan keyin Kuster qo'shimcha kuchlarni qabul qilmagani va kuchlarini ajratganligi uchun tanqid qilingan bo'lsa-da, u Terri va Gibbon ham qabul qilgan mintaqadagi dushmanlarning rasmiy rasmiy taxminlarini qabul qilganga o'xshaydi. Ammo tarixchi Jyeyms Donovanning ta'kidlashicha, keyinchalik Kuster tarjimon Fred Jerarddan oppozitsiyaning kattaligi to'g'risida fikrini so'raganda, u kuchni 1500 dan 2500 gacha bo'lgan jangchilar deb taxmin qilgan.^[42]

Bundan tashqari, Kuster Lakota va Cheyne bilan kurashishdan ko'ra ko'proq qochib ketishining oldini olish bilan shug'ullangan. Uning xabar berishicha, uning kuzatuvidan bugler Jon Martin (Jovanni Martino),^[43] Kuster jangchilar ertalab uxlab yotgan deb taxmin qilishdi, bu haqda deyarli har bir mahalliy hisobot keyinchalik tasdiqladi va Kusterga qarshi bo'lganligi to'g'risida yolg'on baho berdi. U va skautlari birinchi bo'lib Kichkina Bighorn daryosi bo'yidagi Qarg'a uyasidan qishloqqa qarashganda, ular faqat ponilar podasini ko'rishlari mumkin edi. Keyinchalik, Reno buyrug'i bilan xayrlashgandan so'ng, ikki milya uzoqlikdagi tepalikdan qarab, Kuster kunga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgan ayollarni va minglab otlarni qishloqdan janubga o'tlatish uchun olib chiqib ketayotgan yosh bolalarni kuzatishi mumkin edi. Kusterniki Qarg'a skautlari unga bu ular ko'rgan eng katta mahalliy qishloq ekanligini aytdi. Jang oldidan skautlar o'zlarining asl liboslarini o'zgartira boshlaganlarida, Kuster ularni o'z buyrug'idan ozod qildi. Qishloq ulkan bo'lsa-da, Kuster hanuzgacha qishloqni himoya qiladigan jangchilar juda kam deb o'ylardi.

Va nihoyat, Kuster amerikaliklar bilan to'qnashganda, to'plam poezdida bo'lgan bo'ysunuvchisi Bentin yordam beradi deb taxmin qilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Miltiq otish moslamalari yordamchi qismlarga boshqa qismga yordam berishni aytishning standart usuli edi. Keyingi 1879 yildagi rasmiy Renoga (Reno Tergov Kengashi) (RCOI) tomonidan so'ralgan rasmiy tekshiruvda, Bentin va Renoning odamlari jang paytida soat 16: 30-da, aniq miltiq o'qlarini eshitganliklariga guvohlik berishdi.^[44]

Dastlab Kuster hujum qilishdan oldin qishloqni kashf qilish uchun bir kun vaqt sarflashni xohlagan edi; ammo, erkaklar vagon poezdida tasodifan tushib ketgan mollarni qidirib qaytib kelishganida, ularning izlari hindular tomonidan allaqachon topilganligini aniqladilar. Uning skautlaridan olingan xabarlarda, shuningdek, uning shakllanishiga qaramaydigan tizmalardan yangi pony izlari aniqlangan. Qishloqdagi jangchilar uning yondashuvidan xabardor bo'lishgan yoki tez orada xabardor bo'lishlari aniq bo'ldi.^[45] Qishloq quvib chiqarishi kerak bo'lgan kichik guruhlarga bo'linib ketishidan qo'rqib, Kuster zudlik bilan hujumga tayyorlana boshladi.^[46]

Hindistonlik jangchilarning Kuster strategiyasidagi o'rni

Kusterning dala strategiyasi Kichik Bighorndagi ayollarga, bolalarga va qariyalarga yoki nogironlarga asir tushirish uchun jangovar bo'lmaganlarni jalb qilish uchun ishlab chiqilgan.^[47]^:297 jangchilarni taslim bo'lishga va ko'chib o'tishga oid federal buyruqlarni bajarishga ishontirish uchun garovga olish. Kuster batalonlari "lagerga kirib, jangovar bo'lmagan garovga olinganlarni xavfsiz saqlashga" tayyor edilar,^[48] va "jangchilarni taslim bo'lishga majbur qilish".^[49] Muallif Evan S. Konnellning ta'kidlashicha, agar keng qamrovli qarshilik paydo bo'lguncha Kuster qishloqni egallab olsa, Syu va Cheyne jangchilari "taslim bo'lishga majbur bo'lar edi, chunki ular kurashishni boshlasalar, oilalariga xavf tug'diradi."^[47]^:312^[50]

Kusterning kitobida Mening tekisligimdagi hayotim, Kichik Bighorn jangidan ikki yil oldin nashr etilgan, u shunday deb ta'kidladi:

Hujumkor yoki mudofaa jangi haqida o'ylayotgan hindular har doim o'z ayollari va bolalarini barcha xavf-xatarlardan xalos etishni istaydilar ... Shu sababli men [boshliq Ketlning shayen] qishlog'iga yaqin [harbiy] lagerimizni joylashtirishga qaror qildim. , ularning ayollari va bolalarining yaqinligi va ziddiyat yuzaga kelganda zaruriy ta'sir ko'rsatishi, tinchlik yoki urush masalasi muhokama qilinayotganda, tinchlik foydasiga kuchli dalil bo'lib xizmat qilishini bilgan holda.^[51]

Kusterning bluflarni ilgari surish va sharqdan qishloqqa tushish to'g'risidagi qarori to'g'risida, Lt. Edvard Godfri K kompaniyasi taxmin qilingan:

[Kuster] skvaglar va bolalarni shimol tomonga qochib ketishini topishini kutgan edi, chunki men boshqa yo'l bilan uning aylanib o'tish yo'lini hisoblamayman. U Renoning muvaffaqiyatiga umid bog'lagan bo'lishi kerak va jangovar bo'lmaganlarning poni podalari bilan "tarqalishini" to'liq kutgan. Ehtimol, oilalarga qilingan hujum va podalarni asirga olish jangchilar qalbida hayratga tushish uchun hisoblangan va general Kuster to'liq hisoblagan muvaffaqiyat elementlari bo'lgan.^[52]^:379

Tarixchi Jon S. Greyning so'zlariga ko'ra, Syu va Cheyne jangchilari jangovar bo'lmaganlarning harbiy ishtiroki xavfini va "hatto ayollar va bolalarga qilingan hujumning bir ko'rinishi ham" jangchilarni qishloqqa qaytarishini aniq bilar edilar.^[53] Kapitan Yeytsning E va F kompaniyalari tomonidan Medicine Tail Coulee (Minneconjou) og'zida aniq bir razvedka o'tkazilishi ularning tashvishlaridan kelib chiqdi. Ford ) yuzlab jangchilarning Reno vodiysidagi jangdan ajralib, qishloqqa tahdid bilan kurashish uchun qaytib kelishiga sabab bo'ldi.^[53]

Ba'zi mualliflar va tarixchilar, arxeologik dalillarga va mahalliy guvohliklarning sharhlariga asoslanib, Kusterni shimoldan Ford D deb atashgan shimoldan o'tib, daryodan o'tishga uringan deb taxmin qilishmoqda, Richard A. Foks, Jeyms Donovan va boshqalarning fikriga ko'ra, Kuster so'zlarini davom ettirdi. uning batalonining qanoti bilan (Yeytsning E va F qo'shinlari) shimolda va shayen doirasi qarshisida, shu o'tish joyida,^[47]^:176–77 bu "qochqinlarga [ayollar va bolalar] kirish huquqini" taqdim etdi.^[47]^:306 Yeytsning kuchi "qochqin hind oilalariga zudlik bilan xavf tug'dirdi ..." ulkan qarorgohning shimoliy qismida to'plandi;^[47]^:299 keyin u yuzlab jangchilar Keogning qanoti atrofida bluflarda to'planib turgan paytda ham "ayollar va bolalarni tortib olish" uchun harakatlarini davom ettirdi.^[54] Ford D-da Kichik Bighorn daryosiga tushgan Yeytsning qanoti "engil qarshilikka" duch keldi,^[47]^:297 hind kuchlari tomonidan qishloqning sharqiy qismidagi ko'tarilishlar tomonidan aniqlanmagan.^[47]^:298 Kustar fordni tashlab, Kuster tizmasiga qaytishdan oldin deyarli "qochoqlar orasidagi masofada" bo'lgan.^[55]

Yolg'iz Teepee

The Yolg'iz Teepee (yoki Turi) 7-otliqlar yurishi bo'ylab muhim belgi edi. Bu erda hindlarning qarorgohi bir hafta oldin, davomida bo'lgan Rosebud jangi 1876 yil 17-iyun kuni hindular bitta singl qoldirgan teepee turgan (ba'zi xabarlarda qisman demontaj qilingan soniya haqida eslatib o'tilgan) va unda a tanasi bo'lgan Sans Arc jangda yaralangan jangchi keksa ayiq. U Rozbud jangidan bir necha kun o'tib vafot etgan edi va hindularning urf-odati shuki, jangchi vafot etganida va jasadni mol-mulki bilan tark etganida lagerga ko'chib o'tish kerak edi. Yolg'iz Teepee Kichik Bighorn jangi paytida bir necha sabablarga ko'ra muhim joy bo'lgan, jumladan:^[56]^[57]^[58]

Aynan shu erda Kuster Renoga oldinda joylashgan qishloqqa hujum qilish to'g'risida so'nggi buyruqlarini bergan. Bu erda buyruqni bajargan ba'zi hindular ko'rindi va Kuster uni topdim deb taxmin qildi.
Omon qolganlarning ko'pgina hisob-kitoblari Lone Teepee-dan voqea vaqtlari yoki masofalar uchun ma'lumot sifatida foydalanadi.
Ushbu joyni bilish hindularning askarlar topgan daryodagi qarorgohga harakatlanish tartibini o'rnatishga yordam beradi.

Jang

Renoning hujumi

7-otliq askarlarning harakatlari
A: Kasset B: Reno C: Bentin D: Yeyts E: Veyr

Major Reno uchta kompaniyasining harakati

Hujum qilgan birinchi guruh mayor Renoning ikkinchi guruhi (A, G va M kompaniyalari) Kasterdan Lt. Uilyam V. Kuk, Kusterning qarg'a skautlari Syu qabilasi a'zolari qishloqni ogohlantirayotgani haqida xabar berishganda. Zaryad qilishni buyurgan Reno jangning ushbu bosqichini boshladi. Qishloqning kattaligi, joylashishi yoki jangchilarning turishga va jang qilishga moyilligini aniq bilmasdan qilingan buyruqlar tub amerikaliklarni ta'qib qilish va ularni "jangga olib kelish" edi. Renoning kuchi 25-iyun soat 15:00 atrofida, bugungi Reno-Krit og'zidagi Kichik Bighornni kesib o'tdi. Ular darhol Lakota va Shimoliy shayenlarning "kuchda va qochib ketmasliklarini" angladilar.

Reno ochiq maydon bo'ylab shiddat bilan ilgarilab bordi va uning harakatlari Kichik Bighorn daryosining janubiy qirg'oqlari bo'ylab o'tayotgan qalin daraxtlar bilan yashiringan edi. Uning old o'ng tomonidagi xuddi shu daraxtlar uning harakatlarini keng maydon bo'ylab himoya qilib, uning odamlari tezlik bilan minib oldilar, avval qirq kishilik ikkita kompaniya va oxir-oqibat uchta zaryad olayotgan edi. Daraxtlar Renoning mahalliy amerikaliklarning qishlog'iga qarashini, uning kuchi uning o'ng tomonidagi burilishdan o'tib ketguncha va to'satdan qishloqning o'q o'qida bo'lganini yashirgan. Ushbu hududdagi tepalarni Xunkpapa Sio egallagan. Kaster ham, Reno ham ular hujum qilayotgan qarorgohning uzunligi, chuqurligi va kattaligi haqida ko'p tasavvurga ega emas edilar, chunki qishloq daraxtlar yashirgan edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Reno qishloqning janubiy uchi oldida ochiq maydonga kelganida, o'zining chap qanotida Arikara / Ree va Crow hind skautlarini oldinga jo'natdi.^[59] Qishloq kengligining to'liq hajmini tushungan Reno tezda "tuzoq" deb atagan narsadan tezda shubha qildi va qarorgohga bir necha yuz qadam yetmay to'xtadi.

U askarlariga otdan tushishni va a-da joylashishni buyurdi to'qnashuv chizig'i, standart armiya doktrinasiga ko'ra. Ushbu tuzilishda har to'rtinchi askar otliqlarni otib turgan holatda ushlab turar edi, har bir askarni beshdan o'n metrgacha ajratib turar, zobitlarni orqa tomonga va zobitlarning orqasida otlangan askarlarni. Ushbu shakllanish Renoning olov kuchini 25 foizga qisqartirdi. Renoning odamlari qishloqqa o'q uzib, ba'zi bir ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Syuux rahbarining bir nechta xotinlari va farzandlarini o'ldirishgan, Bosh o't (Lakotada, Fizi), o'rnatilgan jangchilar hujumni kutib olish uchun tashqariga chiqa boshladilar. Reno odamlari daraxt chizig'ini himoya qilish orqali o'zlarining o'ng tomoniga langar tashlab, daryoda egilishganida, hindular markazga qarshi chiqishdi va Reno chizig'ining chap uchi ochiq. Taxminan 20 daqiqali uzoq masofadan o'q uzgandan so'ng, Reno faqat bitta qurbonni qabul qildi, ammo unga qarshi imkoniyat ko'tarildi (Reno beshdan bittagacha taxmin qildi) va Kasset uni kuchaytirmagan edi. Trooper Billi Jekson o'sha vaqtga kelib hindular Reno chizig'ining chap tomonida va hindu qishlog'ining o'ng tomonida joylashgan kichik tepalik bilan himoyalangan ochiq maydonda ommaviylashishni boshladilar.^[60] Ushbu pozitsiyadan hindular Reno chizig'ining chap va orqa tomonlariga 500 dan ortiq jangchilar hujumini uyushtirishdi,^[61] Renoning ochiq chap qanotini burish. Bu daryo bo'yidagi burilish bo'ylab shoshilinch ravishda yog'ochdan chiqib ketishga majbur bo'ldi.^[62] Bu erda tub amerikaliklar Renoni va uning odamlarini mahkam ushladilar va askarlarni o'z pozitsiyalaridan chiqarib yuborish uchun cho'tkaga o't qo'yishga harakat qilishdi.

O'rnatish, otdan tushirish va qaytadan o'rnatish haqida buyruq bergandan so'ng, Reno odamlariga qulog'iga: "Qochishni istaganlarning hammasi menga ergashadi", deb aytdi va tartibsiz yo'lni narigi tarafdagi bluflarga qarab olib bordi. Cheyenne hujumlari bilan chekinish darhol buzildi. Keyinchalik, Reno daryoning orqaga chekinishi va keyinchalik qirg'og'i paytida uch zobit va 29 askar halok bo'lganligini xabar qildi. Boshqa bir ofitser va 13-18 kishi yo'qolgan. Bu yo'qolgan erkaklarning aksariyati o'tin ichida qolib ketishdi, garchi ko'pchilik oxir-oqibat otryadga qo'shilishdi. Renoning shoshilinch orqaga chekinishiga Renoning Arikara skautining o'limi sabab bo'lishi mumkin Qonli pichoq, Renoning yonida otiga o'tirganida boshiga o'q uzilgan.

Reno tepaligidagi Reno va Bentin

Qonli pichoq

Bugungi kunda Reno Xill deb nomlanuvchi blöflar tepasida, Renoning zaiflashgan va larzaga kelgan qo'shinlari janubdan kelgan kapitan Bentinning kolonnasi (D, H va K kompaniyalari) bilan birlashdilar. Bu kuch yonma skautlik missiyasidan qaytayotgan edi, uni Kusterning xabarchisi, italiyalik bugler Jon Martin (Jovanni Martino) "Benteen. Hodiy, Big Village, tez bo'ling, paketlarni olib keling. PS to'plamlarini olib keling" degan yozuv bilan chaqirdi. "^[44] Bentinning tasodifan bluflarga kelishi Renoning odamlarini mumkin bo'lgan yo'q qilinishdan qutqarish uchun o'z vaqtida edi. Keyinchalik ularning otryadlari McDougall kompaniyasining B kompaniyasi va paketli poezd tomonidan kuchaytirildi. 14 ta ofitser va 340 ta harbiy xizmatchilar atrofdagi mudofaani uyushtirdilar va pichoqlarni ham o'z ichiga olgan barcha qurollardan foydalanib, miltiq quduqlarini qazishdi. Oxirgi yil davomida ushbu amaliyot odatiy holga aylandi Amerika fuqarolar urushi Ikkala Ittifoq va Konfederatsiya qo'shinlari pichoqlardan foydalangan holda, jang maydonlarini samarali ravishda qazib olish uchun idish-tovoqlar, tartibsiz plitalar va kostryulkalar.^[63]

Reno-Bentin himoyaviy pozitsiyasi

Shimol tomondan kuchli o'q ovozlarini, shu jumladan soat 16: 20da alohida voleybollarni eshitganiga qaramay, Benteen Kuster pozitsiyasida davom etish o'rniga, Renoning og'ir yaralangan va qattiq bosim ostida bo'lgan otryadini kuchaytirishga e'tibor qaratdi. Bentinning Kusterga borishni istamasligi keyinchalik uning buyruqlarni bajarmaganligi haqidagi tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi. Kechki soat 17:00 atrofida, kapitan. Tomas Vayr va D kompaniyasi Custer bilan bog'lanish uchun ko'chib o'tdi.^[44] Ular Vayr Ridj yoki Vayr-Poytnga qadar bir chaqirim ilgarilab ketishdi va uzoqdagi ot jangchilarini erdagi narsalarga o'q uzayotganini ko'rishdi. Bu vaqtga kelib, taxminan soat 17:25 da, Kusterning jangi yakunlangan bo'lishi mumkin. An'anaviy tarixiy tushuncha shundan iboratki, Veyr guvohi bo'lgan narsa, ehtimol jangchilar yarador askarlarni o'ldirgan va Kuster jang maydonining shimoliy qismida joylashgan "Oxirgi stend tepasida" o'liklarga o'q uzgan. Ba'zi zamonaviy tarixchilar buning o'rniga Vayr guvohi bir necha daqiqa oldin hozirgi Kalxun tepaligi deb nomlangan maydonda jang bo'lgan deb taxmin qilishdi. Keog batalonini yo'q qilish L, I va C kompaniyalarining (uning yarmi) qulashi bilan boshlangan bo'lishi mumkin. Crazy Horse, Oq buqa, Hump, Bosh o't va boshqalar.^[64]^:240 Boshqa mahalliy akkauntlar bu tushunchaga zid keladi, ammo vaqt elementi munozara mavzusi bo'lib qolmoqda. Boshqa mustahkam kompaniyalar oxir-oqibat Reno Tog'idan chiqib, Vayrni tayinlangan batalyonlar bilan ta'qib qilishdi, avval Bentin, keyin Reno va nihoyat to'plam poezdi. Veyr Ridj atrofida, aftidan tugatilgan Kuster kelishuvidan kelib chiqqan mahalliy aholining hujumlari kuchayib, barcha etti kompaniyani o'q-dorilar bilan chorak milya yurib ketguncha paketga qaytishga majbur qildi. Kompaniyalar yana bir kun blufga mahkum bo'lishdi, ammo mahalliy aholi mahkam o'rnini buzolmadi.

Bentin hindistonlik o'qi bilan botinkasining etagiga tegdi. Bir payt u maysazorda yurishni davom ettirgan hindularni askar pozitsiyasiga yaqinlashtirish uchun qarshi hujumni olib bordi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Kusterning jangi

Kuster jangining aniq tafsilotlari asosan taxminlarga asoslangan, chunki Kuster bataloni bilan oldinga borgan odamlarning hech biri (uning bevosita qo'mondonligidagi beshta rota) jangda omon qolmadi. Keyinchalik omon qolgan hindlarning hisoblari foydali, ammo ba'zida ziddiyatli va tushunarsiz.

