Buyuk Britaniyada abort qilish - Abortion in the United Kingdom

Abort davomida qonuniy ravishda mavjud Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiyaning Birlashgan Qirolligi.

Yilda Shimoliy Irlandiya qismlaridan keyin abort qilish jinoiy javobgarlikni anglatmaydi Shaxs to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi jinoyatlar 1861 2019 yil oktyabrda bekor qilingan. Abort (Shimoliy Irlandiya) to'g'risidagi 2020 yilgi qoidalar 2020 yil 31 martda boshlangan va abortlarni "ro'yxatdan o'tgan tibbiyot xodimi" tomonidan amalga oshirishga ruxsat berilgan.[1][2][3]

Yilda Buyuk Britaniya abort qilish jinoyat qonunchiligiga muvofiq tartibga solinishda davom etmoqda, ammo qonuniy yo'l bilan Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil, agar mavjud bo'lsa, abort qilishga ruxsat beradi:

  • homilador ayolning hayoti uchun xavf;
  • homilador ayolning jismoniy yoki ruhiy salomatligiga jiddiy shikast etkazmaslik uchun abort qilish zarurati;
  • homilador ayolning yoki uning oilasidagi mavjud bolalarning jismoniy yoki ruhiy sog'lig'iga shikast etkazish xavfi (24 xaftalik muddatgacha) homiladorlik ); yoki
  • agar bola tug'ilsa, u "jiddiy nogiron bo'lib qolishi mumkin bo'lgan jismoniy yoki ruhiy anormalliklarga duch keladi" degan katta xavf.[4][5]

Qonunda abort qilish siyosati ishlab chiqilgan Shotlandiya va Shimoliy Irlandiya lekin emas Uels. Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi qonun 2019 yil 21-oktabrda Buyuk Britaniya parlamentining qaroriga binoan, shu paytgacha taqiqlangan abortga ruxsat berish uchun o'zgartirildi. Shimoliy Irlandiya (Ijroiya tuzilishi va boshqalar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2019 yil kabi Shimoliy Irlandiya assambleyasi o'sha paytda ishlamayotgan edi. Abort xizmatlarini ko'rsatishni legallashtirish 2020 yil 31 martda kuchga kirdi,[1][2] va bundan oldin Shimoliy Irlandiyalik ayollar Buyuk Britaniyaning boshqa hududlarida abort qilish xizmatlariga haq to'lamasdan va jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmasdan murojaat qilishlari mumkin edi.[6]

Buyuk Britaniya

Buyuk Britaniyada homiladorlikning dastlabki yigirma to'rt haftasida (Evropa Ittifoqidagi eng yuqori chegara, Gollandiya bilan birgalikda) va tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra abortga odatda ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy sabablarga ko'ra ruxsat beriladi.[7]

Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil

Yuqorida ko'rsatilganidek, ichida Angliya va Uels va Shotlandiya, qismning 1 (1) qismi Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil endi to'liq o'qiydi:[8]

Ushbu bo'lim qoidalariga rioya qilgan holda, ro'yxatdan o'tgan tibbiyot xodimi tomonidan homiladorlik tugatilganda, abort bilan bog'liq qonun bo'yicha shaxs aybdor bo'lmaydi, agar ro'yxatdan o'tgan ikkita tibbiyot xodimi vijdonan shakllangan bo'lsa, -(a) homiladorlik yigirma to'rtinchi haftadan oshmaganligi va homiladorlikning davomiyligi, agar homiladorlik tugatilgan bo'lsa, homilador ayolning yoki mavjud bo'lgan bolalarning jismoniy yoki ruhiy sog'lig'iga shikast etkazish xavfi tug'dirishi mumkin. uning oilasi; yokib) homiladorlikning tugashi homilador ayolning jismoniy yoki ruhiy sog'lig'iga jiddiy shikast etkazmaslik uchun zarurdir; yoki(c) homiladorlikning davom etishi homilador ayolning hayoti uchun xavf tug'dirishi mumkinligi, bu homiladorlik tugatilganidan kattaroq; yokid) agar bola tug'ilsa, u jismoniy yoki ruhiy anormalliklarga duchor bo'lib, jiddiy nogiron bo'lib qolishi xavfi katta.

(A) - (d) kichik bo'limlari avvalgi (a) va (b) qismlarga almashtirildi 37-bo'lim (1) ning Insonni urug'lantirish va embriologiya to'g'risidagi qonuni 1990 yil.[9][10]

Qonunchilikdagi quyidagi atamalar quyidagicha talqin qilinishi mumkin (agar boshqacha ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, havolalar 1967 yilgi qonunga tegishli):

  • Abort bilan bog'liq qonun - Angliya va Uelsda bu 58 va 59 bo'limlarni anglatadi Shaxs to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi jinoyatlar 1861 va abortni sotib olish bilan bog'liq har qanday qonun normalari.[11] va Shotlandiyada bu abortni sotib olish bilan bog'liq har qanday qonun qoidalarini anglatadi;[11]
  • Ro'yxatdan o'tgan shifokor tomonidan bekor qilingan - qarang Buyuk Britaniyaning Qirollik hamshiralik kolleji v DHSS [1981] AC 800, [1981] 2 WLR 279, [1981] 1 Barcha ER 545, [1981] Crim LR 322, HL;
  • Tugatishni amalga oshirish kerak bo'lgan joy - 1 (3) dan (4) gacha bo'limlarga qarang;
  • Ikki ro'yxatdan o'tgan tibbiyot mutaxassislarining fikri - 1 (4) bo'limga qarang;
  • Yaxshi niyat - qarang R v Smit (Jon Entoni Jeyms), 58 yosh Cr App R 106, CA;
  • SSda shikastlanish xavfini aniqlash. (a) & (b) - 1 (2) bo'limga qarang;
  • Xavf, homiladorlik tugaganidan kattaroq, homilador ayolning jismoniy yoki ruhiy sog'lig'iga shikast etkazish - ProLife Alliance-ning sobiq partiyasi R v British Broadcasting Corporation-da Lord Lord Laws: "Ko'pgina shifokorlar homiladorlikning davomiyligi har doim ayolning jismoniy farovonligi uchun abort qilishdan ko'ra xavfli ekanligini ta'kidlaydigan ba'zi dalillar mavjud. vaziyatga yo'l qo'yilishi mumkin bo'lgan holatlar amalda abortga ustunlik berish. "[12]

Angliya va Uels

Shaxs to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi jinoyatlar 1861

58-bo'lim Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1861 quyidagicha o'qiydi va homilaning tushishini keltirib chiqaradigan dori vositalarini yoki asboblardan foydalanishni taqiqlaydi:

Har bir ayol, bola bilan birga bo'lgan, o'z homilasidan tushganini sotib olish niyatida, o'ziga har qanday zahar yoki boshqa zararli narsalarni qonunga xilof ravishda boshqarishi yoki shu kabi niyat bilan va boshqa har qanday vositani yoki boshqa vositalarni noqonuniy ishlatishi kerak. har qanday ayolning homilador bo'lishini yoki bolasi bo'lmaganligidan qat'iy nazar, unga qonunga xilof ravishda rahbarlik qilishi yoki zahar yoki boshqa zararli narsalarni olib ketishi yoki shu kabi niyat bilan har qanday asbob yoki boshqa vositalardan noqonuniy foydalanishi kerak. jinoyat sodir etganlikda aybdor deb topilgan va u bilan sudlangan deb topilgan ... umrbod ozodlikdan mahrum etilgan holda saqlanishi kerak ...[13]

Ushbu Qonunning 59-bo'limida quyidagicha o'qiladi va homilaning tushishiga olib keladigan dori-darmonlarni yoki boshqa narsalarni sotib olishni taqiqlaydi:

