Jeyms Monro - James Monroe

Ushbu maqola Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining 5-prezidenti haqida. Xuddi shu nomdagi boshqa odamlar uchun qarang Jeyms Monro (ajralish).
"Senator Monro" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Senator Monro (ajralish).

Jeyms Monro
Jeyms Monro Oq uyning portreti 1819.jpg
5-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti
Ofisda
1817 yil 4 mart - 1825 yil 4 mart
Vitse prezidentDaniel D. Tompkins
OldingiJeyms Medison
MuvaffaqiyatliJon Kvinsi Adams
7-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi
Ofisda
6 aprel 1811 - 4 mart 1817 yil
PrezidentJeyms Medison
OldingiRobert Smit
MuvaffaqiyatliJon Kvinsi Adams
8-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining harbiy kotibi
Ofisda
1814 yil 27 sentyabr - 1815 yil 2 mart
PrezidentJeyms Medison
OldingiJon Armstrong Jr.
MuvaffaqiyatliAleksandr Dallas (aktyorlik)
12 va 16 Virjiniya gubernatori
Ofisda
1811 yil 16 yanvar - 1811 yil 2 aprel
OldingiJorj V. Smit (aktyorlik)
MuvaffaqiyatliJorj V. Smit
Ofisda
1799 yil 28 dekabr - 1802 yil 1 dekabr
OldingiJeyms Vud
MuvaffaqiyatliJon Peyj
4-chi Qo'shma Shtatlarning Buyuk Britaniyadagi vaziri
Ofisda
1803 yil 17 avgust - 1807 yil 7 oktyabr
PrezidentTomas Jefferson
OldingiRufus King
MuvaffaqiyatliUilyam Pinkni
5-chi Frantsiyadagi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari vaziri
Ofisda
1794 yil 15-avgust - 1796 yil 9-dekabr
PrezidentJorj Vashington
OldingiGouverneur Morris
MuvaffaqiyatliCharlz Kotesvort Pinkni
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori
dan Virjiniya
Ofisda
1790 yil 9-noyabr - 1794 yil 27-may
OldingiJon Uoker
MuvaffaqiyatliStivens Tomson Meyson
Delegati
Konfederatsiya Kongressi
dan Virjiniya
Ofisda
1783 yil 3-noyabr - 1786 yil 7-noyabr
OldingiOkrug tashkil etildi
MuvaffaqiyatliGenri Li III
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan(1758-04-28)1758 yil 28-aprel
Monro Xoll, Virjiniya, Britaniya Amerikasi
O'ldi1831 yil 4-iyul(1831-07-04) (73 yosh)
Nyu-York shahri, Nyu York, BIZ.
O'lim sababiSil kasalligi
Dam olish joyiGollivud qabristoni
Siyosiy partiyaDemokratik-respublikachi
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
​
(m. 1786; vafot etdi1830)​
Bolalar3, shu jumladan Eliza
Ta'limUilyam va Meri kolleji
ImzoMurakkab imzo
Harbiy xizmat
Filial / xizmat
Xizmat qilgan yillari
  • 1775–1777 (armiya)
  • 1777–1780 (militsiya)
Rank
Janglar / urushlar

Jeyms Monro (/mənˈroʊ/; 1758 yil 28 aprel - 1831 yil 4 iyul) Amerika davlat arbobi, huquqshunos, diplomat va Asoschi Ota beshinchi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidenti 1817 yildan 1825 yilgacha. a'zosi Demokratik-respublika partiyasi, Monro so'nggi prezident bo'lgan Virjiniya sulolasi; uning prezidentlik ga to'g'ri keldi Yaxshi tuyg'ular davri. Ehtimol, u eng yaxshi chiqarilishi bilan tanilgan Monro doktrinasi, Amerikadagi Evropa mustamlakachiligiga qarshi siyosat. Shuningdek, u viloyat hokimi sifatida ishlagan Virjiniya, a'zosi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati, AQSh elchisi Frantsiya va Britaniya, ettinchi Davlat kotibi va sakkizinchisi Urush kotibi.

Ekuvchilar oilasida tug'ilgan Westmoreland okrugi, Virjiniya, Monro xizmat qilgan Qit'a armiyasi davomida Amerika inqilobiy urushi. Huquqshunoslik bo'yicha o'qiganingizdan so'ng Tomas Jefferson 1780 yildan 1783 yilgacha u a delegat ichida Kontinental Kongress. Delegati sifatida Virjiniya tomonidan tasdiqlangan konventsiya, Monro. Ning ratifikatsiyasiga qarshi chiqdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi. 1790 yilda u Senat saylovida g'olib bo'lib, u erda Demokratik-Respublikachilar partiyasining etakchisiga aylandi. U 1794 yilda Prezident lavozimida ishlash uchun Senatni tark etdi Jorj Vashington Frantsiyadagi elchisi, ammo 1796 yilda Vashington uni chaqirib olgan. Monro saylovda g'olib chiqqan Virjiniya gubernatori 1799 yilda va Jefferson nomzodini kuchli qo'llab-quvvatladi 1800 prezident saylovi.

Prezident Jeffersonning maxsus vakili sifatida Monro muzokaralarda yordam berdi Louisiana Xarid qilish, bu orqali Qo'shma Shtatlar hajmi ikki baravarga ko'paygan. Monro azaliy do'sti bilan janjallashib qoldi Jeyms Medison keyin Madison rad etdi Monro-Pinkni shartnomasi Monro Angliya bilan muzokara olib borganligi. U muvaffaqiyatsiz Madisonga qarshi chiqdi 1808 yil prezident saylovi, ammo 1811 yil aprel oyida u Madison ma'muriyatiga davlat kotibi sifatida qo'shildi. Keyingi bosqichlarida 1812 yilgi urush, Monro bir vaqtning o'zida Madisonning davlat kotibi va urush kotibi sifatida ishlagan. Urush davridagi rahbarligi uni Madisonning merosxo'ri sifatida tanitdi va u osonlikcha mag'lub bo'ldi Federalistlar partiyasi nomzod Rufus King ichida 1816 yilgi prezident saylovi.

Monroning prezidentligi bu davrga to'g'ri keldi Yaxshi tuyg'ular davri, Federalistlar partiyasi milliy siyosiy kuch sifatida qulab tushganda. Prezident sifatida Monro imzoladi Missuri murosasi Missuri shtatini a qullik davlati va 36 ° 30 ′ shimoliy parallel shimoliy hududlardan qullikni taqiqladi. Xalqaro aloqalarda Monro va davlat kotibi Jon Kvinsi Adams Angliya bilan kelishuv siyosatini va qarshi ekspansionizm siyosatini ma'qul ko'rdi Ispaniya imperiyasi. 1819 yilda Adams-Onis shartnomasi Ispaniya bilan, Qo'shma Shtatlar xavfsizlikni ta'minladi Florida bilan g'arbiy chegarasini o'rnatdi Yangi Ispaniya. 1823 yilda Monro Qo'shma Shtatlarning Evropaning har qanday aralashuviga qarshi ekanligini e'lon qildi yaqinda mustaqil mamlakatlar Amerika tashqi siyosatida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan Monro doktrinasi bilan Amerikaning. Monro a'zosi edi Amerika mustamlakachilik jamiyati, Afrikani ozod qilish yo'li bilan mustamlakasini qo'llab-quvvatladi qullar va Liberiya sarmoyasi Monroviya uning sharafiga nomlangan. 1825 yilda nafaqaga chiqqanidan so'ng, Monro moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi va 1831 yil 4 iyulda vafot etdi Nyu-York shahri. U shunday bo'ldi odatda reytingda tarixchilar tomonidan o'rtacha darajadan yuqori prezident sifatida.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Jeyms Monro 1758 yil 28 aprelda ota-onasining uyida o'rmonzorda tug'ilgan Westmoreland okrugi, Virjiniya. Belgilangan sayt, bugungi kunda ma'lum bo'lgan tashkil etilmagan jamiyatdan bir mil uzoqlikda joylashgan Monro Xoll, Virjiniya. The Jeyms Monroning oilaviy uy sahifasi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 1979 yilda. Uning otasi Spens Monro (1727-1774) mo''tadil gullab-yashnagan va qul egasi bo'lib, u duradgorlik bilan ham shug'ullangan. Uning onasi Elizabeth Jons (1730–1772) 1752 yilda Spens Monroga uylangan va ularning beshta farzandi bor: Elizabeth, Jeyms, Spens, Endryu va Jozef Jons.[1][2]

Jeyms Monroning tug'ilgan joyini belgilaydigan marker Monro Xoll, Virjiniya

Uning ota-bobosi Patrik Endryu Monro Amerikaga ko'chib kelgan Shotlandiya 17 asrning o'rtalarida va qadimgi Shotlandiya klanining bir qismi bo'lgan Klan Munro. 1650 yilda u Vashington Parishidagi katta er uchastkasini patentladi, Westmoreland okrugi, Virjiniya. Monroning onasi ko'chib kelgan Jeyms Jonsning qizi edi Uels va yaqin atrofda joylashdilar Qirol Jorj okrugi, Virjiniya. Jons boy me'mor edi.[1] Shuningdek, Jeyms Monroning ajdodlari orasida bo'lgan Frantsiyalik Gugenot 1700 yilda Virjiniyaga kelgan muhojirlar.[2]

