Lordlar palatasi - House of Lords

Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiya Birlashgan Qirolligining ma'naviy va vaqtinchalik lordlari hurmatli parlament yig'ildi
Turi
Turi	Yuqori uy ning Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti
Etakchilik
Lord ma'ruzachi	Baron Fowler 2016 yil 1 sentyabrdan
Spikerning katta o'rinbosari	Alkluit shahridagi Baron McFall 2016 yil 1 sentyabrdan
Uyning rahbari	Baronessa Evans Bouus bog'i, Konservativ 2016 yil 14-iyuldan
Uyning soya rahbari	Basildonlik baronessa Smit, Mehnat 2015 yil 27 maydan boshlab
Tuzilishi
O'rindiqlar	799[1][b]
Siyosiy guruhlar	Lord ma'ruzachi (1 ) Lordlar ma'naviy   Arxiyepiskoplar va yepiskoplar (26)[a] Lordlar vaqtinchalik HM hukumati   Konservativ partiya (259) HMning eng sodiq muxolifati   Mehnat partiyasi (177) Boshqa guruhlar   Liberal-demokratlar (88)   Demokratik ittifoqchilar partiyasi (5)   Yashil partiya (2)   Ulster Unionist partiyasi (2)   Plaid Cymru (1)   Tegishli emas (55) Crossbench   Crossbenchers (182)
Ish haqi	Yillik ish haqi yo'q, lekin soliqsiz kunlik nafaqa va xarajatlar to'lanadi.
Uchrashuv joyi
Lordlar palatasi Vestminster saroyi Vestminster shahri London, Angliya Birlashgan Qirollik
Veb-sayt
www.parlament.uk/ lordlar
Izohlar
^ Lordlar Ruhiy Hukumat skameykalarida o'tirishadi. ^ 21 ta tengdoshlari ta'tilda yoki boshqa yo'l bilan o'tirish huquqidan mahrum etilgan

The Lordlar palatasi, rasmiy ravishda sifatida tanilgan Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiya Birlashgan Qirolligining ma'naviy va vaqtinchalik lordlari parlamentda yig'ildi, deb ham tanilgan Tengdoshlar uyi va mamlakat ichida odatda oddiy deb nomlanadi Lordlar, bo'ladi yuqori uy ning Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti. A'zolik tayinlash yoki merosxo'rlik yoki rasmiy funktsiya bilan beriladi. Kabi Jamiyat palatasi, u bilan uchrashadi Vestminster saroyi.^[2]

Saylangan jamoatlar palatasidan farqli o'laroq, Lordlar palatasi a'zolari (90 dan tashqari) irsiy tengdoshlar o'zlari va 2 tengdoshlari orasida saylangan ex officio a'zolari) tayinlangan.^[3] Lordlar palatasining a'zoligi olingan tengdoshlik va tashkil topgan Lordlar ma'naviy va Lordlar vaqtinchalik. Lords Spiritual 26 yoshda arxiyepiskoplar va episkoplar ichida tashkil etilgan Angliya cherkovi.^[4] Vaqtinchalik Lordlarning aksariyati hayot tengdoshlari tomonidan tayinlanganlar monarx ning maslahati bilan Bosh Vazir yoki maslahatiga binoan Lordlar palatasini tayinlash komissiyasi. Biroq, ular qatoriga ba'zi merosxo'r tengdoshlar, shu jumladan to'rt knyaz ham kiradi.^[5]

A'zolik bir paytlar barcha merosxo'r tengdoshlarning huquqi edi, boshqa a'zolardan tashqari Irlandiyaning tengdoshlari, lekin ostida Lordlar palatasi to'g'risidagi qonun 1999 y, a'zo bo'lish huquqi cheklangan edi 92 irsiy tengdosh.^[6] Iste'foga chiqqanidan beri Mar grafinyasi 2020 yil may oyida (u 2014 yildan buyon yagona ayol irsiy tengdoshi bo'lgan), ushbu 92 kishidan hech biri ayol emas. Ko'pgina irsiy tengdoshlar faqat erkaklar tomonidan meros qilib olinishi mumkin.^[7]

Jamoalar palatasi belgilangan miqdordagi a'zolarga ega bo'lsa-da, Lordlar palatasidagi a'zolar soni aniqlanmagan. Lordlar palatasi har qanday yuqori palatadir ikki palatali parlament dunyoda uning quyi palatasidan kattaroq bo'lishi.^[8]

Lordlar palatasi sinchkovlik bilan tekshiradi veksellar jamoalar palatasi tomonidan tasdiqlangan.^[9] U muntazam ravishda umumiy qonunlarni ko'rib chiqadi va o'zgartiradi.^[10] Muayyan cheklangan holatlar bundan mustasno, qonun loyihalarini qonunlarning qabul qilinishiga to'sqinlik qila olmasa ham,^[11] bu qonun loyihalarini kechiktirishi va umumiy qarorlarni qayta ko'rib chiqishga majbur qilishi mumkin.^[12] Ushbu lavozimda Lordlar palatasi Saylov jarayonidan mustaqil ravishda Jamoalar palatasida nazorat vazifasini bajaradi.^[13][14][15] Qonun loyihalarini Lordlar palatasi yoki jamoatlar palatasiga kiritish mumkin. Lordlar a'zolari hukumat vazirlari vazifalarini ham bajarishlari mumkin bo'lsa-da, odatda vazirlar mahkamasi kabi yuqori martabali amaldorlar jamoatchilikdan jalb qilinadi. Lordlar palatasi o'zining umumiy qo'llab-quvvatlash xizmatlariga ega Lordlar palatasi kutubxonasi.

The Qirolichaning nutqi davomida Lordlar palatasida etkazib beriladi Parlamentning davlat tomonidan ochilishi. Uning tashkil etilishigacha yuqori palata rolidan tashqari Oliy sud 2009 yilda Lordlar palatasi, orqali Qonun lordlari, Buyuk Britaniyaning sud tizimida oxirgi apellyatsiya sudi vazifasini bajargan.^[16] Uyda shuningdek Angliya cherkovi rol, bunda Cherkov tadbirlari Lords Spiritual tomonidan uy ichida muhokama qilinishi kerak.

Tarix

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan materialga qarshi chiqish va olib tashlash mumkin. (2009 yil oktyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Birlashgan Qirollikning bugungi parlamenti, amalda asosan Angliya parlamenti, orqali Ittifoq shartnomasi 1706 yil va Ittifoq aktlari bu shartnomani 1707 yilda ratifikatsiya qilgan va yangisini yaratgan Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti Angliya parlamentini almashtirish va Shotlandiya parlamenti. Ushbu yangi parlament, amalda, 45 kishining qo'shilishi bilan Angliya parlamentining davomi bo'lgan Deputatlar Shotlandiya vakili sifatida 16 nafar tengdosh.

Lordlar palatasi "Buyuk Kengash" dan rivojlangan (Magnum Concilium O'rta asrlarda qirolga maslahat bergan.^[17] Ushbu qirol kengashi cherkov, zodagonlar va ularning vakillaridan tarkib topgan Angliya grafliklari va Uels (bundan keyin tumanlar shuningdek). Birinchi ingliz parlamenti ko'pincha "Parlament namunasi "(1295 yilda o'tkazilgan) tarkibiga arxiyepiskoplar, yepiskoplar, abbatliklar, graflar, baronlar va shira va tumanlar vakillari kirgan.

Parlamentning kuchi asta-sekin o'sib bordi, monarxiya kuchining o'sishi yoki pasayishi bilan o'zgarib turdi. Masalan, ko'p hukmronlik davrida Edvard II (1307-1327), zodagonlik oliy edi, the Toj zaif, va shira va tuman vakillari umuman kuchsiz. 1569 yilda parlamentning vakolati birinchi marta odatiy yoki qirollik nizomi bilan emas, balki parlamentning o'zi tomonidan qabul qilingan vakolatli nizom bilan tan olingan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Edvard II ning vorisi davrida, Eduard III, Parlament aniq ikkiga bo'lindi kameralar: jamoatlar palatasi (shira va tuman vakillaridan iborat) va lordlar palatasi (arxiyepiskoplar, yepiskoplar, abbat va tengdoshlar ). Parlamentning obro'si o'sishda davom etdi va XV asrning boshlarida ikkala uy ham ilgari ko'rilmagan darajada vakolatlarni amalga oshirdi. Buyuk er egalari va shohlik prelatlarining katta ta'siri tufayli lordlar umumiylikdan ancha kuchliroq edilar.

XV asr oxiridagi ichki urushlar paytida dvoryanlar kuchi pasayib ketdi Atirgullar urushi. Dvoryanlarning aksariyati urush maydonida o'ldirilgan yoki urushda qatnashgani uchun qatl etilgan va ko'plab aristokratik mulklar tojdan ayrilgan. Bundan tashqari, feodalizm o'layotgan edi va feodal tomonidan boshqariladigan qo'shinlar baronlar eskirgan bo'lib qoldi. Genrix VII (1485-1509) "toj imperatori" tomonidan ramziy ma'noda monarxning ustunligini aniq o'rnatdi. Hukmdor hukmronligi hukmronlik davrida ham o'sishda davom etdi Tudor monarxlari XVI asrda. Toj hukmronligi davrida kuchining eng yuqori cho'qqisida bo'lgan Genri VIII (1509–1547).

Lordlar palatasi jamoalar palatasiga qaraganda kuchliroq bo'lib qoldi, ammo Quyi palata o'z ta'sirini kuchaytirishda davom etdi va 17-asrning o'rtalarida Lordlar palatasiga nisbatan zirvaga erishdi. Qirol va parlament o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar (aksariyat hollarda, jamoalar palatasi) oxir-oqibat Ingliz fuqarolar urushi 1640-yillarda. 1649 yilda, mag'lubiyat va qatl etilganidan keyin Qirol Charlz I, Angliya Hamdo'stligi e'lon qilindi, ammo millat samarali ravishda umumiy nazorat ostida edi Oliver Kromvel, Angliya, Shotlandiya va Irlandiyaning lord himoyachisi.

Lordlar palatasi asosan kuchsiz organga aylantirildi, Kromvel va uning jamoat tarafdorlari hukumatda ustunlik qildilar. 1649 yil 19 martda Lordlar palatasi parlament qonuni bilan bekor qilindi, unda "Angliya jamoalari juda uzoq tajriba bilan" Lordlar palatasi Angliya xalqi uchun foydasiz va xavfli ekanligini aniqladilar "deb e'lon qilindi.^[18] Lordlar palatasi yana yig'ilmadi Kongress parlamenti 1660 yilda uchrashgan va monarxiya tiklangan. U avvalgi mavqeiga parlamentning eng qudratli palatasi - 19-asrgacha egallab turgan pozitsiyasiga qaytdi.

