Anne Boleyn - Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn
Pembrokning martionessasi
1533-36 yillardagi yo'qolgan asl nusxadan olingan, ehtimol kech Elisabetan portreti[1]
Angliya qirolichasi konsortsiumi
Egalik	1533 yil 28 may - 1536 yil 17 may
Taqdirlash	1 iyun 1533 yil
Tug'ilgan	v. 1501 yil iyul[2]–1507 Blickling Hall, Norfolk yoki Hever qal'asi, Kent
O'ldi	(1536-05-19)1536 yil 19-may (28-35 yosh) London minorasi, London
Dafn	19 may 1536 yil Sankt-Peter ad Vincula cherkovi, London minorasi, London
Turmush o'rtog'i	Angliyalik Genrix VIII ​ ​ (m. 1533)​
Nashr	Angliya Yelizaveta I
Oila	Boleyn
Ota	Tomas Boleyn, Uiltshirning birinchi grafligi
Ona	Xonim Elizabeth Xovard
Imzo

Anne Boleyn (/ˈbʊlɪn,bʊˈlɪn/;^[3][4][5] v. 1501^[2] - 1536 yil 19-may) edi Angliya qirolichasi sifatida 1533 dan 1536 gacha ikkinchi xotin ning Qirol Genrix VIII. Ularning nikohi, xiyonat va boshqa ayblovlar uchun uni ijro etish boshini kesib tashlash, uni boshlagan siyosiy va diniy inqilobda muhim shaxsga aylantirdi Ingliz tili islohoti. Anne qizi edi Tomas Boleyn, Uiltshirning birinchi grafligi va uning rafiqasi, Xonim Elizabeth Xovard va u erda ta'lim olgan Gollandiya va Frantsiya, asosan faxriy xizmatchi qirolichaga Frantsuz Klod. Anne 1522 yil boshida Irlandiyalik amakivachchasiga uylanish uchun Angliyaga qaytib keldi Jeyms Butler, Ormond shahrining 9-grafligi; nikoh rejalari buzildi va buning o'rniga u Genri VIIIning xotiniga sharafli xizmatchi sifatida sudda lavozimini taqdim etdi, Aragonlik Ketrin.

1523 yil boshlarida Anne yashirincha edi turmush qurgan ga Genri Persi, o'g'li Genri Persi, Northumberlandning 5-grafligi, lekin graf ularning unashtirilishini qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortganida, nikoh buzilgan. Kardinal Tomas Volsi 1524 yil yanvar oyida bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvdan bosh tortdi va Anne uyiga qaytarib yuborildi Hever qal'asi. 1526 yil fevral yoki mart oylarida Genri VIII Annani ta'qib qilishni boshladi. U uni aldashga urinishlariga qarshilik ko'rsatdi va unga aylanishdan bosh tortdi bekasi, uning singlisi Meri edi. Tez orada Genri o'z xohish-istaklariga e'tibor qaratdi bekor qilish Ketrin bilan turmushi, shuning uchun u Anne bilan turmush qurishi mumkin edi. Volsi Genrining nikohini bekor qila olmadi Papa Klement VII va 1529-30 yillarda Anne uning qulashi va o'limiga yordam berdi. Klement nikohni bekor qilmasligi aniq bo'lganda, Genri va uning maslahatchilari, masalan Tomas Kromvel, sindirish boshlandi Katolik cherkovi Angliyadagi hokimiyat va monastirlarni va ruhoniyalarni yopish. 1532 yilda Genri Anne-ni yaratdi Pembrok markasi.

Genri va Enn 1533 yil 14-noyabrdagi yashirin to'ydan keyin 1533 yil 25 yanvarda rasmiy ravishda turmush qurishdi. 1533 yil 23 mayda yangi tayinlangan Canterbury arxiepiskopi Tomas Krenmer Genri va Ketrinning nikohi bekor deb e'lon qildi; besh kundan keyin u Genri va Annaning nikohini haqiqiy deb e'lon qildi. Ko'p o'tmay, Klement Genri va Krenmerni quvib chiqardi. Ushbu nikoh va ushbu chetlatishlar natijasida, o'rtasidagi birinchi tanaffus Angliya cherkovi va Rim bo'lib o'tdi va qirol Angliya cherkovini o'z qo'liga oldi. Anne 1533 yil 1 iyunda Angliya qirolichasi tojiga sazovor bo'ldi. 7 sentyabrda u kelajakni tug'di Qirolicha Yelizaveta I. Genri o'g'lidan ko'ra qizi bo'lishidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan, ammo o'g'li uning ortidan ergashib, Yelizavetani yaxshi ko'raman deb umid qilgan. Keyinchalik Anne uchta bor edi tushish va 1536 yil martigacha Genri kurishdi Jeyn Seymur. Seymurga uylanish uchun Genri Anne bilan nikohni tugatish uchun sabablarni topishi kerak edi.