11 yoshida Monro okrugdagi yolg'iz maktabga o'qishga kirdi. U bu maktabda yiliga atigi 11 hafta o'qigan, chunki uning mehnati fermada zarur bo'lgan. Shu vaqt ichida Monro keksa sinfdoshi bilan umrbod do'stlik qildi, Jon Marshall. Monroning onasi 1772 yilda, otasi esa ikki yildan so'ng vafot etdi. Ikkala ota-onasidan mulkni, shu jumladan qullarni meros qilib olgan bo'lsa-da, 16 yoshli Monro ukalarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun maktabni tark etishga majbur bo'ldi. Uning farzandsiz onasi amakisi, Jozef Jons, Monro va uning aka-ukalariga surrogat ota bo'ldi. A'zosi Virjiniya burjeslar uyi, Jons Monroni poytaxtga olib bordi Uilyamsburg, Virjiniya va uni ro'yxatga oldi Uilyam va Meri kolleji. Jons shuningdek Monroni muhim Virjiniyaliklar bilan tanishtirdi Tomas Jefferson, Patrik Genri va Jorj Vashington. 1774 yilda Britaniya hukumatiga qarshi qarshilik kuchaygan O'n uchta koloniya reaktsiyasida "Chidab bo'lmaydigan harakatlar, "va Virjiniya delegatsiyasini yubordi Birinchi qit'a Kongressi. Monro muxolifatga aralashdi Lord Dunmor, Virjiniya shtatining mustamlakachi gubernatori va hujumga qatnashdi Hokimiyat saroyi.[3]

Inqilobiy urush xizmati

1776 yil boshida, ro'yxatdan o'tganidan taxminan bir yarim yil o'tgach, Monro kollejni tashlab, 3-Virjiniya polkiga qo'shildi. Qit'a armiyasi.[4] Yangi paydo bo'lgan armiya o'z zobitlarida savodxonlikni yuqori baholaganligi sababli, Monro kapitan boshchiligida xizmat qilgan leytenant unvoniga ega bo'ldi. Uilyam Vashington. Bir necha oylik mashg'ulotlardan so'ng Monro va 700 Virjiniya piyoda askarlari shimolga xizmat qilish uchun chaqirildi Nyu-York va Nyu-Jersi kampaniyasi. Virjiniyaliklar kelganidan ko'p o'tmay, Jorj Vashington armiyani orqaga chekinishga boshladi Nyu-York shahri Nyu-Jersiga, so'ngra bo'ylab Delaver daryosi Pensilvaniya shtatiga. Dekabr oyi oxirida Monro a-ga qarshi kutilmagan hujumda qatnashdi Gessiya qarorgohi da Trenton jangi. Hujum muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Monro jangda arteriyani uzib qo'ydi va deyarli o'ldi. Buning ortidan Vashington Monro va Uilyam Vashingtonni jasoratlari uchun eslatib, Monroni kapitan lavozimiga ko'targan. Yaralari bitgach, Monro Virjiniyaga o'z askarlarini jalb qilish uchun qaytib keldi.[5] Uning jangdagi ishtiroki yodga olingan Jon Trumbull rasm Trentonda Gessiyaliklarning qo'lga olinishi, 1776 yil 26-dekabr shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Emanuel Leyts 1851 yil Vashington Delaverni kesib o'tmoqda.[6]

Trentonda Gessiyaliklarning qo'lga olinishi, 1776 yil 26-dekabr, tomonidan Jon Trumbull, kapitanni ko'rsatmoqda Uilyam Vashington, jarohat olgan qo'l bilan, o'ng tomonda va leytenant Monro, og'ir jarohat olgan va markazdan chap tomonda doktor Jon Riker yordam bergan.

Askarlarni o'z kompaniyasiga qo'shilishga undaydigan boylik yo'qligi sababli, Monro amakisidan uni frontga qaytarishini so'radi. Monro General shtabiga tayinlangan Uilyam Aleksandr, Lord Stirling. Shu vaqt ichida u bilan yaqin do'stlik aloqalarini o'rnatdi Markiz de Lafayet, uni urushni diniy va siyosiy zulmga qarshi kengroq kurashning bir qismi sifatida ko'rishga undagan frantsuz ko'ngillisi. Monro xizmat qilgan Filadelfiya kampaniyasi va 1777-78 yil qishni qarorgohda o'tkazdi Valley Forge, Marshall bilan log kulbasini baham ko'rish. Xizmat qilganidan keyin Monmut jangi, qashshoq Monro 1778 yil dekabrida o'z komissiyasini iste'foga chiqardi va Filadelfiyadagi amakisiga qo'shildi. Inglizlardan keyin Savannani qo'lga kiritdi, Virjiniya qonun chiqaruvchisi to'rtta polkni ko'tarishga qaror qildi va Monro o'z buyrug'ini qabul qilish umidida tug'ilgan shtatiga qaytib keldi. Vashington, Stirling va Aleksandr Xemilton, Monro podpolkovnik sifatida komissiya qabul qildi va polklardan biriga rahbarlik qilishi kutilgandi, ammo ishga qabul qilish yana muammo bo'lib chiqdi. Jonsning maslahati bilan Monro Virjiniya gubernatori Tomas Jeffersonning homiysi bo'lib, huquqshunoslikni o'rganish uchun Uilyamsburgga qaytib keldi.[7]

Inglizlar tobora o'z operatsiyalarini diqqat markazida Janubiy koloniyalar, Virjiniyaliklar poytaxtni yanada himoyalanadigan shaharga ko'chirishdi Richmond va Monro yangi poytaxtga Jeffersonni hamroh qildi. Virjiniya gubernatori sifatida Jeferson o'zining militsiyasini boshqargan va Monroni polkovnik qilgan. Monro kontinental armiya va boshqa davlat militsiyalari bilan muvofiqlashtirish uchun xabarchilar tarmog'ini yaratdi. Qiziqarli yollovchilar etishmasligi sababli hali ham qo'shin yig'a olmagan Monro qirol Jorj okrugidagi uyiga bordi va shu tariqa inglizlar uchun yo'q edi Richmond reydi. Kontinental armiya ham, Virjiniya militsiyasi ham zobitlarning ko'pligi sababli, Monro xizmat paytida xizmat qilmadi Yorktown kampaniyasi va, uning xafa bo'lishiga qadar, qatnashmadi Yorktown qurshovi.[8] Garchi Endryu Jekson 13 yoshida militsiya bo'linmasida kuryer bo'lib xizmat qilgan Monro AQShning so'nggi prezidenti sifatida qaraladi Inqilobiy urush faxriysi, chunki u qit'a armiyasining ofitseri bo'lib xizmat qilgan va janglarda qatnashgan.[9] Uning xizmati natijasida Monro a'zoning a'zosi bo'ldi Cincinnati Jamiyati.[10]

Monro Jefferson ostida huquqshunoslikni qayta tikladi va 1783 yilgacha davom etdi.[11][12] U yuridik nazariya yoki amaliyotga unchalik qiziqmasdi, lekin u "eng tezkor mukofotlar" ni taqdim etadi va boylik, ijtimoiy mavqei va siyosiy ta'sirga erishish yo'lini engillashtirishi mumkin deb o'ylaganligi sababli uni qabul qilishni tanladi.[12] Monro Virjiniya shtatidagi barga qabul qilindi va u erda mashq qildi Frederiksburg, Virjiniya.

Nikoh va oila

Elizabeth Kortright

1786 yil 16-fevralda Monro turmushga chiqdi Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830) Nyu-York shahrida.[13] U Xanna Aspinval Kortayt va boy savdogar va sobiq ingliz zobiti Lorens Kortaytning qizi edi. Monro u bilan Kontinental Kongressda xizmat qilayotganda tanishgan.[14]

Qisqa asal oyidan keyin Long-Aylend, Nyu-York, Monrolar Nyu-Yorkka otasi bilan yashash uchun qaytib kelib, Kongress tanaffusga qadar. Keyin ular Virjiniyaga ko'chib o'tdilar Sharlottesvill, Virjiniya, 1789 yilda. Ular Sharlottesvildagi ko'chmas mulkni sotib olishdi Ash Lawn-Highland, mulkka 1799 yilda joylashdi. Monroning uchta farzandi bor edi.[15]

  • Eliza Monro Xey 1786 yilda Virjiniya shtatining Frederiksburg shahrida tug'ilgan va Parijda maktabda o'qigan Xonim Kempan o'sha paytda uning otasi Qo'shma Shtatlarning Frantsiyadagi elchisi bo'lgan. 1808 yilda u turmushga chiqdi Jorj Xey, sud jarayonida prokuror bo'lib ishlagan taniqli Virjiniya advokati Aaron Burr va keyinchalik AQSh okrug sudyasi sifatida ishlagan. U 1840 yilda vafot etdi.[16]
  • Jeyms Spens Monro 1799 yilda tug'ilgan va o'n olti oydan keyin 1800 yilda vafot etgan.[17]
  • Mariya Xester Monro (1804–1850) amakivachchasiga uylandi Samuel L. Gouverneur 1820 yil 8 martda Oq uyda birinchi prezidentning u erda turmushga chiqqan farzandi.[18][19]

Plantsiyalar va qullik

Oak Hill Mansion

Monro o'zining kichik Virjiniya plantatsiyasini 1783 yilda huquq va siyosatga kirishish uchun sotib yubordi. Keyinchalik u katta plantatsiyaning egasi bo'lish va katta siyosiy kuchga ega bo'lish haqidagi bolalik orzusini ro'yobga chiqardi, ammo uning plantatsiyasi hech qachon foyda keltirmadi. U juda ko'p erlarga va boshqa ko'plab qullarga ega bo'lsa-da va mol-mulk bilan chayqagan bo'lsa-da, u operatsiyalarni nazorat qilish uchun kamdan-kam joyda bo'lgan. Nazoratchilar ishlab chiqarishni majburlash uchun qullarga nisbatan qo'pol munosabatda bo'lishdi, lekin plantatsiyalar hatto zo'rg'a sindirishdi. Monro o'zining dabdabali va qimmat turmush tarzidan qarz oldi va ko'pincha ularni to'lash uchun mol-mulkni (shu jumladan qullarni) sotdi.[20] Monroning ko'plab qullarining mehnati, shuningdek, uning qizi va kuyovini va juda yaxshi akasini boqish uchun ishlatilgan.