Qirolicha Anne Lordlar palatasiga murojaat qilish, v. 1708–14, tomonidan Piter Tilmans

XIX asrning boshlarida lordlar palatasining markazida sharqiy devori tasvirlangan.

Ning rad etilishi Xalq byudjeti tomonidan taklif qilingan Devid Lloyd Jorj (yuqorida), 1909 yilda siyosiy inqirozni keltirib chiqardi.

Lordlar palatasi ovoz berish uchun Parlament to'g'risidagi qonun 1911

19-asr

19-asr Lordlar palatasida bir nechta o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. Bir paytlar atigi 50 ga yaqin a'zodan tashkil topgan palataning liberalligi tufayli juda kengaytirilgan edi Jorj III va tengdoshlarni yaratishda uning vorislari. Shu tariqa parlament lordining individual ta'siri kamaygan.

Bundan tashqari, jamoat palatasi kuchayib borar ekan, umuman palataning kuchi pasaygan. Quyi palataning ustunligini rivojlantirishda, ayniqsa, e'tiborga loyiq edi 1832 yilgi islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi. Jamoatchilik palatasining saylov tizimi demokratiyadan yiroq edi: mulkiy malakalar saylovchilar sonini sezilarli darajada cheklab qo'ydi va ko'plab saylov okruglari chegaralari asrlar davomida o'zgarmagan edi.

Kabi butun shaharlar "Manchester" 11 ta saylovchida istiqomat qilar ekan, jamoalar palatasida hatto bitta vakili ham bo'lmagan Qadimgi Sarum ikki deputatni saylash bo'yicha azaliy huquqini saqlab qoldi. Kichik tuman pora berishga moyil edi va ko'pincha nomzodi saylovda g'alaba qozonishi kafolatlangan homiysi nazorati ostida edi. Ba'zi aristokratlar ko'pchilikning homiysi edi "cho'ntak tumanlari "va shuning uchun ham jamoatlar palatasi a'zoligining muhim qismini nazorat qildi.

1831 yilda jamoalar palatasi ushbu anomaliyalarning bir qismini tuzatish uchun islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilganida, Lordlar palatasi bu taklifni rad etdi. Biroq islohotlarning ommabop sababi, 1832 yilda qonun loyihasi ikkinchi marta rad etilganiga qaramay, vazirlik tomonidan tark etilmadi. Bosh vazir Charlz Grey, 2-graf Grey Qirolga Lordlar palatasida 80 ga yaqin islohotchi tengdoshlarini yaratish orqali qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqishni engib o'tishni maslahat berdi. Uilyam IV dastlab Lordlar palatasining qarama-qarshiligiga tahdid soladigan taklifga quloq tutdi, ammo uzoq vaqtdan beri to'xtadi.

Biroq, yangi tengdoshlar yaratilishidan oldin, qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqqan lordlar mag'lubiyatini tan olishdi va ovoz berishdan bosh tortib, qonun loyihasini qabul qilishga imkon berishdi. Inqiroz Lordlar palatasining siyosiy ta'siriga putur etkazdi, ammo umuman tugatmadi. Lordlarning o'zlari tomonidan 1868 yilda hayotiy islohot amalga oshirildi, ular o'zlarining doimiy buyruqlarini o'zgartirib, ishonchli vakillarning ovoz berishlarini bekor qilishdi va lordlarning ovoz berishda qatnashishga qiynalmasdan to'sqinlik qildilar.^[19] Asr davomida yuqori palataning vakolatlari bosqichma-bosqich qisqartirilib, 20-asrda Parlament to'g'risidagi qonun 1911; jamoalar asta-sekin kuchli parlament palatasiga aylandi.

20-asr

Punch 1911 yilgi multfilmda Asquit va Lloyd Jorjning Lordlar palatasini egallashga tahdid qilish uchun 500 ta tengdoshiga koronet tayyorlayotgani aks etgan

Lordlar palatasining maqomi 1906 yilda Liberal hukumat saylanganidan keyin bahs-munozaralarga qaytdi. 1909 yilda Bosh vazirning kansleri, Devid Lloyd Jorj ga kiritilgan Jamiyat palatasi "Xalq byudjeti ", boy badavlat egalariga qaratilgan er solig'ini taklif qildi. Biroq, mashhur choralar og'ir konservativ lordlar palatasida mag'lub bo'ldi.^[20]

Lordlar palatasining vakolatlarini saylovoldi tashviqotining asosiy masalasiga aylantirgandan so'ng, liberallar deyarli qayta saylandilar 1910 yil yanvar. Liberallar liberallarning qonun loyihalarini muntazam ravishda rad etadigan Lordlarda qo'llab-quvvatlashlarining ko'pini yo'qotdilar. Bosh Vazir H. H. Asquit keyin Lordlar palatasining vakolatlarini keskin cheklashni taklif qildi. Keyingi umumiy saylovlardan so'ng 1910 yil dekabr va Shohning istamagan va'dasi bilan Jorj V agar kerak bo'lsa, Lordlarning ushbu choraga qarshi chiqishini engib o'tish uchun etarlicha yangi liberal tengdoshlarni yaratish uchun, Asquit hukumati Lordlar palatasi vakolatlarini cheklash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini qabul qildi.^[21] The Parlament to'g'risidagi qonun 1911 Lordlar palatasining qonunchilikni rad etish yoki jamoat palatasi tomonidan qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lmagan tarzda o'zgartirish kiritish vakolatini bekor qildi: aksariyat qonun loyihalari uchdan ko'p bo'lmagan parlament sessiyalari yoki ikki kalendar yilga qoldirilishi mumkin edi. Bu doimiy echim bo'lishi kerak emas edi; yanada keng qamrovli islohotlar rejalashtirilgan edi.^[22][23] Biroq, hech bir partiya bu masalani juda g'ayrat bilan davom ettirmadi va Lordlar palatasi asosan irsiy bo'lib qoldi. The Parlament to'g'risidagi qonun 1949 yil Lordlar palatasining kuchini ikki sessiya yoki bir yilgacha qisqartirdi. 1958 yilda Lordlar palatasining asosan irsiy tabiati o'zgartirildi Hayotiy tengdoshlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1958 yil, bu raqamli cheklovlarsiz hayot baroniyalarini yaratishga vakolat bergan. Keyinchalik hayot tengdoshlari soni asta-sekin o'sib bordi, ammo doimiy sur'atlarda emas edi.^[24]

Leyboristlar partiyasi, 20-asrning aksariyat qismida, partiyaning sinfiy imtiyozlarga qarshi tarixiy qarama-qarshiligiga asoslanib, Lordlar palatasini bekor qilish yoki hech bo'lmaganda merosxo'rlikni chiqarib yuborish majburiyatini olgan. 1968 yilda Mehnat hukumati Garold Uilson lordlar palatasini isloh qilishga urinib ko'rdi, unga ko'ra merosxo'r tengdoshlariga palatada qolish va munozaralarda qatnashish huquqini beradigan, ammo ovoz berolmaydigan tizimni joriy etish. Ushbu reja, ammo jamoatchilik palatasida an'anaviy konservatorlar koalitsiyasi tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi (masalan Enox Pauell ) va yuqori palatani to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bekor qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlagan leyboristlar (masalan.) Maykl Foot ).

Maykl Foot 1980 yilda Leyboristlar partiyasining etakchisiga aylanganda, Lordlar palatasini bekor qilish partiya kun tartibiga kirdi; uning vorisi ostida, Nil Kinnok ammo, uning o'rniga islohot qilingan yuqori uy taklif qilindi. Ayni paytda, konservatorni boshqarish davrida uchta ijoddan tashqari, merosxo'r tengdoshlarni yaratish (Qirollik oilasi a'zolaridan tashqari) hibsga olingan. Margaret Tetcher 1980-yillarda.

Ba'zi irsiy tengdoshlar eng yaxshi tarzda beparvo bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, Leyboristlar partiyasining aniq majburiyatlari yo'qolmadi Merlin Xanberi-Treysi, 7-baron Sudley, o'nlab yillar davomida Lordlar palatasining mutaxassisi hisoblangan. 1979 yil dekabrda Konservativ Dushanba klubi nomli keng maqolasini nashr etdi Lordlar islohoti - nega Lordlar palatasini buzish kerak? va 1980 yil iyulda Monarxist Sudleyning yana bir maqolasi chop etilgan Lordlar palatasini nima uchun isloh qilish yoki bekor qilish kerak?.^[25] 1990 yilda u Dushanba klubi uchun yana bir risola yozdi Lordlar palatasining saqlanishi.

Lordlar islohoti

Ayollarni birinchi qabul qilish

Lordlar palatasida 1958 yilgacha biron bir ayol o'tirmagan edi, natijada palataga kam sonli odamlar kirib kelishdi Hayotiy tengdoshlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1958 yil. Ulardan biri edi Irene Curzon, 2-baronessa Ravensdeyl 1925 yilda otasining tengdoshligini meros qilib olgan va unga o'tirish uchun hayot tengdoshi bo'lgan. Ba'zi hollarda 20-asrning 20-yillariga qadar davom etgan kampaniyadan so'ng, merosxo'r tengdoshlarini o'z huquqlariga ega bo'lgan yana o'n ikki ayol qabul qilindi. Peerage Act 1963 yil.

Yangi mehnat davri

Leyboristlar partiyasi 1997 yilgi umumiy saylovlarga kiritilgan manifest Lordlar palatasidan merosxo'r tengdoshni olib tashlash majburiyati.^[26] Ularning 1997 yildagi keyingi g'alabasi Toni Bler an'anaviy Lordlar palatasining tanazzulga olib keldi. Leyboristlar hukumati Lordlar islohotining birinchi bosqichi sifatida barcha merosxo'r tengdoshlarini Yuqori palatadan chiqarib yuborish uchun qonunlar kiritdi. Biroq, kelishuvning bir qismi sifatida, u 92 merosxo'r tengdoshiga islohotlar tugamaguncha qolishiga ruxsat berishga rozi bo'ldi. Shunday qilib, 1999 yil Lordlar palatasi to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan 92 ta merosxo'r tengdoshlari chiqarib yuborildi (uning qoidalari uchun quyida ko'rib chiqing), Lordlar palatasi asosan tayinlangan uyga aylandi.