25 iyun kuni tushdan keyin Reno va Bentin odamlari tomonidan eshitilayotgan otishmalar Kusterning jangidan bo'lsa kerak, Reno tepaligidagi askarlar, ikki kundan keyin 27 iyun kuni general Terri kelguniga qadar Kuster bilan nima bo'lganini bilishmagan. xabarlarga ko'ra hayratda qolgan. Armiya Kuster jang maydonini tekshirganda, askarlar nima sodir bo'lganligini to'liq aniqlay olmadilar. Taxminan 210 kishilik Kusterning kuchi Reno va Bentinning mudofaa pozitsiyasidan shimolga 5,6 km masofada Lakota va Shimoliy shayenlar tomonidan jalb qilingan. Uyushgan qarshilikning dalillari Calhoun tepaligidagi va aniq ko'rinadigan to'qnashuvlar qatorini o'z ichiga olgan ko'krak bezlari Kuster tepaligidagi o'lik otlardan yasalgan.^[64] Jasadlarni qutqarish uchun qo'shinlar kelgan vaqtga kelib, Lakota va shayenne o'liklarning ko'pini daladan olib chiqib ketishgan. Qo'shinlar Kusterning o'lgan odamlarining aksariyatini kiyimlarini echib tashlaganliklarini, marosimlarda buzilgan va parchalanish holatida topdilar, shuning uchun ko'pchilikning kimligini aniqlash imkonsiz edi.^[65] Askarlar 7-otliq askarning o'lganlarini iloji boricha aniqladilar va shoshilib ularni yiqilgan joylariga ko'mdilar.

Kusterning jasadi ikkita o'q jarohati bilan topilgan; biri chap ko'kragiga, ikkinchisi boshning chap ma'badiga. Ikkala yara ham o'limga olib kelishi mumkin edi, ammo u faqat ko'krak qafasidagi yaradan qon ketgandek edi; Ba'zi olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, uning boshidagi yara o'limdan keyin etkazilgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bunga faqat adashgan o'q sabab bo'ladi. Lakota og'zaki tarixlarida Kuster jarohat olgani sababli, qo'lga olinmaslik va keyinchalik qiynoqqa solinmaslik uchun o'z joniga qasd qilganligi ta'kidlangan. Bu uning ma'lum bo'lgan o'ng qo'li bilan mos kelmaydi, ammo bu o'z joniga qasd qilishni istisno etmaydi (boshqa mahalliy ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, jang oxiriga yaqin bir necha askar o'z joniga qasd qilgan).^[66] Jang paytida qatnashgan Lakota, Kuster o'zini shaxsan o'z joniga qasd qilgan yoki yordam so'ragan deb ishonganligi aniq. Qo'rqoqning jasadidan sovrinlarni talab qilishni tabu deb bilganliklari sababli, ular uni yaralashdan bosh tortdilar.^[67] Kusterning jasadi Kuster tepaligining tepasida joylashgan bo'lib, u "So'nggi stend tepasi" nomi bilan ham tanilgan. U erda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari 7-otliq askarlarning qurbonlari nomlari yozilgan baland obeliskni qurdi.^[65]

Jangdan bir necha kun o'tgach, Kerli, Kusterni Medicine Tail Coulee (daryoga olib boruvchi drenaj) yaqinida tark etgan Kusterning qarg'a skauti jang haqida hikoya qilib, daryodan o'tishga urinishdan keyin Kuster qishloqqa hujum qilgani haqida xabar berdi. Uni orqaga qaytarishdi, jasad topilgan tepalik tomon chekinishdi.^[68] Stsenariy Kusterning agressiv urush uslubiga va erdan topilgan dalillarga mos kelgandek, bu jang haqidagi ko'plab mashhur xabarlarning asosi bo'ldi.

Ga binoan Chiroyli qalqon, the wife of Goes-Ahead (another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry), Custer was killed while crossing the river: "... and he died there, died in the water of the Little Bighorn, with Two-bodies, and the blue soldier carrying his flag".^[69]^:136 In this account, Custer was allegedly killed by a Lakota called Big-nose.^[69]^:141 However, in Chief Gall's version of events, as recounted to Lt. Edvard Sett Godfri, Custer did not attempt to ford the river and the nearest that he came to the river or village was his final position on the ridge.^[52]^:380 Chief Gall's statements were corroborated by other Indians, notably the wife of Spotted Horn Bull.^[52]^:379 Given that no bodies of men or horses were found anywhere near the ford, Godfrey himself concluded "that Custer did not go to the ford with any body of men".^[52]^:380

Cheyenne oral tradition credits Buffalo Calf Road Woman with striking the blow that knocked Custer off his horse before he died.^[70]

Custer at Minneconjou Ford

Hurrah boys, we've got them! We'll finish them up and then go home to our station.

— Reported words of Lieutenant Colonel Custer at the battle's outset.^[71]

Having isolated Reno's force and driven them away from their encampment, the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer. The route taken by Custer to his "Last Stand" remains a subject of debate. One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge, Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half-mile (800 m) of the Little Bighorn, but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs, reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat. From this point on the other side of the river, he could see Reno charging the village. Riding north along the bluffs, Custer could have descended into Medicine Tail Coulee. Some historians believe that part of Custer's force descended the coulee, going west to the river and attempting unsuccessfully to cross into the village. According to some accounts, a small contingent of Indian sharpshooters effectively opposed this crossing.

White Cow Bull claimed to have shot a leader wearing a buckskin jacket off his horse in the river. While no other Indian account supports this claim, if White Bull did shoot a buckskin-clad leader off his horse, some historians have argued that Custer may have been seriously wounded by him. Some Indian accounts claim that besides wounding one of the leaders of this advance, a soldier carrying a company qo'llanma ham urilgan.^[72] Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses.^[64]^:117–19 The fact that either of the non-mutilation wounds to Custer's body (a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded and remounted.^[73]

Reports of an attempted fording of the river at Medicine Tail Coulee might explain Custer's purpose for Reno's attack, that is, a coordinated "hammer-and-anvil" maneuver, with Reno's holding the Indians at bay at the southern end of the camp, while Custer drove them against Reno's line from the north. Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee, he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp, only to discover that it was the middle. Some Indian accounts, however, place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left (and south) of the opposite side of the crossing.^[64]^:10–20 The precise location of the north end of the village remains in dispute, however.

Custer's route over battlefield, as theorized by Kertis. (Kredit: Shimoli-g'arbiy universitet kutubxonasi Edward S. Curtis's The North American Indian, 2003 ).

1:5260 of Custer battlefield – surveyed 1891, detailing U.S. soldiers' body locations

Edvard Kurtis, the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians, made a detailed personal study of the battle, interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it. First he went over the ground covered by the troops with the three Crow scouts Oq odam uni boshqaradi, Oldinda va Tukli mokasin va keyin yana Ikki oy and a party of Cheyenne warriors. He also visited the Lakota country and interviewed Red Hawk, "whose recollection of the fight seemed to be particularly clear".^[74]^:44 Then, he went over the battlefield once more with the three Crow scouts, but also accompanied by General Charles Woodruff "as I particularly desired that the testimony of these men might be considered by an experienced army officer". Finally, Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer's command.^[74]^:44 Based on all the information he gathered, Curtis concluded that Custer had indeed ridden down the Medicine Tail Coulee and then towards the river where he probably planned to ford it. However, "the Indians had now discovered him and were gathered closely on the opposite side".^[74]^:48 They were soon joined by a large force of Sioux who (no longer engaging Reno) rushed down the valley. This was the beginning of their attack on Custer who was forced to turn and head for the hill where he would make his famous "last stand". Thus, wrote Curtis, "Custer made no attack, the whole movement being a retreat".^[74]^:49

Other views of Custer's actions at Minneconjou Ford

Other historians claim that Custer never approached the river, but rather continued north across the coulee and up the other side, where he gradually came under attack. According to this theory, by the time Custer realized he was badly outnumbered, it was too late to retreat to the south where Reno and Benteen could have provided assistance. Two men from the 7th Cavalry, the young Crow scout Ashishishe (known in English as Curley) and the trooper Piter Tompson, claimed to have seen Custer engage the Indians. The accuracy of their recollections remains controversial; accounts by battle participants and assessments by historians almost universally discredit Thompson's claim.

Archaeological evidence and reassessment of Indian testimony has led to a new interpretation of the battle. In the 1920s, battlefield investigators discovered hundreds of .45–55 shell cases along the ridge line known today as Nye-Cartwright Ridge, between South Medicine Tail Coulee and the next drainage at North Medicine Tail (also known as Deep Coulee). Some historians believe Custer divided his detachment into two (and possibly three) battalions, retaining personal command of one while presumably delegating Captain George W. Yates to command the second.

Evidence from the 1920s supports the theory that at least one of the companies made a feint attack southeast from Nye-Cartwright Ridge straight down the center of the "V" formed by the intersection at the crossing of Medicine Tail Coulee on the right and Calhoun Coulee on the left. The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno's detachment (according to the Crow scout Curley, possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber near the Little Bighorn River. Had the U.S. troops come straight down Medicine Tail Coulee, their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River.

That they might have come southeast, from the center of Nye-Cartwright Ridge, seems to be supported by Northern Cheyenne accounts of seeing the approach of the distinctly white-colored horses of Company E, known as the Grey Horse Company. Its approach was seen by Indians at that end of the village. Behind them, a second company, further up on the heights, would have provided long-range cover fire. Warriors could have been drawn to the feint attack, forcing the battalion back towards the heights, up the north fork drainage, away from the troops providing cover fire above. The covering company would have moved towards a reunion, delivering heavy voleyboldan yong'in and leaving the trail of expended cartridges discovered 50 years later.

So'ngi jang

Custer's Last Stand by Edgar Samuel Paxson

Painting of Gen'l Custer's last stand, looking in the direction of ford and Indian village

S. J. Morrow photograph of Gen'l Custer's last stand, looking in the direction of ford and Indian village (showing Horse Bones)

Scene of Custer's Last Stand, looking in the direction of the Indian village and the deep ravine. Photo by Stanley J. Morrow, spring 1877.

Scene of Custer's Last Stand, looking in the direction of the Indian village and the deep ravine. Taken November 2011.

Keogh Battlefield Marker 1879

Mitch Boyer (age at time of photo unknown).

Mitch Bouyer marker on Deep Ravine trail. Deep Ravine is to the right of this picture (south/southwest) and about 65 yards distant.

The 7th Cavalry's trumpet was found in 1878 on the grounds of the Little Bighorn Battlefield (Custer's Last Stand) and is on display in Camp Verde in Arizona

Fanciful 1876 illustration of Lieutenant Colonel Custer on horseback and his U.S. Army troops making their last charge at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his U.S. Army troops are defeated in battle with Native American Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne on the Little Bighorn Battlefield, June 25, 1876 at Little Bighorn River, Montana

In the end, the hilltop to which Custer had moved was probably too small to accommodate all of the survivors and wounded. Fire from the southeast made it impossible for Custer's men to secure a defensive position all around Last Stand Hill where the soldiers put up their most dogged defense. According to Lakota accounts, far more of their casualties occurred in the attack on Last Stand Hill than anywhere else. The extent of the soldiers' resistance indicated they had few doubts about their prospects for survival. According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony, the command structure rapidly broke down, although smaller "last stands" were apparently made by several groups. Custer's remaining companies (E, F, and half of C) were soon killed.

By almost all accounts, the Lakota annihilated Custer's force within an hour of engagement.^[75]^[76]^[77] David Humphreys Miller, who between 1935 and 1955 interviewed the last Lakota survivors of the battle, wrote that the Custer fight lasted less than one-half hour.^[78] Other native accounts said the fighting lasted only "as long as it takes a hungry man to eat a meal." The Lakota asserted that Crazy Horse personally led one of the large groups of warriors who overwhelmed the cavalrymen in a surprise charge from the northeast, causing a breakdown in the command structure and panic among the troops. Many of these men threw down their weapons while Cheyenne and Sioux warriors rode them down, "to'ntarishni hisoblash " with lances, coup sticks, and ko'ylaklar. Some Native accounts recalled this segment of the fight as a "buffalo run."^[79]

Kapitan Frederik Bentin, battalion leader of Companies D, H and K, recalled his observations on the Custer battlefield on June 27, 1876

I went over the battlefield carefully with a view to determine how the battle was fought. I arrived at the conclusion I [hold] now—that it was a rout, a panic, until the last man was killed ...
There was no line formed on the battlefield. You can take a handful of corn and scatter [the kernels] over the floor, and make just such lines. There were none ... The only approach to a line was where 5 or 6 [dead] horses found at equal distances, like skirmishers [part of Lt. Calhoun's Company L]. That was the only approach to a line on the field. There were more than 20 [troopers] killed [in one group]; there were [more often] four or five at one place, all within a space of 20 to 30 yards [of each other] ... I counted 70 dead [cavalry] horses and 2 Indian ponies.
I think, in all probability, that the men turned their horses loose without any orders to do so. Many orders might have been given, but few obeyed. I think that they were panic stricken; it was a rout, as I said before.^[80]

A Brulé Sioux warrior stated: "In fact, Hollow Horn Bear believed that the troops were in good order at the start of the fight, and kept their organization even while moving from point to point."^[81] Red Horse, an Oglala Sioux warrior, commented: "Here [Last Stand Hill] the soldiers made a desperate fight."^[82] One Hunkpapa Sioux warrior, Moving Robe, noted that "It was a hotly contested battle",^[83] while another, Iron Hawk, stated: "The Indians pressed and crowded right in around Custer Hill. But the soldiers weren't ready to die. We stood there a long time."^[84] In a letter from February 21, 1910, Private William Taylor, Company M, 7th Cavalry, wrote: "Reno proved incompetent and Benteen showed his indifference—I will not use the uglier words that have often been in my mind. Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone."^[85]

Custer's final resistance

Recent archaeological work at the battlefield indicates that officers on Custer Hill restored some tactical control.^[47]^:255–259 E Company rushed off Custer Hill toward the Little Bighorn River but failed to reach it, which resulted in the destruction of that company. This left about 50-60 men, mostly from F Company and the staff, on Last Stand Hill. The remainder of the battle took on the nature of a running fight. Modern archaeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer's force may have been divided into three groups, with the Indians attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting. Indian accounts describe warriors (including women) running up from the village to wave blankets in order to scare off the soldiers' horses. One 7th Cavalry trooper claimed finding a number of stone mollar consisting of a round cobble weighing 8–10 pounds (about 4 kg) with a rawhide handle, which he believed had been used by the Indian women to finish off the wounded.^[86]^:314 Fighting dismounted, the soldiers' skirmish lines were overwhelmed. Army doctrine would have called for one man in four to be a horseholder behind the skirmish lines and, in extreme cases, one man in eight. Later, the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover. As individual troopers were wounded or killed, initial defensive positions would have been abandoned as untenable.^[87]

Under threat of attack, the first U.S. soldiers on the battlefield three days later hurriedly buried the troopers in shallow graves, more or less where they had fallen. A couple of years after the battle, markers were placed where men were believed to have fallen, so the placement of troops has been roughly construed. The troops evidently died in several groups, including on Custer Hill, around Captain Maylz Keog, and strung out towards the Little Bighorn River.^[87]

Last break-out attempt

According to Indian accounts, about forty men on Custer Hill made a desperate stand around Custer, delivering voleyboldan yong'in.^[64] The great majority of the Indian casualties were probably suffered during this closing segment of the battle, as the soldiers and Indians on Calhoun Ridge were more widely separated and traded fire at greater distances for most of their portion of the battle than did the soldiers and Indians on Custer Hill.^[64]^:282

Modern documentaries suggest that there may not have been a "Last Stand", as traditionally portrayed in popular culture. Instead, archaeologists suggest that in the end, Custer's troops were not surrounded but rather overwhelmed by a single charge. This scenario corresponds to several Indian accounts stating Crazy Horse's charge swarmed the resistance, with the surviving soldiers fleeing in panic.^[64]^[4-eslatma] Many of these troopers may have ended up in a deep ravine 300–400 yards away from what is known today as Custer Hill. At least 28 bodies (the most common number associated with burial witness testimony), including that of scout Mitch Bouyer, were discovered in or near that gulch, their deaths possibly the battle's final actions.

Although the marker for Mitch Bouyer was found accurate through archaeological and forensic testing of remains, it is some 65 yards away from Deep Ravine.^[14]^:82 Historian Douglas Scott theorized that the "Deep Gulch" or "Deep Ravine" might have included not only the steep sided portion of the coulee, but the entire drainage including its tributaries, in which case the bodies of Bouyer and others were found where eyewitnesses had said they were seen.^[86]

Other archaeological explorations done in Deep Ravine found no human remains associated with the battle.^[86]^:39–48 Over the years since the battle, skeletal remains that were reportedly recovered from the mouth of the Deep Ravine by various sources have been repatriated to the Little Big Horn National Monument. According to Scott, it is likely that in the 108 years between the battle and Scott's excavation efforts in the ravine, geological processes caused many of the remains to become unrecoverable. For example, near the town of Garryowen, portions of the skeleton of a trooper killed in the Reno Retreat were recovered from an eroding bank of the Little Big Horn, while the rest of the remains had apparently been washed away by the river.^[86]

The shallow-draft steamer Uzoq G'arb was chartered by the Army to carry supplies for the Custer expedition. After the battle, captain and pilot Marsh Grant set a speed record bringing wounded men and news of the Custer disaster back to Fort Lincoln.^[88]^[89]

Natijada

After the Custer force was soundly defeated, the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne regrouped to attack Reno and Benteen. The fight continued until dark (approximately 9:00 pm) and for much of the next day, with the outcome in doubt. Reno credited Benteen's luck with repulsing a severe attack on the portion of the perimeter held by Companies H and M.^[5-eslatma] On June 27, the column under General Terry approached from the north, and the natives drew off in the opposite direction. The Crow scout Oq odam uni boshqaradi was the first to tell General Terry's officers that Custer's force had "been wiped out." Reno and Benteen's wounded troops were given what treatment was available at that time; five later died of their wounds. One of the regiment's three surgeons had been with Custer's column, while another, Dr. DeWolf, had been killed during Reno's retreat.^[90] The only remaining doctor was Assistant Surgeon Henry R. Porter.^[91]

The first to hear the news of the Custer disaster were those aboard the steamboat Uzoq G'arb, which had brought supplies for the expedition. Curley, one of Custer's scouts, rode up to the steamboat, and tearfully conveyed the information to Marsh Grant, the boat's captain, and army officers. Marsh converted the Uzoq G'arb into a floating field hospital to carry the 52 wounded from the battle to Fort Lincoln. Traveling night and day, with a full head of steam, Marsh brought the steamer downriver to Bismarck, Dakota Territory, making the 710 mi (1,140 km) run in the record time of 54 hours and bringing the first news of the military defeat which came to be popularly known as the "Custer Massacre." It was the news story of the century, with the editor of the Bismarck paper keeping the telegraph operator busy for hours transmitting information to the Nyu-York Herald (for which he corresponded). News of the defeat arrived in the East as the U.S. was observing its yuz yillik.^[92]^[93] The Army began to investigate, although its effectiveness was hampered by a concern for survivors, and the reputation of the officers. Custer's wife, Elisabeth Bacon Custer, in particular, guarded and promoted the ideal of him as the gallant hero, attacking any who cast an ill light on his reputation.^[94]^[95]

The Battle of the Little Bighorn had far-reaching consequences for the Natives. It was the beginning of the end of the 'Indian Wars' and has even been referred to as "the Indians' last stand"^[96] hududda. Within 48 hours of the battle, the large encampment on the Little Bighorn broke up into smaller groups because there was not enough game and grass to sustain a large congregation of people and horses.^[97]

Oglala Sio Qora Elk recounted the exodus this way: "We fled all night, following the Greasy Grass. My two younger brothers and I rode in a pony-drag, and my mother put some young pups in with us. They were always trying to crawl out and I was always putting them back in, so I didn't sleep much."^[98]

The scattered Sioux and Cheyenne feasted and celebrated during July with no threat from soldiers. After their celebrations, many of the Natives returned to the reservation. Soon the number of warriors amounted to only about 600.^[99] Both Crook and Terry remained immobile for seven weeks after the battle, awaiting reinforcements and unwilling to venture out against the Sioux and Cheyenne until they had at least 2,000 men. Crook and Terry finally took the field against the Natives forces in August. Umumiy Nelson A. Mayls took command of the effort in October 1876. In May 1877, Sitting Bull escaped to Canada. Within days, Crazy Horse surrendered at Robinson Fort, Nebraska. The Great Sioux War ended on May 7 with Miles' defeat of a remaining band of Minikonjou Si.^[97]

Egalik huquqi Qora tepaliklar, which had been a focal point of the 1876 conflict, was determined by an ultimatum issued by the Manypenny Commission, according to which the Sioux were required to cede the land to the United States if they wanted the government to continue supplying rations to the reservations. Threatened with forced starvation, the Natives ceded Paha Sapa AQShga,^[100] but the Sioux never accepted the legitimacy of the transaction. They lobbied Congress to create a forum to decide their claim and subsequently litigated for 40 years; the United States Supreme Court in the 1980 decision Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hindlarning Syu Nationiga qarshi tan olingan^[6-eslatma] that the United States had taken the Black Hills without just compensation. The Sioux refused the money subsequently offered and continue to insist on their right to occupy the land.

This Helena, Montana newspaper article did not report the June 25 battle until July 6, referring to a July 3 story from a Bozeman, Montana newspaper—itself eight days after the event.^[101]

The New York Times also appears to have first reported the event on July 6. The earliest journalistic communication cited in the Times article was dated July 2—a full week after the massacre.^[102] To'liq matn Bu yerga.