Nazoratchilar har bir sun'iy yo'ldosh plantatsiyalarining ishlab chiqarish va parvarishlash ehtiyojlariga muvofiq turli xil Monro plantatsiyalaridan qul oilalarini ko'chirishgan yoki ajratishgan.[21] Monroning qullaridan biri Doniyor ko'pincha uning plantatsiyasidan qochib ketardi Albermarl okrugi, boshqa qullarga yoki ajralgan oila a'zolariga tashrif buyurish.[21] Monro odatda Doniyorni "yaramas" deb atagan va uning "befarqligini" qochgan qul deb ta'riflagan.[21] Qul oilalarini ko'chirish va ajratish amaliyoti janubda keng tarqalgan edi.[21]

Monro o'z prezidentligi davrida qullikning noto'g'riligiga ishongan va xususiy manumizatsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlagan, ammo shu bilan birga, tezkor ozodlikka erishishga qaratilgan har qanday urinish ko'proq muammolarga olib kelishini ta'kidlagan. Boshqa yuqori Janubiy qul egalari singari, Monro ham hukumatning asosiy maqsadi hamma uchun "ichki xotirjamlikni" ta'minlash deb o'ylagan. U ikki jabhada shiddatli inqilob davrida Qo'shma Shtatlarda jamoat xavfsizligidan qo'rqardi. Birinchidan, mumkin bo'lgan sinfiy urushlardan Frantsiya inqilobi bunda tegishli sinflar guruhi olomon zo'ravonligida, so'ngra oldindan sud jarayonlarida, ikkinchidan, mumkin bo'lgan irqiy urushlardan tozalangan. Gaiti inqilobi u erda qora tanlilar, oq tanlilar, keyin turli millat aholisi beg'araz ravishda o'ldirilgan, chunki u erda voqealar rivojlanib borgan.

Dastlabki siyosiy martaba

Virjiniya siyosati

Monro saylandi Virjiniya delegatlar uyi 1782 yilda. Virjiniya Ijroiya Kengashida ishlagandan so'ng,[22] u saylangan Konfederatsiya Kongressi 1783 yil noyabrda Annapolisda 1784 yil iyun oyida Nyu-Jersi shtatining Trenton shahrida kongress chaqirilguncha xizmat qilgan. U rotatsiya qoidasi bilan ushbu idoradan nafaqaga chiqqanida jami uch yil xizmat qilgan.[23] O'sha paytga kelib, hukumat vaqtincha poytaxtda yig'ilardi Nyu-York shahri. 1784 yilda Monro G'arbiy Nyu-York va Pensilvaniya bo'ylab shimoliy-g'arbiy sharoitlarni tekshirish uchun keng sayohat qildi. Ekskursiya uni Qo'shma Shtatlar Buyuk Britaniyani mintaqadagi lavozimidan voz kechishi va shimoli-g'arbiy qismida o'z nazoratini o'rnatishi uchun bosim o'tkazishi kerakligiga ishontirdi.[24] Kongressda ishlagan paytida Monro g'arbiy ekspansiyaning himoyachisiga aylandi va yozilish va o'tishda muhim rol o'ynadi. Shimoli-g'arbiy farmon. Farmon yaratdi Shimoli-g'arbiy hudud, Pensilvaniyaning g'arbiy va shimoliy hududlarini federal boshqarishni ta'minlash Ogayo daryosi. Ushbu davrda Jefferson Monroning ustozi bo'lib xizmat qilishni davom ettirdi va Jeffersonning amri bilan u boshqa taniqli Virjiniya bilan do'stlashdi, Jeyms Medison.[25]

Monro 1786 yilda o'zining yuridik martabasiga e'tibor qaratish uchun Kongressdan iste'foga chiqdi va u shtatning advokati bo'ldi. 1787 yilda Monro Virjiniya delegatlar uyida yana bir muddatga saylovlarda g'olib bo'ldi. Garchi u Maqolalarni isloh qilish istagida ochiqdan-ochiq gapirgan bo'lsa ham, u ushbu maqolada ishtirok eta olmadi Filadelfiya konvensiyasi uning mehnat majburiyatlari tufayli.[26] 1788 yilda Monro .ga delegat bo'ldi Virjiniya tomonidan tasdiqlangan konventsiya.[27] Virjiniyada taklif qilingan Konstitutsiyani tasdiqlash uchun kurash federalistlar bilan oddiy to'qnashuvdan ko'proq narsani o'z ichiga oldi anti-federalistlar. Virjiniyaliklar milliy hukumatda taklif etilayotgan o'zgarishlarning afzalliklari to'g'risida fikrlarning to'liq spektriga ega edilar. Vashington va Medison etakchi tarafdorlari edilar; Patrik Genri va Jorj Meyson etakchi raqiblar edi. Mafkuraviy kurashda o'rta pog'onani egallaganlar markaziy shaxslarga aylanishdi. Monro va Edmund Pendlton, bu "tuzatish tarafdorlari bo'lgan federalistlar" yo'qligini tanqid qildilar huquqlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi va soliqqa tortish vakolatlarini markaziy hukumatga topshirishdan xavotirda.[28] Medison o'zini o'zgartirib, huquqlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini qabul qilishni va'da qilganidan so'ng, Virjiniya konvensiyasi konstitutsiyani tor ovoz bilan tasdiqladi, Monroning o'zi esa qarshi ovoz berdi. Virjiniya uni ratifikatsiya qilgan o'ninchi davlat edi Konstitutsiya va o'n uchta shtat oxir-oqibat hujjatni ratifikatsiya qildi.[29]

Senator

Genri va boshqa anti-federalistlar Konstitutsiyaga berilgan vakolatlarning ko'pini olib qo'yish uchun unga o'zgartirish kiritadigan Kongressni tanlashga umid qilishgan (Madison aytganidek "o'z vakolatiga ko'ra o'z joniga qasd qilish"). Genri Monroni Madisonga qarshi uydagi uy uchun kurashishga jalb qildi Birinchi Kongress va u Virjiniya qonunchilik organiga ega edi chizish a Kongress okrugi Monroni saylash uchun mo'ljallangan. Kampaniya davomida Medison va Monro ko'pincha birga sayohat qilishgan va saylov ularning do'stligini buzmagan. Yilda Virjiniyaning Beshinchi okrugi uchun saylov, Medison Monroning 972 ovoziga nisbatan 1308 ta ovoz olib, Monro ustidan g'alaba qozondi. Mag'lubiyatga uchraganidan so'ng, Monro qonuniy vazifasiga qaytdi va Sharlottsvilda fermasini rivojlantirdi. Vafotidan keyin Senator Uilyam Grayson 1790 yilda Monro Greysonning qolgan muddatiga saylandi.[30]

Davomida Jorj Vashington prezidentligi, AQSh siyosati davlat kotibi Jefferson va uning tarafdorlari o'rtasida tobora qutblanib ketdi Federalistlar, G'aznachilik kotibi Aleksandr Xamilton boshchiligida. Monro Jefferson bilan Hamiltonning kuchli markaziy hukumati va kuchli ijro etuvchisiga qarshi turishda qat'iy turdi. The Demokratik-respublika partiyasi Jefferson va Medison atrofida birlashdi va Monro Senatda partiyaning yangi paydo bo'lgan etakchilaridan biriga aylandi. Shuningdek, u qarshi chiqishlarni tashkil qilishga yordam berdi Jon Adams ichida 1792 Saylov, Adams mag'lubiyatga uchragan bo'lsa-da Jorj Klinton vitse-prezident sifatida qayta saylanishda g'alaba qozonish.[31] 1790-yillar rivojlanib borishi bilan Frantsiya inqilobiy urushlari AQSh tashqi siyosatida hukmronlik qildi, Britaniya va Frantsiya reydlari ikkalasi ham AQShning Evropa bilan savdosiga tahdid solmoqda. Boshqa Jeffersoniyaliklar singari, Monro ham qo'llab-quvvatladi Frantsiya inqilobi Ammo Xemiltonning izdoshlari Britaniyaga ko'proq hamdardlik ko'rsatishga intilishdi. 1794 yilda ikkala mamlakat bilan urushdan qochish yo'lini topishga umid qilib, Vashington Monroni unga tayinladi Frantsiyadagi vazir (elchi). Shu bilan birga, u anglofil Federalistni tayinladi Jon Jey uning kabi Britaniyada vazir.[32]

Frantsiyadagi vazir

1794 yilda Jeyms Monroning Frantsiyadagi muxtor vazir sifatida saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi portreti

Frantsiyaga kelganidan keyin Monro murojaat qildi Milliy konventsiya, o'z nutqini nishonlagani uchun olqishlagan respublikachilik. U bir nechta dastlabki diplomatik yutuqlarni boshdan kechirdi, shu jumladan AQSh savdosini Frantsiya hujumlaridan himoya qildi. Shuningdek, u o'zining ta'siridan ozod qilinishni yutish uchun foydalangan Tomas Peyn va Adrien de La Fayette, Markiz de Lafayetning rafiqasi.[33] Monroning Frantsiyaga kelganidan bir necha oy o'tgach, AQSh va Buyuk Britaniya shartnomani yakunlashdi Jey shartnomasi, frantsuzlarni ham, Monroni ham g'azablantirdi - bu nashr etilishidan oldin shartnoma to'g'risida to'liq ma'lumotga ega emas edi. Jey shartnomasining Frantsiya-Amerika munosabatlariga nomaqbul ta'siriga qaramay, Monro AQShning navigatsiya huquqlarini Frantsiya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatladi. Missisipi daryosi - uning og'zini boshqargan Ispaniya - va 1795 yilda AQSh va Ispaniya imzoladilar Pinkni shartnomasi. Shartnoma AQShga portdan foydalanish uchun cheklangan huquqlarni berdi Yangi Orlean.[34]