Ammo 1999 yildan beri boshqa islohotlar amalga oshirilmadi. The Wakeham komissiyasi Lordlarga 20% saylangan elementni kiritishni taklif qildi, ammo bu reja keng tanqid qilindi.^[27] A parlament qo'shma qo'mitasi masalani hal qilish uchun 2001 yilda tashkil etilgan, ammo u hech qanday xulosaga kelmagan va buning o'rniga parlamentga ettita variantni tanlash imkoniyatini bergan (to'liq tayinlangan, 20% saylangan, 40% saylangan, 50% saylangan, 60% saylangan, 80% va to'liq saylangan) . 2003 yil fevral oyida bo'lib o'tgan chalkash ovozlar qatorida, ushbu variantlarning barchasi mag'lubiyatga uchradi, garchi 80% tanlangan variant faqat uchta ovozga to'g'ri keldi. To'liq bekor qilishni yoqlagan sotsialist deputatlar barcha variantlarga qarshi ovoz berishdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2005 yilda keksa deputatlarning partiyalararo guruhi (Kennet Klark, Pol Tayler, Toni Rayt, Jorj Young va Robin Kuk ) Lordlar palatasi a'zolarining 70 foizini - har bir a'zoni bitta uzoq muddatga - saylash kerakligi to'g'risida hisobot e'lon qildi. bitta o'tkaziladigan ovoz tizim. Qolganlarning aksariyati "ko'nikmalar, bilimlar va tajribalar" ni aralashtirishni ta'minlash uchun Komissiya tomonidan tayinlanishi kerak edi. Ushbu taklif ham amalga oshirilmadi. Partiyalararo kampaniya tashabbusi "Lordlarni saylang "gacha bo'lgan davrda asosan saylangan Ikkinchi palata uchun ish ochish uchun tashkil etilgan 2005 yilgi umumiy saylov.

2005 yilgi saylovlarda Leyboristlar partiyasi Lordlarni yanada isloh qilishni taklif qildi, ammo aniq tafsilotlarsiz.^[28] 1997 yilgacha Lordlar palatasi tomonidan qilingan har qanday buzg'unchilikka qarshi bo'lgan Konservativ Partiya,^[29] 80 foiz saylangan Ikkinchi palatani ma'qulladi, Liberal-demokratlar esa to'liq saylanishga chaqirdi Senat. 2006 yil davomida partiyalararo qo'mita Lordlar islohotini muhokama qildi, bunda konsensusga erishish uchun: uning topilmalar 2007 yil boshida nashr etilgan.^[30]

2007 yil 7 martda jamoalar palatasi a'zolari yuqori palata uchun turli xil muqobil kompozitsiyalar bo'yicha o'n marta ovoz berishdi.^[31] To'liq bekor qilish, to'liq tayinlangan uy, 20% saylangan uy, 40% saylangan uy, 50% saylangan uy va 60% saylangan uy o'z navbatida mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Va nihoyat, 80% saylangan palataga berilgan ovoz 305 ta ovoz bilan 267 ga, to'liq saylangan palatadagi ovoz esa undan ham katta: 337 dan 224 gacha bo'lgan ovoz bilan qo'lga kiritildi. Shunisi muhimki, bu so'nggi ovoz berish deputatlarning ko'pchiligini tashkil etdi.^[32]

Bundan tashqari, har bir bo'limda ovoz beradigan deputatlarning nomlarini o'rganish shuni ko'rsatadiki, 80% saylangan variantga ovoz bergan 305 kishidan 211 nafari 100% saylangan variantga ovoz bergan. Ushbu ovoz berish 80% ovoz bergandan so'ng sodir bo'lganligini hisobga olsak - uning natijasi 100% ga ovoz berilganda ma'lum bo'lgan - bu o'tgan yagona boshqa variantga ovoz berganlar orasida to'liq saylangan yuqori palataning aniq afzalligini ko'rsatdi. Ammo bu faqat indikativ ovoz edi va saylangan ikkinchi palata tarafdorlari uchun ko'plab siyosiy va qonunchilik to'siqlarini engish kerak edi. Tez orada Lordlar palatasi ushbu taklifni rad etdi va butunlay tayinlangan Lordlar palatasiga ovoz berdi.^[33]

2008 yil iyul oyida, Jek Straw, Adliya bo'yicha davlat kotibi va Lord Kantsler, kiritilgan oq qog'oz Lordlar palatasini 80-100% saylangan palataga almashtirishni taklif qilgan Jamoatchilik palatasiga, har bir umumiy saylovda uchdan bir qismi taxminan 12-15 yil muddatga saylanadi.^[34] Oq gazetada ta'kidlanishicha, tengdoshlik yuqori palata a'zoligidan butunlay ajralganligi sababli, "Lordlar palatasi" nomi endi o'rinli bo'lmaydi: yangi palataning tuzilishi uchun partiyalararo kelishuv mavjudligini tushuntirishga kirishdi. "Buyuk Britaniya Senati" deb nomlangan; ammo, munozaralar uning sarlavhasi emas, balki yuqori palataning roli bo'yicha qolishini ta'minlash uchun, oq qog'oz yangi uyning sarlavhasida betaraf edi.

2009 yil 30 noyabrda, a Lordlar palatasi a'zolarining odob-axloq qoidalari ular tomonidan kelishilgan; ayrim tuzatishlar ular tomonidan 2010 yil 30 martda va 2014 yil 12 iyunda kelishilgan.^[35] The xarajatlar bilan bog'liq janjal olti oy oldin jamoalarda eng yuqori pog'onada bo'lgan va labourite rahbarligi ostida Blerdonlik Baronessa Royal xayrixoh narsa qilish kerakligini aniqladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Meg Rassellning "Lordlar palatasi allaqachon isloh qilinganmi?" Maqolasida u qonuniy lordlar palatasining uchta muhim xususiyatini aytib o'tgan.^[36] Birinchisi, qaror qabul qilishdan oldin hukumatni ikki marta o'ylab ko'rish uchun qonunchilik bo'yicha etarli vakolatlarga ega bo'lishi kerak. Lordlar palatasi, uning ta'kidlashicha, hozirgi paytda uni tegishli qilish uchun etarli kuchga ega. (Toni Blerning birinchi yilida u lordlarda 38 marta mag'lubiyatga uchragan - ammo bu 1999 yildagi Lordlar palatasi qonuni bilan amalga oshirilgan katta islohotdan oldin bo'lgan) Ikkinchidan, Lordlar tarkibi to'g'risida Meg Rassell bu tarkib alohida bo'lishi kerakligini ta'kidlamoqda. Commonsdan, aks holda bu Lordlarni foydasiz qiladi. Uchinchi xususiyat - Lordlarning anglangan qonuniyligi. U "Umuman qonuniylik saylov bilan birga keladi" deb yozadi.^[36]

2010 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar

Konservativ-Liberal-Demokratlar koalitsiyasi 2010 yilgi umumiy saylovlardan so'ng mutanosiblik asosida saylanadigan to'liq yoki asosan saylangan ikkinchi palataning qoidalarini aniq belgilab olishga kelishib oldi. Ushbu takliflar 2010 yil 29 iyunda munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi. Vaqtinchalik chora sifatida yangi tengdoshlarni tayinlash so'nggi umumiy saylovlarda siyosiy partiyalar tomonidan berilgan ovoz ulushini aks ettiradi.

Lordlar islohoti bo'yicha batafsil takliflar, shu jumladan Lordlar palatasi islohoti to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi 2011 yil 17-mayda e'lon qilingan. Ular orasida 300 kishilik gibrid uy bor edi, ulardan 80% saylanishi kerak edi. Yana 20% tayinlanadi va Angliya cherkovi arxiepiskoplari va yepiskoplari uchun zaxira maydoni kiritiladi. Takliflarga binoan, a'zolar 15 yillik qayta tiklanmaydigan yagona muddatga xizmat qilishadi. Sobiq deputatlarga yuqori palataga saylanish uchun ruxsat berilishi mumkin edi, ammo yuqori palata a'zolariga darhol deputat bo'lishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi.

Taklifning tafsilotlari quyidagilar edi:^[37]

• Qonunchilik maqsadida yuqori palata Lordlar palatasi deb nomlanishda davom etadi.
• Islohot qilingan Lordlar palatasida 300 a'zo bo'lishi kerak, ularning 240 nafari "Saylangan a'zolar" va 60 nafari "Mustaqil a'zolar". Uyda 12 kishiga qadar Angliya cherkovi arxiepiskoplari va yepiskoplari o'tirishi mumkin ex officio "Lords Spiritual".
• Saylangan a'zolar qayta tiklanmaydigan yagona 15 yillik muddatga xizmat qilishadi.
• Islohot qilingan lordlarga saylovlar jamoalar palatasiga saylovlar bilan bir vaqtda o'tkazilishi kerak.
• Saylangan a'zolar Yagona o'tkaziladigan ovoz mutanosib vakillik tizimi.
• Yigirma mustaqil a'zolar (uchdan bir qismi) islohot uyida o'z o'rinlarini saylangan a'zolar bilan bir vaqtda va xuddi shu 15 yillik muddatga egallaydilar.
• Mustaqil a'zolarni tayinlash bo'yicha komissiya maslahatiga binoan bosh vazir tomonidan taklif qilinganidan keyin qirolicha tayinlaydi.
• Endi peerage tizimi va yuqori palata a'zoligi o'rtasida bog'liqlik bo'lmaydi.
• Lordlar palatasining amaldagi vakolatlari o'zgarmaydi va jamoalar palatasi parlamentning asosiy palatasi maqomini saqlab qoladi.

Ushbu takliflar parlament a'zolari va tengdoshlaridan tashkil topgan Lordlar palatasi islohoti bo'yicha qo'shma qo'mitada ko'rib chiqildi va 2012 yil 23 aprelda yakuniy hisobotini e'lon qildi va quyidagi takliflarni kiritdi:^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

• Isloh qilingan Lordlar palatasi 450 a'zodan iborat bo'lishi kerak.
• Partiya guruhlari, shu jumladan Crossbencherlar, o'tish davrida qaysi a'zolarning saqlanib qolishini tanlashi kerak, har bir guruhga ajratilgan a'zolarning foizlari ma'lum bir davrda yuqori qatnashgan tengdoshlarning ulushidan kelib chiqqan holda.
• 12 lordgacha Lordlar yangilangan Lordlar palatasida saqlanishi kerak.