Kimki biron bir zaharli yoki boshqa zararli narsalarni, yoki biron bir asbobni yoki boshqa narsalarni noqonuniy ravishda etkazib beradigan yoki sotib oladigan bo'lsa, xuddi shu narsa noqonuniy ravishda ishlatilishi yoki biron bir ayolning homilasi tushganligini yoki u bilan birga bo'lmasligini bilgan holda ishlatilishi kerakligini bilgan. , yomon xatti-harakatlar uchun aybdor bo'lib, unga aybdor deb topilganlar ... penitentsiar xizmatda saqlanishi kerak ...[14]

Qonunchilikdagi quyidagi atamalar quyidagicha talqin qilinishi mumkin:

  • Noqonuniy - "1861-sonli shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 58 va 59-bo'limlari va abortni sotib olish bilan bog'liq har qanday qonun qoidalari, ayolning homilasini tushirish maqsadida qilingan har qanday narsa (yoki undan ko'p bo'lgan ayol bo'lsa) bitta homila, uning har qanday homilasining tushishi) qonunga xilof ravishda 1-bo'lim tomonidan ruxsat etilmagan holda amalga oshiriladi Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil va agar bir nechta homilani ko'targan ayolga tegishli bo'lsa, uning har qanday homilasini tushirib yuborish maqsadida qilingan har qanday narsa, ushbu bo'lim 1 tomonidan ruxsat berilgan, agar (1) (d) kichik qismida ko'rsatilgan homiladorlikni to'xtatish uchun asos bo'lsa. aytilgan 1-bo'lim har qanday homilaga nisbatan qo'llaniladi va bu narsa homilaning tushishini ta'minlash maqsadida amalga oshiriladi yoki ushbu 1-bo'limda ko'rsatilgan homiladorlikni to'xtatish uchun boshqa har qanday asos qo'llaniladi;[15]
  • Jinoyat va jinoyat - ga qarang Jinoyat qonuni to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil;
  • Sinov tartibi - 58 va 59-bo'limlarda nazarda tutilgan huquqbuzarliklar faqat ayblanmaydigan jinoyatlar;
  • Hukm - 58-moddaga binoan sodir etilgan huquqbuzarlik umrbod yoki har qanday qisqa muddatga ozodlikdan mahrum qilish bilan jazolanadi[16] 59-moddaga binoan sodir etilgan jinoyat esa besh yildan ko'p bo'lmagan muddatga ozodlikdan mahrum qilish bilan jazolanadi.[17]

Chaqaloqlar hayoti (saqlash) to'g'risidagi qonun 1929 yil

Bolalarni yo'q qilish va Chaqaloqlar hayoti (saqlash) to'g'risidagi qonun 1929 yil

Boshqa huquqiy qoidalar

Odamning o'limi bo'lishida abortni qonunga xilof ravishda amalga oshirishga urinish natijasida kelib chiqadigan narsa, hech bo'lmaganda qotillik.[18][19]

Ning 6 (1) (a) -bismi ta'siriga kelsak Teleradioeshittirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1990 yil abort rasmlarini translyatsiya qilish bilan bog'liq holda, qarang R v British Broadcasting Corporation, sobiq ProLife Alliance [2003] UKHL 23, [2004] 1 AC 185, [2003] 2 WLR 1403, [2003] 2 All ER 977, [2003] UKHRR 758, [2003] HRLR 26, [2003] ACD 65, [2003] EMLR 23, orqaga qaytish R v British Broadcasting Corporation, sobiq ProLife Alliance [2002] EWCA Civ 297, [2002] 3 WLR 1080, [2002] 2 ta barcha ER 756, CA. Ushbu bo'lim bekor qilindi Aloqa to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yil.

Shotlandiya

Abort faqat saqlangan Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti ostida Shotlandiya qonuni 1998 yil[20] ammo keyinchalik Shotlandiya parlamenti orqali Shotlandiya qonuni 2016 yil.[21] The Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil joyida qoladi.

Uels

Abort tugatilmagan Uels hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 1998 yil[22] va maxsus uchun ajratilgan edi Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti orqali Uels hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yil.[23]

Shimoliy Irlandiya

Devolyutsiya

"Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risida" gi qonun 1861 dastlab butun uchun qo'llanilgan Irlandiya.[24][25] Fuqarolik va jinoyat qonunchiligi ostida Shimoliy Irlandiyaga topshirildi Irlandiya hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 1920 yil[26] va Shimoliy Irlandiya parlamenti qabul qildi Jinoiy adliya to'g'risidagi qonun (Shimoliy Irlandiya) 1945 yil, bu "onaning hayotini saqlab qolish uchun vijdonan" abort qilishga imkon berdi.[27] Bu aks ettiradiChaqaloqlar hayoti (saqlash) to'g'risidagi qonun 1929 yil. Integratsiyalashgan sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy yordam xizmat 1948 yilda tashkil etilgan.

Shimoliy Irlandiya parlamenti 1972 yilda to'xtatilgan va Vestminsterdan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri boshqaruv bir qator vakolatlar, shu jumladan sog'liqni saqlash, hokimiyat vakolatlarini berguniga qadar davom etgan. Shimoliy Irlandiya assambleyasi 1999 yilda.[28][29] Jinoyat qonuni, shu jumladan abort, 2010 yilda politsiya va adolat vakolatlari berilguniga qadar Vestminsterda saqlanib kelingan.[30] 1993-1999 yillarda bir qator sud ishlari qonunni homilador ayol uchun "jismoniy yoki ruhiy sog'lig'iga haqiqiy va jiddiy salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lgan holatlarda ham abort qilishga imkon beradi" deb talqin qildi, bu uzoq muddatli hisoblanadi. yoki doimiy ".[31]

Statut qonuni

Shimoliy Irlandiyada abort to'g'risidagi qonun tubdan o'zgartirildi Shimoliy Irlandiya (Ijroiya tuzilishi va boshqalar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2019 yil. O'sha paytgacha Shimoliy Irlandiyada abortga oid ikkita asosiy qonun mavjud edi:

Giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishda yoki abortni amalga oshirishda vositalardan foydalanganlikda ayblangan shaxs (1861 yil, 58-modda) yoki bolalarni yo'q qilish (25-qism, 1945 yil), "umrbod ozodlikdan mahrum qilish" uchun javobgar bo'lgan; abort qilishni keltirib chiqaradigan giyohvand moddalar yoki boshqa narsalarni sotib olishda (1861-sonli Qonunning 59-qismida) unchalik katta bo'lmagan jinoyati uchun sudlangan shaxs "javobgarlikka tortilgan ... jazo choralarida saqlanishi kerak", ammo umrbod emas.

Boshqa huquqbuzarliklar uchun jazolarda bo'lgani kabi, umrbod ozodlikdan mahrum qilish ham maksimal shart edi va bu shart emas. Qonun sudning qaroriga binoan qisqartirilgan jazolarni tayinlashga imkon berdi, ammo qamoq jazosi odamga nisbatan jinoyatning jiddiyligini aks ettirdi (va bu to'siq sifatida harakat qildi). Masalan, 5-bo'lim Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonunda, shuningdek, umrbod qamoq jazosi yoki holatlarda qisqaroq jazo ko'zda tutilgan qotillik.