Genri VIII Anne uchun tergov o'tkazgan edi xiyonat 1536 yil aprelda. 2 may kuni u hibsga olingan va yuborilgan London minorasi, u erda u tengdoshlari hakamlar hay'ati oldida, shu jumladan Genri Persi, uning sobiq kuyovi va amakisi oldida sud qilingan Tomas Xovard, Norfolkning 3-gersogi; u 15 mayda sudlangan va to'rt kundan keyin boshi kesilgan. Zamonaviy tarixchilar unga qo'yilgan ayblovlarni ko'rib chiqmoqdalar zino, qarindoshlar va shohni o'ldirish uchun fitna uyushtirgan. Ba'zilarning ta'kidlashicha, Anne ham ayblangan sehrgarlik ammo ayblov xulosalarida bu haqda hech narsa aytilmagan.^[6][7]

1558 yilda uning qizi Yelizaveta malika taxtiga sazovor bo'lganidan so'ng, Anne a shahid va qahramoni Ingliz tili islohoti, ayniqsa yozma asarlari orqali Jon Foks.^[8] Asrlar mobaynida u ko'p narsalarda ilhom bergan yoki eslatib o'tilgan badiiy va madaniy asarlar va shu bilan uni mashhur xayolda ushlab turdi. U "eng ta'sirchan va muhim" deb nomlangan malikaning konsortsiumi Angliyada hech qachon bo'lmagan ",^[9] u Genrix VIII uchun Aragonlik Ketrin bilan nikohini bekor qilish va ingliz cherkovining mustaqilligini e'lon qilish uchun imkoniyat yaratdi. Vatikan.

Dastlabki yillar

Anne qizi edi Tomas Boleyn, keyinroq Uiltzir grafligi va Ormond grafligi va uning rafiqasi, Xonim Elizabeth Xovard, qizi Tomas Xovard, Norfolkning 2-gersogi. Tomas Boleyn tillar uchun sovg'asi bo'lgan taniqli diplomat edi; u ham edi sevimli ning Angliyalik Genrix VII, uni chet elda ko'plab diplomatik vakolatxonalarga yuborgan. Anne va uning aka-ukalari o'sgan Hever qal'asi yilda Kent. Ular tug'ilgan Norfolk Boleyn uyida Miltillash. Parish yozuvlarining etishmasligi, Annaning tug'ilgan kunini aniqlashga imkon bermadi. Zamonaviy dalillar qarama-qarshi bo'lib, turli tarixchilar tomonidan bir necha sanalar ilgari surilgan. 1600 yilda yozgan italiyalik, u 1499 yilda tug'ilgan deb taxmin qilmoqda Ser Tomas More kuyovi Uilyam Roper 1512 yilni bergan. Uning tug'ilishi olimlar va tarixchilar tomonidan keng qabul qilingan, ehtimol 1501 - 1507 yillarda.

Annada bo'lgani kabi, uning ikkita ukasi qachon tug'ilganligi ham noaniq, ammo uning singlisi aniq ko'rinadi Meri Ennadan katta edi. Maryamning bolalari onalarining katta singil ekanligiga aniq ishonishgan.^[10] Maryamning nabirasi Ormonde unvoniga 1596 yilda u to'ng'ich qizi ekanligi sababli da'vogarlik qilgan va Yelizaveta I uni qabul qilgan.^[11][12] Ularning akasi Jorj taxminan 1504 yilda tug'ilgan.^[13][14]

Annaning singlisi Meri Boleyn

Annaning tug'ilgan sanasi haqidagi akademik munozaralar ikkita muhim sanaga qaratilgan: 1501 va 1507. Erik Ives, ingliz tarixchisi va huquqshunos mutaxassisi 1501 yilni himoya qilmoqda Retha Warnicke, shuningdek, Annning biografiyasini yozgan amerikalik olim, 1507 yilni afzal ko'radi. Omon qolgan yozma dalillarning asosiy qismi Annaning 1514 yilda yozgan xatidir.^[15] U buni hali ham yashab turgan otasiga frantsuz tilida yozgan Angliya Anne ta'limini tugatayotgan paytda Mexelen, ichida Burgundiya Gollandiya, hozir Belgiya. Ivesning ta'kidlashicha, xatning uslubi va uning etuk qo'lyozmasi Anne tuzilayotganda taxminan 13 yoshda bo'lishi kerakligini isbotlaydi, Uornik esa ko'plab xatolar va grammatik xatolar bu xat bola tomonidan yozilganligini ko'rsatadi. Ivesning fikriga ko'ra, bu qizning faxriy xizmatchi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan minimal yoshga to'g'ri keladi, chunki Enn regentga o'xshab,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Avstriyalik Margaret. Buni XVI asrning oxirlarida yozilgan yilnomachining da'volari qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, ular Anne Frantsiyadan qaytib kelganida 20 yoshda edi deb yozgan.^[16] Ushbu topilmalar Warnicke tomonidan bir nechta kitoblarda va maqolalarda bahs qilingan va dalillar ikkala tarixni ham tasdiqlamaydi.^[17]