Bosh vazir o'rinbosari Nik Klegg tanishtirdi Lordlar palatasi islohoti to'g'risidagi qonun-2012 2012 yil 27 iyunda^[38] 2011 yil 17 mayda e'lon qilingan takliflar asosida ishlab chiqilgan.^[39] Biroq, ushbu qonun loyihasidan voz kechildi^[40] 2012 yil 6 avgustda hukumat tomonidan qarama-qarshiliklar natijasida Konservativ partiya.

Lordlar palatasi islohotlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2014 yil

Ba'zi islohotlarni joriy etish to'g'risidagi xususiy a'zolar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi tomonidan kiritilgan Den Byuls 2013 yilda.^[41] The Lordlar palatasi islohotlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2014 yil oldi Royal Assent 2014 yilda.^[42] Yangi qonunga binoan:

• Barcha tengdoshlar iste'foga chiqishi yoki palatadan iste'foga chiqishi mumkin (bundan oldin faqat merosxo'r tengdoshlar o'z tengdoshlaridan voz kechishlari mumkin edi).
• O'qishga kelmaslik uchun tengdoshlari diskvalifikatsiya qilinishi mumkin.
• Tengdoshlar qamoq jazosini bir yil va undan ko'proq olgani uchun olib tashlanishi mumkin.^[42]

Lordlar palatasi (haydash va to'xtatib turish) to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil

The Lordlar palatasi (haydash va to'xtatib turish) to'g'risidagi qonun 2015 yil palatani a'zolarni chiqarib yuborish yoki to'xtatib qo'yish vakolatiga ega.

Lordlar ma'naviy (ayollar) qonuni 2015

Ushbu hujjat Angliya cherkovining arxiepiskoplari va yepiskoplarini, u boshlanganidan keyingi 10 yil ichida Lords Spiritual-ning ayollari bo'lgan ayollarni imtiyozli ravishda qabul qilishni nazarda tutadi.

2015 yilda, Reychel Trevik, Gloucester yepiskopi, kabi o'tirgan birinchi ayol bo'ldi Lord Spiritual Lordlar palatasida.^[43] 2019 yilga kelib, beshta yepiskop Lords Spiritual sifatida o'tirishadi, ulardan to'rttasi ushbu harakat tufayli.

2019 yilda Naomi Ellenbogen QC tomonidan o'tkazilgan etti oylik so'rov natijalariga ko'ra uyning har beshinchi xodimidan biri repressiyadan qo'rqib xabar bermagan bezorilik yoki ta'qibga uchragan.^[44] Buni Liberal Demokratni ham o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta ishlar olib bordi Lord Lester, o'z lavozimidan foydalanib, ayollarni jinsiy zo'ravonlik yoki zo'ravonlik uchun ishlatgan lordlar.^[45][46]

Taklif qilingan harakat

2020 yil 19-yanvarda Lordlar palatasi Londondan shaharga ko'chirilishi mumkinligi e'lon qilindi Shimoliy Angliya, ehtimol York, yoki Birmingem, ichida Midlands, maydonni "qayta ulash" uchun. Qanday qilib aniq emas Qirolichaning nutqi ko'chib o'tgan taqdirda o'tkaziladi.^[47][48][49] Ushbu fikr ko'plab tengdoshlar tomonidan salbiy qabul qilindi.^[50]

Hajmi

Lordlar palatasining hajmi uning tarixi davomida juda xilma-xil bo'lib kelgan. O'shanda 168 a'zodan iborat ingliz lordlar palatasi, Vestminsterda 16 nafar Shotlandiyaning tengdoshlari bilan birlashgan bo'lib, Shotlandiyaning tengdoshlari - jami 184 zodagonlar - 1707-yillarning birinchi kunlarida. Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti. Irlandiyaning tengdoshligini namoyish etish uchun yana 28 ta irlandiyalik a'zo 1801 yilda birinchisiga qo'shildi Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti. XVIII asrda taxminan 220 tengdoshlaridan,^[51] uy kengayishda davom etdi; soni ortib borishi bilan hayot tengdoshlari 1958 yilda "Hayot Peerages" qonuni va Shotlandiyalik tengdoshlar va birinchi ayol tengdoshlar tarkibiga kiritilganidan keyin Peerage Act 1963 yil, 1999 yil oktyabr oyida Lordlar islohoti uni 2000 yil martiga qadar 669 ga, asosan hayotdagi tengdoshlarga kamaytirmasdan oldin, rekord darajada 1330 ga o'sdi.^[52] Keyingi o'n yilliklar ichida palataning tarkibi yana kengayib, 2014 yilda sakkiz yuzdan ziyod faol a'zoga etdi^{[qarama-qarshi ]} va keyingi islohotlarni boshlash Lordlar palatasini isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun o'sha yili. Keyinchalik Lordlar tomonidan 600 a'zodan iborat qopqoq taklif qilingan edi, ammo hozirgi ko'rsatkich bundan kattaroq.

2011 yil aprel oyida sobiq etakchi siyosatchilarning partiyalararo guruhi, shu jumladan Lordlar palatasining ko'plab katta a'zolari Bosh vazirni chaqirdilar Devid Kemeron yangi tengdoshlar yaratishni to'xtatish. U 2010 yil may oyida bosh vazir bo'lganidan beri 117 ta tengdoshlarini yaratdi, bu Britaniya tarixidagi har qanday bosh vazirga qaraganda tezroq ko'tarilish darajasi. Kengayish uning hukumati (behuda) jamoatlar palatasi hajmini 50 a'zodan 650 kishidan 600 tagacha qisqartirishga urinib ko'rgan paytda sodir bo'ldi.^[53]

2014 yil avgust oyida, faqatgina 230 kishilik o'rinli bo'lishiga qaramay^[54] 400 gacha^[55] Lordlar palatasidagi skameykalarda uyning 774 faol a'zosi bor edi^{[qarama-qarshi ]} (bundan tashqari 54 ishtirok etish yoki ovoz berish huquqiga ega bo'lmagan, to'xtatib qo'yilgan yoki ta'til berilgan). Bu Lordlar palatasini har qanday demokratiyadagi eng yirik parlament palatasiga aylantirdi.^[55] 2014 yil avgust oyida, avvalgi Umumiy palataning spikeri Baronessa Betti Boothroyd Lordlar palatasidagi haddan tashqari ko'pchilikni yumshatish uchun "keksa yoshdagi tengdoshlar nafaqa bilan nafaqaga chiqishi kerak" deb iltimos qildi. Shuningdek, u ketma-ket bosh vazirlarni ikkinchi palatani "lobbi yemi" bilan to'ldirganlikda, ularning siyosati qonun bo'lishiga yordam berish maqsadida tanqid qildi. U o'zining so'zlarini tengdoshlarining yangi partiyasi yaratilishidan bir necha kun oldin va o'tganidan bir necha oy o'tgach aytdi Lordlar palatasi islohotlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2014 yil ilgari imkonsiz bo'lgan tengdoshlariga iste'foga chiqishga yoki palatadagi joylarini iste'foga chiqarishga imkon berdi.^[56][57]

2015 yil avgust oyida yana 45 ta tengdoshlari yaratilgandan so'ng Eritma sharaflari, Lordlarning munosib a'zolarining umumiy soni 826 ga oshdi. Hisobotda Hajmi muhimmi? BBC shunday dedi: "Borgan sari ha. Tanqidchilarning ta'kidlashicha, Lordlar Palatasi qonun chiqaruvchilardan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda turadi. Xitoy Xalq Xalq Kongressi AQSh (100 senator), Frantsiya (348 senator), Avstraliya (76 senator), Kanada (105 senator tayinlangan) va Hindiston (250 a'zo) kabi boshqa ikki palatali demokratik davlatlarning yuqori palatalari mitti. Lordlar ham kattaroqdir Oliy xalq yig'ilishi Shimoliy Koreyadan (687 a'zo). [...] Tengdoshlari Palatadagi barcha hamkasblarini joylashtirish uchun etarli joy yo'qligidan g'azablanadilar, u erda atigi 400 o'rindiq bor, va ular doimo kosmosga intilayotganimizni aytishadi, ayniqsa yuqori lavozimli yig'ilishlar paytida ", ammo qo'shib qo'ydi "" Boshqa tomondan, Lordlar himoyachilari bu qonunlarni sinchkovlik bilan o'rganib chiqadigan juda muhim ish, deyishadi, bularning ko'pi so'nggi yillarda jamoat tomonidan qabul qilingan ".^[58] 2016 yil oxirida Lord Spikerning qo'mitasi haddan tashqari odam muammosini o'rganish uchun tuzildi, chunki a'zolik soni 1000 dan oshishi mumkin degan xavotirda va 2017 yil oktyabr oyida qo'mita o'z xulosalarini taqdim etdi. 2017 yil dekabr oyida Lordlar o'z hisobotini muhokama qildilar va keng ma'qulladilar, unda 600 tengdoshga a'zolik cheklovi taklif qilindi, yangi tengdoshlar uchun o'n besh yillik muddat va yangi tayinlashlar uchun "ikki kishilik, bitta" chegara. 2018 yil oktabrga qadar Lord Spikerning qo'mitasi jamoalar palatasi bilan ketish tezligi kutilganidan yuqori bo'lganini ta'kidlab, tengdoshlari sonining kamayganligini maqtadi. Davlat boshqaruvi va konstitutsiyaviy ishlar bo'yicha qo'mita qonunchiliksiz erishilgan yutuqlarni tasdiqlash.^[59] 2019 yil aprel oyiga kelib, Lordlar Palatasida 2014 yilgi islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilinganidan beri yuzga yaqin tengdoshlari nafaqaga chiqqanligi sababli, faol tengdoshlar soni jami 782 nafarga qisqartirildi, shulardan 665 nafari hayotdagi tengdoshlar edi.^[60][61] Amalga oshirilganidan so'ng, 2000 yil mart oyida bu 669 tengdoshning a'zoligidan kattaroq bo'lib qolmoqda Lordlar palatasi to'g'risidagi qonun 1999 y irsiy tengdoshlarning asosiy qismini joylaridan olib tashladi, 600 a'zolik kepkadan ancha yuqori bo'lib qoldi va hali ham jamoalar palatasining 650 a'zosidan kattaroq.

Vazifalar

Media-ni ijro etish

Lordlar palatasining qisqacha kirish so'zi

Qonunchilik funktsiyalari

Qonunchilik, bundan mustasno pul hisob-kitoblari, har ikkala uyda ham kiritilishi mumkin.