Abort qilish va bolalarni yo'q qilish bo'yicha huquqbuzarliklar Shimoliy Irlandiyada faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan qayd etilardi (qonun bilan to'sqinlik qilishning mumkin bo'lgan ta'siri). 1998 yildan 2018 yilgacha Shimoliy Irlandiyaning politsiya xizmati (PSNI) 17 ta "noqonuniy abortni sotib olish" holatlarini va "hayotga qodir bo'lmagan bolani qasddan yo'q qilish" ning uchta holatini qayd etdi. Shu vaqt ichida bir necha yil ichida ushbu turdagi huquqbuzarliklar qayd etilmadi.[32]

2020 yilgacha bo'lgan sud ishlari

Shimoliy Irlandiyada abort qilish to'g'risidagi qonun bir qator sud ishlarida ham keng ko'rib chiqilgan.[33][34]

Yilda Shimoliy Irlandiya sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy xizmatlar kengashi v A va boshqalar [1994] NIJB 1, Lord Adliya MacDermott "qonun bilan belgilangan" faqat onaning hayotini saqlab qolish uchun "degan ibora faqat hayot uchun xavfli bo'lgan vaziyatga taalluqli emasligidan mamnunman", dedi. homiladorlikning davomiyligi onaning ruhiy yoki jismoniy sog'lig'iga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lgan hollarda jismoniy yoki ruhiy salomatlik yoki onaning farovonligi va shifokorning harakati qonuniy hisoblanadi, ammo salbiy ta'sir haqiqiy va jiddiy bo'lishi kerak va har doim ham bo'ladi tugatmaslikning taxmin qilinadigan ta'siri, tug'ilmagan bolani tugatish uchun etarli darajada jiddiymi yoki yo'qmi, degan savolga javob bering. "

Yilda G'arbiy sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy xizmatlar kengashi v CMB va rasmiy advokat (1995 yil, xabar qilinmagan), janob Adliya Pringl "nojo'ya ta'sir doimiy yoki uzoq muddatli bo'lishi kerak va qisqa muddatli bo'lishi mumkin emas ... aksariyat hollarda salbiy ta'sir tugatilmaslik xavfi bo'lishi mumkin, ammo mumkin bo'lishi mumkin" agar onaning yaqinda vafot etishi shubha tug'dirsa, xavf etarli bo'lishi mumkin ".[35]

Yilda Shimoliy Irlandiyaning oilani rejalashtirish assotsiatsiyasi - sog'liqni saqlash, ijtimoiy xizmatlar va jamoat xavfsizligi vaziri (2004 yil oktyabr), Lord Justice Nicholson "agar onaning o'lishi yoki uzoq muddatli zarar ko'rishi mumkin bo'lgan xavf tug'dirmasa, homila g'ayritabiiy, ammo hayotga yaroqli bo'lgan joyda homilani tushirish noqonuniy hisoblanadi, bu jiddiy, uning jismoniy yoki ruhiy salomatligi to'g'risida ".[36] Xuddi shu holatda, Lord Justice Sheil "faqat homilaning anormalligi sababli homiladorlikni to'xtatish noqonuniy hisoblanadi va ushbu yurisdiksiyada qonuniy ravishda amalga oshirilishi mumkin emas" deb ta'kidladi.[37]

2015 yil noyabr oyida Lord Justice Horner a mos kelmaslik to'g'risidagi deklaratsiya ostida Inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun 1998 yil Shimoliy Irlandiyaning abort qilish to'g'risidagi qonuni (xususan, o'limga olib keladigan xomilalik anormallik holatlarida yoki homiladorlik zo'rlash yoki qarindoshlarning qarindoshligi natijasida kelib chiqadigan holatlarda uni ta'minlamasligi) bilan izohlab bo'lmaydigan darajada. Inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi Evropa konvensiyasining 8-moddasi ya'ni shaxsiy va oilaviy hayotiga, uyiga va yozishmalariga hurmat ko'rsatish huquqi; Konventsiya shuningdek yashash huquqini himoya qiladi 2-modda.[38]

2017 yil iyun oyida nomuvofiqlik to'g'risidagi deklaratsiya Apellyatsiya sudi "davlatga keng minnatdorlik chegarasi berilishi kerak" va "qonun chiqaruvchisi boshqacha qaror qabul qilgunga qadar amalda bo'lganligi sababli qonun tomonidan adolatli muvozanat saqlanib qoldi" degan asosda.[39][40]

2018 yil iyun oyida Buyuk Britaniya Oliy sudi Shimoliy Irlandiyaning qonuni zo'rlash, qarindoshlararo va o'limga olib keladigan xomilalik anormallik holatlarida abort qilishni taqiqlaganligi sababli, shaxsiy va oilaviy hayotni hurmat qilish huquqiga mos kelmaydi. Shu bilan birga, sud nomuvofiqlik to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyani tiklamadi, chunki u da'vogar sud ishlarini olib borishga qodir emasligi va shunga muvofiq sudning mos kelmaslik to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyani berish vakolatiga ega emasligi, uning muvofiqlik masalalari bo'yicha o'z nuqtai nazarini aks ettiradi.[41][42]

Oliy sud qarorlari sudning nomuvofiqlik to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyani berish vakolatiga ega emasligini tan oldi, lekin majburiy bo'lmagan fikr nomuvofiqlik mavjud bo'lganligi va ariza beruvchining kerakli mavqega ega bo'lgan kelajakdagi ishi muvaffaqiyatga erishishi mumkin. Shuningdek, "Shimoliy Irlandiya qonunchiligining Konventsiya huquqlari bilan muvofiqligini ta'minlash uchun mas'ul bo'lgan" rasmiylardan "ushbu xulosalarni tan olish va hisobga olish ... qonunga qanday o'zgartirish kiritilishi yoki qanday kiritilishini ko'rib chiqishga" chaqirildi.[43][44]

Shimoliy Irlandiya (Ijroiya tuzilishi va boshqalar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2019 yil

The Shimoliy Irlandiya (Ijroiya tuzilishi va boshqalar) to'g'risidagi qonun 2019 yil, 2019 yil 24-iyulda qabul qilingan, qayta tiklash muddatini uzaytirdi Shimoliy Irlandiya Ijroiya 2019 yil 21-oktabrgacha. Tuzatish asosida Stella Creasy, a Mehnat Deputat, agar shu kunga qadar ijro etuvchi hokimiyat tiklanmagan bo'lsa - bunday bo'lmagan - Qonun:[45][46][47]

  • talab qilingan Shimoliy Irlandiya bo'yicha davlat kotibi 2018 yil [Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti] ning CEDAW hisobotida (to'liq Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiya Birlashgan Qirolligi to'g'risidagi So'rov hisoboti sifatida tanilgan) abortga oid tavsiyalarni amalga oshirish. Ayollarga nisbatan kamsitilishning barcha turlarini yo'q qilish to'g'risidagi konvensiyaga ixtiyoriy protokol );[48]
  • ning 58 va 59-bo'limlari bekor qilindi Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1861 Shimoliy Irlandiya qonunchiligiga binoan va Shimoliy Irlandiya qonunchiligiga binoan sodir etilgan huquqbuzarlik bo'yicha (hech qachon sodir etilganda) tergov o'tkazilmasligi va jinoiy ish qo'zg'atilishi yoki davom ettirilishi mumkin emasligi;[49] va
  • Davlat kotibidan, qoidalarga ko'ra, CEDAW hisobotining tavsiyalarini bajarish uchun "Shimoliy Irlandiya qonunlariga boshqa har qanday o'zgartirishlar ... zarur yoki mos keladigan bo'lib ko'rilishini" talab qildi, shu jumladan "abortlarni tartibga solish maqsadida taqdim etish" va ushbu qoidalar 2020 yil 31 martda kuchga kirishi bilan "abort qilish mumkin bo'lgan holatlar".[50]

Shuningdek, Qonunda Davlat kotibi "ushbu bo'lim tomonidan yuklatilgan vazifalarni tezkorlik bilan bajarishi" ni talab qildi va qoidalarga binoan unga "ko'rinadigan har qanday me'yorni ... muvofiqlashtirishi" ga ruxsat berdi (bekor qilinganligini hisobga olgan holda). 58 va 59 bo'limlari Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1861 va ushbu bo'limlar bo'yicha tergov yoki jinoiy ish qo'zg'atishni taqiqlash).[51]