Ikki mustaqil zamonaviy manbalar 1507 yilni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Muallif Garet Rassel dalillarning qisqacha mazmunini yozgan va shu bilan bog'liq Jeyn Dormer, Feria Düşesi, 1612 yilda vafot etishidan bir oz oldin o'z xotiralarini yozgan. Sobiq kutib turuvchi va ishonchli ayol Qirolicha Maryam I Anne Boleyn haqida yozgan: "U sudlangan va hukm qilingan va hali yigirma to'qqiz yoshga to'lmagan edi". Uilyam Kamden hukmronligi tarixini yozgan Qirolicha Yelizaveta I va shaxsiy hujjatlariga kirish huquqi berildi Lord Borgli va davlat arxivlariga. O'sha tarixda, Elizabetning dastlabki hayoti bilan bog'liq bobda, u Annning MDVII (1507) da tug'ilganligini qayd etdi.^[18]

Annaning buyuk-buyuk bobosi va buvisi, shu jumladan a London meri lord, a gersog, an graf, ikkitasi aristokratik xonimlar va a ritsar. Ulardan biri Jefri Boleyn a merser Lord Mayor bo'lishdan oldin va jun savdogari.^[19][20] Boleyn oilasi dastlab kelib chiqqan Miltillash Norfolkda, shimoldan 15 mil (24 km) Norvich.^[19]

Anne tug'ilganda, Boleyn oilasi ingliz zodagonlarida eng obro'li kishilardan biri bo'lgan. Uning qarindoshlari orasida u raqamlarni sanab o'tdi Xovard, erdagi birinchi oilalardan biri; va uning ajdodlaridan biri Shohni ham o'z ichiga olgan Angliyalik Edvard I. Erik Ivesning so'zlariga ko'ra, u, albatta, tug'ilishdan ko'ra olijanob tug'ildi Jeyn Seymur, Ketrin Xovard va Ketrin Parr, Genrix VIIIning yana uchta ingliz xotinlari.^[21] Boleyn ismining yozilishi o'sha paytda keng tarqalgan bo'lib o'zgaruvchan edi. Ba'zan shunday yozilgan Bullen, demak, uning oila a'zolarining bir qismi bo'lgan buqa boshlari.^[22] Niderlandiyadagi Avstriya Margaret sudida Anne ro'yxatda keltirilgan Boullan.^[12] U erdan u otasiga yozilgan xatga imzo chekdi Anna de Boullan.^[23] U "Anna Bolina" deb ham nomlangan; ushbu lotinlashtirilgan shakl uning aksariyat portretlarida qo'llaniladi.^[23]

Annaning dastlabki ma'lumoti uning sinfidagi ayollar uchun odatiy edi. 1513 yilda u Avstriyaning Margaret maktabiga va uning to'rtta bo'limiga o'qishga taklif qilindi. Uning akademik ta'limi faqat arifmetik, oilaviy nasabnoma, grammatika, tarix, o'qish, imlo va yozuv bilan cheklangan. Shuningdek, u raqs, kashtachilik, odob-axloq, uy sharoitlarini boshqarish, musiqa, kashtachilik va qo'shiq aytish kabi mahoratlarni rivojlantirdi. Anne kartalar, shaxmat va zar kabi o'yinlarni o'ynashni o'rgandi. Shuningdek, u kamondan o'q otish, lochin ovlash, otda yurish va ov qilishni o'rgatgan.^[24]

Gollandiya va Frantsiya

Frantsuz Klod, Frensis I.ning rafiqasi Anne qariyb etti yil davomida uning faxriy xizmatkori bo'lib xizmat qildi.

Annaning otasi diplomatik faoliyatini Genri VIII ostida davom ettirdi. Evropada uning jozibasi ko'plab muxlislarni, shu jumladan avstriyalik Margaretni qizini yutdi Maksimilian I, Muqaddas Rim imperatori. Ushbu davrda Margaret Gollandiyani jiyani ustidan boshqargan Charlz nomidan va Boleyndan juda ta'sirlanib, qizi Annaga o'z uyidan joy taklif qildi. Odatda, bunday sharafga ega bo'lish uchun qiz 12 yoshda bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo Margaret uni mehr bilan chaqirganidek, Anne yoshroq bo'lishi mumkin "la petite Boulin [sic]".^[25] Anne o'zining odob-axloqi va ishchanligi bilan Gollandiyada yaxshi taassurot qoldirdi; Margaret o'zining yoshligi uchun yaxshi gapirganini va yoqimli ekanligini aytdi,^[26] va Tomasga uning qizi "yoshligini hisobga olib, shunchalik xushmuomala va juda yoqimli edi, men uni siz menga emas, balki menga yuborganingiz uchun sizga ko'proq xursandman" (E.W. Ives, kitob.). Anne Margaret bilan 1513 yilning bahoridan boshlab, otasi uni Genri VIIIning singlisiga tashrif buyurishni rejalashtirmaguncha qoldi Meri, kim uylanmoqchi edi Frantsuz Lyudovik XII 1514 yil oktyabrda.