Former U.S. Army Crow Scouts visiting the Little Bighorn battlefield, circa 1913

Plenty Coups Edward Curtis Portrait (c1908). When the Crows got news from the battlefield, they went into grief. Crow woman Pretty Shield told how they were "crying ... for Son-of-the-morning-star [Custer] and his blue soldiers ..."^[103] With the defeat of Custer, it was still a real threat that the Lakotas would take-over the eastern part of the Crow reservation and keep up the invasion. In the end, the army won the Sioux war. Crow chief Plenty Coups recalled with amazement, how his tribe now finally could sleep without fear for Lakota attacks. "... this was the first time I had ever known such a condition."^[104]

Crow warrior Ikki tayt joined the U.S. army for a short time after the defeat of Custer. Two Belly had given him and nearly 30 other Crows a lecture and explained how the Sioux had taken the hunting grounds of the Crow. "Two Belly said ... we should help the soldiers drive them back to their own country."^[105]

Ishtirokchilar

7th Cavalry officers

Memorial Marker as seen from the east

Memorial Marker plaque

Memorial Marker as seen from the west

Marker indicating where General Custer fell among soldiers – denoted with black-face, in center of photo

Qo'mondon: podpolkovnik Jorj Armstrong Kuster (o'ldirilgan)
Katta Markus Reno
Adjutant: 1st Lt. Uilyam V. Kuk (o'ldirilgan)
Jarroh yordamchisi Jorj Edvin Lord (o'ldirilgan)
Acting Assistant Surgeon Jeyms Medison DeWolf (o'ldirilgan)
Acting Assistant Surgeon Henry Rinaldo Porter
Chief of Scouts: 2nd Lt. Charles Varnum (detached from A Company, wounded)
2nd in command of Scouts: 2nd Lt. Lyuter Xare (detached from K Company)
Pack Train commander: 1st Lt. Edward Gustave Mathey (detached from M Company)
A Company: Capt. Mayl Moylan, 1st Lt. Charlz DeRudio^[106]
B Company: Capt. Thomas McDougall, 2nd Lt. Benjamin Hodgson (killed) as Adjutant to Major Reno
C Company: Capt. Tomas Kuster (killed), 2nd Lt. Genri Mur Xarrington (o'ldirilgan)
D Company: Capt. Tomas Vayr, 2-Lt. Winfield Edgerly
E Company: 1st Lt. Algernon Smit (killed), 2nd Lt. James G. Sturgis (killed)
F Company: Capt. Jorj Yeyts (killed), 2nd Lt. William Reily (killed)
G Company: 1st Lt. Donald McIntosh (killed), 2nd Lt. George D. Wallace
H Company: Capt. Frederik Bentin, 1st Lt. Francis Gibson
I Company: Capt. Maylz Keog (killed), 1st Lt. Jeyms Porter (o'ldirilgan)
K Company: 1st Lt. Edvard Sett Godfri
L Company: 1st Lt. Jeyms Kalxun (killed), 2nd Lt. Jon J. Krittenden (o'ldirilgan)
M Company: Capt. Thomas French

Native American leaders and "warriors"

Chiroyli burun who, according to her grandson, was a woman war chief who participated in the battle

Marker stone on the battlefield

The English term "warriors" is used for convenience; however, the term easily leads to misconceptions and mistranslations (such as the vision of "soldiers falling into his camp"). The Lakota had formed a "Strongheart Society" of caretakers and providers for the camp, consisting of men who had demonstrated compassion, generosity and bravery. As the purpose of the tribes' gathering was to take counsel, they did not constitute an army or warrior class.^[67]

Hunkpapa (Lakota): Buqa o'tirib, Four Horns, Qarg'a qiroli, Chief Gall, Qora oy, Yuzda yomg'ir, Moving Robe Woman, Spotted Horn Bull, Iron Hawk, One Bull, Bull Head, Chasing Eagle, Kichkina katta odam
Sihasapa (Blackfoot Lakota): Crawler, Burgutni o'ldiring
Minneconjou (Lakota): Chief Hump, Qora oy, Qizil ot, Makes Room, Looks Up, Cho'loq kiyik, Dog-with-Horn, Dog Back Bone, Oq buqa, Feather Earring, Flying By
Sans Arc (Lakota): Spotted Eagle, Red Bear, Long Road, Cloud Man
Oglala (Lakota): Crazy Horse, U it, Ayiqni tepish, Flying Hawk, Chief Long Wolf, Qora Elk, White Cow Bull, Burgutni yugurish, Black Fox II
Brule (Lakota): Two Eagles, Bo'sh shoxli ayiq, Brave Bird
Two Kettles (Lakota): Runs-the-Enemy
Lower Yanktonai (Dakota): Thunder Bear, Medicine Cloud, Iron Bear, Long Tree
Wahpekute (Dakota): Inkpaduta, Sounds-the-Ground-as-He-Walks, White Eagle, White Tracking Earth
Black Powder (Sioux Firearms trader): Black Powder, Johann Smidt
Shimoliy shayen: Ikki oy, Yog'och oyoq, Old Bear, Cho'loq oq odam, Amerika oti, Brave Wolf, Antelope Women, Thunder Bull Big Nose, Yellow Horse, Little Shield, Horse Road, Bob Tail Horse, Yellow Hair, Bear-Walks-on-a-Ridge, Black Hawk, Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Crooked Nose, Noisy Walking
Arapaxolar: Waterman, Sage, Left Hand, Yellow Eagle, Little Bird

Arapaho participation

Modern-day accounts include Arapaxo warriors in the battle, but the five Arapaho men who were at the encampments were there only by accident. While on a hunting trip they came close to the village by the river and were captured and almost killed by the Lakota who believed the hunters were scouts for the U.S. Army. Ikki oy, a Northern Cheyenne leader, interceded to save their lives.^[107]

Notable scouts/interpreters

Three of Custer's scouts accompanying Edvard Kurtis on his investigative tour of the battlefield, circa 1907. Left to right: Oldinda, Tukli mokasin, Oq odam uni boshqaradi, Curtis and Alexander B. Upshaw (Curtis's assistant and Crow interpreter).

The 7th Cavalry was accompanied by a number of scouts and interpreters:

Qonli pichoq: Arikara/Lakota scout (killed)
Bob Tailed Bull: Arikara scout (killed)
Boy Chief: Arikara scout
Charley Reynolds: scout (killed)
Kerli: Crow scout
Curling Head: Arikara scout
Fred Jerar: tarjimon
Oldinda: Crow scout
Goose: Arikara scout (wounded in the hand by a 7th Cavalry trooper)
Tukli mokasin: Crow scout
Yarim sariq yuz, leader of Crow Scouts, also known as Paints Half His Face Yellow^[74]^:46
Ishayo Dorman: interpreter (killed)
Little Brave: Arikara scout (killed)
Little Sioux: Arikara scout
Mitch Bouyer: scout/interpreter (killed)
One Feather: Arikara scout
Owl: Arikara scout

Curley, Custer's Crow scout and interpreter through the battle.

Grave of Curley

Peter Jackson: half-Pikuni and half Blackfoot brother of William, scout
Red Bear: Arikara scout
Red Star: Arikara scout
Running Wolf: Arikara scout
Sitting Bear: Arikara scout
Soldier: Arikara scout
Strikes The Lodge: Arikara scout
Strikes Two: Arikara scout
Ikki oy: Arikara/Cheyenne scout
Oq odam uni boshqaradi: Crow scout
Oq oqqush: Crow Scout (severely wounded)
William Jackson: half-Pikuni and half Blackfoot scout
Young Hawk: Arikara scout

Jang tartibi

Mahalliy amerikaliklar

Mahalliy amerikaliklar	Qabila	Rahbarlar
Mahalliy amerikaliklar	Lakota Sio	Hunkpapa: Buqa o'tirib, Four Horns, Qarg'a qiroli, Chief Gall, Qora oy, Yuzda yomg'ir, Moving Robe Women, Spotted Horn Bull, Iron Hawk, One Bull, Bull Head, Chasing Eagle Sihasapa: Crawler, Burgutni o'ldiring Minneconjou: Chief Hump, Black Moon, Red Horse, Makes Room, Looks Up, Cho'loq kiyik, Dog-with-Horn, Dog Back Bone, Oq buqa, Feather Earring, Flying By Sans Arc: Spotted Eagle, Red Bear, Long Road, Cloud Man Oglala: Crazy Horse, U it, Ayiqni tepish, Flying Hawk, Keksa amerikalik ot, Chief Long Wolf, Qora Elk, White Cow Bull, Burgutni yugurish, Black Fox II Brule: Two Eagles, Bo'sh shoxli ayiq, Brave Bird Two Kettles: Runs-the-Enemy
	Dakota Sio	Lower Yanktonai: Thunder Bear, Medicine Cloud, Iron Bear, Long Tree Wahpekute: Inkpaduta, Sounds-the-Ground-as-He-Walks, White Eagle, White Tracking Earth
	Shimoliy shayen	Northern Cheyenne: Ikki oy, Yog'och oyoq, Old Bear, Cho'loq oq odam †, Amerika oti, Brave Wolf, Antelope Women, Thunder Bull Big Nose, Yellow Horse, Little Shield, Horse Road, Bob Tail Horse, Yellow Hair, Bear-Walks-on-a-Ridge, Black Hawk, Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Crooked Nose, Noisy Walking†
	Arapaxo	Arapahoes: Waterman, Sage, Left Hand, Yellow Eagle, Little Bird

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi, Podpolkovnik Jorj A. Kuster, 7th United States Cavalry Regiment, Commanding.

7th United States Cavalry Regiment	Batalyon	Kompaniyalar va boshqalar
Podpolkovnik Jorj A. Kuster †, buyruq.	Custer's Battalion Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer †	Company C: Captain Tomas Kuster † Company E: First Lieutenant Algernon Smit † Company F: Captain Jorj Yeyts † Company I: Captain Maylz Keog † Company L: First Lieutenant Jeyms Kalxun †
	Reno's Battalion Mayor Markus Reno	Kompaniya A: kapitan Mayl Moylan Company G: First Lieutenant Donald McIntosh † Company M: Captain Thomas French
	Benteen's Battalion Kapitan Frederik Bentin	Company D: Captain Tomas Vayr Company H: Captain Frederick Benteen Company K: First Lieutenant Edvard Sett Godfri
	Paket poezdi Birinchi leytenant Edvard Gustav Mathey	Company B: Captain Thomas McDougall
	Scouts and Interpreters Ikkinchi leytenant Charles Varnum (yaralangan), Chief of Scouts	Qonli pichoq †, Charley Reynolds †, Ishayo Dorman †, Mitch Bouyer †, Bob Tailed Bull†, Little Brave†, White Swan (qattiq yaralangan), G'oz (yaralangan), Curley, Curling Head, Fred Gerard, Goes Ahead, Boy Chief, Hairy Moccasin, Half Yellow Face (Paints Half His Face Yellow), Little Sioux, One Feather, Owl, Peter Jackson, William Jackson, Red Bear, Red Star, Running Wolf, Sitting Bear, Soldier, Strikes The Lodge, Strikes Two, Two Moons, White Man Runs Him, Young Hawk

Zarar ko'rgan narsalar

Mahalliy amerikalik jangchilar

Estimates of Native American casualties have differed widely, from as few as 36 dead (from Native American listings of the dead by name) to as many as 300.^[108] Lakota chief Qizil ot told Col. W. H. Wood in 1877 that the Native Americans suffered 136 dead and 160 wounded during the battle.^[109] In 1881, Red Horse told Dr. C. E. McChesney the same numbers but in a series of drawings done by Red Horse to illustrate the battle, he drew only sixty figures representing Lakota and Cheyenne casualties. Of those sixty figures only thirty some are portrayed with a conventional Plains Indian method of indicating death. In the last 140 years, historians have been able to identify multiple Indian names pertaining to the same individual, which has greatly reduced previously inflated numbers. Today a list of positively known casualties exists that lists 99 names, attributed and consolidated to 31 identified warriors.^[110]

Red Horse pictographic account of Lakota casualties in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1881

Qizil ot
Plate XLIV
Plate XLV
Indians leaving the Battlefield Plate XLVIII

Native American noncombatants

Six unnamed Native American women and four unnamed children are known to have been killed at the beginning of the battle during Reno's charge. Among them were two wives and three children of the Hunkpapa Leader Pizi (Gall).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

7-otliqlar

The 7th Cavalry suffered 52 percent casualties: 16 officers and 242 troopers killed or died of wounds, 1 officer and 51 troopers wounded. Every soldier of the five companies with Custer was killed (except for some Crow scouts and several troopers that had left that column before the battle or as the battle was starting). Among the dead were Custer's brothers Boston and Thomas, his brother-in-law James Calhoun, and his nephew Henry Reed.

In 1878, the army awarded 24 Sharaf medallari to participants in the fight on the bluffs for bravery, most for risking their lives to carry water from the river up the hill to the wounded.^[111] Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men, but many questioned the tactics, strategy and conduct of the officers. Indian accounts spoke of soldiers' panic-driven flight and suicide by those unwilling to fall captive to the Indians. While such stories were gathered by Thomas Bailey Marquis in a book in the 1930s, it was not published until 1976 because of the unpopularity of such assertions.^[112] Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured, Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children.^[112] Indian accounts also noted the bravery of soldiers who fought to the death.^[113]

Red Horse pictographic account of dead U.S. cavalrymen in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1881

Cavalrymen and two Indian Government scouts[?]
Cavalrymen and dead cavalry horses
^[114]

Civilians killed (armed and embedded within the Army)

Boston Custer: brother of George and Thomas, forager for the 7th
Mark Kellogg: reporter
Genri Armstrong Rid: Custer's nephew, herder for the 7th

Meros

Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry

Beginning in July, the 7th Cavalry was assigned new officers^[115]^[7-eslatma] and recruiting efforts began to fill the depleted ranks. The regiment, reorganized into eight companies, remained in the field as part of the Terry Expedition, now based on the Yellowstone River at the mouth of the Bighorn and reinforced by Gibbon's column. On August 8, 1876, after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry, the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota. It met with Crook's command, similarly reinforced, and the combined force, almost 4,000 strong, followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Kichik Missuri daryosi. Persistent rain and lack of supplies forced the column to dissolve and return to its varying starting points. The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute. Polk komandiri polkovnik Samuel D. Sturgis, returned from his detached duty in St. Louis, Missouri. Sturgis led the 7th Cavalry in the campaign against the Nez Perce 1877 yilda.

Expansion of the U.S. Army

The U.S. Congress authorized appropriations to expand the Army by 2,500 men to meet the emergency after the defeat of the 7th Cavalry. For a session, the Democratic Party-controlled House of Representatives abandoned its campaign to reduce the size of the Army. Word of Custer's fate reached the 44th United States Congress as a conference committee was attempting to reconcile opposing appropriations bills approved by the House and the Republican Senate. They approved a measure to increase the size of cavalry companies to 100 enlisted men on July 24. The committee temporarily lifted the ceiling on the size of the Army by 2,500 on August 15.^[116]

"Sotish yoki ochlik"

As a result of the defeat in June 1876, Congress responded by attaching what the Sioux call the "sell or starve" rider (19 Stat. 192 ) to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876 (enacted August 15, 1876), which cut off all rations for the Sioux until they terminated hostilities and ceded the Black Hills to the United States.^[117]^[118] 1877 yilgi kelishuv (19Stat. 254, 1877 yil 28 fevralda kuchga kirgan) rasmiy ravishda Syux yerlarini tortib oldi va doimiy ravishda tashkil etilgan hindlarning rezervatsiyalari.

Qarama-qarshiliklar

Reno's conduct

The Battle of the Little Bighorn was the subject of an 1879 U.S. Army Court of Inquiry in Chicago, held at Reno's request, during which his conduct was scrutinized.^[119] Some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and a coward. The court found Reno's conduct to be without fault. After the battle, Thomas Rosser, James O'Kelly, and others continued to question the conduct of Reno due to his hastily ordered retreat.^[120] Defenders of Reno at the trial noted that, while the retreat was disorganized, Reno did not withdraw from his position until it became apparent that he was outnumbered and outflanked by the Indians. Contemporary accounts also point to the fact that Reno's scout, Bloody Knife, was shot in the head, spraying him with blood, possibly increasing his panic and distress.^[47]

Custer's errors

General Terry and others claimed that Custer made strategic errors from the start of the campaign. For instance, he refused to use a battery of Gatling guns, and turned down General Terry's offer of an additional battalion of the 2nd Cavalry. Custer believed that the Gatling guns would impede his march up the Rosebud and hamper his mobility. His rapid march en route to the Little Bighorn averaged nearly 30 miles (48 km) a day, so his assessment appears to have been accurate. Custer planned "to live and travel like Indians; in this manner the command will be able to go wherever the Indians can", he wrote in his Xabarchi jo'natish.^[121]

Death of Custer, scene by Pawnee Bill's Wild West Show performers c. 1905 of Sitting Bull's stabbing Custer, with dead Native Americans lying on ground

By contrast, each Gatling gun had to be hauled by four horses, and soldiers often had to drag the heavy guns by hand over obstacles. Each of the heavy, hand-cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute, an impressive rate, but they were known to jam frequently. Davomida Black Hills ekspeditsiyasi two years earlier, a Gatling gun had turned over, rolled down a mountain, and shattered to pieces. Lieutenant William Low, commander of the artillery detachment, was said to have almost wept when he learned he had been excluded from the strike force.^[121]

Custer believed that the 7th Cavalry could handle any Indian force and that the addition of the four companies of the 2nd would not alter the outcome. When offered the 2nd Cavalry, he reportedly replied that the 7th "could handle anything."^[122] There is evidence that Custer suspected that he would be outnumbered by the Indians, although he did not know by how much. By dividing his forces, Custer could have caused the defeat of the entire column, had it not been for Benteen's and Reno's linking up to make a desperate yet successful stand on the bluff above the southern end of the camp.^[123]

The historian James Donovan believed that Custer's dividing his force into four smaller detachments (including the pack train) can be attributed to his inadequate reconnaissance; he also ignored the warnings of his Crow scouts and Charley Reynolds.^[124] Jang boshlangunga qadar, Kuster o'z kuchlarini har xil o'lchamdagi uchta batalyonga ajratib qo'ygan edi, ulardan eng kattasini ushlab turdi. Uning odamlari keng tarqalib ketishgan va bir-birlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga qodir emaslar.^[125]^[126] Birlashgan qabilalar janubga, ular turli guruhlarga tarqalib ketishlari mumkin bo'lgan har qanday qochishning oldini olishni istab,^[46] Kuster lagerning janubiy uchiga zudlik bilan hujum qilish eng yaxshi harakat deb hisoblagan.