"Tirik tug'ilishga qodir" bolani hayoti uchun himoya qilish - bu ayol 28 haftadan yoki undan ko'proq vaqt davomida homilador bo'lgan homiladorlikdagi tug'ilmagan bola sifatida belgilanadi - 1945 yilgi Jinoyat Adliya Qonuni (Shimoliy Irlandiya) bo'yicha davom ettirildi. aks ettirilgan homila hayotiyligi ichida Birlashgan Qirollik qonunchilik paytida va tegishli qonunga 1945 yildan beri o'zgartirish kiritilmagan.[52]

2017–2018 yillarda Shimoliy Irlandiyada jami 81 bola 28 haftadan kam homiladorlik davrida tirik tug'ildi.[53]

58 va 59-bo'limlarning bekor qilinishi - almashtirishsiz - homiladorlik 28 haftalik homiladorlik davriga etmagan hollarda quyidagi harakatlar dekriminallashtirilgan:

  • giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qiladigan yoki boshqa vositalardan yoki "boshqa usullardan" foydalanadigan ayol, o'zi uchun (sotib olish) maqsadida tushish;[54]
  • har qanday ayolni (shu jumladan,) homilador bo'lishiga olib keladigan har qanday shaxs (kim bo'lsa ham) homilador ayolning roziligi bo'lmagan holatlar );[54] yoki
  • giyohvand moddalar, har qanday vosita yoki boshqa narsalarni etkazib beradigan yoki sotib oladigan har qanday shaxs, biron bir ayolning tushishiga sabab bo'lishi uchun.[55]

Qonunchilikda abortga, odatda, homiladorlikning 24 xaftaligiga qadar ruxsat berilgan Buyuk Britaniyaga qaraganda, kengroq abort qilish imkoniyati berilgan.[56]

58 va 59-bo'limlar Angliya va Uelsda qonunning bir qismi bo'lib qoldi.[57] Parlament tomonidan qabul qilinganida, ushbu Qonunning maqsadi Angliya va Irlandiyaning shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonunlarini birlashtirish va o'zgartirish edi.[58]

2019 yil 21 oktyabrda Shimoliy Irlandiya Assambleyasi tiklanmaganligi sababli, "1861-sonli shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 58 va 59-bo'limlari bekor qilindi, bu abortni dekriminallashtirdi.[59]

2020 yil 25 martda Abort (Shimoliy Irlandiya) to'g'risidagi qoidalar Assambleya oldiga qo'yildi; 2020 yil 31 martdan boshlab, qoidalar Shimoliy Irlandiyada abort qilishni nazarda tutadi.[3][60][61]

Abortdan kasalxonaga kirish

2012 yil 24 mayda Shimoliy Irlandiya Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligi sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy yordam shifoxonalarida abort bilan bog'liq klinik kodlashni tekshirishni talab qiladigan buyruq chiqardi.[62] 2019 yil 23-yanvar kuni Shimoliy Irlandiya Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligi 2017-2018 yillarda Shimoliy Irlandiya kasalxonalarida 12 ta abort qilinganligini aniqladi.[63] 2020 yil 22-yanvarda Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi kasalxonalar 2018 yildan 2019 yilgacha sakkizta abort qilishga qodir ekanligi aniqlandi.[64]

Amaldagi qoidalar

2020 yil 25 martda Shimoliy Irlandiya abort to'g'risidagi qonunga kiritilgan o'zgarishlarni e'lon qildi.[65] Ushbu qonun homiladorlikning dastlabki 12 xaftasida, 2020 yil 31 martdan boshlab talab bo'yicha abort qilishga ruxsat beradi.[66][67] Biroq, Buyuk Britaniyaning boshqa mamlakatlarida abort qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni aks ettirgan holda, ayolning jismoniy yoki ruhiy sog'lig'iga shikast etkazish, zo'rlash yoki yaqin qarindoshlar bilan aloqa qilish yoki homilaning o'limiga olib keladigan anormalliklarga olib keladigan abortlar uchun vaqt chegarasi yo'q.[66][67]

Siyosiy partiya pozitsiyalari

Shimoliy Irlandiyada saylovlarda ishtirok etayotgan siyosiy partiyalarning abortga nisbatan pozitsiyalari quyidagicha umumlashtirilishi mumkin:

Abort siyosati Shimoliy Irlandiyada muntazam ravishda siyosiy munozaralarga sabab bo'ladi.

2014 yil sentyabr oyida, keyin Demokratik ittifoqchilar partiyasi Sog'liqni saqlash vaziri, Jim Uells, tomonidan keltirilgan Guardian zo'rlash holatlarida abort qilish bilan bog'liq. Janob Uells shunday dedi: "Bu fojiali va qiyin vaziyat, ammo bu dahshatli xatti-harakatning asosiy qurboni - bu bola - u hayotini tugatish bilan sodir bo'lgan narsalar uchun jazolanishi kerakmi? Yo'q."[71]

2012 yilgi konferentsiyada, Sinn Feyn ma'lum sharoitlarda Irlandiyaning ikkala qismida ham abort qilishga ruxsat berish siyosatini qabul qildi; bu uning 2018 yilgi konferentsiyasida qabul qilingan yangi siyosat bilan almashtirildi.[72] Keyin birinchi vazir o'rinbosari, Martin Makginness, ta'kidlagan edi: "Sinn Féin abortni yoqlamaydi va biz Britaniyaning 1967 yildagi abort to'g'risidagi qonunini shimolga olib kelishga urinishlariga qarshi turdik."[73]

Uning rahbari sifatida ishlagan davrida Ulster Unionist partiyasi, Mayk Nesbitt "Mening fikrimcha, biz konsultatsiyaga muhtojmiz va bu maslahatlashuvda ayolning ovozi uzoq vaqt davomida kuchliroq bo'lishi kerak."[74] O'sha paytda SDLP vakili, Fearghal McKinney, har qanday kengaytirilishiga tubdan qarshi ekanligini bildirdi Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil Shimoliy Irlandiyaga.[74]

Da Ittifoq partiyasi abortni vijdon ishi deb biladi, uning sobiq rahbari, Devid Ford, 2016 yil dekabr oyida "Abort (fetal anormalities)" qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi. Bu holatlarda homiladorlikning 24 xaftaligiga qadar uzilishlar bo'lishi mumkin edi. Bill 2017 yil yanvar oyida Shimoliy Irlandiya Ijro etuvchisi qulashi bilan tushdi.[75]

Ostida Tong Purvis, Progressive Unionist partiyasi Belfastda mustaqil Mari Stopes abort klinikasini tashkil etish uchun kuchli yordam ko'rsatdi.[73]

Abortni Buyuk Britaniyadagi siyosiy partiyalar vakillari ham muhokama qildilar (ammo Mehnat va Liberal-demokrat partiyalar Shimoliy Irlandiyada saylovlarda qatnashmaydi). Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining 2013 yil iyulidagi hisobotidan so'ng, o'sha paytdagi Liberal-demokratning kichik vaziri Buyuk Britaniya koalitsiya hukumati, Jenni Uillott, hukumat 2014 yil noyabrgacha Shimoliy Irlandiyada abort qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlar va xizmatlar bo'yicha tavsiyalarni amalga oshirish bo'yicha choralar to'g'risida hisobot taqdim etishga majbur bo'lganligini ta'kidladi.[76]