Vashington Monroni samarasiz, buzg'unchi va milliy manfaatlarni himoya qila olmagan deb qaror qildi. U Monroni 1796 yil noyabrda esladi.[35] Sharlottesvildagi uyiga qaytib, u fermer va advokat sifatida o'z karerasini qayta tikladi.[36] Jefferson va Medison Monroni Kongressga nomzodini qo'yishga undashdi, ammo Monro uning o'rniga davlat siyosatiga e'tibor berishni tanladi.[37]

1798 yilda Monro nashr etilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining tashqi ishlarida ijroiya hokimiyatining xulq-atvori: 1794, 5 va 6-yillarda Frantsiya Respublikasidagi missiyasi bilan bog'liq. . Bu uning Frantsiyadagi vazir sifatida uzoq muddatli mudofaasi edi. U do'sti Robert Livingstonning Vashington haqidagi "har qanday qattiq va o'ta tanqidni bostirishga" ogohlantirgan maslahatiga amal qildi. Biroq, u tez-tez AQSh hukumati Britaniyaga juda yaqin bo'lganidan, ayniqsa Jey shartnomasi to'g'risida shikoyat qildi.[38] Vashington ushbu nusxaga yozuvlar yozib, shunday deb yozdi: "Haqiqat shundaki, janob Monroni jahl qilishdi, xushomad qilishdi va g'alati narsalarga ishonishdi. Buning evaziga u o'sha millat uchun ma'qul bo'lgan hamma narsani qildi yoki qilmoqchi bo'ldi. , istamay o'z huquqlarini talab qilmoqda. "[39]

Aleksandr Xemilton bilan to'qnashuvlar va nizolar

1792 yilda, o'sha paytdagi senator Monro Inqilobiy urush qatnashchilariga ish haqi sifatida ajratilgan korruptsiya va Federal mablag'lardan suiiste'mol qilish ayblovlarini tergov qilayotgan edi. G'aznachilik kotibi Aleksandr Xemilton ishtirok etgan.[40] Monro, Frederik Muhlenberg va Ibrohim Venable Hamiltonga to'lovlarni amalga oshirganligini aniqladi Jeyms Reynolds, hukumat pulidan foydalangan holda moliyaviy sxemada sherik. Tergov qo'mitasi Jorj Vashington uchun hisobot tayyorladi, lekin uni yuborishdan oldin Xemilton bilan to'qnashdi. Xemilton korrupsiyada ayblanmaganini, aksincha Reynoldsning rafiqasi Mariya bilan bo'lgan ishini tan oldi. U Reynolds uni bilib, shantaj qilayotganini da'vo qildi va o'z hikoyasini isbotlash uchun xatlarni taklif qildi. Tergovchilar zudlik bilan ishni to'xtatib qo'yishdi va Monro Xemiltonga bu masalani sir tutishini va'da qildi.

Ushbu tergovda yana bir gumon qilinuvchi, Jeykob Klingman aytdi Mariya Reynolds u Xamilton bilan ishqiy munosabatda bo'lganligi haqidagi da'vo haqida, u korruptsiyani yashirishga yordam berish uchun xatlar soxtalashtirilgan deb rad etdi. Bu haqda Clingman Monroning oldiga bordi. Monro ushbu intervyuni o'z yozuvlariga qo'shib qo'ydi va barcha to'plamni, ehtimol, do'stiga yubordi Tomas Jefferson, saqlash uchun. Afsuski, tergov yozuvlarini boshqarish bilan shug'ullangan kotib nusxalarini chiqarib, ularni skandal yozuvchiga berdi Jeyms Kallender.[41]

Besh yildan so'ng, Monro Frantsiyadan chaqirilganidan ko'p o'tmay, Kallender ushbu yozuvlar asosida Xemiltonga qarshi ayblovlarni e'lon qildi. Xemilton va uning rafiqasi buni Monroning chaqirib olish uchun qasosidir deb o'ylashdi va Xamilton bilan xat orqali uchrashishdi. Ikkalasining keyingi uchrashuvida, Xamilton har biriga "ikkinchi" keltirishni taklif qilganida, Xemilton Monroni yolg'onda ayblab, uni duelga chorladi. Bunday qiyinchiliklar odatda issiq havo bo'lsa-da, bu holda Monro "Men tayyorman, to'pponchalaringni ol" deb javob berdi. Ularning soniyalari shafoat qildi va Xemiltonga tergov bilan sodir bo'lgan voqealar to'g'risida hujjat berishga kelishib olindi.

Keyingi tushuntirishlar Xemiltonni qoniqtirmadi va xatlar almashinuvi oxirida ikkalasi yana duelga tahdid qilishdi. Monro tanladi Aaron Burr uning ikkinchisi sifatida. Burr ikkala tomon ham "bolalarcha" ekanligiga ishonib, ikki tomon o'rtasida muzokara olib borgan va oxir-oqibat masalalarni hal qilishga yordam bergan.[42]

Virjiniya gubernatori va diplomat (1799-1802, 1811)

Virjiniya gubernatori

Partiya ovoz berishida Virjiniya qonun chiqaruvchisi Monroni sayladi Virjiniya gubernatori 1799 yilda. U 1802 yilgacha hokim bo'lib ishlagan.[43] Virjiniya konstitutsiyasi gubernatorga, militsiyani harakatga chaqirganda, militsiyani boshqarish bilan bir qatorda juda kam vakolatlarni berdi. Ammo Monro o'z qadr-qimmatidan foydalanib, qonun chiqaruvchilarni transport va ta'lim sohasidagi davlat ishtirokini kuchaytirishga va militsiya uchun tayyorgarlikni oshirishga ishontirdi. Monro ham berishni boshladi Hamdo'stlik davlatlarining manzillari qonun chiqaruvchiga, u qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat harakat qilishi kerak bo'lgan sohalarni ta'kidlab o'tdi. Monro, shuningdek, shtatning birinchi tuzilishi uchun harakatlarni olib bordi jazoni ijro etish muassasasi va qamoq boshqa, ko'pincha qattiqroq jazolarni almashtirdi. 1800 yilda Monro davlat militsiyasini bostirishga chaqirdi Jabroilning isyoni, a qullar isyoni Richmond poytaxtidan olti mil uzoqlikda joylashgan plantatsiyada paydo bo'lgan. Jabroil va qatnashgan boshqa 27 qul odamlarning hammasi xiyonat uchun osib o'ldirilgan.[44] Gubernator sifatida Monro "fitna, qo'zg'olon, xiyonat va isyonda" gumon qilingan erkin va qullikdagi afroamerikaliklar doimiy ravishda yo'q qilinadigan joyni ta'minlash uchun prezident Tomas Jeferson bilan yashirincha ish olib bordi.

Monro chet el va federalist unsurlar yaratgan deb o'ylardi Quazi urushi 1798-1800 yillarda va u qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatladi Tomas Jefferson yilda prezidentlikka nomzod 1800. Federalistlar ham Monroni shubha ostiga olishgan, ba'zilar uni eng yaxshi tarzda frantsuz dupesi va eng yomoni xoin deb hisoblashgan.[45] Virjiniya shtatidagi saylov bo'yicha mansabdorlarni tayinlash vakolatiga ega bo'lgan Monro, Jeffersonning Virjiniya shtatida g'olib bo'lishiga yordam berish uchun o'z ta'sirini o'tkazdi prezident saylovchilari.[46] Shuningdek, u natijani Jefferson foydasiga majburlash uchun Virjiniya militsiyasidan foydalanishni o'ylagan.[47] Jefferson 1800 yilgi saylovlarda g'alaba qozondi va u Madisonni o'zining davlat kotibi etib tayinladi. Jefferson partiyasining a'zosi va mamlakatdagi eng yirik davlatning etakchisi sifatida Monro, Medison bilan birga Jeffersonning ehtimoliy ikki vorislaridan biri sifatida paydo bo'ldi.[48]

Buyuk Britaniyaning Luiziana shtati sotib olish va vazir

Monroning gubernatorlik muddati tugaganidan ko'p o'tmay, Prezident Jefferson Monroni Elchiga yordam berish uchun Frantsiyaga qaytarib yubordi. Robert R. Livingston muzokaralarda Louisiana Xarid qilish. 1800 yilda San-Ildefonso shartnomasi, Frantsiya hududini egallab olgan Luiziana Ispaniyadan; o'sha paytda AQShda ko'pchilik Frantsiya ham sotib olgan deb hisoblar edi G'arbiy Florida xuddi shu shartnomada. Amerika delegatsiyasi dastlab G'arbiy Florida va shaharni egallashga intilgan Yangi Orlean savdosini boshqargan Missisipi daryosi. Agar Frantsiya bilan urush bo'lsa ham, Nyu-Orleanni olishga qaror qilgan Jefferson, agar frantsuzlar shaharni sotishdan bosh tortsa, Monroga inglizlar bilan ittifoq tuzishga vakolat berdi.[49]