Kusterga qoyil qolish

Kusterni tanqid qilish hamma uchun ham keng tarqalgan emas. Jang maydonini tekshirishda general-leytenant Nelson A. Mayls 1877 yilda shunday yozgan edi: "Bu erda [Kichik katta shoxda] harakatlarni qanchalik ko'p o'rgansam, Kusterga shunchalik qoyil qolaman".^[127] Byudjetning katta qisqarishlariga duch kelgan AQSh armiyasi yomon matbuotdan qochishni istadi va Kusterni oqlash yo'llarini topdi. Ular mag'lubiyatni hindlarning ko'plab takrorlanadigan miltiqlarga egalik qilishlari va jangchilarning son jihatdan ustunligi bilan izohladilar.^[8-eslatma]

Hech qachon qayta turmushga chiqmagan beva ayol Elvis Bekon Kuster uchta mashhur kitobni yozgan, ularda u erining obro'sini qattiq himoya qilgan.^[128]^[9-eslatma] U 1933 yilgacha yashab, ko'pgina dalillar yo'qolguncha juda jiddiy izlanishlarga xalaqit berdi.^[129] Bundan tashqari, kapitan Frederik Uittakerning 1876 yilda Kusterni idealizatsiya qilgan kitobi juda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan.^[130] Kaster yovvoyi kuchlarga qarshi mardona kurashgan qahramon zobit sifatida mashhur bo'lgan obraz edi Yovvoyi G'arb shouman tomonidan uyushtirilgan ekstravaganzalar "Buffalo Bill" Kodi, Pawn Bill va boshqalar. Yarim asrdan ko'proq vaqt o'tgachgina tarixchilar jangga va Kusterning o'limiga va yarim qo'mondonligini yo'qotishiga olib kelgan qarorlariga yana bir bor nazar tashladilar va tanqid qilish uchun ko'p narsalarni topdilar.^[131]

Gatling qurolidagi tortishuv

General Alfred Terrining Dakota kolonnasida ikkitadan iborat bitta artilleriya batareyasi mavjud edi 3 dyuymli Ordnance miltig'i va ikkitasi Shitirlash qurollari.^[132]^[133] (Tarixchi Evan S. Konnellning so'zlariga ko'ra, Geytlinglarning aniq soni aniqlanmagan: ikkitasi yoki uchtasi.)^[134]

1861 yilda ixtiro qilingan Gatling qurol Richard Gatling. Kuster bu qurollarning akkumulyatori taklifini rad etdi va Terriga "bizning harakatlarimizga xalaqit berishini" tushuntirdi. Said Kuster: "7-chi har qanday narsaga dosh bera oladi".^[135]

Terterning tezyurar Gatlinglar haqidagi taklifini rad etish to'g'risidagi Kusterning qarori tarixchilar orasida nega u ularni rad etgani va Kichik Bighorn jangidagi kuchlariga qanday ustunlik berishi mumkinligi haqida savollar tug'dirdi.^[136]^[137]^[138]

Bir omil mayor Markus Renoning yaqinda 10-18 iyun kunlari bo'lib o'tgan chang-til-Rosebud daryosining 8 kunlik razvedkasi edi.^[139]^[140] Ushbu joylashish qurolli vagonlarga o'rnatilgan va otlar tomonidan tortib olinadigan artilleriya qismlari endi otliq tog'larga (mahkum etilgan otlar deb nomlanmagan) mos kelmasligini ko'rsatdi.^[141]^[142]^[143]^[144] 7-chi otliq askarlarning harakatchanligini yuqori baholagan Kuster va Terrining polkni "asosiy zarba beruvchi kuch" deb tan olishini tan olib, Geytling qurollari ta'sirida qolishni afzal ko'rdi.^[145]^[146]^[147]^[148] Kuster artilleriya uning muvaffaqiyati uchun ortiqcha ekanligini ta'kidladi, chunki 7-chi otliq askar ularga duch kelishi kerak bo'lgan har qanday kuch bilan kurashish uchun etarli edi va Terriga: "7-chi duch kelgan narsaga qodir", deb xabar berdi.^[149]^[150]^[151]^[152] Ushbu amaliy tashvishlarga qo'shimcha ravishda, mayor Jeyms Brisbin bilan bo'lgan keskin munosabatlar, Kusterning Brisbinning ikkinchi otliq bo'linmasi va Geytling qurollarini uning zarba kuchiga qo'shilishidan xushmuomalalik bilan rad etishiga olib keldi, chunki bu Kuster boshqargan har qanday ierarxik kelishuvlarni buzadi.^[153]^[154]^[155]

Tarixchilar Gatling quroliga xos bo'lgan olov kuchini tan olishdi: ular daqiqada 350 .45-70 kalibrli o'q otish imkoniyatiga ega edilar. Qora chang qoldig'idan kelib chiqadigan tiqilib qolish bu ko'rsatkichni pasaytirishi mumkin,^[156]^[157] jangovar sharoitlarda ularning ishonchliligi to'g'risida savollar tug'diradi.^[158]^[159] Tadqiqotchilar qo'shimcha ravishda Kusterning Lakota va Cheyenne jangchilari duch kelishi mumkin bo'lgan taktika bo'yicha qurollarning samaradorligini shubha ostiga olishdi. Vagonlarga baland o'rnatilgan Geytlinglar akkumulyator ekipajidan ish paytida tik turishini talab qilib, ularni Lakota va Cheyne o'q otuvchilar uchun oson nishonga aylantirdi.^[160]

Tarixchi Robert M. Utley, "Gatling qurollari klasterni saqlab qoladimi?" deb nomlangan bo'limda. Kuster zamondoshlarining ikkita hukmini taqdim etadi: Umumiy Genri J. Xant Fuqarolar urushi paytida artilleriyadan taktik foydalanish bo'yicha mutaxassis Gatlingz "ehtimol buyruqni qutqargan bo'lar edi", deb aytgan bo'lsa, general Nelson A. Mayls, Buyuk Siyo urushi qatnashchisi "[Gatlinglar] hind janglari uchun foydasiz edi" deb e'lon qildi. ^[161]

Qurol

Lakota va shayen

Genri miltig'i va Vinchester modasi 1866 miltig'i. Bular takrorlovchi miltiqlar Springfild Trapdoor-ga qaraganda yuqori darajadagi olovga qodir edi.

Kuster kuchlariga qarshi chiqqan Lakota va shayen jangchilari urush klublari va nayzalaridan tortib to hozirgi kunga qadar eng ilg'or qurollarga qadar ko'plab qurol-yaroqlarga ega edilar.^[162] Lakota va shayen jangchilari olib boradigan odatdagi qurollar edi muzlatgichlar, ko'pincha qulflash silliq teshik, deb atalmish hind savdo mushagi yoki Leman qurollari^[163]^[164] AQSh hukumati tomonidan hindularga shartnoma konventsiyalarida tarqatilgan.^[165] Ortiqcha bo'lganlar .58 kalibrli miltiq muskullari, masalan, Amerika fuqarolar urushi vintage Enfild va Springfild.^[166] Metall patron qurollari mahalliy jangchilar tomonidan qadrlangan, masalan Genri va Spenser qo'zg'aysan miltiqlari, shuningdek Keskin yuk ko'taruvchilar.^[167] Kamon va o'qlarni yoshroq jasurlar kuchliroq o'q otar qurollar o'rniga ishlatishgan; 30 metrgacha (27 metr) samarali bo'lgan o'qlar raqibni osonlikcha mayib qilishi yoki o'chirib qo'yishi mumkin.^[168]

Bullning kuchlari o'zlarini qurol va o'q-dorilar bilan ta'minlash uchun ishonchli vositaga ega emas edilar.^[169] Shunga qaramay, ular odatda bularni post-treyderlar orqali, litsenziyali yoki litsenziyasiz va Dakota hududida ishlagan qurollardan sotib olishlari mumkin edi: "... takrorlanuvchi uchun ot yoki xachir ... o'q-dorilar uchun buffalo yashiradi."^[170] Kusterning eng taniqli qo'llanmasi "Yolg'iz" Charley Reynolds, 1876 yil boshida o'z boshlig'iga o'tirgan Bull kuchlari qurol-yarog ', shu qatorda ko'plab Vinchester avtomatlari va mo'l-ko'l o'q-dorilarni to'playotgani haqida xabar bergan.^[171]

Kichik Bighorndagi Lakota va Cheyenne jangchilariga tegishli qurollardan taxminan 200 nafari takrorlanadigan miltiq edi.^[172] jangda qatnashgan mehnatga layoqatli ikki ming jangchining qariyb 10 tasidan 1 tasiga to'g'ri keladi.^[173]

7-otliqlar

Colt Single Action Army, seriya № 5773, 7-chi otliqlar

Springfield Trapdoor Rifle ochiq. Kuster qo'shinlari ushbu o'qlarni o'qqa tutadigan, bir martalik o'qotar qurollar bilan jihozlangan.

Kuster qo'mondonligi ostidagi qo'shinlar 1876 yil boshida AQSh armiyasi tomonidan ruxsat berilgan va chiqarilgan ikkita tartibga soluvchi qurolni olib yurishgan: yuk ko'tarish, bitta o'q otish Springfield modeli 1873 karbin va 1873 yil Colt bitta harakatli revolver.^[174] Tartibga solish M1860 qichitqi yoki "uzun pichoqlar" ni Kuster buyrug'iga binoan askarlar olib yurishmagan.^[175]^[176]

Shaxsiy egalik qilgan va qimmatroq miltiq va qurollarni tanlagan bir qator zobitlar va skautlar bundan mustasno, 7-otliq askarlar bir xilda qurollangan edi.^[177]^[178]^[179]

O'q-dorilar uchun ajratilgan qismlar har bir askarga 100 ta karbin turini taqdim etdi patron kamari va tog'laridagi egar sumkalarida. Polk bilan jang maydoniga hamroh bo'lgan to'plam poezdida har bir kishiga qo'shimcha ravishda 50 karbinadan ko'proq tur ajratilgan. Har bir askar o'zining Colt quroliga 24 ta o'q berar edi.^[180]

Qarama-qarshi kuchlar, garchi qurol soniga va turiga teng darajada teng kelmagan bo'lsalar ham, taqqoslab jihozlangan edilar va qurollanishda ikkala tomon ham katta ustunlikka ega emas edilar.^[181]

Kaldıraçlı repetitorlar va bitta o'qli yuk ko'taruvchilar

Ikki yuz yoki undan ortiq Lakota va shayen jangchilari Genri, Vinchester yoki shunga o'xshash qurol-yarog 'bilan jangda qurollanganligi ma'lum.^[172]^[182] Deyarli 7-otliq askarlarning har bir qo'shinlari bitta o'q otadigan, kamin yuklaydigan Springfild karabini va Colt revolverlari bilan kurashdilar.^[183]

Tarixchilar takrorlanadigan miltiqlar Sitting Bull qishloqdoshlariga Kusterning karbina bilan qurollangan askarlari ustidan g'alaba qozonishiga hissa qo'shgan alohida ustunlik berdimi deb so'rashdi.^[184]

Tarixchi Maykl L. Louson "Genrivill" maydonidagi arxeologik kollektsiyalarga asoslangan ssenariyni taqdim etadi, unda 20 ga yaqin quroldan Genri miltig'ining patronlari ko'p bo'lgan. Louson Sprinfild karbinalaridan kam kuchliroq bo'lsa-da, Genri repetitorlari juda muhim nuqtada yong'inni keltirib chiqardi va leytenant Jeyms Kalxunning L kompaniyasini Kalxun tepaligidan va Finli Ridjdan haydab chiqarib, uni kapitan Maylz Keogning I kompaniyasiga qaytishga majbur qildi. va Kuster batalonining ushbu qanotining parchalanishiga olib keldi.^[185]

Model 1873/1884 Springfield karbinasi va AQSh armiyasi

Kuchli sinovlardan so'ng, shu jumladan mahalliy va xorijiy bir martalik va takrorlanadigan miltiqlarni taqqoslash - Armiya Ordnance kengashi (uning tarkibiga ofitserlar Markus Reno va Alfred Terri ham kiritilgan) Sprinfildga AQSh armiyasi uchun rasmiy qurol sifatida ruxsat berdilar.^[186]^[187]

Piyoda uchun .45-70 uzunlikdagi miltiq versiyasida va otliqlar uchun .45-55 yengil karbinali versiyada ishlab chiqarilgan "Springfild" AQSh qurolli kuchlarining uzoq muddatli va geostrategik talablariga javob beradigan qattiq o'qotar qurol deb baholandi.^[188]

Tomahawk va qafas; yoki hatto koeffitsientlar, tomonidan rasm Charlz Shreyvogel (1861-1912). Kichik Bighorn jangida bunday jang hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan: 7-otliq askarning hech biri Kuster buyrug'iga binoan shamshirlarni olib yurmagan.

Tarixchi Mark Gallearning ta'kidlashicha, AQSh hukumati mutaxassislari to'liq jihozlangan Evropa qo'shinlari bilan to'qnashuvda yoki boshqa fuqarolik mojarosi boshlanganda samarasiz deb hisoblab, qo'lni ishlatadigan repetitor konstruktsiyalarini rad etishgan. Gallear tahlilida o'q-dorilarning tezkor tugashi bir martalik "Springfield" foydasiga qarorga ta'sir qilgan degan da'vo rad etildi. The Hind urushlari Gallear tomonidan mojarolarning kichik teatri sifatida tasvirlangan, uning kutilmagan holatlari rivojlanayotgan sanoatlashgan millat uchun standart qurol tanlovini boshqarishi dargumon edi.^[189]

Sprinfild karbini tarixchi Jeyms Donovan tomonidan "yuqori masofa va to'xtash kuchi" bilan maqtovga sazovor bo'lgan va muallif Charlz M. Robinzonning ta'kidlashicha, miltiq "og'zini ochadigan avvalgilariga qaraganda ancha tezroq o'qqa tutilishi va otilishi mumkin" va uning diapazoni ikki baravar ko'p bo'lgan. Vinchester, Genri va Spenser kabi takrorlanadigan miltiqlar haqida. "^[190]^[191]^[192]

Gallearning ta'kidlashicha, qo'zg'aluvchan miltiq, tez otilib chiqqandan so'ng, hali ham olovning umumiy tezligini pasaytiradigan qayta yuklash oralig'ini talab qiladi; Springfield breechloaders "uzoq muddatda, butun jang davomida barqaror bo'lgan yuqori darajada olovga ega edi."^[193]

Springfildning Erskine S. Allin uchun breykloader dizayn patent trapdoor tizimi AQSh hukumatiga tegishli edi va o'qotar qurol mavjud bo'lgan texnika bilan osongina ishlab chiqarishga moslashtirilishi mumkin edi Springfild qurol-yarog ' Massachusets shtatida.^[194] Urushdan keyingi armiyani moliyalashtirish qisqartirilgan paytda, iqtisodiy ishlab chiqarish istiqboli Springfield variantini Ordnance Board a'zosini tanlashiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[195]

Springfild karbina ekstraktori mexanizmining noto'g'ri ishlashi

7-otliq askarga berilgan Model 1873 Sprinfild karabinining nosozligi ularning mag'lub bo'lishiga hissa qo'shganmi yoki yo'qmi, yillar davomida muhokama qilinmoqda.^[196]

Qurilmaning ekstraktorni siqib chiqarishi haqida bahslashish mumkin emas, ammo uning Kusterning mag'lub bo'lishiga qo'shgan hissasi ahamiyatsiz deb hisoblanadi. Ushbu xulosa, jang maydonida olib borilgan arxeologik tadqiqotlar dalillari bilan tasdiqlangan, bu erda qo'lda ekstraktsiyani ko'rsatadigan skretch belgilariga ega bo'lgan Springfield kartrijining kassasini tiklash kamdan-kam uchragan. Ejektor mexanizmidagi nuqson Armiya Ordnance Board tomonidan ma'lum qilingan Model 1873 miltig'i va karbini tanlangan vaqt va elkama-qo'lning umumiy loyiqligida muhim nuqson deb hisoblanmagan.^[197] AQSh armiyasining sinovlarida ejektorning ishdan chiqishi 1: 300 darajagacha past bo'lganligi sababli, Springfild karbini fuqarolar urushida ishlatilgan tumshug'i yuklanadigan Springfildlarga qaraganda ancha ishonchli edi.^[198]^[199]

Zobit jangdan keyingi misga oid ko'rsatmalarga murojaat qiladi .45-55 gilizda askarlarga etkazib berildi, unda zobit kameralarni bir qator Sprinfild karabinlari uchun ishlatilgan patronlardan tozalagan.^[200] 1879 yilda Renoga oid tergov sudida ordnans boshlig'iga taklif qilingan kassalarni keng birlashtirganligi haqidagi guvohlik, urush maydonida to'plangan arxeologik dalillarga zid keladi. Dala ma'lumotlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, ekstraktorning mumkin bo'lgan nosozliklari Kuster jang maydonida taxminan soat 1:30 da va Reno-Bentin jang maydonida 1:37 tezlikda sodir bo'lgan.^[201]^[202]^[203]

Tarixchi Toms Xetch 1873-yilgi Springfield modelining ejektorning tanqisligiga qaramay, 1890-yillarning boshlariga qadar AQSh qo'shinlari uchun odatiy muammo bo'lib kelganini kuzatmoqda.^[204]

Tirik qolganning da'volari

Jon Martin AQSh armiyasi formasini kiygan, taxminan. 1904 yil

Kusterning bevosita qo'mondonligidagi askarlar jangning birinchi kunida yo'q qilindi (uchtasidan tashqari) Qarg'a skautlari va bir nechta askarlar (shu jumladan Jon Martin (Jovanni Martino) ) jangdan oldin ushbu ustunni tark etgan; bitta qarg'a skauti, Jingalak, urush boshlanganidan keyin tark etgan yagona omon qolgan), garchi yillar davomida boshqa tirik qolganlar haqida mish-mishlar saqlanib qolgan bo'lsa ham.^[10-eslatma]

Keyingi 70 yil ichida 120 dan ortiq erkaklar va ayollar o'zlarini Kusterning oxirgi holatidan "yolg'iz omon qolgan" deb da'vo qilishdi.^[205] Bu hodisa shunchalik keng tarqaldiki, bir tarixchi shunday dedi: "Agar Kustrda o'zining ikkita batalonining" yolg'iz omon qolgani "da'vo qiluvchilarning hammasi bo'lganida edi, u bo'ri tog'larini kesib o'tib, orqasida kamida bitta brigadaga ega bo'lar edi. hujum."^[206]

Tarixchi Earl Alonzo Brininstool u kamida 70 ta "omon qolgan" hikoyalarini to'plagan deb taklif qildi.^[207]^[208] Havaskor Kuster tarixchisi Maykl Nunnalli bu kabi 30 ta hisobni tavsiflovchi risola yozgan.^[209] V. A. Gremning ta'kidlashicha, hatto Libbi Kuster ham odamlardan ularning tirik qolish tajribasi haqida o'nlab xatlarni hayratda qoldiradigan tafsilotlar bilan olgan.^[210] Kamida 125 ta "bitta omon qolgan" ertaklar 2012 yil iyul holatiga ko'ra tarixiy yozuvlarda tasdiqlangan.

Frank Finkel, dan Deyton, Vashington, tarixchi Charlz Kulman shunday ishonchli voqeaga ega edi^[211] tirik qolgan deb taxmin qilingan Finkelning jangdagi ishtiroki to'g'risida uzoq mudofaa yozishga qadar.^[212] Duglas Ellison - shahar hokimi Medora, Shimoliy Dakota va havaskor tarixchi-Finkelning da'vosining to'g'riligini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi kitob yozgan,^[213] ammo ko'pchilik olimlar buni rad etadilar.^[214]^[215]

Ushbu tirik qolganlarning ba'zilari Qo'shma Shtatlarda taniqli shaxs maqomiga ega edilar, ular orasida Raymond Xetfild "Arizona Bill" Gardner^[216] va Frank Tarbeaux.^[217] Kichik Bighornda qilgan ishlarini batafsil bayon etgan bir nechta hatto avtobiografiyalar.^[218]^[219]^[220]

Zamonaviy tarixchi Albert Vinkler, jangchi Xustav Kornning jangda haqiqiy tirik qolganligini tasdiqlovchi ba'zi dalillar mavjudligini ta'kidladi: Kichik Bighorn xayoliy, Gustav Kornning hikoyasi zamonaviy yozuvlar bilan qo'llab-quvvatlangan. ' Kornning oti jangning dastlabki bosqichida Kusterning "I" kompaniyasida xizmat qilganida va u Reno kompaniyalariga qo'shilib Reno tepaligida o'z o'rnini egallaganini ta'kidlagan.^[221]

Erkaklar o'zlarining jangdagi o'ziga xos rolini nazarda tutgan holda yoki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aytgan holda chiqishlari bilanoq, bunday da'volarga bir xil darajada qarshi bo'lgan boshqalar ham bor edi. Teodor Goldin, keyinchalik bu voqeada munozarali tarixchi bo'lgan jang ishtirokchisi shunday yozgan (Charlz Xeyvardning Kuster bilan bo'lgan va asirga olingan degan da'vosiga nisbatan):

Hindlar har doim hech qanday asir olmaganliklarini ta'kidladilar. Agar ular shunday qilishgan bo'lsa - men qat'iy ishonaman - ular qiynoqqa solingan va 25-kuni kechasi o'ldirilgan. Buning isboti sifatida qishloqda kapitan Bentin va Liut bilan birga bo'lganimizda, urush paytida katta raqs sahnasi yonida yig'ilgan uchta kuygan va kuygan boshlarni eslayman. 27-kuni ertalab Uolles ... Men juda qo'rqaman, Toni, biz Xayvordning hikoyasini, boshqalarning hikoyalari singari, toza, sof bo'lmagan BS singari sinfxonada o'qishimiz kerak, deb o'ylayman. kamida har kuni Linkolndagi oltita qo'shin haqida ertalabki xabarlar va u erda uning ismini hech qachon ko'rmagan yoki vaqti-vaqti bilan ishlaydigan skautlar ro'yxatida ... Men umid qilamanki, bir kun kelib bu la'natlangan fakirlarning hammasi o'ladi va bu Jangning haqiqiy ishtirokchilari o'zlarini tan olishlari va o'zlarini u erda bo'lishlarini talab qilishlari mumkin. Darhaqiqat, men hech qachon 7-otliq askar haqida eshitganimni rad etishga urinib ko'rganman, u bilan bu ishda kamroq qatnashganman ... Mening "Faxriy medal" va uning yozuvlari menga bo'lganligimning ijobiy isboti sifatida xizmat qilgan. hech bo'lmaganda ushbu vaqtda yaqin joyda, aks holda men voqea haqidagi barcha bilimlarni inkor etishga intilishim kerak.^[222]

Kuster buyrug'idan omon qolgan yagona hujjatlashtirilgan va tasdiqlangan (aslida Kusterning jang qismida qatnashgan) kapitan Keogning oti edi, Komanchi. Yaralangan otni general Terri qo'shinlari jang maydonida topdilar va boshqa otliqlar saqlanib qolgan bo'lsa ham, ularni hindular olib ketishdi. Komanchi oxir-oqibat qal'aga qaytarildi va polkning maskotiga aylandi.^[11-eslatma] Voqea joyida yana bir qancha og'ir yaralangan otlar topilib o'ldirilgan^[223] Yozuvchi Evan S. Connell qayd etilgan Tong yulduzining o'g'li:^[224]

Komanchi 1887 yilda

Komanchi Kichik Bighorndan omon qolgan yagona odam deb tan olindi, ammo ettinchi otliq tog'lar omon qoldi, ehtimol yuzdan oshiq edi va hatto sariq bulldog ham bor edi. Komanchi yana o'n besh yil yashadi va u vafot etgach, u tiqilib qoldi va shu kungacha Kanzas Universitetidagi shisha idishda saqlanib kelmoqda. Shunday qilib, namlik bilan boshqariladigan shisha idishi bilan kuya va esdalik ovchilaridan himoyalangan Komancha sabr-toqat bilan, bakalavr avlodlari avlodidan-avlodga hazil qilib turadi. Boshqa otlar yo'q bo'lib ketdi va sirli sariq bulldog yo'q bo'lib ketdi, bu ma'lum ma'noda afsonaning haqiqat ekanligini anglatadi. Komanning o'zi tirik qoldi.