Cherkov pozitsiyalari

The Katolik cherkovining abortga nisbatan pozitsiyasi ga asoslangan Beshinchi amr qasddan o'ldirishni taqiqlovchi. Cherkov har bir inson "kontseptsiyadan" hayotga ajralmas huquqiga ega, degan fikrni ilgari suradi va shu bilan abortni o'lik gunoh deb biladi, bu esa har qanday katolik uchun avtomatik ravishda chetlatish jazosini oladi. latae sententiae (ya'ni "jinoyat sodir etilishi bilan"). The Katolik cherkovining katexizmi (1992) shunday deydi: "Birinchi asrdan boshlab Cherkov har qanday abortning axloqiy yovuzligini tasdiqladi. Bu ta'limot o'zgarmadi va o'zgarmas bo'lib qolmoqda. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri abort, ya'ni abort yoki oxiriga etkazish vositasi sifatida. axloqiy qonunga zid ravishda ".[77]

The Irlandiyadagi Presviterian cherkovi abortga qarshi qat'iyan qarshi kurashadi va abortga faqat eng qat'iy choralar ko'rilgan holda istisno holatlarda (masalan, onaning hayoti uchun haqiqiy va katta xavf tug'diradigan) yo'l qo'yilishi kerak. Cherkov inson hayotining muqaddasligini tasdiqladi, inson hayoti kontseptsiyadan boshlanadi va abort kabi murakkab tibbiy va ijtimoiy masalalarni sezgirlik va rahm-shafqat bilan hal qilish kerak.[78]

The Irlandiya cherkovi boshqa barcha qadriyatlar kelib chiqadigan asosiy axloqiy qadriyat sifatida hayotga bo'lgan huquqni tasdiqlaydi va shuning uchun tug'ilmagan bola va onaning yashash huquqiga ahamiyat beradi. Shu bilan birga, cherkov "qat'iy va inkor etilmaydigan tibbiy zarurat" sharoitida tibbiyot mutaxassislari onaga ko'rsatishi kerak bo'lgan yordam uning homiladorligini to'xtatishiga olib kelishi mumkin deb hisoblaydi. "Xomilaning o'limiga olib keladigan anormallik" holatlarida, cherkov qo'mitasi abort qilish bo'yicha maslahatga javoban e'tiroz bildirdi. fetsid tugatish shakli sifatida, lekin tug'ilishni tezlashtirish va perinatal ta'minlash imkoniyatini qabul qildi palliativ yordam va qo'llab-quvvatlash, ya'ni bola bo'lganda yashovchan bachadon tashqarisida. Hayotning qadriyatiga nisbatan o'z pozitsiyasini hisobga olgan holda, javob konsepsiya sharoitlari bola hayotining qiymatini o'zgartirmasligini tasdiqladi. Shu bilan birga, jinsiy jinoyatlar qurbonlarini doimiy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlash "tayyor va eng yuqori standartlarda" bo'lishi kerakligi o'z-o'zidan ravshan.[79]

The Irlandiyadagi metodistlar cherkovi homilaga bosqichma-bosqich huquqlar berilishi kerak, deb hisoblaydi, chunki u homiladorlik davrlari orqali rivojlanib, tug'ilish paytida shaxs sifatida to'liq hurmat bilan yakunlanadi. Abort qilish juda oz miqdordagi juda aniq holatlarda, ya'ni onaning hayoti xavf ostida bo'lgan joyda, onaning jismoniy yoki ruhiy sog'lig'iga "og'ir shikast etkazish" xavfi bo'lganida, zo'rlash yoki homilaning "qo'pol g'ayritabiiyligi" tufayli (masalan, homila "tirik qolishga qodir emas"). anensefali ) yoki boshqacha tarzda. Biroq cherkov "talab bo'yicha abort qilish" ga qarshi va homilani "onaning tanasining qo'shimchasi" deb hisoblash mumkin emasligini ta'kidlamoqda.[80]

Kichikroq protestant cherkovlari, odatda, abort qilish masalasida konservativ bo'lib, ular tarkibiga kiradi Bepul Presviterian cherkovi, ilgari rahbarlik qilgan Yan Paisli (Lord Bannside), shuningdek, asoschisi Demokratik ittifoqchilar partiyasi, abortga qarshi bo'lganlar, onaning hayoti xavf ostida bo'lgan joylardan tashqari. 1993 yilda Jamoatchilik palatasida Paisley shunday degan edi: "Mening abortga bo'lgan qarashlarim yaxshi ma'lum. Tarixiy protestant an'analarida men bunga mutlaqo qarshiman, faqat onaning hayoti xavf ostida bo'lgan holatlar bundan mustasno".[81]

The Irlandiyaning islohot qilingan Presviterian cherkovi abortga qarshi pozitsiyasini a orqali tushuntiradi Injilga oid tug'ilmagan bolaning inson holati haqida hikoya qilish. Shuningdek, ayollarga a inqirozli homiladorlik ko'pincha hayotidagi eng qiyin qarorga duch kelishadi va ayollarga abortga alternativani tanlashda yordam beradigan yordamni rag'batlantiradi. Cherkov abortlar kabi kichik anormalliklar uchun alohida xavotir bildirdi klub oyog'i, labda yoriq yoki tanglay yorig'i.[82]

Cherkovlar va ularning a'zolari shaxsiy tashabbus, shaxsiy jamoatlar va cherkovlarning cho'ponlik vazirliklari yoki abortga qarshi maxsus xayriya tashkilotlari orqali amaliy yordam va maslahat va maslahat xizmatlari orqali inqirozli homiladorlikda va / yoki homilaning tushishini yoki abortini boshdan kechirgan ayollarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar.

Saylovoldi tashviqot guruhlari

Londonda abortga qarshi namoyishchilar

Shimoliy Irlandiyada yoki Buyuk Britaniyada yoki umuman Irlandiya orolida faoliyat yuritadigan bir qator tashviqot guruhlari mavjud bo'lib, mintaqada abort qilish bo'yicha siyosiy pozitsiyalar mavjud.

Konservativ siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi taniqli tashviqot guruhlariga quyidagilar kiradi:

Liberal siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi taniqli tashviqot guruhlariga quyidagilar kiradi:

Ingliz chap qanot jurnalisti Polli Toynbi Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi qonunni ayollarga nisbatan kamsituvchi deb ta'rifladi, chunki "o'z mamlakatida abort qilishni taqiqlaydi".[83] Biroq, "Qimmatbaho hayot" guruhining etakchisi Bernadet Smit: "Ayollarning sog'lig'i xavf ostida emas. Ayollar abort qilolmagani uchun o'lmayapti", dedi.[84]

2013 yil mart oyida DUP vakili Shimoliy Irlandiya assambleyasi, Jim Uells, qonunga "NHS xonalariga qonuniy abort qilishni cheklash uchun, NHS xonalariga kirish imkoni bo'lmagan va hech qanday haq to'lanmaydigan favqulodda holatlardan tashqari" o'zgartirish kiritishni taklif qildi.[85] Bunga javoban, Xalqaro Amnistiya Assambleyaning Adliya qo'mitasidan "abortni cheklovchi qonunlari va amaliyoti va xavfsiz abortga to'sqinlik qiladigan jinslar kamsituvchi xususiyatga ega, ayollar va qizlarga faqat ularga kerak bo'lgan muomaladan bosh tortadi" deb da'vo qilib, to'liq tuzatishni rad etishni so'radi.[86] Xalqaro Amnistiya tashkiloti tomonidan 2014 yilda o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Shimoliy Irlandiyada aksariyat odamlar uchta alohida vaziyatda, ya'ni homiladorlik zo'rlash yoki yaqin qarindoshlar nikohsizligi tufayli sodir bo'lgan yoki homilaning o'limiga olib keladigan anormallik (yoki hayot) natijasida abort qilish to'g'risidagi qonunchilikdagi o'zgarishlar bilan rozi bo'lishgan. tug'ma bolada tashxis qo'yilgan).[87]