Uchrashuv Francois Barbé-Marbois, Frantsiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Monro va Livingston Luiziananing butun hududini 15 million dollarga sotib olishga kelishib oldilar; sotib olish nomi bilan tanilgan Louisiana Xarid qilish. Sotib olishga rozilik bildirganda, Monro Nyu-Orlean va G'arbiy Florida shtatlarini sotib olish uchun atigi 9 million dollar miqdorida ruxsat bergan ko'rsatmalarini buzdi. Frantsuzlar G'arbiy Florida Ispaniya tasarrufida qolayotganini tan olishmadi va Qo'shma Shtatlar Frantsiya G'arbiy Floridani AQShga bir necha yil davomida sotgan deb da'vo qiladi. Garchi u butun hududni sotib olishga buyruq bermagan bo'lsa-da, Jefferson AQShning G'arbga kengayishini davom ettirishini ta'minlagan Monroning harakatlarini qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatladi. Konstitutsiya xorijiy hududlarni sotib olishga ruxsat bergan-bermasligidagi shubhalarni bartaraf etgan Jefferson, Luiziana shtatidagi sotib olish uchun Kongress tomonidan ma'qullandi va sotib olish Qo'shma Shtatlar hajmini ikki baravarga oshirdi. Monro 1805 yilda G'arbiy Florida shtatida g'olib chiqishga harakat qilish uchun Ispaniyaga borgan, ammo Frantsiya ko'magi bilan Ispaniya bu hududdan voz kechishni o'ylamagan.[50]

Iste'fodan keyin Rufus King, Monro tayinlandi Buyuk Britaniyadagi elchi 1803 yilda. Qo'shma Shtatlar va Angliya o'rtasidagi eng katta tortishuv masalasi bu edi taassurot AQSh dengizchilari. AQShning ko'plab savdo kemalarida muddatli harbiy xizmatdan qochgan yoki qochib ketgan ingliz dengizchilari ish olib borishgan va inglizlar ishchi kuchi bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qilish umidida AQSh kemalarida dengizchilarni tez-tez taassurot qoldirgan. Ular taassurot qoldirgan ko'pgina dengizchilar hech qachon ingliz fuqarolari bo'lmagan va Monroga inglizlarni taassurot qoldirish amaliyotini to'xtatishga ishontirish vazifasi yuklangan. Monro bu ishda ozgina muvaffaqiyatga erishdi, qisman Jeffersonning Britaniya vazirini AQShga begonalashgani tufayli, Entoni Merri. Jeffersonning birinchi gubernator sifatida ishlash taklifini rad etish Luiziana hududi, Monro 1807 yilgacha Britaniyada elchi bo'lib xizmat qildi.[51]

1806 yilda u bilan muzokaralar olib bordi Monro-Pinkni shartnomasi Buyuk Britaniya bilan. Bu o'n yil o'tib tugagan 1794 yilgi Jey shartnomasini uzaytirishi mumkin edi. Jeferson 1794–95 yillarda Jey shartnomasi bilan qizg'in kurash olib borgan, chunki u inglizlarning to'ntarishiga imkon berishini his qilgan Amerika respublikachiligi. Shartnoma amerikalik savdogarlar uchun o'n yillik tinchlik va juda foydali savdo-sotiqni keltirib chiqardi, ammo Jefferson baribir qarshi edi. Monro va inglizlar 1806 yil dekabrda yangi shartnomani imzolaganlarida, Jefferson uni Senat tomonidan ratifikatsiya qilish uchun topshirishdan bosh tortdi. Garchi bu shartnoma Qo'shma Shtatlar va Buyuk Britaniya imperiyasi o'rtasida yana o'n yillik savdo-sotiqni amalga oshirishni talab qilgan va amerikalik savdogarlarga biznes uchun foydali bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan kafolatlar bergan bo'lsa-da, Jefferson bu nafratlangan Britaniyaning taassurot qoldirish amaliyotiga barham bermaganidan norozi bo'lib, berishdan bosh tortdi. Britaniyaga qarshi tijorat urushining potentsial quroli. Prezident boshqa shartnomani imzolashga urinmadi va natijada ikki xalq tinchlik yo'lidan uzoqlashdilar 1812 yilgi urush.[52] Monro ma'muriyatning shartnomani rad etganidan qattiq azoblandi va u davlat kotibi Jeyms Medison bilan janjallashdi.[53]

1808 yilgi saylovlar va Quids

1807 yilda Virjiniyaga qaytgach, Monro iliq kutib oldi va ko'pchilik uni uni qochishga undashdi 1808 yil prezident saylovi.[54] Jefferson Monro-Pinkney shartnomasini topshirishdan bosh tortgandan so'ng, Monro, Jeffrey 1808 yilda Monroni Madisondan yuqori ko'tarmaslik uchun bu shartnomani buzgan deb ishongan edi.[55] Jeffroni hurmat qilganligi sababli, Monro prezidentlik uchun faol kampaniyadan qochishga rozi bo'ldi, ammo u loyihani qabul qilishni istisno qilmadi.[56] Demokratik-respublikachilar partiyasi tobora fraktsiyalashgan edi, "Qadimgi respublikachilar "yoki" Quids "Jefferson ma'muriyatini haqiqiy respublika tamoyillaridan voz kechganligi uchun qoraladi. Kvidlar Monroni o'zlarining ishlariga qo'shib olishga harakat qildilar. Reja 1808 yilgi saylovlarda Monroni prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida namoyish etish edi. Federalistlar partiyasi, Yangi Angliyada kuchli bazaga ega bo'lgan. Roanokdan Jon Randolf Jeffersonning Medisonni tanlashini to'xtatish uchun Quid harakatlariga olib keldi. Doimiy Demokrat-Respublikachilar nomzodlar guruhida Kvidlarni engib, Virjiniya shtatidagi partiyani nazoratini saqlab qolishdi va Madison bazasini himoya qilishdi.[57] Monro Medisonning Federalistga qarshi kampaniyasi paytida Jefferson yoki Medisonni tanqid qilmadi Charlz Kotesvort Pinkni, lekin u Madisonni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortdi.[58] Medison Pinckneyni katta farq bilan mag'lubiyatga uchratdi. Monro Virjiniyada 3400 ovoz to'plagan, ammo boshqa joylarda ozgina qo'llab-quvvatlangan.[56] Saylovdan keyin Monro Jefferson bilan tezda yarashdi, ammo Jefferson 1809 yilda Kongressga Monroning nomzodini ilgari surmaganida, ularning do'stligi yanada og'irlashdi.[59] Monro 1810 yilgacha Madison bilan gaplashmagan.[53] Shaxsiy hayotga qaytib, u o'zining e'tiborini Sharlottsvilldagi mulkida dehqonchilikka bag'ishladi.[60]

Davlat kotibi va harbiy kotib (1811–1817)

Medison ma'muriyati

Shuningdek qarang: Jeyms Medisonning prezidentligi

Monro Virjiniya shtatidagi Burgesses uyiga qaytib keldi va 1811 yilda boshqa muddatga gubernator etib saylandi, ammo atigi to'rt oy xizmat qildi. 1811 yil aprelda Medison Demokratik-respublikachilarning yanada radikal fraktsiyalari ko'magini kuchaytirish umidida Monroni davlat kotibi etib tayinladi.[53] Medison, ilgari yaqin do'st bo'lib kelgan tajribali diplomat Monroning avvalgi davlat kotibining faoliyati yaxshilanishiga umid qildi. Robert Smit. Medison Monroni Monro-Pinkni shartnomasi bo'yicha o'zaro kelishmovchiliklar tushunmovchilik bo'lgan deb ishontirdi va ikkalasi yana do'stlikni davom ettirdilar.[61] Monro o'z lavozimiga kirishganida Amerika savdo kemalariga qarshi hujumlarni to'xtatish uchun ingliz va frantsuzlar bilan shartnomalar tuzishga umid qilgan. Frantsuzlar hujumlarni kamaytirishga va qo'lga kiritilgan Amerika kemalarini qo'yib yuborishga rozi bo'lishganda, inglizlar Monroning talablarini unchalik qabul qilmadilar.[62] Monro inglizlar bilan tinchlik o'rnatish uchun uzoq vaqt ishlagan, ammo u Buyuk Britaniya bilan urushni ma'qullab, palataning spikeri kabi "jangovar qirg'iylar" ga qo'shilgan. Genri Kley. Monro va Kleyning ko'magi bilan Madison Kongressdan inglizlarga qarshi urush e'lon qilishni so'radi va Kongress 1812 yil 18-iyunda bunga rioya qildi va shu tariqa 1812 yilgi urush.[63]

Urush juda yomon o'tdi va Medison ma'muriyati tezda tinchlikka intildi, ammo inglizlar rad etishdi.[64] Monro Medisonni dengiz kuchlari kemalariga urush davomida portda qolmasdan, suzishga ruxsat berishiga ishontirgandan so'ng, AQSh dengiz kuchlari bir nechta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdilar.[65] Harbiy kotib iste'fodan keyin Uilyam Eustis, Medison Monroni davlat kotibi va urush kotibi sifatida ikki tomonlama rollarda ishlashini so'radi, ammo senatning qarama-qarshiligi Monroni brigada generali qadar urush kotibi vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida chekladi. Jon Armstrong Senat tomonidan tasdiqlangan.[66] Monro va Armstrong urush siyosati bo'yicha to'qnash kelishdi va Armstrong Monroning istilosiga rahbarlik qilish uchun tayinlanish umidini to'sib qo'ydi. Kanada.[67] Urush davom etar ekan, inglizlar muzokaralarni boshlashni taklif qilishdi Gent va AQSh boshchiligidagi delegatsiyani yubordi Jon Kvinsi Adams muzokaralar olib borish. Monro, jangovar harakatlarni tugatib, Amerikaning betarafligini saqlab qolish sharti bilan, Adamsga shartlarni belgilashda erkinlikka yo'l qo'ydi.[68]