Jang maydonini saqlab qolish

1894 yilda olingan surat H.R.Lokk Battle Ridge-da oxirgi stend tepasiga qarab (yuqori markaz). Kuster tepaligining o'ng tomonida omon qolgan jangchi uchun nomlangan Yog'och oyoq tepaligi joylashgan. U dushman tomonidan tez-tez ko'rinib turgandan keyin o'ldirilgan Sioux o'qchisining o'limini tasvirlab berdi.^[225]^[226]

2005 yilda jang maydoni

Kichik Bighornning AQSh tasodifiy jangchisi

Jang joyi birinchi bo'lib AQSh sifatida saqlanib qolgan milliy qabriston 1879 yilda 7-otliq askarlari qabrlarini himoya qilish uchun. 1946 yilda u qayta nomlandi Kuster jang maydoni Milliy yodgorlik, uning Kuster bilan aloqasini aks ettiradi. 1967 yilda mayor Markus Reno qabristonga sharaf bilan qayta tashrif buyurdi, shu jumladan o'n bitta quroldan salom. 1970-yillarning boshidan boshlab, bu erda tashvish paydo bo'ldi Milliy park xizmati Custer Battlefield National Monument nomi bilan ikki madaniyat o'rtasidagi jang tarixini etarlicha aks ettira olmadi. Ismni o'zgartirish bo'yicha tinglovlar bo'lib o'tdi Billings 1991 yil 10 iyunda bo'lib o'tdi va keyingi oylarda Kongress sayt nomini o'zgartirdi Kichik Bighorn jang maydonidagi milliy yodgorlik.

Hindiston yodgorligi Kollin Kutsal tomonidan^[227]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari jang maydonini yodga olish 1879 yilda AQSh o'lganlari uchun vaqtinchalik yodgorlik bilan boshlangan. 1881 yilda ularning sharafiga hozirgi marmar obelisk o'rnatildi. 1890 yilda AQSh otliq askarlari yiqilgan joylarni belgilash uchun marmar bloklar qo'shildi.

Taxminan 100 yil o'tgach, jangning ma'nosi haqidagi g'oyalar yanada keng qamrovli bo'lib qoldi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati mahalliy Amerika qurbonlari ham saytda e'tirofga loyiq ekanligini tan oldi. 1991 yilgi milliy yodgorlik nomini o'zgartirish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi, shuningdek, Lakota va shayen jangchilari sharafiga Last Stand Hill yonida Hindiston yodgorligini qurishga ruxsat berdi. Vatan rassomi tomonidan buyurtma qilingan asar Kollin Kutsal fotosuratda o'ng tomonda ko'rsatilgan. 1999 yilgi Xotira kunida, qabilalar vakillari bilan maslahatlashib, AQSh tub erlik jangchilarining qaerga qulaganligini qayd etish uchun jang maydoniga ikkita qizil granit marker qo'shdi. 2006 yil dekabr oyidan boshlab jami o'nta jangchi belgilar qo'shildi (uchta Reno-Bentin mudofaa maydonchasida va ettita Kichik Bighorn jang maydonida).^[228]

"Birlik orqali tinchlik" l nomli Hindiston yodgorligi - bu 7-otliq obeliskdan 75 yard (69 metr) masofada joylashgan ochiq dumaloq inshoot. Uning devorlarida bu erda vafot etgan ba'zi hindularning ismlari, shuningdek, jang haqidagi mahalliy yozuvlar mavjud. Tuzilishning ochiq doirasi ramziy ma'noga ega, chunki ko'plab qabilalar uchun aylana muqaddasdir. Otliqlar yodgorligiga qaragan "ruh darvozasi" oynasi ham ramziy ma'noga ega, vafot etgan otliqlarni yodgorlik oldida kutib oladi.^[229]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Jon Mulvani 1881 yilgi rasm Kusterning so'nggi mitingi ushbu jangning yirik tasvirlaridan birinchisi edi. Bu 11 futdan 20 futgacha bo'lgan va 17 yil davomida mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilgan.^[230]
1896 yilda Anheuser-Busch Otto Bekerdan Kassilli Adams rasmining litografik, o'zgartirilgan versiyasini topshirdi. Kusterning so'nggi jangi, bu butun Amerika bo'ylab salonlarga bosma nashr sifatida tarqatilgan.^[231]
Edgar Samuel Paxson rasmini yakunladi Kusterning so'nggi turishi 1899 yilda. 1963 yilda Garold Makkracken, taniqli tarixchi va G'arb san'at mutaxassisi, Pakssonning rasmini "jangning eng yaxshi tasviriy tasviri" va "faqat badiiy nuqtai nazardan ... bu dramatik voqeani abadiylashtirish uchun yaratilgan eng yaxshi rasmlardan biri" deb hisoblaydi. "^[232]
1927 yilda, Kichkina katta shox namoyish etgan AQSh teatrlarida ochilgan Roy Styuart Jon Bek bilan Kuster rolida.^[233]
1964 yilgi roman, Kichkina katta odam amerikalik muallif tomonidan Tomas Berger va 1970 yil shu nomdagi film, jang haqidagi yozuvni o'z ichiga oladi va manik va biroz psixotik Kusterni tasvirlaydi (Richard Mulligan ) dahshatiga o'zi va uning buyrug'i "yo'q qilinishini" anglab etdi.^[234]
2007 yilda BBC bir soatlik drama-hujjatli filmini namoyish etdi Kusterning so'nggi turishi.^[235]
2011 yil may oyi epizodi BBC radiosi 4 dastur Bizning vaqtimizda taniqli Melvin Bragg (va mehmonlar) jangning mazmuni, shartlari va natijalarini muhokama qilish.^[236]
2017 yilda tarixchi Daniele Bolelli jang va unga olib boruvchi voqealarni "Tarix olovda" podkastidagi uch qismli serialda yoritdi.^[237]

Shuningdek qarang

Isandlvanadagi jang
Amerika qit'asining tub aholisi yutgan janglar ro'yxati
Kichik Bighornni qayta tiklash jangi
Rosebud jangi
Sent-Klerning mag'lubiyati, mahalliy amerikaliklar tomonidan AQSh armiyasining bundan oldin katta mag'lubiyati
1881 yildagi Mapuche qo'zg'oloni

Izohlar

^ Kapitan Sheridan (L kompaniyasi), general-leytenantning ukasi. Filipp X.Sheridan, 1866–67 yillarda akasining doimiy yordamchisi bo'lguncha atigi etti oy xizmat qildi, ammo 1882 yilgacha rollarda qoldi. Kapitan Ilsli (E kompaniyasi) general-mayorning yordamchisi edi. Jon Papa 1866 yildan 1879 yilgacha, u nihoyat uning buyrug'iga qo'shilganda. Kapitan Tourtelotte (G kompaniyasi) hech qachon 7-ga qo'shilmagan. To'rtinchi kapitan Ouen Xeyl (K kompaniyasi) polkning Sent-Luisdagi yollash bo'yicha ofitseri bo'lib, darhol o'z safiga qo'shildi.
^ Hindiston tekisliklari yarim ko'chmanchi xalqlar bo'lib, doimiy yashash joylari bo'lmagan rezervasyonlar (aka "Agentliklar"). "Qishloq" bu to'plam edi tipis, boshliq boshchiligida bir guruh hindular, shu jumladan boshliqdan boshqa qabilalar ham yashaydi. Qanday qilib bir guruh oddiygina uchlarni o'rnatish bilan to'xtab qolsa va bir kechadan bir necha haftagacha davom etishi mumkin bo'lgan joyda qishloq paydo bo'ladi. Tipisiz yosh jangchilar odatda yaratadilar ozg'in yoki ochiq joyda uxlash. Boshliq, qishloq aholisi ustidan yurish vaqti keldi, degan qarorga kelganida, ularning uchlarini shunchaki urishdi, tipi ustunlarini otlariga bog'lash uchun travois mollari va bolalari uchun va boshliqning orqasidan ergashdi. Shuning uchun "qishloq" atamasi, ko'chib o'tishda yoki qarorgohda bo'lgan guruhga tegishli.^[36]
^ Qishloqlar odatda sharqqa ochilgan U shaklidagi yarim doira shaklida joylashtirilgan; ko'p qabilali qishloqlarda har bir qabila o'z tiplarini boshqa qabilalardan alohida, ammo boshqa qabilalarga yaqin tarzda shu tarzda o'rnatgan. Bullning qishlog'i ko'p qavmli bo'lib, "oltita taqsimotli yarim doira shaklida yig'ilgan" mingta tipisdan iborat bo'lib, aholisi taxminan. 8000 kishi, va oxiridan oxirigacha ikki milga cho'zilgan.^[38]
^ Sariq burunning guvohligi.
^ Renoga oid tergov sudi.
^ Ga binoan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hindlarning Syu Nationiga qarshi, 448 AQSh 371 (1980), AQSh hukumati Black tog'larni olganligi uchun Syuxga adolatli kompensatsiya va foizlarni to'lashi kerak edi. Ushbu holat sudning hukumat hindlarning rezervasyonlariga shaxsiy mulk kabi munosabatda bo'lishi va ularni qabul qilishi mumkinligi haqidagi fikrini tasdiqladi taniqli domen agar faqat tovon to'langan bo'lsa.
^ Mayor Elmer I. Otis 1-otliq 1876 yil 25 iyundan boshlab Kuster o'rnini egallagan, ammo 1877 yil fevralga qadar hisobot bermagan. 7-otliq askarga tayinlangan 1876 yilda ikki West West Point bitiruvchisi bitirgandan 10 kun o'tgach 1-leytenantga ko'tarilgan. Boshqa polklarga tayinlangan to'rt kishi va sakkizta tajribali 2-leytenantlar bilan birga 7-ning har bir kompaniyasiga bittadan tayinlangan. Ammo 1876 yil iyul va avgust oylarida piyoda askarlarning ikkinchi leytenantlari va tayinlanmagan yangi ofitserlar bilan tayinlangan besh nafari tayinlanishdan bosh tortdilar. 7-chi dalada bo'lganida, faqatgina uchta o'rinbosar hisobot berishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.
^ Yakshanba kunlaridan tashqari har kuni sessiyada uchrashadigan so'rovda yigirma uchta erkak guvohlik berish uchun chaqirildi. Armiya uchun shaxsiy obro'siga qaraganda ancha ko'p narsa xavf ostida edi, chunki xizmatning kelajagi ta'sir qilishi mumkin edi. 2 yanvar kuni general Sheridan o'zining yillik hisobotiga qo'shib qo'ygan Lining agentning qonunbuzarliklari to'g'risidagi hisobotini keltirdi, u generalning jangovar jangini davom ettirdi. Hindiston ishlari byurosi va Ichki ishlar boshqarmasi. Shu bilan birga, Uy qo'mitasi armiyani tubdan qayta tashkil etishni talab qiladigan yangi mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini muhokama qilish bilan band edi. "Xarajatlarni qisqartirish" ta'kidlandi. Bitta taklif butun polklarni, shu jumladan ikkita otliq polkni bekor qiladi. Yana biri lavozim lavozimini (sohada bo'lganlarni) mayordan lavozimga ko'tarilish jadvalida bir necha yil orqaga surib qo'yadi. Zobitlarning umumiy qisqarishi 406, ya'ni umumiy sonning deyarli 25 foizini tashkil etishi taklif qilindi. Harbiylar layoqatsizlikni yoki qo'rqoqlikni tasdiqlashdan qochishni juda xohlashdi - bu mish-mishlar Chikagodagi yaqinlashib kelayotgan tergov sudi atrofida tarqaldi. Donovan (2008). Dahshatli shon-sharaf (Kindle joylari 6395-6403)
^ Libbi Kuster "oltmish yilni nikohini xotirlashga bag'ishladi - va bu haqda uning xotiralari uni tom ma'noda tirik saqlab qoldi ... u bemalol professional beva edi, bu uni har qanday harbiy yozuvchi yoki ofitser uchun Kusterni tanqid qilish uchun juda ta'sirchan masala bo'lishga majbur qildi. eng oddiy ehtiyot choralarini ko'rmasdan yoki hattoki razvedka qilishga urinmasdan aqldan ozgan holda hujum uyushtirdi. Bunday deyish yoki yozish, o'lgan Liviyaga qarshi turish o'rnini egallaydi ". Smit, Gen (1993) Cit.
^ Grem, 146. Leytenant Edvard Godfri Rozebud daryosining og'zida o'lik 7-chi otliq otni (boshiga otilgan), donli xaltani va karbinni topgani haqida xabar berdi. U bir askar Kusterning jangidan qochib, o'ynagan otini tashlab, daryodan o'tib ketdi deb taxmin qildi.
^ Og'ir yarador bo'lib, otni boshqa tirik qolgan otlarni olib ketgan g'oliblar e'tibordan chetda qoldirgan yoki qoldirgan. Komanchi yana paroxodga olib ketildi Uzoq G'arb va sog'lig'ini tiklash uchun Avraam Linkoln Fortiga qaytib keldi.