Lordlar palatasi qonunlarni muhokama qiladi va qonun loyihalarini o'zgartirish yoki rad etishga vakolat beradi. Biroq, Lordlarning Jamoatchilik palatasi tomonidan qabul qilingan qonun loyihasini rad etish vakolati Parlament aktlari bilan keskin cheklangan. Ushbu Qonun hujjatlariga binoan qonun loyihalarining ayrim turlari taqdim etilishi mumkin Royal Assent Lordlar palatasining roziligisiz (ya'ni, jamoatlar Lordlarning vetosini bekor qilishi mumkin). Lordlar palatasi pul qonun loyihasini (jamoatlar palatasi spikeri fikriga ko'ra, faqat milliy soliqqa tortish yoki davlat mablag'lariga taalluqli bo'lgan qonun loyihasini) bir oydan ko'proq kechiktira olmaydi.

Boshqa qonun loyihalarini Lordlar palatasi parlamentning ikkitadan ortiq sessiyalarida yoki bir kalendar yilida kechiktirishi mumkin emas. Biroq, ushbu qoidalar faqat jamoatlar palatasidan kelib chiqqan davlat qonun loyihalariga taalluqlidir va parlament muddatini besh yildan ortiq muddatga uzaytirishi mumkin emas. Yana bir cheklov: a konstitutsiyaviy konventsiya nomi bilan tanilgan Solsberi konvensiyasi bu shuni anglatadiki, Lordlar Palatasi hukumatning saylovoldi dasturida va'da qilingan qonunchilikka qarshi chiqmaydi.

Parlament harakatidan oldin ham amal qilgan odat bo'yicha, Lordlar palatasi moliyaviy qonun loyihalari bilan bog'liq ravishda yanada cheklangan. Lordlar palatasi soliqqa tortish yoki etkazib berishga (xazina yoki pul mablag'larini etkazib berish) tegishli qonun loyihasini ishlab chiqa olmaydi, shuningdek soliq yoki ta'minot bilan bog'liq qoidalarni kiritish uchun qonun loyihasini o'zgartira olmaydi. (Ammo jamoatlar palatasi ko'pincha o'z imtiyozlaridan voz kechadi va yuqori palataga moliyaviy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan tuzatishlar kiritishiga imkon beradi.) Bundan tashqari, yuqori palata biron bir ta'minot to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini o'zgartirishi mumkin emas. Lordlar palatasi ilgari daromad yoki ta'minot bilan bog'liq qonun loyihasini rad etish bo'yicha mutlaq vakolatni saqlab kelgan, ammo bu vakolat parlament aktlari tomonidan cheklangan.

Hukumat bilan aloqalar

Lordlar palatasi bosh vazir yoki hukumat muddatini nazorat qilmaydi.^[62] Faqat quyi palata bosh vazirni iste'foga chiqishga yoki saylovni tayinlashga majbur qilishi mumkin ishonchsizlik harakatidan o'tish yoki tomonidan ta'minotni qaytarib olish. Shunday qilib, Lordlar palatasining hukumatni nazorati cheklangan.

Vazirlar Mahkamasining aksariyati Lordlar Palatasidan ko'ra Jamoatchilik palatasidan. Xususan, 1902 yildan beri barcha bosh vazirlar quyi palata a'zolari bo'lgan.^[63] (Alec Duglas-Home 1963 yilda bosh vazir bo'lgan, hanuzgacha graf bo'lsa-da, o'z tengdoshlaridan voz kechgan va vakolat muddati boshlangandan ko'p o'tmay jamoalarga saylangan.) Yaqin tarixda vazirlar mahkamasining asosiy lavozimlari juda kam uchraydi (lord kantsler va Lordlar palatasining rahbari ) tengdoshlari tomonidan to'ldirilgan bo'lishi kerak.

Istisnolarga quyidagilar kiradi Lord Karrington, kim edi Mudofaa bo'yicha davlat kotibi 1970 yildan 1974 yilgacha, Energetika bo'yicha davlat kotibi qisqacha 1974 yil boshida ikki oy davomida va Tashqi ishlar va hamdo'stlik ishlari bo'yicha davlat kotibi 1979 yildan 1982 yilgacha, Lord Kokfild, kim sifatida xizmat qilgan Savdo bo'yicha davlat kotibi va Savdo kengashi prezidenti, Lord Grafem (Portfelsiz vazir, keyin Ish bilan ta'minlash bo'yicha davlat kotibi undan keyin Savdo va sanoat bo'yicha davlat kotibi va Savdo kengashi prezidenti 1984 yildan 1989 yilgacha), Baronessa Amos, kim sifatida xizmat qilgan Xalqaro rivojlanish bo'yicha davlat kotibi, Lord Adonis, kim sifatida xizmat qilgan Transport bo'yicha davlat kotibi va Lord Mandelson, kim sifatida xizmat qilgan Birinchi davlat kotibi, Biznes, innovatsiya va mahorat bo'yicha davlat kotibi va Savdo kengashi prezidenti. Port Ellen lord Robertson bo'lib xizmat qilar ekan, qisqacha tengdosh edi Mudofaa bo'yicha davlat kotibi lavozimini egallash uchun iste'foga chiqishdan oldin NATO Bosh kotibi. 1999 yildan 2010 yilgacha Angliya va Uelsning bosh prokurori Lordlar palatasining a'zosi bo'lgan; eng so'nggi edi Patrisiya Shotlandiya.

Lordlar palatasi kichik vazirlar va hukumat a'zolari uchun manba bo'lib qolmoqda. Jamoatlar palatasi singari, Lordlar ham Hukumat boshlig'i qamchi shuningdek, bir nechta Junior qamchilar. Lordlarda vazirlik tomonidan vazirlik vakili bo'lmaydigan yoki mavjud bo'lmagan joyda hukumat qamchilari ularning vakili sifatida qatnashadilar.^[64]

Sobiq sudyalik roli

Tarixda Lordlar palatasi bir nechta sud funktsiyalarini bajargan. Shunisi e'tiborliki, 2009 yilgacha Lordlar palatasi bu vazifani bajargan so'nggi sud Buyuk Britaniya qonunlarining aksariyat holatlari uchun. 2009 yil 1 oktyabrdan boshlab ushbu rol hozirgi kunda Buyuk Britaniya Oliy sudi.

Lordlarning sud funktsiyalari qadimgi rolidan kelib chiqqan Curia Regis Qirolning bo'ysunuvchilarining iltimosnomalariga murojaat qilgan organ sifatida. Funksiyalar butun palata tomonidan emas, balki "qonun lordlari" qo'mitasi tomonidan amalga oshirildi. Uyning sud ishlarining asosiy qismini o'n ikkitasi boshqargan Oddiy ravishda apellyatsiya lordlari, ostida ushbu maqsad uchun maxsus tayinlanganlar Apellyatsiya yurisdiksiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun 1876 yil.

Sud funktsiyalarini Apellyatsiya lordlari ham amalga oshirishi mumkin (palataning yuqori sud lavozimini egallagan boshqa a'zolari). Oddiy va hech qanday apellyatsiya lordlari ettmish besh yoshdan oshgan holda sud tartibida o'tira olmaydi. Lordlarning sud ishlari oddiy oddiy apellyatsiya lorbi va ularning o'rinbosari, oddiy oddiy ikkinchi apellyatsiya lordlari tomonidan nazorat qilingan.

Lordlar palatasining yurisdiksiyasi fuqarolik va jinoiy ishlar bo'yicha Angliya va Uels va Shimoliy Irlandiya sudlarining apellyatsiya shikoyatlariga qadar kengaytirilgan. Shotlandiyadan faqat fuqarolik ishlari bo'yicha murojaat qilish mumkin edi; Shotlandik Oliy adolat sudi jinoiy ishlar bo'yicha eng yuqori suddir. Lordlar palatasi Buyuk Britaniyaning yagona sud sudi emas edi; ba'zi hollarda Maxfiy kengashning sud qo'mitasi performs such a function. The jurisdiction of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom, however, is relatively restricted; it encompasses appeals from cherkov courts, disputes under the Jamiyat palatasi diskvalifikatsiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun 1975 yil, and a few other minor matters. Issues related to topshirish were transferred from the Privy Council to the Supreme Court in 2009.

The twelve Law Lords did not all hear every case; rather, after World War II cases were heard by panels known as Appellate Committees, each of which normally consisted of five members (selected by the Senior Lord). An Appellate Committee hearing an important case could consist of more than five members. Though Appellate Committees met in separate committee rooms, judgement was given in the Lords Chamber itself. No further appeal lay from the House of Lords, although the House of Lords could refer a "preliminary question" to the Evropa Adliya sudi in cases involving an element of Evropa Ittifoqi qonuni, and a case could be brought at the Evropa inson huquqlari sudi if the House of Lords did not provide a satisfactory remedy in cases where the Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasi tegishli edi.

A distinct judicial function—one in which the whole House used to participate—is that of trying impichmentlar. Impeachments were brought by the House of Commons, and tried in the House of Lords; a conviction required only a majority of the Lords voting. Impeachments, however, are to all intents and purposes obsolete; the last impeachment was that of Genri Dundas, 1-Viskont Melvill, 1806 yilda.

Similarly, the House of Lords was once the court that tried peers charged with high xiyonat yoki jinoyat. The House would be presided over not by the Lord Chancellor, but by the Lord Oliy Styuard, an official especially appointed for the occasion of the trial. If Parliament was not in session, then peers could be tried in a separate court, known as the Lord High Steward's Court. Only peers, their wives, and their widows (unless remarried) were entitled to such trials; the Lords Spiritual were tried in ecclesiastical courts. In 1948, the right of peers to be tried in such special courts was abolished; now, they are tried in the regular courts.^[65] The last such trial in the House was of Edvard Rassel, 26-baron de Klifford, in 1935. An illustrative dramatisation circa 1928 of a trial of a peer (the fictional Duke of Denver) on a charge of murder (a felony) is portrayed in the 1972 BBC Television adaption of Doroti L. Sayers ' Lord Piter Vimsi sir Guvohlik bulutlari.

The Konstitutsiyaviy islohot to'g'risidagi qonun 2005 yil resulted in the creation of a separate Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, to which the judicial function of the House of Lords, and some of the judicial functions of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, were transferred. In addition, the office of Lord Chancellor was reformed by the act, removing his ability to act as both a government minister and a judge. This was motivated in part by concerns about the historical admixture of legislative, judicial, and executive power. The new Supreme Court is located at Midlseks gildxoli.