Frantsiyada Enn qirolicha Maryamga, keyin esa Maryamning 15 yoshli o'gay qiziga faxriy xizmatchi bo'lgan Qirolicha Klod, u bilan etti yil birga bo'lgan.^[27][28] Qirolichaning uyida u o'qishni tugatdi Frantsuzcha va san'at, moda, va yoritilgan qo'lyozmalar, adabiyot, musiqa, she'riyat va diniy falsafa. Shuningdek, u frantsuz madaniyati, raqsi, odob-axloq qoidalari, adabiyot, musiqa va she'riyat haqida bilimlarga ega bo'ldi; va noz-karashma va o'yinda tajriba orttirdi muloyim sevgi.^[29] Frantsuz sudidagi Annaning tajribalari haqidagi barcha taxminlar gumon bo'lsa-da, hatto Ives ham uning tarjimai holining so'nggi nashrida, u ehtimol u bilan tanishgan bo'lishi mumkinligini taxmin qilmoqda. Qirol Frensis I singlisi, Margerit de Navarre, gumanistlar va islohotchilar homiysi. Marguerite de Navarre ham o'ziga yarasha muallif bo'lgan va uning asarlarida xristian tasavvufi va islohotlarning unsurlari bid'atga asos bo'lgan, garchi u Frantsiya qirolining sevimli singlisi maqomidan himoyalangan bo'lsa ham. U yoki uning doirasi Annaning diniy islohotlarga, shuningdek she'riyat va adabiyotga bo'lgan qiziqishini rag'batlantirgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[28] Annaning Frantsiyadagi ta'limi keyingi yillarda o'zini ko'rsatdi, bu Angliya xonimlari va saroy xizmatchilari orasida ko'plab yangi tendentsiyalarni ilhomlantirdi. Bu ularning Shohini Papachilik bilan madaniyatni buzadigan qarama-qarshiliklarga qarshi kurashishda muhim rol o'ynagan bo'lishi mumkin. Ivesning biografiyasining so'nggi versiyasida Ennda bo'lishi mumkinligi taxmin qilingan xushxabarchi ishonch va kuchli ma'naviy ichki hayot. Aragonlik Ketrin haqida zamonaviy she'r muallifi Uilyam Forrest, Annaning raqqosa sifatidagi "a'lo darajada o'tayotgani" ni maqtadi. "Mana", deb yozgan u, "yurib ketishi mumkin bo'lgan yangi yosh qiz edi".^[30]

Anne Boleyn tomonidan Kichik Xans Xolbin

Anne o'rtacha bo'yli edi va uzun bo'yli tekis va qalin qora yoki to'q jigarrang sochlari, to'q jigarrang ko'zlari, juda kuchli burni, ingichka lablari bilan aniq keng og'zi va zaytun rangi bilan ingichka shaklga ega edi. U yorqin, maftunkor, g'ayratli, oqlangan, ochiqchasiga va nazokatli, zukko va jonli, fikrli va ehtirosli shaxsga ega edi. Enn yoshligida "shirin va quvnoq" sifatida tasvirlangan va kartochkalar va zar o'yinlarida, sharob ichishda, Frantsuz oshxonasi, noz-karashma, qimor o'ynash, g'iybat va yaxshi hazillar. U kamondan otishni, lochin ovlashni, ovni va vaqti-vaqti bilan piyola o'yinlarini yaxshi ko'rardi. Uning tili ham dahshatli edi.^[31]

Enn u bilan uchrashganlarga kuchli joziba bag'ishladi, ammo uning jozibadorligi to'g'risida fikrlar turlicha edi. Venetsiyalik diarist Marino Sanuto, Genni VIII Frensis I bilan uchrashganida Annani ko'rgan Calais 1532 yil oktyabrda uni "dunyodagi eng kelishgan ayollardan biri emas; u bo'yi past, bo'rttiroq yuzi, bo'yi uzun, og'zi keng, ko'zi unchalik ko'tarilmagan ... qora va chiroyli ko'zlar" deb ta'riflagan.^[32] Simon Gryne yozgan Martin Bucer 1531 yil sentyabrda Anne "yosh, kelishgan, juda qoramtir" edi. Lanselot de Karle uni "nafis qiyofasi bilan go'zal" deb atagan va 1528 yilda Parijda venesiyalik ham uning go'zal ekanligi haqida xabar bergan.^[33]

Anne-ning eng ta'sirli tavsifi,^[34] lekin eng kam ishonchli katolik targ'ibotchisi va polemitsisti tomonidan yozilgan Nikolas Sanders 1586 yilda, Anne o'limidan yarim asr o'tgach:

"Anne Boleyn bo'yi ancha baland, sochlari qora va sarg'ish rangdan qiynalgandek oval yuzi bor edi. Aytishlaricha, uning yuqori labining osti, o'ng qo'lida esa oltita barmog'i proektsiyalangan. katta edi wen iyagi ostida, shuning uchun uning xunukligini yashirish uchun u tomog'ini yopib turadigan baland ko'ylak kiyib olgan ... U chiroyli og'zi bilan qarashga kelishgan edi ".^[35]

Sanders Genni VIII katolik cherkovini rad etgani uchun Annni aybdor deb bilganida, vafotidan 50 yil o'tib yozganida, u uni jin urishni xohlagan edi. Sandersning tavsifi Ivesning Anne Boleynning "monster afsonasi" deb atashiga hissa qo'shdi.^[36] Uning tafsilotlari xayoliy bo'lsa-da, ular ba'zi zamonaviy darsliklarda ham Annaning tashqi qiyofasiga havolalar uchun asos yaratdi.^[37]