Adabiyotlar

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^ Uayt, Richard: G'arbning g'alabasi: XVIII-XIX asrlarda G'arbiy Syuaning kengayishi. Amerika tarixi jurnali. Vol. 65, № 2 (1978 yil sentyabr), p. 342.
^ Xoksi, Frederik E.: Tarix orqali parading. Amerikada qarg'a millatining yaratilishi, 1805–1935. Kembrij, 1995, p. 108.
^ Bredli, Jeyms H.: Jeyms H. Bredli jurnali. General Jon Gibbon qo'mondonligi ostida 1876 yildagi Syu kampaniyasi. Montana tarixiy jamiyatiga qo'shgan hissalari. p. 163.
^ Dunlay, Tomas V.: Moviy askarlar uchun bo'rilar. Hindiston skautlari va AQSh armiyasi bilan yordamchilari, 1860–90. Linkoln va London, 1982, 40-bet, 113–114.
^ Medicine Crow, Jozef (1992): Qarg'a yuragidan. Qarg'a hindulari o'zlarining hikoyalari. Nyu York. 44-bet.
^ Xatton, Pol Endryu, Custer Reader, 1992 yil, Nebraska universiteti matbuoti
^ "O'tirgan buqa" Arxivlandi 2010 yil 27 mart, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, Britannica entsiklopediyasi
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^ "Virtual onlayn paroxod muzeyi". Steamboats.com. 1914 yil 30-yanvar. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2011 yil 12 dekabrda. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ Washita xotiralari: Kasterning Qora Kettle qishlog'iga hujumi to'g'risida guvohlarning qarashlari (sharh), Project Muse, Jeyms T. Kerol, 2007 yil iyul. Olingan 28 mart 2018 yil.
^ "Kichik Bighorn jangi haqida 7-otliq askarning tirik qolgani haqida ma'lumot". Crazy Horse bilan suhbatlar. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2008 yil 6 sentyabrda. Olingan 19 avgust, 2008.
^ Barnard, 121-36 betlar.
^ "Kullumning AQSh harbiy akademiyasi bitiruvchilari ro'yxatining onlayn versiyasi - 1846 sinf - Samuel D. Sturgis". Olingan 10 dekabr, 2018.
^ "Kichik Bighorn jangida AQShning 7-otliq polki jang qildi". HistoryNet.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 21 yanvarda. Olingan 18 yanvar, 2008.
^ "Kichik Bighorn jangi". C-SPAN. 2013 yil 12 sentyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 12 iyunda. Olingan 24 may, 2017.
^ Filbrik, Nataniel, Oxirgi stend: Kuster, o'tirgan buqa va Kichik Bighorn jangi, Viking, 2010, 102-bet, 106, eISBN 978-1-101-19011-1
^ Andrist, Ralf K., "Uzoq o'lim: hindlarning tekisliklarining so'nggi kunlari". Tahririyat Galaksiya. 2001, p. 272.
^ Filbrik, Nataniel, Oxirgi stend: Kuster, o'tirgan buqa va Kichik Bighorn jangi, Viking, 2010, Ch 3, eISBN 978-1-101-19011-1
^ Macnab, Devid B., Eslash kerak bo'lgan kun: Kichkina Bighorn jangi dramasi, kinoya va ziddiyatlar bilan tanishtirish, iUniverse, 2003, p. 45, Renoga oid tergov sudining rasmiy bayonnomasi, 35.
^ Kulrang, Jon (1991). Kusterning so'nggi kampaniyasi. Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. p. 243. ISBN 0-8032-7040-2.
^ Viola, Herman J. (2001). Bu o'lish uchun yaxshi kun, hind guvohlari Kichik Bighorn jangi haqida hikoya qiladilar. AQSh: Bizon kitoblari. p. 30. ISBN 0-8032-9626-6.
^ Donovan, manzil 3576
^ Charlz Vindolf, Frazier Xant, Robert Xant, Nil Mangum, Men Kuster bilan kurashdim: Kichkina katta shox jangining oxirgi tirikchisi serjant Vindolfning hikoyasi: izohli material va kassetadagi zamonaviy yoritgichlar bilan, Nebraska universiteti matbuoti, 1987, p. 86.
^ ^a ^b ^v Reno, Markus A. (1951). "1879 yil 13-yanvar kuni Illinoys shtatining Chikago shahrida chaqirilgan tergov sudining rasmiy bayonoti AQSh Prezidenti 7-otliq askar mayor Markus A. Renoning iltimosiga binoan uning jangdagi xatti-harakatlarini tekshirish uchun. Kichik Katta Shox, 1876 yil 25–26 iyun ". Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
^ Donovan, manzil 3684
^ ^a ^b Donovan, manzil 3699
^ ^a ^b ^v ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^men Fox, Richard A. (1993). Arxeologiya, tarix va klasterning so'nggi jangi. Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 0-8061-2998-0. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 24 iyunda.
^ Donovan, Jeyms (2008). Dahshatli shon-sharaf. Kichkina, jigarrang va kompaniya. p. 253.
^ Robinson, Charlz M. (1995). O'lim uchun yaxshi yil. Tasodifiy uy. p. 257.
^ Connell, Evan S. (1997). Tong yulduzining o'g'li. Farrar, Straus va Jirou. p. 278.
^ Kuster, Jorj Armstrong (1874). Mening tekisligimdagi hayotim: Yoki hindular bilan shaxsiy tajribalarim. Nyu-York: Sheldon and Company. p. 220.
^ ^a ^b ^v ^d Godfri, E. S. (1892) Kusterning so'nggi jangi Arxivlandi 2011 yil 11 avgust, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. "Asr" jurnali, jild XLIII, № 3, yanvar. Nyu-York: Century Company.
^ ^a ^b Grey, Jon S. (1991). Kusterning so'nggi kampaniyasi. Norman: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. p. 360.
^ Donovan, Jeyms, A Dahshatli shon-sharaf, Little, Brown va Company (2008). p. 267.
^ Bray, Kingsli M. (2006). Crazy Horse - Lakota hayoti. Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. p. 222.
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^ "Yolg'iz turi (marker)". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 24 yanvar, 2017.
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^ Yugurayotgan it. "Kichik Sioning Kichik Bighorn jangi haqidagi hikoyasi". Astonisher.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 18 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ Gudrix, Tomas. Bosh terisi raqsi: Hindistonning baland tekislikdagi urushi, 1865–1879. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. p. 242.
^ Perret, Bryan. Oxirgi stend: Oranga qarshi mashhur janglar. London: Arms & Armor, 1993; p. 8.
^ Jon Kigan, Amerika fuqarolar urushi.
^ ^a ^b ^v ^d ^e ^f ^g Michno, Gregori F., Lakota peshin, Hindistonning Kusterning mag'lubiyati haqidagi rivoyati, Mountain Press, 1997, 284-285-betlar. ISBN 0-87842-349-4.
^ ^a ^b Brininstool, 60-62.
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^ Martin J. Kidston, "Shimoliy shaynen sukut bo'yicha va'dasini buzdi" Arxivlandi 2010 yil 28 iyun, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, Helena mustaqil yozuvlari, 2005 yil 28 iyun. 2009 yil 23 oktyabrda olindi.
^ Vindolf, Charlz (1987). Men Kuster bilan Charlz Vindolf, Frazye Xant, Robert Xant tomonidan jang qildim. ISBN 978-0-8032-9720-3. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ "Oq sigir buqasining Kichik Bighorn jangi haqidagi hikoyasi # 1" Arxivlandi 2008 yil 11 may, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi.
^ Wert, 1996, p. 355.
^ ^a ^b ^v ^d ^e Kurtis, E. (1907) Shimoliy Amerika hindulari. Vol.3. Si Arxivlandi 2016 yil 23 fevral, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi.
^ Miller, Devid Xamfreys, Kusterning qulashi, Linkoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1985, p. 158
^ Grem, Bentin kapitan R.E.ga xat. Tompson, p. 211.
^ Grem, Gallning hikoyasi, p. 88.
^ Miller, Devid Xamfreys, Kusterning qulashi, voqeaning hind tomoni. Linkoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1985 (qayta nashr etilgan 1957 yildagi nashr), p. 158.
^ Grem, 45-56 betlar.
^ Rays (1998). Renoga oid tergov sudida Bentinning ko'rsatmalari, 1879 yil 13-yanvar - 11-fevral. Kongress kutubxonasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 7 oktyabrda.
^ Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 177
^ Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 252
^ Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 179
^ Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 254
^ GSklenar, Larry, To Hell with Honor, p. 260
^ ^a ^b ^v ^d Scott, Douglas D.; Willey, P .; Connor, Melissa A. (2013) [1998]. They Died With Custer: Soldiers' Bones from the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-8061-3507-7.CS1 maint: e'tibordan chetda qolgan ISBN xatolar (havola)
^ ^a ^b Gray, John C. "Custer's Last Campaign"
^ "Last of the Argonauts: The Life and Services of Capt. Grant Marsh," Sioux City Journal, p. 10, January 16, 1916, Sioux City, Iowa.
^ "Grant Marsh Tells of his Part in the Custer Expedition," Bismark Tribuna, p. 1, January 23, 1906, Bismarck, North Dakota.
^ Brust, J.S., Pohanka, B.C. and Barnard, S. (2005) Where Custer Fell: Photographs of the Little Bighorn Battlefield Then and Now. Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti, p. 57.
^ "Reno-Benteen Entrenchment Trail, p. 6, Western Parks Association, 2004.
^ "The Little Horn [sic] Massacre", The New York Times., Jild 25, No. 7742, July 7, 1876, p. 1, recounting "dispatches" published the day before.
^ Cheney, Lynne V. (1974) 1876: The Eagle Screams. Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876 Arxivlandi 2014 yil 28 fevral, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. American Heritage, Volume 25, Issue 3, April 1974.
^ Dee Brown "The Westerners" Chapter 15 Michael Joseph Ltd 1974.
^ Hansen, Joseph Mills. The Conquest of the Missouri: Being the Story of the Life and Exploits of Captain Grant Marsh, pp. 277–279, 290–315, Murray Hill Books, Inc., New York and Toronto, 1909, 1937, 1946.
^ "The Custer Syndrome Arxivlandi 2012 yil 17-avgust, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi ", Newsweek, Sep. 29, 1991; accessed 2012.08.30.
^ ^a ^b "Kusterning so'nggi turishi". sonofthesouth.net. Olingan 19 oktyabr, 2016.
^ Welch, James A & Steckler, Paul (1994), Killing Custer – The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians, New York: Penguin Books: p. 194.
^ Ambrose, Stiven E. Crazy Horse and Custer New York: Anchor Books, 1996, pp. 451–52
^ Welch, James A & Steckler, Paul (1994), Killing Custer – The Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians, New York: Penguin Books: pp. 196–97.
^ "Indian War / Gen. Gibbons Letter Relating to Terrible Massacre". Helena mustaqil. July 6, 1876. p. 3.
^ "Massacre of Our Troops / Five Companies Killed by Indians". The New York Times. July 6, 1876. p. 1. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 17 mayda. Olingan 18 may, 2019.
^ Linderman, Frank B. (1974): Pretty Shield. Medicine Woman of the Crows. Linkoln va London. p. 243.
^ Linderman, Frank B. (1962): Plenty Coups. Chief of the Crows. Lincoln/London. p. 177.
^ Nabokov, Peter (1982): Ikki tayt. The Making of a Crow Warrior. Linkoln va London. p. 185.
^ "Count Carlo Di Rudio at Little Bighorn". Derudio.co.uk. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 25 aprelda. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ Grem, The Custer Myth, p. 109.
^ Hardorff, Hokayhey!, p. 13.
^ Graham, Col. W. A. Kassetalar afsonasi. NY, Bonanza Books, 1953, p. 60.
^ Thomas, Rodney G. "Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle" (PDF). Arxivlandi (PDF) asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 3 aprelda.
^ "Medal of Honor Recipients: Indian Wars Period". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi. Arxivlandi from the original on August 3, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Liberty, Dr. Margot. "Cheynene ustunligi: qabilalarning AQSh armiyasiga qarshi qarashlari;" 1876 yildagi buyuk Syu urushi "ga muqobil variant.. Friends of the Little Bighorn. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2008 yil 24 yanvarda. Olingan 13 yanvar, 2008.
^ Running Dog (August 19, 1920). "He Dog's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn #2". Astonisher.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 18 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ leeanne (June 24, 2016). "The Battle of the Greasy Grass 140 Years Later: The Complete Story in 18 Drawings". indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 26 oktyabrda. Olingan 19 oktyabr, 2016.
^ Records of Living Officers of the United States Army (1884). 1883. ISBN 978-0722293980. Olingan 17 yanvar, 2008.
^ Utley, Robert M. (1973) Chegaraviy qoidalar: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi va Hindiston 1866–1890, pp. 64 and 69 note 11.
^ Uy hisoboti 95-375
^ Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hindlarning Syu Nationiga qarshi (Ct. Cl. 1979), 601 F.2d 1157, 1161
^ "A Complete scanned transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry (RCOI)". Digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 6 aprelda. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ Donovan, Jeyms (2008). A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Bighorn – the Last Great Battle of the American West (Kindle Location 5870). Kichkina, jigarrang va kompaniya. Kindle Edition.
^ ^a ^b Donovan (2008). Dahshatli shon-sharaf, (Kindle Locations 3080–3086)
^ Connell, Evan S. (1997). Tong yulduzining o'g'li. New York: HarperPerennial, p. 257.
^ Donovan (2008). Dahshatli shon-sharaf (Kindle Location 5758)
^ Donovan (2008). Dahshatli shon-sharaf (Kindle Location 3697)
^ Goodrich, Thomas (1984). Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, p. 233.
^ Wert, Jeffry D. (1964/1996) Custer: The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer. Nyu-York: Simon & Shuster, p. 327.
^ Sklenar, p. 341.
^ Smith, Gene (1993). "Libbie Custer". Amerika merosi. 44 (8). Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 20 dekabrda. Olingan 10 sentyabr, 2012.
^ Smith, Gene (1993) Cit.
^ A Complete Life of General George A. Custer (1876), noted in Donovan (2008). Dahshatli shon-sharaf (Kindle Locations 6222–6223)
^ Robert B.Smith (June 12, 2006). "Buffalo Bill's Skirmish At Warbonnet Creek". Amerika tarixi jurnali. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 1 oktyabrda. Olingan 25 avgust, 2012.
^ Sklenar, 2000, p. 68: Terry's column out of Fort Abraham Lincoln included "...artillery (two Rodman and two Gatling guns)..."
^ Lawson, 2007, p. 48: "[Three] rapid-fire artillery pieces known as Gatling guns" were part of Terry's firepower included in the Dakota column.
^ Connell, 1984, p. 101: "How many Gatling guns lurched across the prairie is uncertain. Probably three."
^ Lawson, 2007, p. 50
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "Custer refused Terry's offer of the Gatling gun battery."
^ Lawson, 2008, p. 50: "Military historians have speculated whether this decision was a mistake. If Gatling guns had made it to the battlefield, they might have allowed Custer enough firepower to allow Custer's companies to survive on Last Stand Hill."
^ Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "Since its invention during the Civil War, the Gatling gun had been used sparingly in actual battle, but there was no denying, potentially at least, an awesome weapon."
^ Sklenar, 2000, p. 71, p. 75
^ Donovan, 2008, pp. 162–63: Reno's wing "left...on June 10...accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew..."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 163: "The [Gatling gun] and its ammunition...was mostly pulled by two 'condemned' cavalry mounts [p. 176: "...drawn by four condemned horses..."] judged not fit to carry troopers, but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines. (The gun would eventually upset and injure three men.)" and p. 175: "...Reno had taken [a Gatling gun] on his [June reconnaissance mission], and it had been nothing but trouble."
^ Sklenar, 2000, p. 72: On Reno's [June 10 to June 18] reconnaissance "the Gatling guns proved to be an annoying burden...they either fell apart or had to be disassembled and carried in pieces over rough terrain." Va p. 79: "During the Reno scout [reconnoitering], the two guns were actually abandoned (and retrieved later) because soldiers got tired of dragging them over rough spots...[I]f Custer did not already have a fully formed negative opinion of the Gatlings on such an expedition, the experience of the Reno [reconnaissance of early June] surely convinced him."
^ Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "The biggest problem with the [Gatling] gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use... [in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn], the Gatling, not the mules, proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "...Reno had taken one [Gatling gun] along [on his June reconnaissance], and it had been nothing but trouble." Va p. 195: Custer, in comments to his officer staff before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, said that "...if hostiles could whip the Seventh [Cavalry]...they could defeat a much larger force."
^ Hatch, 1997, pp. 80–81: The Gatling guns "were cumbersome and would cause delays over the traveled route. The guns were drawn by four condemned horses [and] obstacles in the terrain [would] require their unhitching and assistance of soldier to continue...Terry's own battery [of Gatling guns]—the one he had offered to Custer—[would have] a difficult time keeping up with the march of Colonel John Gibbon's infantry."
^ Lawson, 2007, p. 50: "[Custer] turned down General Terry's offer to bring the three Gatling guns, because they would slow down his movement."
^ Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective. That was why he ultimately declined the offer of the Gatling guns that had proven such a bother to Reno."
^ Sklenar, 2000, p. 79: After the 7th Cavalry's departure up Rosebud Creek, "even Brisbin would acknowledge that everyone in Gibbon's command understood [that]...the Seventh was the primary strike force."
^ Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Thinking his regiment powerful enough to handle anything it might encounter, [Custer, in addition to declining the Gatling guns] declined the offer of four additional cavalry companies from [Gibbon's] Montana column." Va p. 114: Custer told his officer staff days before the battle that he "opted against the Gatling guns...so as not to 'hamper our movements'"
^ Sklenar, 2000, p. 92: Custer "on the evening of 22 June...[informed his officer staff]...why he had not accepted the offers...of Gatling guns (he thought they might hamper his movements at a critical moment)."
^ Lawson, 2007 p. 50: "Custer...refused Major James Brisbin's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment [200 troopers], told Terry "the 7th can handle anything it meets."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. "Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion, he convolutedly reaffirmed his confidence in the Seventh's ability to defeat any number of Indians they could find."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 24: "Brisbin argued with Terry that Custer was undermanned, and requested that his troops [which had the] Gatling guns – with Terry in command because Brisbin did not want to serve under Custer—be permitted to accompany [Custer's] column. Custer refused the assistance, and Terry abided by that."
^ Sklenar, 2000, pp. 78–79: "Apparently, Terry offered [Major James] Brisbin's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accompany the Seventh, but Custer refused these additions for several reasons. First of all, Custer and Brisbin did not get along and Custer thus would not have wanted to place Brisbin in a senior command position. Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen, and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind. Also, Custer retained the conviction that the Seventh could handle any force of Indians it might encounter, and he may have reasoned that taking the Second Cavalry would leave [Colonel John] Gibbon's column susceptible to attack and defeat..."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 80: "The offer of 3 Gatling Guns...was made to Custer by General Alfred Terry [at the] urging of Major James Brisbin, who also desired his Second Cavalry to become part of Custer's detachment. Custer respectfully declined both offers, state that the Gatlings would impede his march.
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 80: "The Gatling Guns would have brought formidable firepower into play; this rapid fire artillery could fire up to 350 rounds in 1 minute."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "Each of these heavy, hand-cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute, an impressive rate, but they were known to jam frequently.
^ Hatch, 1997, pp. 80–81: "The Gatlings had major drawbacks, such as frequent jamming due to residue from black powder..."
^ Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "Military traditionalists like to claim the gun was unreliable, but in actuality the Gatling functioned surprisingly well."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 81: "...The [Gatling] guns were mounted on large [diameter] wheels, which meant that in order to operate them the gun crews would [necessarily] be standing upright, making them [extremely vulnerable] to Indian snipers."
^ Utley, 1987, pp. 80–81
^ Gallear, 2001: "The Indians were well equipped with hand-to-hand weapons and these included lances, tomahawks, war clubs, knives and war shields were carried for defense. Such weapons were little different from the shock and hand-to-hand weapons, used by the cavalry of the European armies, such as the sabre and lance...[in addition] the Indians were clearly armed with a number of sophisticated firearms..."
Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "Sioux and Cheyenne weapons included...clubs, bows and arrows, lances, and hatchets [as well as] an array of new and old [model] firearms: muzzleloaders, Spenser, Sharps, Henry and Winchester repeating rifles, and...Springfield carbines taken from Reno's dead cavalrymen."
Robinson, 1995, p. xxix: "...Indians carried at least forty-one different kinds of firearms in the fight."
^ Flaherty, 1993, p. 208: "By 1873, Indians "used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle-loading Leman rifle, issued as part of treaty agreements, and rapid-fire Henry and Winchester rifles, obtained through civilian traders."
^ Gallear, 2001: "Trade guns were made up until the 1880s by such gunsmiths as Henry Leman, J.P. Lower and J. Henry & Son."
^ Gallear, 2001: "These guns were crudely made for Indian trade and were given out as a sweetener for treaties."
^ Gallear, 2001: "Civil War type muzzleloader rifles would have had an effective range of about 500 yards, but with voleyboldan yong'in were effective to 1000 yards."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 188: "Though most of the men in the village carried the bow and arrow in battle...over the past decade [1866–1876] the sale and trade of arms to the Indians had increased significantly...[t]he latest Winchester magazine rifles were available for the right price...Many men carried older guns—muzzleloaders, for which some molded their own bullets; Henry and Spencer repeaters; Springfield, Enfield [rifled muskets], Sharps breechloaders and many different pistols. All told, between one-third and one-half of the gathering warriors had a gun."
^ Gallear, 2001: "The bows effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse. However, it would incapacitate and few troopers would fight on after an arrow hit them."
^ Gallear, 2001: "There is also evidence that some Indians were short of ammunition and it is unclear how good a shot they were. They certainly did not have the ammunition to practice, except whilst hunting buffalo, and this would suggest that the Indians generally followed the same technique of holding their fire until they were at very close range,"
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 188 (fragment of quote)
Utley, 1993, p. 39: The Indians had grown to depend on the goods [white traders] supplied, especially firearms and ammunition...they could be obtained only though white men, directly, of through Indian intermediaries."
Gallear, 2001: "Indian trade muskets...could be legitimately obtained from traders at Indian agencies...The Sioux [however] were keen to obtain metal cartridge weapons [available].from half-breed Indian traders out of Canada or unsupervised traders at Missouri River posts in Montana...By 1876 almost all [Model 1860 Henry rifles] in civilian use would have disappeared so Indian use must have come from ex-Civil War stocks sold off cheaply and bought by Indian traders, such as the Métis.
Flaherty, 1993, p. 208: By 1873, Indians "used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle-loading Leman rifle, issued as part of treaty agreements, and rapid-fire Henry and Winchester rifles, obtained through civilian traders."
Donovan, 2008, p. 188: "...there were many...ways a warrior could acquire a rifle. Post-traders on some reservations supplied illegal arms to non-treat[y] [Indians]; so did unlicensed traders—primarily the half-breed Canadian Métis gunrunners to the north in the desolate area known as Burning Ground below the Black Hills.
Robinson, 1995, p. xxix: "Studies of the cartridge cases recovered in archaeological investigations of the Little Big Horn show the Indians carried at least forty-one different kinds [models] if firearms in that fight, and it estimated that at least 25 to 30 percent [of Lakota and Cheyenne combatants] were armed with modern sixteen-shot Winchester and Henry repeating rifles....they also armed themselves with captured Springfield carbines...[and] carried traditional weapons...bows and arrows, hatchets...and war clubs."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 118: Reynolds "... best white scout in Dakota Territory...had earned Custer's respect for his excellent work...report[ed] to Custer that Lakotas under Sitting Bull were 'gathering in force'. They had been preparing for war by collecting Winchester repeating rifles and plenty ammunition."
^ ^a ^b Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians, nearly one for each [man in Custer's battalion]."
^ Sklenar, 2000, p. 163: "...the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges, plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors. The total population of men, woman and children probably reached 6,000 to 7,000 at its peak, with 2,000 of these being able-bodied warriors..."
^ Lawson, 2007, pp. 52–53: "The troops of the 7th Cavalry were each armed with two standard weapons, a rifle and a pistol. The rifle was a .45/55-caliber Springfield carbine and the pistol was a .45-caliber Colt revolver...both weapons were models [introduced in] 1873 [though] they did not represent the latest in firearm technology."
^ Lawson, 2007, p. 53: "Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber, Custer ordered these weapons boxed before the strike force departed [up Rosebud Creek]...the lack of swords would prove to be a disadvantage during some of the close fighting that lay ahead. Gunpowder of the day is now known as black powder. It causes substantial fouling within the firearm. After about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver using black powder, the cylinder binds on the cylinder pin. The cavalry trooper would then have used his saber. However, their inclusion would not have changed the ultimate outcome."
^ Gallear, 2001: "No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber, which under Custer's orders was left behind."
^ Lawson, 2008, p. 53: "Many of the officers and most of the civilians brought along their own weapons."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "... each enlisted man carried the regulation single-action breech-loading, M1873 Springfield carbine...the standard issue sidearm was the reliable [single-action] M1873 Colt .45 cal. pistol."
^ Gallear, 2001: "Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes...[however] these guns may have been left with the baggage and is unclear how many officers actually used these weapons in the battle. However, there is evidence that Reno's men did make use of long-range hunting rifles. White Scouts would have been better armed and seemed to favor long-range buffalo hunting type rifles over fast-shooting lever actions... Henrys, Spencers and Winchester M1866s would also have been popular choices... Some Scouts would have been armed with both types of weapons plus a variety of side arms."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "[Each] trooper carried 100 rounds of carbine ammunition and 24 pistol cartridges with him—as many as 50 on a belt or in a pouch, and the remainder in his saddlebag (the pack train mules carried 26,000 more carbine rounds [approximately 50 extra per trooper])."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "... not a wide disparity ..." in arms of the opposing forces.
^ Gallear, 2001: "the .44 rim-fire round fired from the Henry rifle is the most numerous Indian gun fired with almost as many individual guns identified as the Cavalry Springfield Model 1873 carbine."
^ Gallear, 2001: "...by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine [and] saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward."
^ Lawson, 2008, p. 93: "The rapid fire power of the Henry repeaters was intimidating, especially to inexperience soldiers. Their use was probably a significant cause of the confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses."
^ Lawson, 2007, pp. 91–93: "[Henryville] was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifact collection there, which included numerous .44-caliber Henry cartridges. The number of cartridges indicated that about 20 warriors at this position were using Henry repeating rifles. These weapons were less powerful than the cavalry's Springfield rifles, especially at long range; however, they had the advantage of providing rapid fire...The rapid fire power...was intimidating, especially to inexperienced soldiers. Their use was probably a significant a confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses...Survivors of the assaults...fled north to seek safety with Keogh's Company I...they could react quickly enough to prevent the disintegration of their own unit."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles, some of them repeaters, after extensive testing supervised by an army board that had included Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry."
^ Gallear, 2001: "In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single-shot breechloaders..."
^ Robinson, 1995, p. xxviii: "...the Model 1873 Springfield rifle, in caliber .45-70 for the infantry, and .45-55 light carbine for cavalry."
^ Gallear, 2001: "The established wisdom is that the U.S. Army did not adopt lever-action multiple shot weapons during the Civil War because of the problems they would create regarding the supply of ammunition. However, I believe that by the time of the Indian Wars the Army viewed the lever-actions weapons as under-powered novelty weapons and that they were equipping their men to fight wars against European equipped enemies or to re-fight the Civil War. The Indian Wars were seen as a minor sideshow in which troops armed to fight on European battlefields would be more than a match for fighting any number of Indians."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "...a solid weapon with superior range and stopping power..."
^ Robinson, 1995, p. xxviii
^ Gallear, 2001: "The Army saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward. They could fire a much more powerful round at longer ranges than lever-actions."
^ Gallear, 2001
^ Gallear, 2001: "The Allin System had been developed at the Government Armories to reduce the cost, but the U.S. Treasury had already been forced to pay $124,000 to inventors whose patents it infringed. The adoption of the Allin breech gave the advantages of being already familiar throughout the Army, involved no more royalties, and existing machinery at the Springfield Armory could easily be adapted to its manufacture.
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "Army appropriations were at an all-time low, and a key factor in the Springfield's favor was its low production cost."
^ Gallear, 2001: "...some authorities have blamed the gun's reliability and tendency for rounds to jam in the breech for the defeat at the Little Bighorn.."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time."
^ Gallear, 2001: "A study of .45-55 cases found at the battle concludes that extractor failure amounted to less than 0.35% of some 1,751 cases tested...the carbine was in fact more reliable than anything that had preceded it in U.S. Army service. These weapons were vastly more reliable than the muzzle-loading weapons of the Civil War, which would frequently misfire and cause the soldier to uselessly load multiple rounds on top of each other in the heat of battle.
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 124: 'Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen, malfunctioned during the battle and [whether this] was one reason for the defeat" and "No definitive conclusion can be drawn [as to] the possible malfunction...as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. Writers of both pro- and anti-Custer material over the years...have incorporated the theory into their works..."
^ Donovan, 2008, p. 440: footnote, "the carbine extractor problem did exist, though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle. DeRudio testified that 'the men had to take their knives to extract cartridges after firing 6 to 10 rounds.'...but 'the men' seems to have been an exaggeration. Private Daniel Newall mentioned the problem..."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to [eject] the spent .45-55 caliber cartridge [casings]. The cartridge cases were made of copper, which expands when hot. That—coupled with a faulty extractor mechanism and dirt—could cause the head of the cartridge to be torn away when the block was opened, and the cartridge cylinder would then be left inside the chamber...The casings would have to be removed manually with a pocketknife before [reloading and] firing again. This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "How often did this defect [ejector failure] occur and cause the [Springfield carbines] to malfunction on June 25, 1876? According to Dr. Richard Fox in Archeology, History and Custer's Last Battle (1993), there were very few .45-55 caliber cartridge casings found during the digs on the battlefield that showed any evidence to pry or scratch marks [indicating manual extraction]. Only 3 of 88 [3.4%] found on the Custer [battalion] portion of the battlefield could possibly have been removed in an extraction jam. On the Reno-Benteen defense site [Reno Hill], 7 of 257 fit this category [2.7%]. If this was a representative number it would appear that malfunction from that source was minimal."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Both sides [troopers and Indians] apparently believed that some weapons malfunctioned. Indian testimony...reported that some soldiers threw down their long guns and fought with their short guns. Could this indicate a malfunctioning [carbine] that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked [pry scratched] casings on the field? ... No definitive conclusion can be drawn about the possible malfunction...as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. Writers of both pro- and anti-Custer material over the years...have incorporated the theory into their works..."
^ Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "On a final note: the Springfield carbine remained the official cavalry firearm until the early 1890s"
^ Harris, Ethan E. (2012). Custer Survivors 101: The Impostor Roster (Elektron kitob). Warrior's Quill. Kirish
^ Stewart, Edgar I. (1980). Kusterning omadi keldi. Norman, OK: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-8061-1632-7.
^ Van de Water, Frederic F. (1988). Glory-Hunter: A Life of General Custer. Linkoln, NE: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8032-9607-7. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 17 yanvarda. Olingan 16 may, 2014.
^ Ege, Robert J. (2008). Curse Not His Curls. Old Army Press. p. 121 2.
^ Nunnally, Michael L. (2005). I Survived Custer's Last Stand. p. 38.
^ Graham, W.A. (1995). The Custer Myth: A source book of Custeriana with a new introduction by Brian C. Pohanka. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 353–57, 413. ISBN 0-8117-0347-9.
^ "Charles Kuhlman Papers, 1896–1959". University of Montana Library. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 21 dekabrda. Olingan 10 iyun, 2013.
^ Kuhlman, Charles (1968). The Frank Finkel Story. Omaha, NE: Citizen Printing Co. p. 20.
^ Ellison, Douglas W. (1983). Sole Survivor: An Examination of the Frank Finkel Narrative. North Plains Press. p. 128.
^ Boyes, William (1977). No Custer Survivors: Or, The Unveiling of Frank Finkel. WJBM Associates. p. 16.
^ Nunnally, Michael L. (2008). The Frank Finkel Hoax: No Survivor of Custer's Last Stand. Old Scout Books. p. 32.
^ Raymond Hatfield Gardner (1944). The Old Wild West: Adventures of Arizona Bill (1-nashr). San Antonio, TX: Naylor Company.
^ The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux, as Told to Donald Henderson Clarke. Vanguard Press. 1930. p.287.
^ Ryan, Ed (1951). Me and The Black Hills. Custer, South Dakota: Ed Ryan. p. 89.
^ Gardner, Raymond Hatfield (2009). The Old Wild West: Adventures of Arizona Bill. Kessinger nashriyoti. p. 326. ISBN 978-1-104-84859-0.
^ Clarke, Donald Henderson (1930). The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux. Nyu-York: Vanguard Press. p.286.
^ Winkler, A. (2013). 'The case for a Custer Battalion survivor: Private Gustave Korn’s story.' G'arb tarixi jurnali, 63(1). Qayta nashr etilgan https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2881&context=facpub. Qabul qilingan 17 aprel 2020 yil.
^ "A Pretended Custer Survivor: Another Attempt to Pose As a Survivor Punctured by the Regiment's Clerk". The Big Horn Searchlight. Olingan 2 avgust, 2012.
^ Shanks, Jenny (June 26, 2007). "Comanche: The Horse that Survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Part 2". NewWest. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 25 oktyabrda. Olingan 15 yanvar, 2017.
^ Konnell, Evan S. (1984). Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Bighorn. Makmillan. ISBN 0-88394-088-4. Olingan 15 yanvar, 2017.
^ "Martin Pate" Arxivlandi 2010 yil 23-noyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, Kichik Bighorn jang maydonining do'stlari, retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ Wooden Leg, q.v., p. 236.
^ Rankin, ed. by Charles E. (1997). Legacy: New perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn; [proceedings of the Little Bighorn Legacy Symposium, held in Billings, Montana, August 3–6, 1994] (Nachdr. ed.). Helena, Mont.: Historical Soc. Matbuot. p.310. ISBN 0-917298-41-1.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
^ National Park Service website for the Little Bighorn Battlefield.
^ "The Indian Memorial Peace Through Unity – Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 13 aprelda. Olingan 7 aprel, 2015.
^ Russell, D. Custer's List: A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1969,
^ "Kansas Historical Quarterly – The Pictorial Record of the Old West, 4". Kanzas tarixiy jamiyati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2010 yil 29 iyuldagi. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ "Custer's Last Stand – Artist E.S. Paxson". Home1.gte.net. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 26 fevralda. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.
^ Evans 2000, p. 180.
^ Rollins, Peter (2011). Gollivudning hindulari: Filmda tub amerikalikning obrazi. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. 121-136-betlar. ISBN 978-0-8131-3165-8.
^ Kusterning so'nggi turishi Arxivlandi November 2, 2016, at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. BBC Ikki, Friday 23 Feb 2007.
^ Kusterning so'nggi turishi Arxivlandi 2011 yil 4 oktyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. BBC radiosi 4, Thursday 19 May 2011.
^ "The War for the Black Hills". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 7 oktyabrda.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