Inglizlar yoqib yuborganlarida AQSh Kapitoliy va oq uy 1814 yil 24-avgustda Madison Armstrongni urush kotibi lavozimidan olib tashladi va yordam uchun Monroga murojaat qildi va uni 27-sentyabrda urush kotibi etib tayinladi.[69] Monro 1814 yil 1 oktyabrda davlat kotibi lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi, ammo hech bir voris tayinlanmadi va shu tariqa 1814 yil oktyabrdan 1815 yil 28 fevralgacha Monro har ikkala kabinet lavozimini egalladi.[70] Endi urush harakatlarini boshqarish uchun Monro Generalga buyruq berdi Endryu Jekson ehtimoliy hujumdan himoya qilish Yangi Orlean inglizlar tomonidan va u yaqin shtatlar gubernatorlaridan Jeksonni kuchaytirish uchun o'zlarining militsiyalarini yuborishni so'radi. Shuningdek, u Kongressni 100 ming kishilik armiyani chaqirishga, askarlarga tovon puli oshirishga va yangi tuzishga chaqirdi milliy bank urush harakatlari uchun etarli mablag'ni ta'minlash.[71] Monro urush kotibi sifatida ish boshlaganidan bir necha oy o'tgach, urush imzolanishi bilan tugadi Gent shartnomasi. Shartnoma natijasiga qaytishga olib keldi status-kvo ante bellum va Qo'shma Shtatlar va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasida hal qilinmagan ko'plab muammolar saqlanib qoldi. But Americans celebrated the end of the war as a great victory, partly due to the news of the treaty reaching the United States shortly after Jackson's victory in the Yangi Orlean jangi. Oxiri bilan Napoleon urushlari in 1815, the British also ended the practice of impressment. After the war, Congress authorized the creation a national bank in the form of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ikkinchi banki.[72]

Election of 1816

Asosiy maqola: United States presidential election, 1816

Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the 1816 election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the 1816 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus. G'aznachilik kotibi Uilyam H. Krouford had the support of numerous Southern and Western Congressmen, while Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from New York. Crawford appealed especially to many Democratic-Republicans who were wary of Madison and Monroe's support for the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States.[73] Despite his substantial backing, Crawford decided to defer to Monroe on the belief that he could eventually run as Monroe's successor, and Monroe won his party's nomination. Tompkins won the party's vice presidential nomination. The moribund Federalists nominated Rufus King as their presidential nominee, but the party offered little opposition following the conclusion of a popular war that they had opposed. Monroe received 183 of the 217 saylovchilarning ovozlari, winning every state but Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware.[74]

Presidency (1817–1825)

Asosiy maqola: Jeyms Monroning prezidentligi

Domestic affairs

Democratic-Republican Party dominance

Monroe largely ignored old party lines in making federal appointments, which reduced political tensions and augmented the sense of "oneness" that pervaded the United States. He made two long national tours to build national trust. At Boston, a newspaper hailed his 1817 visit as the beginning of an "Yaxshi tuyg'ular davri ". Frequent stops on his tours included ceremonies of welcome and expressions of good-will. The Federalist Party continued to fade during his administration; it maintained its vitality and organizational integrity in Delaware and a few localities, but lacked influence in national politics. Lacking serious opposition, the Democratic-Republican Party's Congressional caucus stopped meeting, and for practical purposes the party stopped operating.[75]

Administration and cabinet

The Monroe Cabinet
IdoraIsmMuddat
PrezidentJeyms Monro1817–1825
Vitse prezidentDaniel D. Tompkins1817–1825
Davlat kotibiJon Kvinsi Adams1817–1825
G'aznachilik kotibiUilyam H. Krouford1817–1825
Urush kotibiJon C. Kalxun1817–1825
Bosh prokurorRichard Rush1817
Uilyam Virt1817–1825
Dengiz kuchlari kotibiBenjamin Crowninshield1817–1818
Smit Tompson1819–1823
Samuel L. Sautard1823–1825

Monroe appointed a geographically-balanced cabinet, through which he led the executive branch.[76] At Monroe's request, Crawford continued to serve as Treasury Secretary. Monroe also chose to retain Benjamin Crowninshield of Massachusetts as Secretary of the Navy and Richard Rush of Pennsylvania as Attorney General. Recognizing Northern discontent at the continuation of the Virginia dynasty, Monroe chose John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts as Secretary of State, making Adams the early favorite to eventually succeed Monroe. An experienced diplomat, Adams had abandoned the Federalist Party in 1807 in support of Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy, and Monroe hoped that the appointment would encourage the defection of more Federalists. After General Andrew Jackson declined appointment as Secretary of War, Monroe turned to South Carolina Congressman Jon C. Kalxun, leaving the Cabinet without a prominent Westerner. In late 1817 Rush became the ambassador to Britain, and Uilyam Virt succeeded him as Attorney General.[77] With the exception of Crowninshield, the rest of Monroe's initial cabinet appointees remained in place for the remainder of his presidency.[78][tekshirish uchun kotirovka kerak ]

Missuri murosasi

Asosiy maqola: Missuri murosasi

In February 1819 a bill to enable the people of the Missuri hududi to draft a constitution and form a government preliminary to admission into the Union came before the Vakillar palatasi. During these proceedings, Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York "tossed a bombshell into the Era of Good Feelings"[79] by offering the Tallmadge Amendment, which prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and required that all future children of slave parents therein should be free at the age of twenty-five years. After three days of rancorous and sometimes bitter debate, the bill, with Tallmadge's amendments, passed. The measure then went to the Senate, which rejected both amendments.[80] A House–Senate konferentsiya qo'mitasi proved unable to resolve the disagreements on the bill, and so the entire measure failed.[81] The ensuing debates pitted the northern "restrictionists" (antislavery legislators who wished to bar slavery from the Louisiana territories) against southern "anti-restrictionists" (proslavery legislators who rejected any interference by Congress inhibiting slavery expansion).[82]

During the following session, the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, introduced on January 26, 1820, by Jon V. Teylor ning Nyu York, allowing Missouri into the union as a qullik davlati. Initially, Monroe opposed any compromise that involved restrictions on slavery's expansion in federal territories. The question had been complicated by the admission in December of Alabama, a slave state, making the number of slave and free states equal. In addition, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Meyn kabi erkin davlat.[83] Southern congressmen sought to force northerners to accept slavery in Missouri by connecting Maine and Missouri statehood. In this plan, endorsed by Monroe, Maine statehood would be held hostage to slavery in Missouri. In February 1820 the Senate passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to form a state constitution. Before the bill was returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jessi B. Tomas ning Illinoys, excluding slavery from the Luiziana hududi shimoliy parallel 36°30′ north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri. The House then approved the bill as amended by the Senate.[84]The legislation passed, and became known as "the Missuri murosasi ". Though Monroe remained firmly opposed to any compromise that restricted slavery anywhere, he reluctantly signed the Compromise into law (March 6, 1820) only because he believed it was the least bad alternative for southern slaveholders. The Missouri Compromise temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories.[85]

Ichki yaxshilanishlar

BEP Monroning Prezident sifatida tasvirlangan portretini
BEP engraved portrait of Monroe as President

As the United States continued to grow, many Americans advocated a system of ichki yaxshilanishlar to help the country develop. Federal assistance for such projects evolved slowly and haphazardly—the product of contentious congressional factions and an executive branch generally concerned with avoiding unconstitutional federal intrusions into state affairs.[86] Monroe believed that the young nation needed an improved infrastructure, including a transportation network to grow and thrive economically, but did not think that the Constitution authorized Congress to build, maintain, and operate a national transportation system.[87] Monroe repeatedly urged Congress to pass an amendment allowing Congress the power to finance internal improvements, but Congress never acted on his proposal, in part because many congressmen believed that the Constitution did in fact authorize the federal financing of internal improvements.[88] In 1822, Congress passed a bill authorizing the collection of tolls on the Cumberland Road, with the tolls being used to finance repairs on the road. Adhering to stated position regarding internal improvements, Monroe vetoed the bill.[88] In an elaborate essay, Monroe set forth his constitutional views on the subject. Congress might appropriate money, he admitted, but it might not undertake the actual construction of national works nor assume jurisdiction over them.[89]

In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden that the Constitution's Savdo qoidalari gave the federal government the authority to regulate interstate commerce. Shortly thereafter, Congress passed two important laws that, together, marked the beginning of the federal government's continuous involvement in civil works. The General Survey Act authorized the president to have surveys made of routes for roads and canals "of national importance, in a commercial or military point of view, or necessary for the transportation of public mail." The president assigned responsibility for the surveys to the Armiya muhandislari korpusi. The second act, passed a month later, appropriated $75,000 to improve navigation on the Ogayo shtati va Mississippi rivers by removing sandbars, snags, and other obstacles. Subsequently, the act was amended to include other rivers such as the Missuri. This work, too, was given to the Corps of Engineers—the only formally trained body of engineers in the new republic and, as part of the nation's small army, available to serve the wishes of Congress and the executive branch.[86]

1819 yilgi vahima

Two years into his presidency, Monroe faced an economic crisis known as the 1819 yilgi vahima, the first major depression to hit the country since the ratification of the Konstitutsiya 1788 yilda.[90] The panic stemmed from declining imports and exports, and sagging agricultural prices[87] as global markets readjusted to peacetime production and commerce in the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the Napoleon urushlari.[91][92] The severity of the economic downturn in the U.S. was compounded by excessive spekülasyon in public lands,[93][94] fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from banks and business concerns.[95][96] Monroe lacked the power to intervene directly in the economy, as banks were largely regulated by the states, and he could do little to stem the economic crisis.[97]