A'zolik

Qismi bir qator kuni
Tenglik
Darajalar Dyuk / Düşes Markes / Martioness Graf / grafinya Viscount / Viscountess Baron / baronessa
Turlari Irsiy Hayot Vakil
Bo'limlar Angliya Shotlandiya Buyuk Britaniya Irlandiya Birlashgan Qirollik
Tarix Umumiy nuqtai Imtiyozlar Xalatlar
Lordlar palatasi
Siyosat portali  Birlashgan Qirollik portali

Lordlar ma'naviy

Members of the House of Lords who sit by virtue of their ecclesiastical offices are known as Lords Spiritual.^[66] Formerly, the Lords Spiritual were the majority in the English House of Lords,^[67] comprising the church's arxiyepiskoplar, (diocesan) bishops, abbatliklar, and those oldingi who were entitled to wear a mitti. Keyin Ingliz tili islohoti 's highpoint in 1539, only the archbishops and bishops continued to attend, as the Monastirlarning tugatilishi had just disproved of^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} and suppressed the positions of abbot and prior. In 1642, during the few Lords' gatherings convened during Inglizcha Interregnum which saw periodic war, the Lords Spiritual were excluded altogether, but they returned under the Clergy Act 1661.

The number of Lords Spiritual was further restricted by the Manchester qonunchiligi 1847 y, and by later Acts. The Lords Spiritual can now number no more than 26; bular Canterbury arxiepiskopi, York arxiyepiskopi, London yepiskopi, Darem episkopi, Vinchester episkopi (who sit by right regardless of seniority) and the 21 longest-serving archbishops and bishops from other yepiskoplar Angliya cherkovida^[68] (excluding the dioceses of Sodor va Inson va Gibraltar in Europe, as these lie entirely outside the United Kingdom).^[69] Following a change to the law in 2014 to allow women to be ordained archbishops and bishops, the Lordlar ma'naviy (ayollar) qonuni 2015 was passed, which provides that whenever a vacancy arises among the Lords Spiritual during the ten years following the Act coming into force, the vacancy has to be filled by a woman, if one is eligible. This does not apply to the five archbishops and bishops who sit by right.

The current Lords Spiritual represent only the Church of England. Archbishops and bishops of the Shotlandiya cherkovi historically sat in the Parliament of Scotland but were finally excluded in 1689 (after a number of previous exclusions) when the Church of Scotland became permanently Presbyterian. There are no longer archbishops and bishops in the Church of Scotland in the traditional sense of the word, and that Church has never sent members to sit in the Westminster House of Lords. The Irlandiya cherkovi did obtain representation in the House of Lords after the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801.

Of the Church of Ireland's ecclesiastics, four (one archbishop and three bishops) were to sit at any one time, with the members rotating at the end of every parliamentary session (which normally lasted about one year). The Church of Ireland, however, was bekor qilingan in 1871, and thereafter ceased to be represented by Lords Spiritual. Archbishops and bishops of Welsh sees in the Church of England originally sat in the House of Lords (after 1847, only if their seniority within the church entitled them to), but the Uelsdagi cherkov ceased to be a part of the Church of England in 1920 and was simultaneously bekor qilingan Uelsda.^[70] Accordingly, archbishops and bishops of the Church in Wales were no longer eligible to be appointed to the House as archbishops and bishops of the Church of England, but those already appointed remained.

Other ecclesiastics have sat in the House of Lords as Lords Temporal in recent times: Bosh ravvin Immanuil Yakobovits was appointed to the House of Lords (with the consent of the Queen, who acted on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher), as was his successor Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks.^[71] Julia Noyberger is the senior rabbi to the West London Synagogue. In recognition of his work at reconciliation and in the tinchlik jarayoni in Northern Ireland, the Armagh arxiepiskopi (the senior Anglican archbishop in Shimoliy Irlandiya ), Robin Eames, was appointed to the Lords by Jon Major. Other clergy appointed include Donald Soper, Timoti Bomont, and some Scottish clerics.

There have been no Roman Catholic clergy appointed, though it was rumoured that Cardinal Basil Hume va uning vorisi Kormak Merfi O'Konnor were offered peerages by Jeyms Kallagan, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair respectively, but declined. Hume later accepted the Faxriy xizmat ordeni, a personal appointment of the Queen, shortly before his death. O'Connor said he had his birinchi nutq ready, but Roman Catholics who have received muqaddas buyruqlar are prohibited by kanon qonuni from holding major offices connected with any government other than the Muqaddas qarang.

Former Archbishops of Canterbury, having reverted to the status of a regular bishop but no longer diocesans, are invariably given life peerages and sit as Lords Temporal.

By custom at least one of the archbishops or bishops reads prayers in each legislative day (a role taken by the chaplain in the Commons).^[67] They often speak in debates; 2004 yilda Rouan Uilyams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, opened a debate into sentencing legislation.^[67] Tadbirlar (proposed laws of the Church of England) must be put before the Lords, and the Lords Spiritual have a role in ensuring that this takes place.^[67]

Lordlar vaqtinchalik

Irsiy tengdoshlar

Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords. Unlike the Lords Spiritual, they may be publicly partisan, aligning themselves with one or another of the political parties that dominate the House of Commons. Publicly non-partisan Lords are called crossbenchers. Originally, the Lords Temporal included several hundred hereditary peers (that is, those whose peerages may be inherited), who ranked variously as gersoglar, marquesses, quloqchalar, hisob qaydnomalari va baronlar (as well as Scottish Parlament lordlari ). Such hereditary dignities can be created by the Crown; in modern times this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day (except in the case of members of the Royal Family).

Egalari Shotlandiya and Irish peerages were not always permitted to sit in the Lords. When Scotland united with England to form Buyuk Britaniya in 1707, it was provided that the Scottish hereditary peers would only be able to elect 16 vakil tengdoshlar to sit in the House of Lords; the term of a representative was to extend until the next general election. A similar provision was enacted when Ireland merged with Great Britain in 1801 to form the Birlashgan Qirollik; the Irish peers were allowed to elect 28 representatives, who were to retain office for life. Elections for Irish representatives ended in 1922, when most of Ireland became an independent state; elections for Scottish representatives ended with the passage of the Peerage Act 1963 yil, under which all Scottish peers obtained seats in the Upper House.

In 1999, the Labour government brought forward the House of Lords Act removing the right of several hundred hereditary peers to sit in the House. The Act provided, as a measure intended to be temporary, that 92 people would continue to sit in the Lords by virtue of hereditary peerages, and this is still in effect.

Of the 92, two remain in the House of Lords because they hold royal offices connected with Parliament: the Graf Marshal va Lord Great Chamberlain. Ning remaining ninety peers sitting in the Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage, 15 are elected by the whole House and 75 are chosen by fellow hereditary peers in the House of Lords, grouped by party. (If a hereditary peerage holder is given a life peerage, he or she becomes a member of the House of Lords without a need for a by-election.) The exclusion of other hereditary peers removed Uels shahzodasi Charlz (kim ham Chester grafligi ) and all other Royal Peers, including Shahzoda Filipp, Edinburg gersogi; York knyazi shahzoda Endryu; Shahzoda Edvard, Vesseks grafligi; Gloucester gersogi shahzoda Richard; va Shahzoda Eduard, Kent gersogi.

The number of hereditary peers to be chosen by a political group reflects the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that group (see current composition below) in 1999. When an elected hereditary peer dies, a qo'shimcha saylov is held, with a variant of the Muqobil ovoz berish system being used. If the recently deceased hereditary peer had been elected by the whole House, then so is his or her replacement; a hereditary peer elected by a specific political group (including the non-aligned crossbenchers) is replaced by a vote of the hereditary peers already elected to the Lords belonging to that political group (whether elected by that group or by the whole house).

Lords of Appeal in Ordinary

Until 2009, the Lords Temporal also included the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, more commonly known as Law Lords, a group of individuals appointed to the House of Lords so that they could exercise its judicial functions. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were first appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876. They were selected by the Prime Minister of the day, but were formally appointed by the Sovereign. A Lord of Appeal in Ordinary had to retire at the age of 70, or, if his or her term was extended by the government, at the age of 75; after reaching such an age, the Law Lord could not hear any further cases in the House of Lords.

The number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (excluding those who were no longer able to hear cases because of age restrictions) was limited to twelve, but could be changed by qonuniy vosita. By a convention of the House, Lords of Appeal in Ordinary did not take part in debates on new legislation, so as to maintain judicial independence. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary held their seats in the House of Lords for life, remaining as members even after reaching the judicial retirement age of 70 or 75. Former Lord Chancellors and holders of other high judicial office could also sit as Law Lords under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, although in practice this right was only rarely exercised.

Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary when the Act came into effect in 2009 became judges of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and were then barred from sitting or voting in the House of Lords until they had retired as judges. One of the main justifications for the new Supreme Court was to establish a separation of powers between the judiciary and the legislature. It is therefore unlikely that future appointees to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom will be made Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Hayot tengdoshlari

The largest group of Lords Temporal, and indeed of the whole House, are life peers. As of June 2019 there are 661 life peers.^[61] Life peerages rank only as barons or baronesses, and are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958. Like all other peers, life peers are created by the Sovereign, who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister or the House of Lords Appointments Commission. By convention, however, the Prime Minister allows leaders of other parties to nominate some life peers, so as to maintain a political balance in the House of Lords. Moreover, some non-party life peers (the number being determined by the Prime Minister) are nominated by the independent House of Lords Appointments Commission.

In 2000 the government announced that it would set up an Independent Appointments Commission, under Lord Stevenson of Coddenham, to select fifteen so-called "odamlarning tengdoshlari " for life peerages. However, when the choices were announced in April 2001, from a list of 3,000 applicants, the choices were treated with criticism in the media, as all were distinguished in their field, and none were "ordinary people" as some had originally hoped.^[72]

Malakalar

Several different qualifications apply for membership of the House of Lords. No person may sit in the House of Lords if under the age of 21.^[73] Furthermore, only United Kingdom, Irland va Hamdo'stlik citizens may sit in the House of Lords.^[74] The nationality restrictions were previously more stringent: under the 1701-sonli aholi punkti, va oldin Buyuk Britaniyaning fuqaroligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1948 yil, only natural-born subjects qualified.

Additionally, some bankruptcy-related restrictions apply to members of the Upper House. A person may not sit in the House of Lords if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order (applicable in England and Wales only), if he or she is adjudged bankrupt (in Northern Ireland), or if his or her estate is sequestered (in Scotland). A final restriction bars an individual convicted of xiyonat from sitting in the House of Lords until completing his or her full term of imprisonment. An exception applies, however, if the individual convicted of high treason receives a full pardon. Note that an individual serving a prison sentence for an offence other than high treason is emas automatically disqualified.