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Tashqi havolalar

Kusterning Little Bighorndagi jangining qaydnomasi, MSS SC 860 da L. Tom Perrining maxsus to'plamlari, Garold B. Li kutubxonasi, Brigham Young universiteti
Montana shtatidagi Garryovendagi Kuster jang maydonidagi muzey
Kichik Bighorn jangi xaritasi, III qism.
Kichik Bighorn jangi xaritasi, IV qism. Hindular.
Kichik Bighorn jangi xaritasi, V qism.
Kichik Bighorn jangi xaritasi, VI qism.
Kichik Bighorn jangi xaritasi, VII qism. Kusterning so'nggi turishi.
Kichik Bighorn jangidan keyingi hindlarning janglari va to'qnashuvlari xaritasi. 1876-1881 yillar.
Jang maydoni bog'liq
- Kichik Bighorn jang maydonidagi milliy yodgorlik
- Kichik Bighorn jang maydonining do'stlari
Portallar
- Kichkina katta shoxning sheriklari - bibliografiya va maqolalarni, shuningdek ko'plab umumiy va tijorat havolalarini o'z ichiga oladi
- custerwest.org - manbalar va videofilmlar bilan an'anaviy stipendiya uchun sayt
Birinchi shaxsning hisobvaraqlari
- Kichik Bighorn jangi: Lakota bosh qizil otining guvohlari yozuvi
- An guvohlarning yozuvi Tantanka Iyotake (Lakota o'tirgan buqa), Nyu-York Tayms arxiv pdf.
- To'liq stenogramma Renoga tergov sudi
- 100 ta ovoz: Kichik Bighorn jangi haqida Syux, Cheynene, Arapaho, Crow, Arikara va amerikalik guvohlar.
Ishtirokchilar ro'yxatlari
- Kichik Bighorn jang maydonining do'stlari - jang haqida ma'lumot, shu jumladan jangda qatnashgan 7-otliq askarlar va jangchilarning ismlari.
- AQShning 7-chi otliq askarlarining musiqiy rollari, 1876 yil 25-iyun
Kuster jang maydonidagi tarixiy va muzeylar assotsiatsiyasi
Kennet M. Hammer to'plami va kichik Bighorn jangi haqida (Harold G. Andersen kutubxonasi, Viskonsin-Whitewater universiteti)
Charlz Kulmanning "Kichik katta shox jangi" to'plami, MSS 1401 da L. Tom Perrining maxsus to'plamlari, Brigham Young universiteti
"Kusterning so'nggi turishi" - An Amerika tajribasi Hujjatli film
Kichik Bighornda chiqarilgan hukm – Amerika tadqiqotchisi (Oktyabr 2009)

[35] Kapitan Sheridan (L kompaniyasi), general-leytenantning ukasi. Filipp X.Sheridan, 1866–67 yillarda akasining doimiy yordamchisi bo'lguncha atigi etti oy xizmat qildi, ammo 1882 yilgacha rollarda qoldi. Kapitan Ilsli (E kompaniyasi) general-mayorning yordamchisi edi. Jon Papa 1866 yildan 1879 yilgacha, u nihoyat uning buyrug'iga qo'shilganda. Kapitan Tourtelotte (G kompaniyasi) hech qachon 7-ga qo'shilmagan. To'rtinchi kapitan Ouen Xeyl (K kompaniyasi) polkning Sent-Luisdagi yollash bo'yicha ofitseri bo'lib, darhol o'z safiga qo'shildi.

[38] Hindiston tekisliklari yarim ko'chmanchi xalqlar bo'lib, doimiy yashash joylari bo'lmagan rezervasyonlar (aka "Agentliklar"). "Qishloq" bu to'plam edi tipis, boshliq boshchiligida bir guruh hindular, shu jumladan boshliqdan boshqa qabilalar ham yashaydi. Qanday qilib bir guruh oddiygina uchlarni o'rnatish bilan to'xtab qolsa va bir kechadan bir necha haftagacha davom etishi mumkin bo'lgan joyda qishloq paydo bo'ladi. Tipisiz yosh jangchilar odatda yaratadilar ozg'in yoki ochiq joyda uxlash. Boshliq, qishloq aholisi ustidan yurish vaqti keldi, degan qarorga kelganida, ularning uchlarini shunchaki urishdi, tipi ustunlarini otlariga bog'lash uchun travois mollari va bolalari uchun va boshliqning orqasidan ergashdi. Shuning uchun "qishloq" atamasi, ko'chib o'tishda yoki qarorgohda bo'lgan guruhga tegishli.^[36]

[41] Qishloqlar odatda sharqqa ochilgan U shaklidagi yarim doira shaklida joylashtirilgan; ko'p qabilali qishloqlarda har bir qabila o'z tiplarini boshqa qabilalardan alohida, ammo boshqa qabilalarga yaqin tarzda shu tarzda o'rnatgan. Bullning qishlog'i ko'p qavmli bo'lib, "oltita taqsimotli yarim doira shaklida yig'ilgan" mingta tipisdan iborat bo'lib, aholisi taxminan. 8000 kishi, va oxiridan oxirigacha ikki milga cho'zilgan.^[38]

[91] Sariq burunning guvohligi.

[94] Renoga oid tergov sudi.

[106] Ga binoan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hindlarning Syu Nationiga qarshi, 448 AQSh 371 (1980), AQSh hukumati Black tog'larni olganligi uchun Syuxga adolatli kompensatsiya va foizlarni to'lashi kerak edi. Ushbu holat sudning hukumat hindlarning rezervasyonlariga shaxsiy mulk kabi munosabatda bo'lishi va ularni qabul qilishi mumkinligi haqidagi fikrini tasdiqladi taniqli domen agar faqat tovon to'langan bo'lsa.

[122] Mayor Elmer I. Otis 1-otliq 1876 yil 25 iyundan boshlab Kuster o'rnini egallagan, ammo 1877 yil fevralga qadar hisobot bermagan. 7-otliq askarga tayinlangan 1876 yilda ikki West West Point bitiruvchisi bitirgandan 10 kun o'tgach 1-leytenantga ko'tarilgan. Boshqa polklarga tayinlangan to'rt kishi va sakkizta tajribali 2-leytenantlar bilan birga 7-ning har bir kompaniyasiga bittadan tayinlangan. Ammo 1876 yil iyul va avgust oylarida piyoda askarlarning ikkinchi leytenantlari va tayinlanmagan yangi ofitserlar bilan tayinlangan besh nafari tayinlanishdan bosh tortdilar. 7-chi dalada bo'lganida, faqatgina uchta o'rinbosar hisobot berishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.

[135] Yakshanba kunlaridan tashqari har kuni sessiyada uchrashadigan so'rovda yigirma uchta erkak guvohlik berish uchun chaqirildi. Armiya uchun shaxsiy obro'siga qaraganda ancha ko'p narsa xavf ostida edi, chunki xizmatning kelajagi ta'sir qilishi mumkin edi. 2 yanvar kuni general Sheridan o'zining yillik hisobotiga qo'shib qo'ygan Lining agentning qonunbuzarliklari to'g'risidagi hisobotini keltirdi, u generalning jangovar jangini davom ettirdi. Hindiston ishlari byurosi va Ichki ishlar boshqarmasi. Shu bilan birga, Uy qo'mitasi armiyani tubdan qayta tashkil etishni talab qiladigan yangi mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini muhokama qilish bilan band edi. "Xarajatlarni qisqartirish" ta'kidlandi. Bitta taklif butun polklarni, shu jumladan ikkita otliq polkni bekor qiladi. Yana biri lavozim lavozimini (sohada bo'lganlarni) mayordan lavozimga ko'tarilish jadvalida bir necha yil orqaga surib qo'yadi. Zobitlarning umumiy qisqarishi 406, ya'ni umumiy sonning deyarli 25 foizini tashkil etishi taklif qilindi. Harbiylar layoqatsizlikni yoki qo'rqoqlikni tasdiqlashdan qochishni juda xohlashdi - bu mish-mishlar Chikagodagi yaqinlashib kelayotgan tergov sudi atrofida tarqaldi. Donovan (2008). Dahshatli shon-sharaf (Kindle joylari 6395-6403)

[137] Libbi Kuster "oltmish yilni nikohini xotirlashga bag'ishladi - va bu haqda uning xotiralari uni tom ma'noda tirik saqlab qoldi ... u bemalol professional beva edi, bu uni har qanday harbiy yozuvchi yoki ofitser uchun Kusterni tanqid qilish uchun juda ta'sirchan masala bo'lishga majbur qildi. eng oddiy ehtiyot choralarini ko'rmasdan yoki hattoki razvedka qilishga urinmasdan aqldan ozgan holda hujum uyushtirdi. Bunday deyish yoki yozish, o'lgan Liviyaga qarshi turish o'rnini egallaydi ". Smit, Gen (1993) Cit.

[214] Grem, 146. Leytenant Edvard Godfri Rozebud daryosining og'zida o'lik 7-chi otliq otni (boshiga otilgan), donli xaltani va karbinni topgani haqida xabar berdi. U bir askar Kusterning jangidan qochib, o'ynagan otini tashlab, daryodan o'tib ketdi deb taxmin qildi.

[233] Og'ir yarador bo'lib, otni boshqa tirik qolgan otlarni olib ketgan g'oliblar e'tibordan chetda qoldirgan yoki qoldirgan. Komanchi yana paroxodga olib ketildi Uzoq G'arb va sog'lig'ini tiklash uchun Avraam Linkoln Fortiga qaytib keldi.

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[141] Sklenar, 2000, p. 68: Terry's column out of Fort Abraham Lincoln included "...artillery (two Rodman and two Gatling guns)..."

[142] Lawson, 2007, p. 48: "[Three] rapid-fire artillery pieces known as Gatling guns" were part of Terry's firepower included in the Dakota column.

[143] Connell, 1984, p. 101: "How many Gatling guns lurched across the prairie is uncertain. Probably three."

[144] Lawson, 2007, p. 50

[145] Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "Custer refused Terry's offer of the Gatling gun battery."

[146] Lawson, 2008, p. 50: "Military historians have speculated whether this decision was a mistake. If Gatling guns had made it to the battlefield, they might have allowed Custer enough firepower to allow Custer's companies to survive on Last Stand Hill."

[147] Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "Since its invention during the Civil War, the Gatling gun had been used sparingly in actual battle, but there was no denying, potentially at least, an awesome weapon."

[148] Sklenar, 2000, p. 71, p. 75

[149] Donovan, 2008, pp. 162–63: Reno's wing "left...on June 10...accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew..."

[150] Donovan, 2008, p. 163: "The [Gatling gun] and its ammunition...was mostly pulled by two 'condemned' cavalry mounts [p. 176: "...drawn by four condemned horses..."] judged not fit to carry troopers, but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines. (The gun would eventually upset and injure three men.)" and p. 175: "...Reno had taken [a Gatling gun] on his [June reconnaissance mission], and it had been nothing but trouble."

[151] Sklenar, 2000, p. 72: On Reno's [June 10 to June 18] reconnaissance "the Gatling guns proved to be an annoying burden...they either fell apart or had to be disassembled and carried in pieces over rough terrain." Va p. 79: "During the Reno scout [reconnoitering], the two guns were actually abandoned (and retrieved later) because soldiers got tired of dragging them over rough spots...[I]f Custer did not already have a fully formed negative opinion of the Gatlings on such an expedition, the experience of the Reno [reconnaissance of early June] surely convinced him."

[152] Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "The biggest problem with the [Gatling] gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use... [in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn], the Gatling, not the mules, proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition."

[153] Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "...Reno had taken one [Gatling gun] along [on his June reconnaissance], and it had been nothing but trouble." Va p. 195: Custer, in comments to his officer staff before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, said that "...if hostiles could whip the Seventh [Cavalry]...they could defeat a much larger force."

[154] Hatch, 1997, pp. 80–81: The Gatling guns "were cumbersome and would cause delays over the traveled route. The guns were drawn by four condemned horses [and] obstacles in the terrain [would] require their unhitching and assistance of soldier to continue...Terry's own battery [of Gatling guns]—the one he had offered to Custer—[would have] a difficult time keeping up with the march of Colonel John Gibbon's infantry."

[155] Lawson, 2007, p. 50: "[Custer] turned down General Terry's offer to bring the three Gatling guns, because they would slow down his movement."

[156] Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective. That was why he ultimately declined the offer of the Gatling guns that had proven such a bother to Reno."

[157] Sklenar, 2000, p. 79: After the 7th Cavalry's departure up Rosebud Creek, "even Brisbin would acknowledge that everyone in Gibbon's command understood [that]...the Seventh was the primary strike force."

[158] Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Thinking his regiment powerful enough to handle anything it might encounter, [Custer, in addition to declining the Gatling guns] declined the offer of four additional cavalry companies from [Gibbon's] Montana column." Va p. 114: Custer told his officer staff days before the battle that he "opted against the Gatling guns...so as not to 'hamper our movements'"

[159] Sklenar, 2000, p. 92: Custer "on the evening of 22 June...[informed his officer staff]...why he had not accepted the offers...of Gatling guns (he thought they might hamper his movements at a critical moment)."