Annaning Frantsiyadagi tajribasi uni yangi urf-odatda dindor nasroniy qildi Uyg'onish davri gumanizmi. Anne oz bilardi Lotin va Frantsiya sudida o'qitilib, unga "frantsuzcha gumanizmning evangelist xilma-xilligi" ta'sir ko'rsatdi va bu uni xalq tilida chempion bo'lishiga olib keldi. Injil.^[38] Keyinchalik u islohotchilar pozitsiyasini egallab, papalik hokimiyat nasroniylikka buzg'unchilik ta'sirini ko'rsatdi, ammo uning konservativ tendentsiyalari uning sadoqatidan ko'rinib turardi Bokira Maryam.^[39] Annaning Evropadagi ta'limi 1521 yilda, otasi uni Angliyaga chaqirganda tugadi. U 1522 yil yanvar oyida Kale shahridan suzib ketgan.^[40]

Genri VIII saroyida: 1522-1533

Anne Irlandiyalik amakivachchasiga uylanish uchun chaqirildi, Jeyms Butler, ingliz sudida yashovchi o'zidan bir necha yosh katta yigit.^[41] Nikoh mulk huquqi va mulkiga oid nizoni hal qilishga qaratilgan edi Ormond Earldom. The Ormondning 7-grafligi 1515 yilda vafot etdi, qizlarini qoldirib, Margaret Boleyn va Anne St Leger, voris sifatida. Irlandiyada 3-grafning buyuk nabirasi, Ser Pirs Butler, irodasiga qarshi chiqdi va guldomani o'zi talab qildi. U allaqachon egalik qilgan Kilkenni qal'asi, graflarning ajdodlar o'rni. Ser Tomas Boleyn, to'ng'ich qizining o'g'li bo'lganligi sababli, unvon unga tegishli ekanligiga ishongan va uning qaynonasi, Norfolk gersogi, kim bu masalada Genri bilan suhbatlashdi. Genri, mojaro Irlandiyada fuqarolar urushini keltirib chiqarishi mumkinligidan qo'rqib, Pirsning o'g'li Jeyms va Anne Boleyn o'rtasida ittifoq tuzib, masalani hal qilishga intildi. U unga Ormond merosini mahr sifatida keltirar va shu bilan nizoni tugatadi. Bu reja muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, ehtimol Ser Tomas qizi uchun ulkan turmush qurishni umid qilgani uchunmi yoki u o'zi ham unvonlarga havas qilgani uchunmi. Nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, nikoh bo'yicha muzokaralar butunlay to'xtadi.^[42] Keyinchalik Jeyms Batler Ledi bilan turmush qurdi Joan Fitsjerald, qizi va merosxo'ri Jeyms FitsJerald, Desmondning 10-grafligi va Emi O'Brayen.

20-asrning boshlarida Anne Boleynning qirol bilan ov qilgani tasvirlangan rasm

Meri Boleyn, Anne Boleynning singlisi, 1519 yil oxirida Frantsiyadan chaqirib olindi, go'yo frantsuz qiroli va uning saroy a'zolari bilan ishlarini tugatish uchun. U turmushga chiqdi Uilyam Keri, kichik zodagon, 1520 yil fevralda, soat Grinvich, Genri VIII ishtirok etgan. Ko'p o'tmay, Meri Angliya qirolining ma'shuqasiga aylandi. Tarixchilar Genri VIIIning ushbu nikoh paytida tug'ilgan Meri Boleynning bir yoki ikkala farzandiga otaligi to'g'risida bahslashadi. Genri VIII: Qirol va uning saroyi, tomonidan Alison Vayr, otalik masalalari Genri Keri;^[43] Doktor G.W. Bernard (Qirolning islohoti) va Joanna Denni (Anne Boleyn: Angliya fojiali qirolichasining yangi hayoti) Genri VIII ularning otasi bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydilar. Genri ikkala bolani ham tan olmadi, lekin u o'g'lini tanidi Genri Fitsroy, uning noqonuniy o'g'li tomonidan Elizabeth Blount, Lady Talboys.

Anne o'zini tanitdi Chateau Vert 1522 yil 4 martda imperator elchilari sharafiga (Yashil qal'a) tanlovi bo'lib, "Qat'iylik" ni o'ynaydi (spektakldagi personajlardan biri).^[44] U erda u Genrining singlisi Meri, saroyning boshqa bir qancha xonimlari va singlisi bilan birga bo'lgan murakkab raqsda qatnashdi. Hammasi oq atlasdan oltin ip bilan naqshlangan xalatlar kiyib yurishdi.^[45] U tezda o'zini sudda eng zamonaviy va eng yaxshi ayollardan biri sifatida tanitdi va tez orada bir qator yigitlar unga raqobatlashdilar.^[46]