Adliya vaziri Shimoliy Irlandiya Ijroiya, Devid Ford (a'zosi Ittifoq partiyasi ) keyinchalik abort qilish to'g'risidagi jinoyat qonunchiligiga o'zgartirishlar kiritish to'g'risida jamoatchilik bilan maslahatlashuv o'tkazdi; konsultatsiya 2014 yil oktyabrida ochilgan va 2015 yil yanvarida yopilgan. Konsultatsiya chaqirig'ida "homilada o'limga olib keladigan anormallik bor" degan tashxis qo'yilgan holatlar ko'rib chiqildi.[88] va "ayollar jinsiy jinoyat natijasida homilador bo'lganlar" holatlari.[88] Biroq, janob Ford, shuningdek, "bu abort to'g'risidagi qonunning keng doiradagi munozarasi emas - ko'pincha" tanlov uchun "va" hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlash "deb nomlangan masalalar'".[88]

Abortni qonuniylashtirish kuchga kiradi

2020 yil 31 martda Shimoliy Irlandiyada abortni qonuniylashtiradigan yangi nizom rasman kuchga kirdi.[1][2] 2020 yil 9 aprelda Shimoliy Irlandiya Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligi rasmiylari Stormontga yangi qonun bo'yicha hali amalga oshirilmaganiga qaramay Shimoliy Irlandiyada abortlar bo'lishi mumkinligini tasdiqladilar.[89] Bu qisman Shimoliy Irlandiyaning sog'liqni saqlash trestlari tomonidan Shimoliy Irlandiyada abort qilish xizmatlarini moliyalashtirishni kechiktirgani bilan bog'liq.[90]

Tojga bog'liqlik

Garchi Jersi, Gernsi va Men orollari Buyuk Britaniyaning bir qismi bo'lmagani kabi, ular tarkibiga kirmaydi Umumiy sayohat zonasi, Abort qilishni tanlagan ushbu orollarda yashovchilar Buyuk Britaniyaga shu kundan beri sayohat qilishmoqda Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil.[91]

Jersi

Bu qonuniydir Jersi birinchisida abort qilish 12 hafta agar ayol "qayg'uga tushgan" bo'lsa va uni talab qilsa, homiladorlik;[92][93] birinchi 24 xaftada homila anormalliklari bo'lsa; va har qanday vaqtda ayolning hayotini saqlab qolish yoki uning sog'lig'iga jiddiy shikast etkazmaslik uchun. Mezon 1997 yilda homiladorlikning tugashi (Jersi) to'g'risidagi qonunda belgilangan.[94]

Gernsi

Bu qonuniydir Gernsi homiladorlikning dastlabki 12 xaftaligida aniq mezonlarga rioya qilingan holda abort qilish;[95] birinchi 24 xaftada homila anormalliklari bo'lsa; va har qanday vaqtda ayolning hayotini saqlab qolish yoki uning sog'lig'iga jiddiy shikast etkazmaslik uchun. Mezonlari Abort (Gernsi) qonuni 1997 yilda belgilangan.[96]

1997 yilgi Gernsi qonuni amal qilmaydi Alderney va Sark,[96] ular ham Gernsidan Bailivik ammo ilgari qabul qilingan qonunni, frantsuz tilida, Angliya va Uelsning 1861-sonli shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonuni bilan bir xilda qo'llashni davom ettiring, bu abort qilish uchun biron bir qonuniy asosni aniq ko'rsatmagan.[97] Biroq, sud qarori Reks va Bornga qarshi Angliya va Uelsda qonun hech bo'lmaganda ayolning hayotini saqlab qolish uchun hech bo'lmaganda abort qilishga yo'l qo'yganligini va qaror uning sog'lig'ini saqlab qolish uchun kengaytirilganligini aniqladi.[98] Alderney va Sark faqat dastlabki qonuniy printsipni qo'llayaptimi yoki sud qaroriga binoan muddatni uzaytiradimi, aniq emas.

Men oroli

2019 yil 24-maydan boshlab,[99] bu qonuniydir Men oroli homiladorlikning dastlabki 14 xaftaligida, keyin 24-haftagacha, aktda belgilangan mezonlarga rioya qilingan holda, keyin jiddiy jarohatlar yoki o'lim xavfi mavjud bo'lsa, abort qilish. Abort qilish 2019 yilgi abortni isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun bilan tartibga solinadi.[100]

Tarix

Abort bilan shug'ullangan Diniy sudlar Angliya, Shotlandiya va Uelsda. Islohotgacha katolik cherkovi qonunlari bilan shug'ullangan. Vakil sudlari, asosan, bunday holatlarda dalillarga oid muammolar tufayli ish olib borgan. Voiziy sudlari kengroq daliliy qoidalarga va hukmga nisbatan ko'proq ixtiyorga ega edilar.[101] Ruhiy sudlar abort qilish bo'yicha ko'p ishlarni ko'rib chiqqan bo'lsalar-da, Twinslayers Case kabi ba'zi ishlar dunyoviy sudlarda ko'rib chiqilgan. Eski ruhoniy sudlari islohotdan so'ng bekor qilindi.

Keyinchalik, Shotlandiyaning umumiy qonunchiligiga ko'ra, abort qilish jinoiy javobgarlik sifatida ta'riflangan[iqtibos kerak ] agar "obro'li tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra" bajarilmasa, ta'qib qilishni ta'qiqlash uchun etarlicha keng ta'rif.[qachon? ]

Abort qilish to'g'risidagi qonun qonunchilikda takomillashtirila boshlandi va shtat sudlarida 1 va 2-bo'limlariga binoan ko'rib chiqildi. Lord Ellenborough qonuni (1803). Ushbu nizom bilan yaratilgan huquqbuzarliklar 13-qism bilan almashtirildi Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1828. 1803 yilgi Qonunning 1-bo'limiga va 1828 yil 13-moddasida yaratilgan birinchi jinoyatga ko'ra, abort qilish jinoyati, agar ayol ekanligi isbotlangan bo'lsa. tez bola bilan, to o'lim jazosi yoki jarima transporti hayot uchun. 1803-yilgi Qonunning 2-bo'limiga va 1828-yilgi Qonunning 13-moddasida (boshqa barcha holatlarda) tashkil etilgan ikkinchi jinoyatga binoan, jazo 14 yil davomida transport vositasi bo'lgan.

1828-yilgi Qonunning 13-qismi 6-qism bilan almashtirildi 1837. Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar. Ushbu bo'lim bolaga tez munosabatda bo'lgan ayollar bilan tez bo'lmagan ayollar o'rtasida farq qilmadi. Bu o'lim jazosini mumkin bo'lgan jazo sifatida yo'q qildi.

Transport vositasi tomonidan bekor qilingan Jinoiy xizmat ko'rsatish to'g'risidagi qonun 1857 bilan almashtirildi jinoiy xizmat.

1837 yilgi Qonunning 6-qismi 58-moddasi bilan almashtirildi Shaxs to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi jinoyatlar 1861. Ushbu bo'limning 59-moddasi abort qilish maqsadida giyohvandlik vositalari yoki vositalarni sotib olish bo'yicha yangi tayyorgarlik jinoyatini yaratdi.