[160] Lawson, 2007 p. 50: "Custer...refused Major James Brisbin's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment [200 troopers], told Terry "the 7th can handle anything it meets."

[161] Donovan, 2008, p. "Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion, he convolutedly reaffirmed his confidence in the Seventh's ability to defeat any number of Indians they could find."

[162] Hatch, 1997, p. 24: "Brisbin argued with Terry that Custer was undermanned, and requested that his troops [which had the] Gatling guns – with Terry in command because Brisbin did not want to serve under Custer—be permitted to accompany [Custer's] column. Custer refused the assistance, and Terry abided by that."

[163] Sklenar, 2000, pp. 78–79: "Apparently, Terry offered [Major James] Brisbin's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accompany the Seventh, but Custer refused these additions for several reasons. First of all, Custer and Brisbin did not get along and Custer thus would not have wanted to place Brisbin in a senior command position. Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen, and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind. Also, Custer retained the conviction that the Seventh could handle any force of Indians it might encounter, and he may have reasoned that taking the Second Cavalry would leave [Colonel John] Gibbon's column susceptible to attack and defeat..."

[164] Hatch, 1997, p. 80: "The offer of 3 Gatling Guns...was made to Custer by General Alfred Terry [at the] urging of Major James Brisbin, who also desired his Second Cavalry to become part of Custer's detachment. Custer respectfully declined both offers, state that the Gatlings would impede his march.

[165] Hatch, 1997, p. 80: "The Gatling Guns would have brought formidable firepower into play; this rapid fire artillery could fire up to 350 rounds in 1 minute."

[166] Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "Each of these heavy, hand-cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute, an impressive rate, but they were known to jam frequently.

[167] Hatch, 1997, pp. 80–81: "The Gatlings had major drawbacks, such as frequent jamming due to residue from black powder..."

[168] Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "Military traditionalists like to claim the gun was unreliable, but in actuality the Gatling functioned surprisingly well."

[169] Hatch, 1997, p. 81: "...The [Gatling] guns were mounted on large [diameter] wheels, which meant that in order to operate them the gun crews would [necessarily] be standing upright, making them [extremely vulnerable] to Indian snipers."

[170] Utley, 1987, pp. 80–81

[171] Gallear, 2001: "The Indians were well equipped with hand-to-hand weapons and these included lances, tomahawks, war clubs, knives and war shields were carried for defense. Such weapons were little different from the shock and hand-to-hand weapons, used by the cavalry of the European armies, such as the sabre and lance...[in addition] the Indians were clearly armed with a number of sophisticated firearms..."
Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "Sioux and Cheyenne weapons included...clubs, bows and arrows, lances, and hatchets [as well as] an array of new and old [model] firearms: muzzleloaders, Spenser, Sharps, Henry and Winchester repeating rifles, and...Springfield carbines taken from Reno's dead cavalrymen."
Robinson, 1995, p. xxix: "...Indians carried at least forty-one different kinds of firearms in the fight."

[172] Flaherty, 1993, p. 208: "By 1873, Indians "used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle-loading Leman rifle, issued as part of treaty agreements, and rapid-fire Henry and Winchester rifles, obtained through civilian traders."

[173] Gallear, 2001: "Trade guns were made up until the 1880s by such gunsmiths as Henry Leman, J.P. Lower and J. Henry & Son."

[174] Gallear, 2001: "These guns were crudely made for Indian trade and were given out as a sweetener for treaties."

[175] Gallear, 2001: "Civil War type muzzleloader rifles would have had an effective range of about 500 yards, but with voleyboldan yong'in were effective to 1000 yards."

[176] Donovan, 2008, p. 188: "Though most of the men in the village carried the bow and arrow in battle...over the past decade [1866–1876] the sale and trade of arms to the Indians had increased significantly...[t]he latest Winchester magazine rifles were available for the right price...Many men carried older guns—muzzleloaders, for which some molded their own bullets; Henry and Spencer repeaters; Springfield, Enfield [rifled muskets], Sharps breechloaders and many different pistols. All told, between one-third and one-half of the gathering warriors had a gun."

[177] Gallear, 2001: "The bows effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse. However, it would incapacitate and few troopers would fight on after an arrow hit them."

[178] Gallear, 2001: "There is also evidence that some Indians were short of ammunition and it is unclear how good a shot they were. They certainly did not have the ammunition to practice, except whilst hunting buffalo, and this would suggest that the Indians generally followed the same technique of holding their fire until they were at very close range,"

[179] Donovan, 2008, p. 188 (fragment of quote)
Utley, 1993, p. 39: The Indians had grown to depend on the goods [white traders] supplied, especially firearms and ammunition...they could be obtained only though white men, directly, of through Indian intermediaries."
Gallear, 2001: "Indian trade muskets...could be legitimately obtained from traders at Indian agencies...The Sioux [however] were keen to obtain metal cartridge weapons [available].from half-breed Indian traders out of Canada or unsupervised traders at Missouri River posts in Montana...By 1876 almost all [Model 1860 Henry rifles] in civilian use would have disappeared so Indian use must have come from ex-Civil War stocks sold off cheaply and bought by Indian traders, such as the Métis.
Flaherty, 1993, p. 208: By 1873, Indians "used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle-loading Leman rifle, issued as part of treaty agreements, and rapid-fire Henry and Winchester rifles, obtained through civilian traders."
Donovan, 2008, p. 188: "...there were many...ways a warrior could acquire a rifle. Post-traders on some reservations supplied illegal arms to non-treat[y] [Indians]; so did unlicensed traders—primarily the half-breed Canadian Métis gunrunners to the north in the desolate area known as Burning Ground below the Black Hills.
Robinson, 1995, p. xxix: "Studies of the cartridge cases recovered in archaeological investigations of the Little Big Horn show the Indians carried at least forty-one different kinds [models] if firearms in that fight, and it estimated that at least 25 to 30 percent [of Lakota and Cheyenne combatants] were armed with modern sixteen-shot Winchester and Henry repeating rifles....they also armed themselves with captured Springfield carbines...[and] carried traditional weapons...bows and arrows, hatchets...and war clubs."

[180] Donovan, 2008, p. 118: Reynolds "... best white scout in Dakota Territory...had earned Custer's respect for his excellent work...report[ed] to Custer that Lakotas under Sitting Bull were 'gathering in force'. They had been preparing for war by collecting Winchester repeating rifles and plenty ammunition."

[Hatch_1997,_p._184-181] Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians, nearly one for each [man in Custer's battalion]."

[182] Sklenar, 2000, p. 163: "...the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges, plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors. The total population of men, woman and children probably reached 6,000 to 7,000 at its peak, with 2,000 of these being able-bodied warriors..."

[183] Lawson, 2007, pp. 52–53: "The troops of the 7th Cavalry were each armed with two standard weapons, a rifle and a pistol. The rifle was a .45/55-caliber Springfield carbine and the pistol was a .45-caliber Colt revolver...both weapons were models [introduced in] 1873 [though] they did not represent the latest in firearm technology."

[184] Lawson, 2007, p. 53: "Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber, Custer ordered these weapons boxed before the strike force departed [up Rosebud Creek]...the lack of swords would prove to be a disadvantage during some of the close fighting that lay ahead. Gunpowder of the day is now known as black powder. It causes substantial fouling within the firearm. After about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver using black powder, the cylinder binds on the cylinder pin. The cavalry trooper would then have used his saber. However, their inclusion would not have changed the ultimate outcome."

[185] Gallear, 2001: "No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber, which under Custer's orders was left behind."

[186] Lawson, 2008, p. 53: "Many of the officers and most of the civilians brought along their own weapons."

[187] Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "... each enlisted man carried the regulation single-action breech-loading, M1873 Springfield carbine...the standard issue sidearm was the reliable [single-action] M1873 Colt .45 cal. pistol."

[188] Gallear, 2001: "Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes...[however] these guns may have been left with the baggage and is unclear how many officers actually used these weapons in the battle. However, there is evidence that Reno's men did make use of long-range hunting rifles. White Scouts would have been better armed and seemed to favor long-range buffalo hunting type rifles over fast-shooting lever actions... Henrys, Spencers and Winchester M1866s would also have been popular choices... Some Scouts would have been armed with both types of weapons plus a variety of side arms."

[189] Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "[Each] trooper carried 100 rounds of carbine ammunition and 24 pistol cartridges with him—as many as 50 on a belt or in a pouch, and the remainder in his saddlebag (the pack train mules carried 26,000 more carbine rounds [approximately 50 extra per trooper])."

[190] Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "... not a wide disparity ..." in arms of the opposing forces.

[191] Gallear, 2001: "the .44 rim-fire round fired from the Henry rifle is the most numerous Indian gun fired with almost as many individual guns identified as the Cavalry Springfield Model 1873 carbine."

[192] Gallear, 2001: "...by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine [and] saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward."

[193] Lawson, 2008, p. 93: "The rapid fire power of the Henry repeaters was intimidating, especially to inexperience soldiers. Their use was probably a significant cause of the confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses."

[194] Lawson, 2007, pp. 91–93: "[Henryville] was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifact collection there, which included numerous .44-caliber Henry cartridges. The number of cartridges indicated that about 20 warriors at this position were using Henry repeating rifles. These weapons were less powerful than the cavalry's Springfield rifles, especially at long range; however, they had the advantage of providing rapid fire...The rapid fire power...was intimidating, especially to inexperienced soldiers. Their use was probably a significant a confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses...Survivors of the assaults...fled north to seek safety with Keogh's Company I...they could react quickly enough to prevent the disintegration of their own unit."

[195] Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles, some of them repeaters, after extensive testing supervised by an army board that had included Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry."

[196] Gallear, 2001: "In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single-shot breechloaders..."

[197] Robinson, 1995, p. xxviii: "...the Model 1873 Springfield rifle, in caliber .45-70 for the infantry, and .45-55 light carbine for cavalry."

[198] Gallear, 2001: "The established wisdom is that the U.S. Army did not adopt lever-action multiple shot weapons during the Civil War because of the problems they would create regarding the supply of ammunition. However, I believe that by the time of the Indian Wars the Army viewed the lever-actions weapons as under-powered novelty weapons and that they were equipping their men to fight wars against European equipped enemies or to re-fight the Civil War. The Indian Wars were seen as a minor sideshow in which troops armed to fight on European battlefields would be more than a match for fighting any number of Indians."

[199] Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "...a solid weapon with superior range and stopping power..."

[200] Robinson, 1995, p. xxviii

[201] Gallear, 2001: "The Army saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward. They could fire a much more powerful round at longer ranges than lever-actions."

[202] Gallear, 2001

[203] Gallear, 2001: "The Allin System had been developed at the Government Armories to reduce the cost, but the U.S. Treasury had already been forced to pay $124,000 to inventors whose patents it infringed. The adoption of the Allin breech gave the advantages of being already familiar throughout the Army, involved no more royalties, and existing machinery at the Springfield Armory could easily be adapted to its manufacture.

[204] Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "Army appropriations were at an all-time low, and a key factor in the Springfield's favor was its low production cost."

[205] Gallear, 2001: "...some authorities have blamed the gun's reliability and tendency for rounds to jam in the breech for the defeat at the Little Bighorn.."

[206] Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time."

[207] Gallear, 2001: "A study of .45-55 cases found at the battle concludes that extractor failure amounted to less than 0.35% of some 1,751 cases tested...the carbine was in fact more reliable than anything that had preceded it in U.S. Army service. These weapons were vastly more reliable than the muzzle-loading weapons of the Civil War, which would frequently misfire and cause the soldier to uselessly load multiple rounds on top of each other in the heat of battle.

[208] Hatch, 1997, p. 124: 'Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen, malfunctioned during the battle and [whether this] was one reason for the defeat" and "No definitive conclusion can be drawn [as to] the possible malfunction...as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. Writers of both pro- and anti-Custer material over the years...have incorporated the theory into their works..."

[209] Donovan, 2008, p. 440: footnote, "the carbine extractor problem did exist, though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle. DeRudio testified that 'the men had to take their knives to extract cartridges after firing 6 to 10 rounds.'...but 'the men' seems to have been an exaggeration. Private Daniel Newall mentioned the problem..."

[210] Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to [eject] the spent .45-55 caliber cartridge [casings]. The cartridge cases were made of copper, which expands when hot. That—coupled with a faulty extractor mechanism and dirt—could cause the head of the cartridge to be torn away when the block was opened, and the cartridge cylinder would then be left inside the chamber...The casings would have to be removed manually with a pocketknife before [reloading and] firing again. This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time."

[211] Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "How often did this defect [ejector failure] occur and cause the [Springfield carbines] to malfunction on June 25, 1876? According to Dr. Richard Fox in Archeology, History and Custer's Last Battle (1993), there were very few .45-55 caliber cartridge casings found during the digs on the battlefield that showed any evidence to pry or scratch marks [indicating manual extraction]. Only 3 of 88 [3.4%] found on the Custer [battalion] portion of the battlefield could possibly have been removed in an extraction jam. On the Reno-Benteen defense site [Reno Hill], 7 of 257 fit this category [2.7%]. If this was a representative number it would appear that malfunction from that source was minimal."

[212] Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Both sides [troopers and Indians] apparently believed that some weapons malfunctioned. Indian testimony...reported that some soldiers threw down their long guns and fought with their short guns. Could this indicate a malfunctioning [carbine] that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked [pry scratched] casings on the field? ... No definitive conclusion can be drawn about the possible malfunction...as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. Writers of both pro- and anti-Custer material over the years...have incorporated the theory into their works..."

[213] Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "On a final note: the Springfield carbine remained the official cavalry firearm until the early 1890s"

[Custer_Survivors_101-215] Harris, Ethan E. (2012). Custer Survivors 101: The Impostor Roster (Elektron kitob). Warrior's Quill. Kirish

[216] Stewart, Edgar I. (1980). Kusterning omadi keldi. Norman, OK: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-8061-1632-7.

[217] Van de Water, Frederic F. (1988). Glory-Hunter: A Life of General Custer. Linkoln, NE: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8032-9607-7. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 17 yanvarda. Olingan 16 may, 2014.

[218] Ege, Robert J. (2008). Curse Not His Curls. Old Army Press. p. 121 2.

[Nunnally_Survived-219] Nunnally, Michael L. (2005). I Survived Custer's Last Stand. p. 38.

[220] Graham, W.A. (1995). The Custer Myth: A source book of Custeriana with a new introduction by Brian C. Pohanka. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 353–57, 413. ISBN 0-8117-0347-9.

[221] "Charles Kuhlman Papers, 1896–1959". University of Montana Library. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2013 yil 21 dekabrda. Olingan 10 iyun, 2013.

[Kuhlman_Finkel-222] Kuhlman, Charles (1968). The Frank Finkel Story. Omaha, NE: Citizen Printing Co. p. 20.

[Ellison_Finkel-223] Ellison, Douglas W. (1983). Sole Survivor: An Examination of the Frank Finkel Narrative. North Plains Press. p. 128.

[Boyes-224] Boyes, William (1977). No Custer Survivors: Or, The Unveiling of Frank Finkel. WJBM Associates. p. 16.

[Nunnally_Hoax-225] Nunnally, Michael L. (2008). The Frank Finkel Hoax: No Survivor of Custer's Last Stand. Old Scout Books. p. 32.

[226] Raymond Hatfield Gardner (1944). The Old Wild West: Adventures of Arizona Bill (1-nashr). San Antonio, TX: Naylor Company.

[227] The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux, as Told to Donald Henderson Clarke. Vanguard Press. 1930. p.287.

[228] Ryan, Ed (1951). Me and The Black Hills. Custer, South Dakota: Ed Ryan. p. 89.

[229] Gardner, Raymond Hatfield (2009). The Old Wild West: Adventures of Arizona Bill. Kessinger nashriyoti. p. 326. ISBN 978-1-104-84859-0.

[230] Clarke, Donald Henderson (1930). The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux. Nyu-York: Vanguard Press. p.286.

[231] Winkler, A. (2013). 'The case for a Custer Battalion survivor: Private Gustave Korn’s story.' G'arb tarixi jurnali, 63(1). Qayta nashr etilgan https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2881&context=facpub. Qabul qilingan 17 aprel 2020 yil.

[A_Pretended_Custer_Survivor-232] "A Pretended Custer Survivor: Another Attempt to Pose As a Survivor Punctured by the Regiment's Clerk". The Big Horn Searchlight. Olingan 2 avgust, 2012.

[234] Shanks, Jenny (June 26, 2007). "Comanche: The Horse that Survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Part 2". NewWest. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2012 yil 25 oktyabrda. Olingan 15 yanvar, 2017.

[235] Konnell, Evan S. (1984). Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Bighorn. Makmillan. ISBN 0-88394-088-4. Olingan 15 yanvar, 2017.

[236] "Martin Pate" Arxivlandi 2010 yil 23-noyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, Kichik Bighorn jang maydonining do'stlari, retrieved April 24, 2010.

[237] Wooden Leg, q.v., p. 236.

[238] Rankin, ed. by Charles E. (1997). Legacy: New perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn; [proceedings of the Little Bighorn Legacy Symposium, held in Billings, Montana, August 3–6, 1994] (Nachdr. ed.). Helena, Mont.: Historical Soc. Matbuot. p.310. ISBN 0-917298-41-1.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)

[239] National Park Service website for the Little Bighorn Battlefield.

[240] "The Indian Memorial Peace Through Unity – Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 13 aprelda. Olingan 7 aprel, 2015.

[241] Russell, D. Custer's List: A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1969,

[242] "Kansas Historical Quarterly – The Pictorial Record of the Old West, 4". Kanzas tarixiy jamiyati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2010 yil 29 iyuldagi. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.

[243] "Custer's Last Stand – Artist E.S. Paxson". Home1.gte.net. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 26 fevralda. Olingan 15 mart, 2012.

[244] Evans 2000, p. 180.

[HollywoodsIndian-245] Rollins, Peter (2011). Gollivudning hindulari: Filmda tub amerikalikning obrazi. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. 121-136-betlar. ISBN 978-0-8131-3165-8.

[246] Kusterning so'nggi turishi Arxivlandi November 2, 2016, at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. BBC Ikki, Friday 23 Feb 2007.

[247] Kusterning so'nggi turishi Arxivlandi 2011 yil 4 oktyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. BBC radiosi 4, Thursday 19 May 2011.

[248] "The War for the Black Hills". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 7 oktyabrda.

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Montanadagi tub amerikaliklarning janglari
Urushlar	Pudra daryosi urushi (1865) Qizil bulut urushi (1866–1868) Buyuk Siu urushi (1876–1877) Nez Perce urushi (1877) Qarg'alar urushi (1887)
Janglar	Birinchi chang daryosi (1865) Xeyfild (1867) Xonsinger Bluff (1873) Ikkinchi chang daryosi (1876) Rosebud (1876) Prairie Dog Creek (1876) Kichkina Bighorn (1876) Sidar Creek (1876) Bo'ri tog'i (1877) Kichkina Muddi Kriki (1877) Katta teshik (1877) Canyon Creek (1877) Oyoq panjasi (1877) Mispa Kriki (1879) Qovoq daryosi (1880)
Qirg'inlar	Marias qirg'ini (1870) Oqqush vodiysidagi qirg'in (1908)
Montana davlatidan oldingi tarixining xronologiyasi

Kichik Bighorn jangi - Battle of the Little Bighorn - Wikipedia

Fon

Jang maydoni va uning atrofidagi joylar

1876 ​​yil Quyosh raqsi marosimi

1876 ​​AQSh harbiy kampaniyasi

7-otliqlar tashkiloti

Rosebud jangi

Kichkina Bighorn

Prelude

Jang oldidan harbiy taxminlar

Hind jangchilari soni

Hindistonlik jangchilarning Kuster strategiyasidagi o'rni

Yolg'iz Teepee

Jang

Renoning hujumi

Reno tepaligidagi Reno va Bentin

Kusterning jangi

Custer at Minneconjou Ford

Other views of Custer's actions at Minneconjou Ford

So'ngi jang

Custer's final resistance

Last break-out attempt

Natijada

Ishtirokchilar

7th Cavalry officers

Native American leaders and "warriors"

Arapaho participation

Notable scouts/interpreters

Jang tartibi

Zarar ko'rgan narsalar

Mahalliy amerikalik jangchilar

Native American noncombatants

7-otliqlar

Civilians killed (armed and embedded within the Army)

Meros

Reconstitution of the 7th Cavalry

Expansion of the U.S. Army

"Sotish yoki ochlik"

Qarama-qarshiliklar

Reno's conduct

Custer's errors

Kusterga qoyil qolish

Gatling qurolidagi tortishuv

Qurol

Lakota va shayen

7-otliqlar

Kaldıraçlı repetitorlar va bitta o'qli yuk ko'taruvchilar

Model 1873/1884 Springfield karbinasi va AQSh armiyasi

Springfild karbina ekstraktori mexanizmining noto'g'ri ishlashi

Tirik qolganning da'volari

Jang maydonini saqlab qolish

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