Uornikning yozishicha, Anne "muloyim ayol edi ... uning aravachasi nafis va frantsuz kiyimlari yoqimli va zamonaviy edi; u bemalol raqsga tushdi, yoqimli qo'shiq ovozi, lyut va boshqa bir qator musiqa asboblarini yaxshi chaldi va frantsuzcha gapirdi. ravon ... Ajoyib, aqlli, tezkor yosh zodagon ayol ... u odamlarni avval u bilan suhbatga tortib, so'ngra ularning ko'nglini ko'tarib, ularga ko'ngil ochar edi.Qisqasi, uning kuchi va hayotiyligi uni har qanday ijtimoiy uchrashuvda diqqat markaziga aylantiradi. " Genri VIIIning biografi J. J. Skarisbrikning ta'kidlashicha, Anne o'z muxlislaridan ko'rgan e'tiboriga "zavq bag'ishlagan".^[47]

Shu vaqt ichida Anne sudga murojaat qildi Genri Persi, o'g'li Northumberland grafligi va u bilan maxfiy nikohga kirishdi. Tomas Volsi janob usher, Jorj Kavendish Ikkisi ham sevishmagan edi.^[48] Romantikani qachon buzishdi Persining otasi ularning ishtirokini qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortdi. Volsi bir nechta taxminiy sabablarga ko'ra uchrashuvni rad etdi. Kavendishning so'zlariga ko'ra, Anne suddan oilasining qishloq joylariga jo'natilgan, ammo qancha vaqtgacha ma'lum emas. Sudga qaytib kelgach, u yana Aragon Ketrin xizmatiga kirdi. Persi turmushga chiqdi Lady Mary Talbot, u bilan o'spirinlikdanoq turmush qurgan.

Genri VIIIga turmushga chiqishdan oldin, Anne bilan do'st bo'lgan Ser Tomas Vayt, eng buyuk shoirlaridan biri Tudor davri. 1520 yilda Uayt Elizabeth Cobhamga turmushga chiqdi, u ko'p ma'lumotlarga ko'ra o'zi tanlagan xotin emas edi.^[49] 1525 yilda Vaytt xotinini zinokorlikda aybladi va undan ajraldi; tasodifan, tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra, u Annaga bo'lgan qiziqishi kuchaygan yil ham bo'lgan. 1532 yilda Vayt qirollik juftligini Kalega kuzatib bordi.^[50]

1526 yilda Genri VIII Annaga hayron bo'lib, uni ta'qib qilishni boshladi.^[51] Anne ko'pincha antechambersda o'ynagan odobli sevgi o'yinida mohir o'yinchi edi. Bu u Genrining, shuningdek, tajribali futbolchi bo'lgan ko'ziga tushgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[52] Ba'zilarning aytishicha, Anne Genrining uni yo'ldan ozdirishga urinishlariga qarshilik ko'rsatgan, uning ma'shuqasi bo'lishni istamagan va ko'pincha Xever Qal'asining tanholigi uchun sudni tark etgan. Ammo bir yil ichida u unga turmush qurishni taklif qildi va u qabul qildi. Ikkalasi ham bir necha oy ichida bekor qilinishi mumkin deb taxmin qilishdi. Ularning turmushga chiqishidan ancha oldin jinsiy aloqada bo'lganliklarini tasdiqlovchi dalillar yo'q; Anrining Annaga yozgan muhabbat xatlari shundan dalolat beradiki, ularning sevgi munosabatlari ettita yillik sevgining aksariyat qismida beg'ubor bo'lib qolgan.

Genrining bekor qilinishi

Ehtimol, Genri bu g'oyani o'ylab topgan bekor qilish (odatdagidek ajrashish emas) bundan ancha oldin, chunki u erkak merosxo'rni ta'minlashni qat'iy talab qilgan Tudor tojga da'vo qilish. Oldin Genri VII taxtga o'tirdi, Angliya uni qamrab oldi fuqarolar urushi raqibning tojga bo'lgan da'volari ustidan va Genri VIII merosxo'rlik borasida shu kabi noaniqlikdan qochishni xohladi. Uning va Ketrinning tirik o'g'illari yo'q edi: Ketrinning bolalari bundan mustasno Meri go'dakligida vafot etdi.^[53] Ketrin birinchi marta Angliyaga Genrining akasiga kelin bo'lish uchun kelgan edi Artur, ular turmush qurganlaridan ko'p o'tmay vafot etgan. Ispaniya va Angliya hali ham ittifoq tuzishni istashgani uchun, Papa Yuliy II berilgan tarqatish Ketrin hali bokira bo'lganligi sababli ularning nikohlari uchun.