Women were excluded from the House of Lords until the Life Peerages Act 1958,^[75] passed to address the declining number of active members, made possible the creation of peerages for life. Women were immediately eligible and four were among the first life peers appointed. However, hereditary peeresses continued to be excluded until the passage of the Peerage Act 1963.^[76] Since the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999,^[77] hereditary peeresses remain eligible for election to the Upper House; until her resignation on 1 May 2020, there was one (Marning Margareti, 31-grafinya ) among the 90 hereditary peers who continue to sit.

Peerages uchun naqd pul

The 1925 yilgi sharaflar (suiiste'mollarning oldini olish) to'g'risidagi qonun^[78] made it illegal for a peerage, or other honour, to be bought or sold. Nonetheless, there have been repeated allegations that life peerages (and thus membership of the House of Lords) have been made available to major political donors in exchange for donations. The most prominent case, the 2006 Faxriy mukofotlar uchun naqd pul scandal, saw a police investigation, with no charges being brought. A 2015 study found that of 303 people nominated for peerages in the period 2005–14, a total of 211 were former senior figures within politics (including former MPs), or were non-political appointments. Of the remaining 92 political appointments from outside public life, 27 had made significant donations to political parties. The authors concluded firstly that nominees from outside public life were much more likely to have made large gifts than peers nominated after prior political or public service. They also found that significant donors to parties were far more likely to be nominated for peerages than other party members.^[79]

Removal from House membership

Traditionally there was no mechanism by which members could resign or be removed from the House of Lords (compare the situation as regards jamoalar palatasidan iste'foga chiqish ). The Peerage Act 1963 permitted a person to disclaim their newly inherited peerage (within certain time limits); this meant that such a person could effectively renounce their membership of the Lords. This might be done in order to remain or become qualified to sit in the House of Commons, as in the case of Toni Benn (formerly the second Viskont Stansgeyt ), who had campaigned for such a change.

The Lordlar palatasi islohotlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2014 yil^[80] made provision for members' resignation from the House, removal for non-attendance, and automatic expulsion upon conviction for a serious criminal offence (if resulting in a jail sentence of at least one year). In June 2015, under the House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015,^[81] the House's Standing Orders may provide for the expulsion or suspension of a member upon a resolution of the House.

2020 yil noyabr oyida, Lord Ahmed retired from the House of Lords, having seen a seeing a Lords Conduct Committee report recommending he be expelled.^[82]

Zobitlar

Traditionally the House of Lords did not elect its own speaker, unlike the House of Commons; aksincha ex officio presiding officer was the Lord Chancellor. With the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the post of Lord ma'ruzachi was created, a position to which a peer is elected by the House and subsequently appointed by the Crown. The first Lord Speaker, elected on 4 May 2006, was Baroness Hayman, a former Labour peer. As the Speaker is expected to be an impartial presiding officer, Hayman resigned from the Labour Party.^[83] 2011 yilda, Baronessa D'Souza was elected as the second Lord Speaker, replacing Hayman in September 2011.^[84] D'Souza was in turn succeeded by Lord Fowler in September 2016, the incumbent Lord Speaker.

This reform of the post of Lord Chancellor was made due to the perceived constitutional anomalies inherent in the role. The Lord Chancellor was not only the Speaker of the House of Lords, but also a member of the Cabinet; his or her department, formerly the Lord Chancellor's Department, is now called the Ministry of Justice. The Lord Chancellor is no longer the head of the judiciary of England and Wales. Hitherto, the Lord Chancellor was part of all three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.

The overlap of the legislative and executive roles is a characteristic of the Vestminster tizimi, as the entire cabinet consists of members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords; however, in June 2003, the Blair Government announced its intention to abolish the post of Lord Chancellor because of the office's mixed executive and judicial responsibilities. The abolition of the office was rejected by the House of Lords, and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was thus amended to preserve the office of Lord Chancellor. The Act no longer guarantees that the office holder of Lord Chancellor is the presiding officer of the House of Lords, and therefore allows the House of Lords to elect a speaker of their own.

Charlz Pepis as Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor wore black and gold robes whilst presiding over the House of Lords.

The Lord Speaker may be replaced as presiding officer by one of his or her deputies. The Qo'mita raisi, the Principal Deputy Chairman of Committees, and several Chairmen are all deputies to the Lord Speaker, and are all appointed by the House of Lords itself at the beginning of each session. By custom, the Crown appoints each Chairman, Principal Deputy Chairman and Deputy Chairman to the additional office of Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords.^[85] There was previously no legal requirement that the Lord Chancellor or a Deputy Speaker be a member of the House of Lords (though the same has long been customary).

Whilst presiding over the House of Lords, the Lord Chancellor traditionally wore ceremonial black and gold robes. Robes of black and gold are now worn by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice in the House of Commons, on ceremonial occasions. This is no longer a requirement for the Lord Speaker except for State occasions outside of the chamber. The Speaker or Deputy Speaker sits on the Woolsack, a large red seat stuffed with wool, at the front of the Lords Chamber.

When the House of Lords resolves itself into committee (see below), the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees presides, not from the Woolsack, but from a chair at the Table of the House. The presiding officer has little power compared to the Umumiy palataning spikeri. He or she only acts as the mouthpiece of the House, performing duties such as announcing the results of votes. This is because, unlike in the House of Commons where all statements are directed to "Mr/Madam Speaker", in the House of Lords they are directed to "My Lords"; i.e., the entire body of the House.

The Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker cannot determine which members may speak, or discipline members for violating the rules of the House; these measures may be taken only by the House itself. Unlike the politically neutral Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Chancellor and Deputy Speakers originally remained members of their respective parties, and were permitted to participate in debate; however, this is no longer true of the new role of Lord Speaker.

Another officer of the body is the Leader of the House of Lords, a peer selected by the Prime Minister. The Leader of the House is responsible for steering Government bills through the House of Lords, and is a member of the Cabinet. The Leader also advises the House on proper procedure when necessary, but such advice is merely informal, rather than official and binding. A Deputy Leader is also appointed by the Prime Minister, and takes the place of an absent or unavailable leader.

The Parlamentlar xodimi is the chief clerk and officer of the House of Lords (but is not a member of the House itself). The Clerk, who is appointed by the Crown, advises the presiding officer on the rules of the House, signs orders and official communications, endorses bills, and is the keeper of the official records of both Houses of Parliament. Moreover, the Clerk of the Parliaments is responsible for arranging by-elections of hereditary peers when necessary. The deputies of the Clerk of the Parliaments (the Clerk Assistant and the Reading Clerk) are appointed by the Lord Speaker, subject to the House's approval.

The Qora tayoqning janob useri is also an officer of the House; he takes his title from the symbol of his office, a black rod. Black Rod (as the Gentleman Usher is normally known) is responsible for ceremonial arrangements, is in charge of the House's doorkeepers, and may (upon the order of the House) take action to end disorder or disturbance in the Chamber. Black Rod also holds the office of Serjant-at-qurol of the House of Lords, and in this capacity attends upon the Lord Speaker. The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod's duties may be delegated to the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod or to the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms.

Jarayon

Benches in the chamber are coloured red. In contrast, the benches in the House of Commons are green.

Qirollik taxtlari, v. 1902. Note that the Sovereign's throne (on left) is raised slightly higher than the consort's.

The House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in the Palace of Westminster. The Lords Chamber is lavishly decorated, in contrast with the more modestly furnished Commons Chamber. Benches in the Lords Chamber are coloured red. The Woolsack is at the front of the Chamber; the Government sit on benches on the right of the Woolsack, while members of the Opposition sit on the left. Crossbenchers, sit on the benches immediately opposite the Woolsack.^[86]

The Lords Chamber is the site of many formal ceremonies, the most famous of which is the Parlamentning davlat tomonidan ochilishi, held at the beginning of each new parliamentary session. During the State Opening, the Suveren, seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber and in the presence of both Houses of Parliament, delivers a speech outlining the Government's agenda for the upcoming parliamentary session.

In the House of Lords, members need not seek the recognition of the presiding officer before speaking, as is done in the House of Commons. If two or more Lords simultaneously rise to speak, the House decides which one is to be heard by acclamation, or, if necessary, by voting on a motion. Often, however, the Leader of the House will suggest an order, which is thereafter generally followed. Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole ("My Lords") rather than to the presiding officer alone (as is the custom in the Lower House). Members may not refer to each other in the second person (as "you"), but rather use third person forms such as "the noble Duke", "the noble Earl", "the noble Lord", "my noble friend", "The most Reverend Primate", etc.

Each member may make no more than one speech on a motion, except that the mover of the motion may make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end. Speeches are not subject to any time limits in the House; however, the House may put an end to a speech by approving a motion "that the noble Lord be no longer heard". It is also possible for the House to end the debate entirely, by approving a motion "that the Question be now put". Ushbu protsedura sifatida tanilgan Yopish, and is extremely rare. Six closure motions were passed on 4 April 2019 to significant media attention as part of consideration of a xususiy a'zoning hisob-kitobi haqida Buyuk Britaniyaning Evropa Ittifoqidan chiqishi.^[87]

Once all speeches on a motion have concluded, or Closure invoked, the motion may be put to a vote. The House first votes by ovozli ovoz berish; the Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and the Lords respond either "content" (in favour of the motion) or "not content" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but if his assessment is challenged by any Lord, a recorded vote known as a bo'linish quyidagilar.

Members of the House enter one of two lobbies (the tarkib lobby or the not-content lobby) on either side of the Chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. At each lobby are two Tellers (themselves members of the House) who count the votes of the Lords. The Lord Speaker may not take part in the vote. Once the division concludes, the Tellers provide the results thereof to the presiding officer, who then announces them to the House.

If there is an equality of votes, the motion is decided according to the following principles: legislation may proceed in its present form, unless there is a majority in favour of amending or rejecting it; any other motions are rejected, unless there is a majority in favour of approving it. The quorum of the House of Lords is just three members for a general or procedural vote, and 30 members for a vote on legislation. If fewer than three or 30 members (as appropriate) are present, the division is invalid.