1870 yildan boshlab tug'ilishning muttasil pasayishi kuzatildi, bu sun'iy kontratseptsiya qo'llanilishining ko'payishi bilan emas, balki chekinish va to'xtash kabi an'anaviy usullar bilan bog'liq edi.[102] Bu bolalarni tarbiyalashning nisbiy xarajatlari haqidagi tushunchalarning o'zgarishi bilan bog'liq edi. Albatta, ayollar o'zlarini istalmagan homiladorlik bilan topishgan. Abortifaciantlar ehtiyotkorlik bilan reklama qilingan va tushunchalarni keltirib chiqarish usullari haqida juda ko'p folklor mavjud edi. Ishchi ayollar orasida zo'ravon tozalovchi vositalar mashhur edi: pennyroyal, aloe va turpentin barchasi ishlatilgan. Abort qilishni keltirib chiqaradigan boshqa usullar juda issiq vannalar va jin, haddan tashqari zo'riqish, zinapoyadan nazorat ostida yiqilish yoki veterinariya dori-darmonlari. "Backstreet" abortchilar juda keng tarqalgan edi, ammo ularning harakatlari o'limga olib kelishi mumkin edi. Noqonuniy abortlar sonining taxminlari har xil edi; bir hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, 10000 ayol 1914 yilda, odatda, giyohvand moddalar yordamida abort qilishni amalga oshirishga harakat qilgan.

Abortning jinoiyligi 1929 yilda, ikki marta ko'paytirildi Chaqaloqlar hayoti (saqlash) to'g'risidagi qonun 1929 yil o'tdi. Qonunda "tirik tug'ilishi mumkin bo'lgan" bolani qasddan yo'q qilish jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan. Lord Darling tomonidan belgilab qo'yilgan, tug'ilish paytida chaqaloqlarni o'ldirishga imkon beradigan lakunani yopish kerak edi, bu jinoyatchi abort qilish yoki qotillik uchun javobgarlikka tortilmasligini anglatadi.[103] Ushbu qonunga homiladorlikning 28 xaftaligidagi bachadonda bo'lgan barcha bolalar tirik tug'ilishi mumkin degan taxmin kiritilgan. Children in utero below this gestation were dealt with by way of evidence presented to determine whether or not they were capable of being born alive. In 1987, the Court of Appeal refused to grant an injunction to stop an abortion, ruling that a foetus between 18 and 21 weeks was not capable of being born alive.[104][105] In May 2007, a woman from Levenshulme, "Manchester", who had an illegal late-term abortion at ​7 1⁄2 months in early 2006 was convicted of child destruction under the Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929.[106]

The tanlov uchun tanlov guruhni Abortion Law Reform Association was formed in 1936.

In 1938, the decision in R v. Bourne[107] allowed for further considerations to be taken into account. This case related to an abortion performed on a girl who had been raped. It extended the defence to abortion to include "mental and physical wreck" (Lord Justice McNaghtan). The ginekolog concerned, Aleck Bourne, later became a founder member of the anti-abortion group Tug'ilmagan bolalarni himoya qilish jamiyati (SPUC)[108] 1966 yilda.

1939 yilda Birkett qo'mitasi recommended a change to abortion laws, but the intervention of Ikkinchi jahon urushi barcha rejalar bekor qilinganligini anglatardi. Post-war, after decades of stasis, certain high-profile tragedies, including talidomid, and social changes brought the issue of abortion back into the political arena.

The 1967 Act

The Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil sought to clarify the law. Tomonidan kiritilgan Devid Stil and subject to heated debate, it allowed for legal abortion on a number of grounds, with the added protection of free provision through the Milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmati. The Act was passed on 27 October 1967 and came into effect on 27 April 1968.[109]

Oldin Insonni urug'lantirish va embriologiya to'g'risidagi qonuni 1990 yil amended the Act, the Infant Life Preservation Act 1929 acted as a buffer to the Abortion Act 1967. This meant that abortions could not be carried out if the child was "capable of being born alive". There was therefore no statutory limit put into the Abortion Act 1967, the limit being that which the courts decided as the time at which a child could be born alive. The C v S case in 1987 confirmed that, at that time, between 19 and 22 weeks a foetus was not capable of being born alive.[104] The 1967 Act required that the procedure must be certified by two doctors before being performed.

Later laws

Since 1967, Members of Parliament have introduced a number of private member's bills to change the abortion law. Four resulted in substantive debate (1975,[110] 1976,[111] 1979,[112] 1988,[113] va 1990 yil[114]) but all failed. The Lane Committee investigated the workings of the Act in 1974 and declared its support.

Insonni urug'lantirish va embriologiya to'g'risidagi qonuni 1990 yil

Changes to the Abortion Act 1967 were introduced in Parliament through the Insonni urug'lantirish va embriologiya to'g'risidagi qonuni 1990 yil. The time limits were lowered from 28 to 24 weeks for most cases on the grounds that medical technology had advanced sufficiently to justify the change. Restrictions were removed for late abortions in cases of risk to life, foetal abnormality, or grave physical and mental injury to the woman. Some Members of Parliament claimed not to have been aware of the vast change that the decoupling of the Infant Life Preservation Act 1929 would have on the Abortion Act 1967, particularly in relation to the unborn disabled child.[iqtibos kerak ]

Politicians from the unionist and nationalist parties in Northern Ireland joined forces in June 2000 to block any extension of the Abortion Act 1967 to Northern Ireland where terminations were allowed on a restricted basis.[115]

Insonni urug'lantirish va embriologiya to'g'risidagi qonuni 2008 yil

There was widespread action by pro-choice groups to oppose any attempts to restrict abortion[116][117][118] orqali Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill (now Act) in Parlament (Report Stage va Uchinchi o'qish, 2008 yil 22 oktyabr[119]). MPs voted to retain the current legal limit of 24 weeks. Amendments proposing reductions to 22 weeks and 20 weeks were defeated by 304 to 233 votes and 332 to 190 votes respectively.[120]

Bir qator tanlov uchun tanlov amendments were proposed by the Labour MPs Dayan Abbot,[121] Keti Klark va Jon McDonnell,[122] including NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967: Application to Northern Ireland.[123] However, it was reported that the Mehnat government at the time asked MPs not to table these amendments (and at least until Uchinchi o'qish ) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote.[124]

50th anniversary of the Abortion Act 1967 (UK)

2017 yil may oyida Mehnat partiyasi ostida Jeremi Korbin 's leadership made a commitment to extend the Abort to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil Shimoliy Irlandiyaga.[125][126] In June 2017, the UK Government revealed plans to provide some type of free abortion services in England for women from Northern Ireland in an attempt to avoid a Conservative rebellion in a vote on the Qirolichaning nutqi kontekstida Konservativ-DUP shartnomasi.[127]

Statistika

Abortlar soni

Percentage of abortions by homiladorlik davri 2004 yilda.
Percentage of abortions by homiladorlik davri 2019 yilda.

In England and Wales, legal abortion statistics are published by the Sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy yordam bo'limi. The total number for 2018 was 205,295:[128]

  • 191,555 for residents of England;[129]
  • 9,053 for residents of Wales;[129] va
  • 4,687 for non-residents.[130]

Legal abortions were carried out on the following grounds in England and Wales:

  • 196,083 (97.7%) – risk of injury to physical or mental health of the pregnant woman;
  • 3,269 (1.6%) – substantial risk of serious physical or mental abnormality in the unborn child;
  • 1,104 (0.6%) – risk of injury to physical or mental health of any existing children of the family of the pregnant woman;
  • 145 – risk to life or to prevent grave permanent injury (non-emergency);
  • 7 – risk to life or to prevent grave permanent injury (emergency).[131]

Statistics for Scotland are published by NHS Shotlandiya. The total for 2018 was 13,286.[132] A small number of women travel to Scotland from countries where terminations are not so accessible and may be counted as Scottish residents if they provide a temporary Scottish postal address.[133]

Legal abortions were carried out on the following main grounds in Scotland:

  • 13,121 (98.8%) – risk of injury to physical or mental health of the pregnant woman; va
  • 159 (1.2%) – substantial risk of serious physical or mental abnormality in the unborn child.[134]

Where there is only a small number of abortions for a particular ground, the number is suppressed by statisticians to avoid the risk of disclosing the identity of the persons involved, especially in smaller jurisdictions.