Ketrin va Genri 1509 yilda turmush qurishgan, ammo oxir-oqibat u Ketrinning merosxo'rni bera olmasligi Xudoning noroziligidan dalolat berib, nikohning haqiqiyligi to'g'risida shubhali bo'lib qoldi. Uning Annaga bo'lgan his-tuyg'ulari va uning ma'shuqasi bo'lishni rad etishi, ehtimol Genrining biron bir Papa Muqaddas Kitobni bekor qilishga haqqi yo'q degan qaroriga sabab bo'lgan. Bu shuni anglatadiki, u bu yillar davomida Ketrin bilan gunohda yashagan, ammo Ketrin bunga qattiq qarshi chiqqan va Artur bilan turmushi tugatilganligini tan olishdan bosh tortgan. Bu, shuningdek, uning qizi Meri harom odam ekanligini va yangi Papa (Klement VII ) oldingi Papaning xatosini tan olishi va nikohni bekor qilishi kerak edi. Anrini bekor qilishni izlash evfemik tarzda "Qirolning buyuk masalasi ".^[54]

Anne imkoniyatni Genrining oshiqligi va qulay axloqiy muammodan ko'rdi. U o'zining quchog'iga faqat tan olingan malikasi sifatida bo'ysunishini qaror qildi. U siyosatda va davlatda uning yonidan joy ola boshladi, lekin hali yotog'ida emas.^[55]

Olimlar va tarixchilar Ennening sadoqati qanchalik chuqur ekanligi to'g'risida turli fikrlarni bildirmoqdalar Islohot u shunchaki shaxsan shuhratparast edi va u Genrining papa hokimiyatiga bo'ysunmasligi bilan qanchalik bog'liq edi. Biograf bilan bog'liq anekdot dalillar mavjud Jorj Vayt uning sobiq bekasi tomonidan Anne Gainsford,^[56] Anri Genri e'tiboriga, ehtimol, bid'at risolasini keltirdi Tindal "s Xristian odamning itoatkorligi yoki bittadan Simon Fish deb nomlangan Tilanchilar uchun iltijo, bu monarxlarga katolik cherkovining haddan ziyod haddan ziyod haddan tashqari kuchlarini qaytarishga chaqirgan. U cherkovni yanada isloh qilishga intilganlarga xayrixoh edi va Muqaddas Bitiklarning ingliz tilidagi tarjimalari ustida ishlayotgan olimlarni faol himoya qildi. Ga binoan Mariya Dowling, "Anne kutib turgan ayollarni Muqaddas Kitobdagi taqvodorlikka o'rgatishga urindi" va uning amakivachchasini tanbeh qilganiga ishonishadi, Meri Shelton, "uning ibodat kitobida" bekorchi kasalliklar "yozilganligi uchun".^[57] Agar Kavenishdi ishonsa, Annaning Volsiga g'azabi u Frantsiyadan o'zi bilan olib kelgan har qanday falsafiy itoatsizlikni shaxsiylashtirgan bo'lishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, Ivesning tarjimai holining eng so'nggi nashri, Anne yoshligida shaxsiy ruhiy uyg'onishni boshdan kechirgan bo'lishi mumkin, deb aytdi, chunki bu jarayon ko'p yillar davom etgan bo'lsa-da, Genri islohotining katalizatori emas, balki tezlashtiruvchisi.

1528 yilda, terlash kasalligi juda qattiqlik bilan boshlandi. Londonda o'lim darajasi juda yaxshi edi va sud tarqatildi. Genri Londonni tark etdi, tez-tez turar joyini o'zgartirdi; Anne Boleyn Xever qasridagi Boleyn qarorgohiga chekindi, ammo kasallikka yo'liqdi; uning qayinasi Uilyam Keri vafot etdi. Genri o'z vrachini Enverni parvarish qilish uchun Hever qal'asiga yubordi,^[58] va ko'p o'tmay, u o'zini tikladi.

Tez orada Genri Ketrinning bekor qilinishini so'radi.^[59] U to'g'ridan-to'g'ri murojaat qilishdan umidvor bo'lgan Muqaddas qarang, Volsidan mustaqil ravishda harakat qilib, unga dastlab Anne bilan bog'liq rejalari haqida hech narsa aytmagan. 1527 yilda Uilyam Nayt, Qirolning kotibi yuborildi Papa Klement VII tarqatilganligi sababli Genrining Ketrin bilan nikohini bekor qilishni talab qilish buqa Yuliy II ning akasining bevasi Ketringa uylanishiga ruxsat berganligi, yolg'on bahonalar bilan olingan. Shuningdek, Genri ozod bo'lgan taqdirda, yaqinlik qonuniy yoki noqonuniy aloqada bo'ladimi-yo'qligini, hatto birinchi darajadagi yaqinlik darajasida ham har qanday ayol bilan yangi nikoh tuzish to'g'risidagi ariza bilan murojaat qildi. Bu aniq Annega tegishli.^[60]