Before the onset of the Panic of 1819, some business leaders had called on Congress to increase tariff rates to address the negative balance of trade and help struggling industries.[98] As the panic spread, Monroe declined to call a special session of Congress to address the economy. When Congress finally reconvened in December 1819, Monroe requested an increase in the tariff but declined to recommend specific rates.[99] Congress would not raise tariff rates until the passage of the 1824 yilgi tarif.[100] The panic resulted in high unemployment and an increase in bankruptcies and foreclosures,[87][101] and provoked popular resentment against banking and business enterprises.[102][103]

Tashqi ishlar

Tarixchining fikriga ko'ra William E. Weeks, "Monroe evolved a comprehensive strategy aimed at expanding the Union externally while solidifying it internally". He expanded trade and pacified relations with Great Britain while expanding the United States at the expense of the Spanish Empire, from which he obtained Florida and the recognition of a border across the continent. Faced with the breakdown of the expansionist consensus over the question of slavery, the president tried to provide both North and South with guarantees that future expansion would not tip the balance of power between slave and free states, a system that, Weeks remarks, did indeed allow the continuation of American expansion for the best of four decades.[104]

Treaties with Britain and Russia

Monroe pursued warmer relations with Britain in the aftermath of the War of 1812.[105] In 1817 the United States and Britain signed the Rush-Bagot shartnomasi, which regulated naval armaments on the Buyuk ko'llar va Champlain ko‘li and demilitarized the border between the U.S. and Britaniya Shimoliy Amerika.[106] The 1818 yilgi shartnoma, also with Great Britain, was concluded October 20, 1818, and fixed the present Kanada - AQSh chegarasi dan Minnesota uchun Toshli tog'lar da 49-parallel. The accords also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of Oregon shtati for the next ten years.[107] Though they did not solve every outstanding issue between the U.S. and Britain, the treaties allowed for greater trade between the United States and the British Empire and helped avoid an expensive naval arms race in the Great Lakes.[105] Late in Monroe's second term, the U.S. concluded the 1824 yildagi Rossiya-Amerika shartnomasi bilan Rossiya imperiyasi, setting the southern limit of Russian sovereignty on the Pacific coast of Shimoliy Amerika da 54°40′ parallel (the present southern tip of the Alaska Panhandle ).[108]

Acquisition of Florida

Asosiy maqolalar: Adams-Onis shartnomasi va Seminole urushlari

Spain had long rejected repeated American efforts to purchase Florida. But by 1818, Spain was facing a troubling colonial situation in which the cession of Florida made sense. Spain had been exhausted by the Yarim urush in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies. Revolutionaries in Markaziy Amerika va Janubiy Amerika were beginning to demand independence. Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida, encroached on by American settlers, and it worried about the border between Yangi Ispaniya va Qo'shma Shtatlar. With only a minor military presence in Florida, Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms, as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States.[109]

Map showing the results of the Adams-Onís Treaty 1819 yil

In response to these Seminole attacks, Monroe ordered a military expedition to cross into Spanish Florida and attack the Seminoles. The expedition, led by Andrew Jackson, defeated numerous Seminoles but also seized the Spanish territorial capital of Pensakola. With the capture of Pensacola, Jackson established de facto American control of the entire territory. While Monroe supported Jackson's actions, many in Congress harshly criticized what they saw as an undeclared war. With the support of Secretary of State Adams, Monroe defended Jackson against domestic and international criticism, and the United States began negotiations with Spain.[110]

Spain faced revolt in all her American colonies and could neither govern nor defend Florida. On February 22, 1819, Spain and the United States signed the Adams-Onis shartnomasi, which ceded the Floridas in return for the assumption by the United States of claims of American citizens against Spain to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000. The treaty also contained a definition of the boundary between Spanish and American possessions on the North American continent. Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine daryosi the line ran along that river to the 32nd parallel, then due north to the Qizil daryo, which it followed to the 100th meridian, due north to the Arkanzas daryosi, and along that river to its manba, then north to the 42nd parallel, which it followed to the tinch okeani. As the United States renounced all claims to the west and south of this boundary (Texas ), so Spain surrendered any title she had to the Northwest (Oregon shtati ).[111]

Monro doktrinasi

Asosiy maqola: Monro doktrinasi

Monroe was deeply sympathetic to the Latin American revolutionary movements Ispaniyaga qarshi. He was determined that the United States should never repeat the policies of the Washington administration during the French Revolution, when the nation had failed to demonstrate its sympathy for the aspirations of peoples seeking to establish republican governments. He did not envisage military involvement in Latin American affairs, but only the provision of moral support, as he believed that a direct American intervention would provoke other European powers into assisting Spain.[112] Monroe initially refused to recognize the Latin American governments due to ongoing negotiations with Spain over Florida.[113]

In March 1822, Monroe officially recognized the countries of Argentina, Peru, Kolumbiya, Chili va Meksika, all of which had won mustaqillik Ispaniyadan.[107] Secretary of State Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity".[112]

For their part, the British also had a strong interest in ensuring the demise of Spanish colonialism, with all the trade restrictions mercantilism tayinlangan. In October 1823, Richard Rush, the American minister in London, advised that Foreign Secretary Jorj konservasi was proposing that the U.S. and Britain issue a joint declaration to deter any other power from intervening in Central and South America. Adams vigorously opposed cooperation with Great Britain, contending that a statement of bilateral nature could limit United States expansion in the future. He also argued that the British were not committed to recognizing the Latin American republics and must have had imperial motivations themselves.[114]

Two months later, the bilateral statement proposed by the British became a unilateral declaration by the United States. While Monroe thought that Spain was unlikely to re-establish its colonial empire on its own, he feared that France or the Holy Alliance might seek to establish control over the former Spanish possessions.[115] On December 2, 1823, in his annual message to Congress, Monroe articulated what became known as the Monro doktrinasi. He first reiterated the traditional U.S. policy of neutrality with regard to European wars and conflicts. He then declared that the United States would not accept the recolonization of any country by its former European master, though he also avowed non-interference with existing European colonies in the Americas.[116] Finally, he stated that European countries should no longer consider the Western Hemisphere open to new colonization, a jab aimed primarily at Russia, which was attempting to expand its colony on the northern Pacific Coast.[107][112]

Election of 1820

Asosiy maqola: United States presidential election, 1820

The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed,[117] the only president other than Vashington buni qilish. A single elector from New Hampshire, Uilyam Plumer, cast a vote for Jon Kvinsi Adams, preventing a unanimous vote in the Electoral College.[117] He did so because he thought Monroe was incompetent. Later in the century, the story arose that he had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors.[118]

States admitted to the Union

Five new states were admitted to the Union while Monroe was in office:

Post-presidency (1825–1831)

Monroe once owned a farm at the location of the Virjiniya universiteti yilda Charlottesville

When his presidency ended on March 4, 1825, James Monroe resided at Monroe Hill, what is now included in the grounds of the Virjiniya universiteti. He served on the university's Board of Visitors under Jefferson and under the second rector Jeyms Medison, both former presidents, almost until his death. He and his wife lived at Oak Hill yilda Aldie, Virginia, until Elizabeth's death at age 62 on September 23, 1830. In August 1825, the Monroes had received the Markiz de Lafayet va Prezident Jon Kvinsi Adams as guests there.[125]

Monroe incurred many unliquidated debts during his years of public life. He sold off his Highland Plantation. It is now owned by his olma mater, Uilyam va Meri kolleji, which has opened it to the public as a historic site. Throughout his life, he was financially insolvent, which was exacerbated by his wife's poor health.[126]

Monroe was elected as a delegate to the 1829-1830 yillardagi Virjiniya konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyasi. He was one of four delegates elected from the senatorial district made up of his home district of Loudoun and Fairfax County.[127] In October 1829, he was elected by the convention to serve as the presiding officer, until his failing health required him to withdraw on December 8, after which Filipp Pendlton Barbur of Orange County was elected presiding officer.

Monroe's grave at Hollywood Cemetery.

Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to 63 Prince Street at Lafayette Place[128] yilda Nyu-York shahri to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur, who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur. Monroe's health began to slowly fail by the end of the 1820s.[129] On July 4, 1831, Monroe died at age 73 from yurak etishmovchiligi va sil kasalligi, thus becoming the third president to have died on Mustaqillik kuni. His death came 55 years after the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi was proclaimed and five years after the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. His last words were, "I regret that I should leave this world without again beholding him." He referred to James Madison, who in fact was one of his best friends.[130] Monroe was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family's vault in the Nyu-York marmar qabristoni. 27 years later, in 1858, his body was re-interred at the President's Circle in Gollivud qabristoni in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a U.S. Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish.[131]

Diniy e'tiqodlar

"When it comes to Monroe's thoughts on religion," historian Bliss Isely notes, "less is known than that of any other President." No letters survive in which he discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates comment on his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written after the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.[132]

Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Angliya cherkovi when it was the state church in Virginia before the Revolution. As an adult, he attended Episkopal cherkovlar. Some historians see "deistic tendencies" in his few references to an impersonal God.[133] Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was rarely attacked as an atheist or infidel. In 1832 James Renwick Willson, a Reformed Presbyterian minister in Albany, New York, criticized Monroe for having "lived and died like a second-rate Athenian philosopher."[134]

Qullik

Monroe owned dozens of qullar. He took several slaves with him to Washington to serve at the White House from 1817 to 1825. This was typical of other slaveholders, as Congress did not provide for domestic staff of the presidents at that time.[135]