Statistics for Northern Ireland are published by the Sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi. The total for 2017–2018 was 12.[135] As indicated, abortions are permitted in Northern Ireland if the act is to save the life of the mother, or if there is a risk of permanent and serious damage to the mental or physical health of the mother.

In 2018, 1,053 women from Northern Ireland travelled to England or Wales for an abortion; these were undertaken on the following grounds:

  • 1,034 (98.2%) – risk of injury to physical or mental health of the pregnant woman; va
  • 19 (1.8%) – substantial risk of serious physical or mental abnormality in the unborn child.[136]

In the same year, 2,879 women from the Irlandiya Respublikasi travelled to England or Wales for an abortion. The main reasons for those abortions were as follows:

  • 2,788 (96.8%) – risk of injury to physical or mental health of the pregnant woman; va
  • 84 (2.9%) – substantial risk of serious physical or mental abnormality in the unborn child.[137]

The Republic introduced limited legislation on abortion through the Homiladorlik paytida hayotni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 2013 yil. The Irlandiya Konstitutsiyasining sakkizinchi o'zgarishi, which had (since 1983) acknowledged the right to life of the unborn child with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, was repealed by a referendum in May 2018 and new abortion legislation was introduced through the Sog'liqni saqlash (homiladorlikning tugatilishini tartibga solish) to'g'risidagi qonun 2018 yil.

Post 1967 there was a rapid increase in the annual number of legal abortions, and a decline in sepsis and death due to illegal abortions.[138] In 1978 121,754 abortions were performed on women resident in the UK, and 28,015 on non-resident women.[139] The rate of increase fell from the early 1970s and actually dipped from 1991 to 1995 before rising again. The age group with the highest number of abortions per 1000 is amongst those aged 20–24. 2006 statistics for England and Wales revealed that 48% of abortions occurred to women over the age of 25, 29% were aged 20–24; 21% aged under 20 and 2% under 16.[140]

In 2004, there were 185,415 abortions in England and Wales. 87% of abortions were performed at 12 weeks or less and 1.6% (or 2,914 abortions) occurred after 20 weeks. Abortion is free to residents;[138] 82% of abortions were carried out by the public tax-funded National Health Service.[141]

The overwhelming majority of abortions (95% in 2004 for England and Wales) were certified under the statutory ground of risk of injury to the mental or physical health of the pregnant woman.[141]

By 2009 the number of abortions had risen to 189,100. Of this number, 2,085 are as a result of doctors deciding that there is a substantial risk that if the child were born it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped.[142]

Ga yozma javobda Jim Allister, the Northern Ireland health minister Edvin Poots disclosed that 394 abortions were carried out in Northern hospitals for the period 2005/06 to 2009/10 with the footnote that reasons for abortions were not gathered centrally.[143]

190,800 abortions were notified as taking place in England and Wales in 2013. 0.2% fewer than in 2012; 185,331 were to residents of England and Wales. The age-standardised rate was 15.9 abortions per 1,000 resident women aged 15–44 years; this rate increased from 11.0 in 1973, peaked at 17.9 in 2007, and fell to 15.9 in 2013.[144] For comparison, the EU average is only 4.4 abortions per 1,000 women in child-bearing age.[145]

Since approval of abortion in the UK in 1967 to 2014, 8,745,508 abortions have been performed.

In 2018, the total abortions in England and Wales was 205,295. In this year, the abortion rate was highest for those of the age of 21, and 81% were for those who were single.[146]

Attitudes to abortion (Great Britain)

Asosiy maqola: Abortga nisbatan ijtimoiy munosabat

2004 Times/Populus poll

According to a 2004 The Times /Populus survey, Britons' feelings on abortion were:[147]

  • 75% of Britons believe abortion should be legal
    • 38% of Britons believe abortion should "always" be legal
    • 36% of Britons believe abortion should "mostly" be legal
  • 23% of Britons believe abortion should be illegal
    • 20% of Britons believe abortion should "mostly" be illegal
    • 4% of Britons believe abortion should "always" be illegal

NB: The survey compares the results to respondents' voting habits for mainland parties, indicating the possibility that Northern Ireland was not included in this survey.

2005 YouGov/Daily Telegraph poll

According to an August 2005 YouGov /Daily Telegraph survey, Britons' feelings toward abortion by homiladorlik davri edi:[148]

  • 2% said it should be permitted throughout pregnancy
  • 25% support maintaining the current limit of 24 weeks
  • 30% would back a measure to reduce the legal limit for abortion to 20 weeks
  • 19% support a limit of 12 weeks
  • 9% support a limit of fewer than 12 weeks
  • 6% responded that abortion should never be allowed

2011 MORI poll

A 2011 poll by MORI[149] surveyed women's attitudes to abortion.

Asked if a woman wants an abortion, she should not have to continue with her pregnancy:

  • 53% agreed
    • 15% agreed very strongly
    • 12% agreed strongly
    • 27% agreed
  • 22% neither agreed nor disagreed
  • 17% disagreed
    • 8% disagreed
    • 3% disagreed strongly
    • 5% disagreed very strongly
  • 5% did not know
  • 3% preferred not to answer

Asked if too many women do not think hard enough before having an abortion:

  • 37% agreed
    • 8% agreed very strongly
    • 8% agreed strongly
    • 21% agreed
  • 26% Neither agreed nor disagreed
  • 28% Disagreed
    • 16% Disagreed
    • 7% Disagreed strongly
    • 5% Disagreed very strongly
  • 6% Did not know
  • 3% Preferred not to answer

Asked if it should be made more difficult for women to obtain abortions

  • 23% Agreed
    • 7% agreed very strongly
    • 4% agreed strongly
    • 12% agreed
  • 23% neither agreed nor disagreed
  • 46% disagreed
    • 25% disagreed
    • 9% disagreed strongly
    • 12% disagreed very strongly
  • 6% did not know
  • 2% preferred not to answer

Approved methods

Methodology is time-related. Up to the ninth week medical abortion can be used (mifepriston was approved for use in Britain in 1991); from the seventh up to the fifteenth week assimilyatsiya or vacuum aspiration is most common (largely replacing the more damaging dilation and curettage technique); for the fifteenth to the eighteenth weeks surgical kengayish va evakuatsiya is most common.Approximately 30% of abortions are performed medically.[138]

2011 yilda, BPAS yutqazdi a Oliy sud bid to force the Sog'liqni saqlash kotibi to allow women undertaking early medical abortions in England, Scotland and Wales to administer the second dose of drug treatment at home.[150]

Shuningdek qarang

Bibliografiya

  • Ormerod, David; Hooper, Anthony (2011), "Homicide and related offences: abortion", yilda Ormerod, David; Hooper, Anthony (tahr.). Blackstone's criminal practice, 2012. Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti. pp. 226–230. ISBN  9780199694389.
  • Richardson, P.J., ed. (1999). Archbold: criminal pleading, evidence and practice. London: Shirin va Maksvell. ISBN  9780421637207. Chapter 19. Section III. Paras 19-149 to 19–165.
  • Ormerod, David C. (2011), "Section 16.5 Further homicide and related offences: Child destruction and abortion", in Ormerod, David C. (ed.), Smith and Hogan's criminal law (13th ed.), Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 602–615, ISBN  9780199586493.
  • Card, Richard (1992), "Abortion law", in Card, Richard; Cross, Rupert; Jones, Philip (tahr.), Jinoyat qonuni (12th ed.), London: Butterworths, pp. 230–235, ISBN  9780406000866.

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