Disciplinary powers

By contrast with the House of Commons, the House of Lords has not until recently had an established procedure for imposing sanctions on its members. Qachon cash for influence scandal was referred to the Committee of Privileges in January 2009, the Leader of the House of Lords also asked the Privileges Committee to report on what sanctions the House had against its members.^[88] After seeking advice from the Attorney General for England and Wales and the former Lord Chancellor Lord Mackay of Clashfern, the committee decided that the House "possessed an inherent power" to suspend errant members, although not to withhold a writ of summons nor to expel a member permanently.^[89] When the House subsequently suspended Lord Truskott va Blekbern lord Teylor for their role in the scandal, they were the first to meet this fate since 1642.^[90]

Recent changes have expanded the disciplinary powers of the House. Section 3 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 now provides that any member of the House of Lords convicted of a crime and sentenced to imprisonment for more than one year loses their seat. The House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 allows the House to set up procedures to suspend, and to expel, its members.

Regulation of behaviour in the chamber

There are two motions which have grown up through custom and practice and which govern questionable conduct within the House. They are brought into play by a member standing up, possibly intervening on another member, and moving the motion without notice. When the debate is getting excessively heated, it is open to a member to move "that the Standing Order on Asperity of Speech be read by the Clerk". The motion can be debated,^[91] but if agreed by the House, the Clerk of the Parliaments will read Standing Order 33 which provides "That all personal, sharp, or taxing speeches be forborn".^[92] The Journals of the House of Lords record only four instances on which the House has ordered the Standing Order to be read since the procedure was invented in 1871.^[93]

For more serious problems with an individual Lord, the option is available to move "That the noble Lord be no longer heard". This motion also is debatable, and the debate which ensues has sometimes offered a chance for the member whose conduct has brought it about to come to order so that the motion can be withdrawn. If the motion is passed, its effect is to prevent the member from continuing their speech on the motion then under debate.^[94] The Journals identify eleven occasions on which this motion has been moved since 1884; four were eventually withdrawn, one was voted down, and six were passed.^[95]

Ishdan bo'shatish

In 1958, to counter criticism that some peers only appeared at major decisions in the House and thereby particular votes were swayed, the Standing Orders of the House of Lords takomillashtirildi.^[96] Peers who did not wish to attend meetings regularly or were prevented by ill health, age or further reasons, were now able to request Leave of Absence.^[97] During the granted time a peer is expected not to visit the House's meetings until either its expiration or termination, announced at least a month prior to their return.^[98]

Attendance allowance

Via a new financial support system introduced in 2010, members of the House of Lords can opt to receive an attendance allowance per sitting day of currently £313 (as of 2019; initially it was £300 in 2010), plus limited travel expenses. Peers can choose to receive a reduced attendance allowance of £157 per day instead, or none at all.^[99] Prior to 2010, peers from outside London could claim an overnight allowance of £174.^[100]

Qo'mitalar

Unlike in the House of Commons, when the term committee is used to describe a stage of a bill, this committee does not take the form of a public bill committee, but what is described as Committee of the Whole House. It is made up of all Members of the House of Lords allowing any Member to contribute to debates if he or she chooses to do so and allows for more flexible rules of procedure. It is presided over by the Chairman of Committees.^[101]

The term committee is also used to describe Grand Committee, where the same rules of procedure apply as in the main chamber, except that no divisions may take place. For this reason, business that is discussed in Grand Committee is usually uncontroversial and likely to be agreed unanimously.^[102]

Public bills may also be committed to pre-legislative committees. A pre-legislative Committee is specifically constituted for a particular bill. These committees are established in advance of the bill being laid before either the House of Lords or the House of Commons and can take evidence from the public. Such committees are rare and do not replace any of the usual stages of a bill, including committee stage.^[103]

The House of Lords also has 15 Select committees. Typically, these are sessional committees, meaning that their members are appointed by the House at the beginning of each session, and continue to serve until the next parliamentary session begins. In practice, these are often permanent committees, which are re-established during every session. These committees are typically empowered to make reports to the House "from time to time", that is, whenever they wish. Other committees are ad-hoc committees, which are set up to investigate a specific issue. When they are set up by a motion in the House, the motion will set a deadline by which the Committee must report. After this date, the Committee will cease to exist unless it is granted an extension. One example of this is the Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change.^[104] The House of Lords may appoint a chairman for a committee; if it does not do so, the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees may preside instead. Most of the Select Committees are also granted the power to co-opt members, such as the Evropa Ittifoqi qo'mitasi.^[105] The primary function of Select Committees is to scrutinise and investigate Government activities; to fulfil these aims, they are permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence. Bills may be referred to Select Committees, but are more often sent to the Committee of the Whole House and Grand Committees.

The committee system of the House of Lords also includes several Domestic Committees, which supervise or consider the House's procedures and administration. One of the Domestic Committees is the Committee of Selection, which is responsible for assigning members to many of the House's other committees.

Hozirgi tarkibi

There are currently 799 sitting members of the House of Lords,^[1] of which 681 are life peers (as of 23 September 2020).^[61] An additional 21 Lords are ineligible from participation, including eight peers who are constitutionally disqualified as members of the Judiciary.^[106]

The House of Lords Act 1999 allocated 75 of the 92 hereditary peers to the parties based on the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that party in 1999:^[73]

• Conservative Party: 42 peers
• Labour Party: 2 peers
• Liberal Democrats: 3 peers
• Crossbenchers: 28 peers

Of the initial 42 hereditary peers elected as Conservatives, one, Lord Willoughby de Broke, yo'naltirilgan UKIP, though he left the party in 2018.^[1][107]

Fifteen hereditary peers are elected by the whole House, and the remaining hereditary peers are the two royal office-holders, the Graf Marshal va Lord Great Chamberlain, both of whom are currently on leave of absence.^[1]

A report in 2007 stated that many members of the Lords (particularly the life peers) do not attend regularly; the average daily attendance was around 408.^[108]

While the number of hereditary peers is limited to 92, and that of Lords spiritual to 26, there is no maximum limit to the number of life peers who may be members of the House of Lords at any time.

Special arrangements were made during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemiyasi to allow some duties to be carried out online.^[109]

Government leaders and ministers in the Lords

Leaders and chief whips

• Baronessa Evans Bouus bog'i  – Lordlar palatasining rahbari va Maxfiy muhrni himoya qiluvchi Lord (Cabinet member)
• Graf Xau  – Lordlar palatasi rahbarining o'rinbosari (to'lanmagan)
• Lord Haydon Eshton  – Chief Whip of the House of Lords and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
• Sud saroyi grafligi  – Lordlar palatasi bosh qamchisining o'rinbosari va Gvardiya Yeomenining qirolicha tansoqchisi kapitani

Boshqa vazirlar

• Richmond Parkning Lord Goldsmith  – Tinch okeanining davlat vaziri va atrof-muhit
• Baronessa Goldi  – Mudofaa ishlari bo'yicha davlat vaziri
• Lord Uimbldon Ahmad  – Hamdo'stlik va Janubiy Osiyo davlat vaziri
• Traffordlik baronessa Uilyams  – Ekstremizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha davlat vaziri
• Dirletonning Lord Styuarti  – Shotlandiya uchun bosh advokat
• Oultonning Lord Agnyu  – Samaradorlik va transformatsiya bo'yicha davlat vaziri^[110]
• Rabbim haq  – Evropa Ittifoqi aloqalari va konstitutsiyaviy siyosat bo'yicha davlat vaziri
• Boskobelning Lord Grimstone  – Investitsiyalar bo'yicha davlat vaziri
• Lord Grenhalg  – Qurilish xavfsizligi va jamoalar bo'yicha davlat vaziri^[111]
• Baronessa Barran  – Fuqarolik jamiyati va yolg'izlik masalalari bo'yicha parlament kotibi o'rinbosari
• Norbitonlik Baronessa Vere  – Parlamentda Davlat kotibining transport bo'yicha o'rinbosari
• Baronessa Sugg  – Chet el hududlari va barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha parlament kotibi o'rinbosari
• Kimblning Lord Gardineri  – Parlament davlat kotibining qishloq ishlari va bioxavfsizlik bo'yicha muovini
• Baronessa Stedman-Skot  – Ish va pensiya masalalari bo'yicha parlament kotibi o'rinbosari
• Lord Callanan  – Iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha parlament kotibi o'rinbosari
• Baronessa Berrij  – Parlamentda davlat kotibining ta'lim bo'yicha o'rinbosari
• Lord Baytel  – Innovatsion ishlar bo'yicha parlament kotibi o'rinbosari

Boshqa qamchilar (kutayotgan lordlar va baronessalar)

• Uitli ko'rfazidagi Lord Parkinson
• Xinton Valdristning baronessasi Bloomfild
• Vekkont Leckining yoshi
• Bruklik Baronessa Skott
• Baronessa Penn

Shuningdek qarang

• Barut uchastkasi
• Konstitutsiya qo'mitasi
• Lordlar palatasi kutubxonasi
• Kirish (Lordlar palatasi) marosim
• Kutish vaqti
• Parlament yaratishda
• Parlament arxivi
• Lordlar palatasini isloh qilish
• Buyuk Britaniya parlamentining boshqa joyga ko‘chirilishi

Xorijdagi hamkasblar

Mavjud

• Ariki uyi ning Kuk orollari
• Avstraliya Senati avstraliyalik senatorlar monarx tomonidan tayinlanmagan, aksincha xalq tomonidan saylangan bitta o'tkaziladigan ovoz
• Oqsoqollar uyi (Somaliland)
• Asilzodalar uyi (Shvetsiya)
• Kanada Senati
• Devan Negara (Malayziya)
• Senat (Lesoto), 22 merosxo'r qabila boshliqlari va 11 shohning nomzodlaridan iborat
• Zimbabve Senati, 80 o'rindiqdan 18tasi qabila boshliqlari uchun ajratilgan

Ishdan bo'shatilgan

• Irlandiya lordlar palatasi (mavjud bo'lgan 1297-1800)
• Tengdoshlar palatasi (Frantsiya)
• Tengdoshlar palatasi (Portugaliya)
• Tengdoshlar palatasi (Ispaniya)
• Tengdoshlar uyi (Yaponiya)
• Prussiya lordlar palatasi
• Lordlar palatasi (Avstriya)
• Italiya Qirolligining Senati

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Lordlar palatasining rasmiy veb-sayti
• Lordlar palatasining arxivi
• Britaniya lordlar palatasi www.C-SPAN.org saytidan

Koordinatalar: 51 ° 29′55,7 ″ N. 0 ° 07′29,5 ″ Vt / 51.498806 ° N 0.124861 ° Vt / 51.498806; -0.124861