As president of Virginia's constitutional convention in the fall of 1829, Monroe reiterated his belief that slavery was a blight which, even as a British colony, Virginia had attempted to eradicate. "What was the origin of our slave population?" he rhetorically asked. "The evil commenced when we were in our Colonial state, but acts were passed by our Colonial Legislature, prohibiting the importation, of more slaves, into the Colony. These were rejected by the Crown." To the dismay of states' rights proponents, he was willing to accept the federal government's financial assistance to emancipate and transport freed slaves to other countries. At the convention, Monroe made his final public statement on slavery, proposing that Virginia emancipate and deport its bondsmen with "the aid of the Union."[136]

When Monroe was Governor of Virginia in 1800, hundreds of slaves from Virginia planned to kidnap him, take Richmond, and negotiate for their freedom. Gabriel's slave conspiracy topildi.[137] Monroe called out the militia; the slave patrols soon captured some slaves accused of involvement. Sidbury says some trials had a few measures to prevent abuses, such as an appointed attorney, but they were "hardly 'fair'". Qul kodlari prevented slaves from being treated like whites, and they were given quick trials without a jury.[138] Monroe influenced the Executive Council to pardon and sell some slaves instead of hanging them.[139] Historians say the Virginia courts executed between 26 and 35 slaves. None of the executed slaves had killed any whites because the uprising had been foiled before it began.[140]

Monroe was active in the Amerika mustamlakachilik jamiyati, which supported the establishment of colonies outside of the United States for free African-Americans. The society helped send several thousand freed slaves to the new colony of Liberiya in Africa from 1820 to 1840. Slave owners like Monroe and Andrew Jackson wanted to prevent free blacks from encouraging slaves in the South to rebel. Liberia's capital, Monroviya, was named after President Monroe.[141]

Meros

Statue of Monroe at Tog'li tog '

Historical reputation

Polls of historians and political scientists tend to daraja Monroe as an above average president.[142][143] Monroe presided over a period in which the United States began to turn away from European affairs and towards domestic issues. His presidency saw the United States settle many of its longstanding boundary issues through an accommodation with Britain and the acquisition of Florida. Monroe also helped resolve sectional tensions through his support of the Missouri Compromise and by seeking support from all regions of the country.[144] Political scientist Fred Greenstein argues that Monroe was a more effective executive than some of his better-known predecessors, including Madison and John Adams.[145]

Yodgorliklar

Shuningdek qarang: List of memorials to James Monroe

Poytaxti Liberiya nomlangan Monroviya after Monroe; it is the only national capital dan boshqa Vashington, Kolumbiya named after a U.S. president. Monroe is the namesake of seventeen Monroe counties.[146] Monroe, Maine, Monro, Michigan, Monro, Gruziya, Monro, Konnektikut, ikkalasi ham Monroe Townships in New Jersey va Monro Fort are all named for him. Monroe has been depicted on U.S. currency and stamps, including a 1954 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati 5¢ Ozodlik soni pochta markasi.

Monroe was the last U.S. president to wear a powdered wig tied in a queue, a tricorne hat va knee-breeches ga ko'ra style of the late 18th century.[147][148] That earned him the nickname "The Last Cocked Hat".[149] He is also the last president to have never been photographed.[150]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Maine is one of 3 states that were set off from already existing states (Kentucky and West Virginia are the others). The Massachusets umumiy sudi passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819, separating the "Meyn okrugi " from the rest of the State (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819, by 17,001 to 7,132); then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood.[123]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b Unger 2009, pp. 9–10
  2. ^ a b Ammon 1971, p. 577.
  3. ^ Unger 2009, pp. 12–19
  4. ^ Ammon 1971, pp. 3–8.
  5. ^ Unger 2009, pp. 20–27
  6. ^ "Homes Of Virginia – Jame's Monroe's Law Office". Oldandsold.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on December 30, 2010. Olingan 20 aprel, 2010.
  7. ^ Unger 2009, pp. 27–36
  8. ^ Unger 2009, pp. 37–40
  9. ^ Hart, Gary (October 5, 2005). James Monroe: The American Presidents Series: The 5th President, 1817–1825– Google Knihy. ISBN  9781466823051. Olingan 7 oktyabr, 2017.
  10. ^ Schuyler, John (1886). Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati: formed by the officers of the American Army of the Revolution, 1783, with extracts, from the proceedings of its general meetings and from the transactions of the New York State Society. Olingan 10 mart, 2020.
  11. ^ Holmes, David R. (2006). The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Matbuot. p. 104.
  12. ^ a b Pessen, Edward (1984). The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of the Presidents. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p.79. ISBN  0-300-03166-1.
  13. ^ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". Arxivlandi from the original on May 9, 2012. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2012.
  14. ^ Unger 2009, pp. 61–63
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Bibliografiya

Asosiy maqola: Jeyms Monroning bibliografiyasi

Ikkilamchi manbalar

  • Ammon, Garri (1971). Jeyms Monro: Milliy o'zlikni anglash uchun izlanish. McGraw-Hill.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola) Standart ilmiy tarjimai hol 706 bet
  • Ammon, Garri. "Jeyms Monro" Genri F. Graff tahririda, Prezidentlar: ma'lumotnoma tarixi (2002 yil 3-nashr) onlayn
  • Kresson, Uilyam P. Jeyms Monro (1946). 577 pp yaxshi ilmiy tarjimai hol
  • Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. (1996). Jeyms Monroning prezidentligi.. 246 bet standart ilmiy tadqiqot
  • Dangerfild, Jorj (1965). Amerika millatchiligining uyg'onishi: 1815-1828. Harper va Rou. ISBN  0881338230.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Xammond, Jon Kreyg (2019 yil mart). "Prezident, Planter, siyosatchi: Jeyms Monro, Missuri inqirozi va qullik siyosati" (PDF). Amerika tarixi jurnali. 105 (3): 843–67. doi:10.1093 / jahist / jaz002.
  • Xart, Gari (2005). Jeyms Monro. Genri Holy va Co. ISBN  978-0805069600.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola) yuzaki, qisqa, ommabop tarjimai hol
  • Xovort, Piter Doniyor. "Jeyms Medison va Jeyms Monroning tarixshunosligi: Ikki xilma-xil stipendiya organlari haqidagi ertak." yilda Jeyms Medison va Jeyms Monroning hamrohi (2013): 521–539.
  • Xau, Daniel Uolker (2007). Xudo nima qildi: Amerikaning o'zgarishi, 1815–1848. Oksford universiteti. Matbuot.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola) Pulitser mukofoti; davrning keng talqini
  • Xolms, Devid L. Asoschi Otalarning e'tiqodi, 2006 yil may, onlayn versiyasi
  • Jonson, Allen (1915). Ittifoq va demokratiya. Boston: Houghton Mifflin kompaniyasi.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Leybiger, Styuart, tahr. Jeyms Medison va Jeyms Monroning hamrohi (2012) parcha; tarixshunoslikka ahamiyat berish
  • May, Ernest R. Monro doktrinasini yaratish (1975).
  • Perkins, Dekster. Monro doktrinasi, 1823-1826 (1927).
  • Poston, Bruk. Jeyms Monro: Respublika chempioni. Geynesvill, FL: Florida universiteti matbuoti, 2019 yil.
  • Pulliam, Devid Loyd (1901). Hamdo'stlik tashkil topganidan to hozirgi kungacha Virjiniya Konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyalari. Jon T. G'arbiy, Richmond. ISBN  978-1-2879-2059-5.
  • Renehan Edvard J., kichik Monro doktrinasi: Amerika tashqi siyosatining asosi (2007)
  • Sher, Artur. "Jeyms Monro va Jon Adams:" Do'stlik "ehtimoldan yiroq". Tarixchi 67 # 3 (2005) 405+ bet. onlayn nashr
  • Sher, Artur. "Jeyms Monro Prezidentlik va" Chet el ta'sirida: Virjiniya ratifikatsiya konventsiyasidan (1788) Jeffersonning saylanishigacha (1801) "." O'rta Amerika 2002 84(1–3): 145–206. ISSN  0026-2927.
  • Sher, Artur. "Gubernator Jeyms Monro va Sautgempton qullariga qarshilik 1799 yil." Tarixchi 1999 61(3): 557–578. ISSN  0018-2370 SwetsWise va Ebsco-da onlayn to'liq matn.
  • Unger, Harlow G. (2009). Oxirgi asoschi ota: Jeyms Monro va millatning buyuklikka da'vati. Da Capo Press.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola), ilmiy tarjimai holi.
  • Haftalar, Uilyam Erl (1992). John Quincy Adams va American Global Empire. Leksington, KY: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780813117799.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Wilentz, Sean (2004 yil kuz). "Jeffersonian Demokratiya va Qo'shma Shtatlardagi siyosiy qullikning kelib chiqishi: Missuri inqirozi qayta ko'rib chiqildi". Tarixiy Jamiyat jurnali. 4 (3): 375–401. doi:10.1111 / j.1529-921X.2004.00105.x.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Yog'och, Gordon S. Ozodlik imperiyasi: Dastlabki respublika tarixi, 1789–1815 (2009)

Birlamchi manbalar

  • Preston, Daniel, ed. Jeyms Monroning hujjatlari: Tanlangan yozishmalar va hujjatlar (6 jild, 2006 yildan 2017 yilgacha), yirik ilmiy nashr; davom etmoqda, 1814 yilgacha qamrab olingan.
  • Jeyms Monroning yozuvlari, Stanislaus Murray Hamilton tomonidan tahrirlangan, tahr., 7 jild. (1898-1903) Internet-arxivdagi onlayn nashr

Tashqi havolalar