Aragonlik Ketrin, Genrining birinchi rafiqasi va malikasi

O'sha paytda Klement mahbus edi Charlz V, Muqaddas Rim imperatori, natijasida Rim xaltasi 1527 yil may oyida ritsar kirish huquqini olishda biroz qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi. Oxir oqibat u shartli dispanser bilan qaytishi kerak edi, bu Volsining ta'kidlashicha texnik jihatdan etarli emas.^[61] Genri endi buyuk ishini Vensining qo'liga topshirishdan boshqa iloj topmadi, u Genri foydasiga qaror qabul qilish uchun qo'lidan kelgan barcha ishni qildi,^[62] hatto maxsus elchi bilan Angliyada cherkov sudini chaqirishga qadar, Lorenso Kempejio, masalani hal qilish uchun Klementdan. Ammo Klement o'rinbosariga qaror qabul qilishga vakolat bermagan. U hali ham Karl Vning haqiqiy garovi edi va Karl V xolasi Ketringa sodiq edi.^[63] Papa Genriga Angliyada emas, Rimda qaror topgunga qadar yangi turmush qurishni taqiqladi. Volsining sadoqati Angliya bilan emas, balki Papa bilan bog'liq ekanligiga amin bo'lgan Anne, shuningdek Volsining ko'plab dushmanlari uning 1529 yilda davlat lavozimidan chetlatilishini ta'minladilar. Volsining palatasi Kavendish 1529 yilda kechki ovqat paytida shoh va Enni kutib turgan xizmatchilar qayd etgan. Graftonda Volsining shon-sharafga keltirgan sharmandasi boshqa har qanday inglizning boshiga tushishi mumkin edi, degan so'zlarini eshitdi. Genri javob berdi: "Nega men buni anglayapman ... sen Kardinalning do'sti emassan". Genri nihoyat Volsining hibsga olinishiga rozi bo'ldi taniqli.^[64] Agar uning kasalligi tufayli 1530 yilda o'limi bo'lmaganida, Volsi xiyonat uchun qatl qilinishi mumkin edi.^[65] 1531 yilda (Genri Annaga uylanishidan ikki yil oldin) Ketrin suddan haydaldi va uning xonalari Annaga berildi.

Ketrin jamoatchilikni qo'llab-quvvatladi. 1531 yilning kuzida, bir kuni kechqurun Anne, manordagi uyda ovqatlanardi Temza daryosi va g'azablangan ayollar olomoni tomonidan deyarli ushlanib qoldi. Anne faqat qayiqda qochishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.^[66]

Qachon Canterbury arxiepiskopi Uilyam Uorxem 1532 yilda vafot etgan, Boleyn oilasi ruhoniysi, Tomas Krenmer, Papa ma'qullash bilan tayinlandi.^[67]

1532 yilda, Tomas Kromvel oldin olib kelingan Parlament qator harakatlar, shu jumladan Ordinaries-ga qarshi iltijo va Ruhoniylarning topshirig'i, tan olgan qirol ustunligi cherkov ustidan, shunday qilib Rim bilan tanaffusni yakunladi. Ushbu harakatlardan so'ng, Tomas More sifatida iste'foga chiqdi Kantsler Kromvelni Genrining bosh vaziri sifatida qoldirdi.^[68]

Nikohdan oldingi roli va nikohi

Anne Boleyn turmushga chiqishidan oldin ham iltimosnomalar berishga, diplomatlar qabul qilishga va homiylik qilishga qodir edi va Genri chet el diplomatlarining da'vosi uchun ta'sir o'tkazgan.

Ushbu davrda Anne Frantsiya bilan ittifoq tuzish orqali Angliyaning xalqaro mavqeida muhim rol o'ynadi. U Frantsiya elchisi bilan ajoyib aloqalarni o'rnatdi, Gilles de la Pommeraie. Anne va Genri Frantsuz qiroli bilan Kale shahrida 1532 yil qishda bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvda qatnashdilar, unda Genri qo'llab-quvvatlashga umid qildi. Frantsuz I Frantsisk uning mo'ljallangan nikohi uchun. 1532 yil 1-sentyabrda Genri unga Pembrokining markasi, tegishli tengdoshlik kelajakdagi malika uchun;^[69] shuning uchun u boy va muhim ayolga aylandi: 1532 yilda mavjud bo'lgan uchta knyaz va ikkita marquess Genrining qaynisi, Genrining noqonuniy o'g'li va qirollikning boshqa avlodlari edi; u boshqa tengdoshlaridan ustun turardi. Pembrok tushdi va unvoni Pembrok grafligi Genrining amakisi tomonidan ushlab turilgan,^[70] va Genri investitsiyani o'zi amalga oshirdi.^[71]

Genri VIII, tomonidan Kichik Xans Xolbin, 1537 atrofida

Annaning oilasi ham munosabatlardan foyda ko'rdi. Uning otasi, allaqachon Viskont Rochford yaratilgan Uiltzir grafligi. Genri ham Annaning Irlandiyalik amakivachchasi bilan kelishib, uni yaratdi Ormond grafligi. Otasining balandligini nishonlash uchun ajoyib ziyofatda, Anne odatda qirolicha egallab turgan shoh yonida sharafli joyda o'tirgan Suffolk va Norfolk gertsoglaridan ustun edi.^[72] Annaning aralashuvi tufayli uning beva singlisi Meri har yili 100 funt sterling pensiya oldi va Maryamning o'g'li, Genri Keri, obro'li bir joyda tahsil olgan Tsister monastir.

Kale shahridagi konferentsiya siyosiy g'alabadan iborat edi, ammo Frantsiya hukumati Genrining qayta turmushga chiqishiga bevosita yordam bergan bo'lsa ham va Frensis I Anne bilan shaxsiy konferentsiya o'tkazgan bo'lsa ham, frantsuz qiroli Papa bilan aniq qarshi bo'lolmaydigan ittifoqlarni saqlab qoldi.^[73]

Qaytib kelganidan ko'p o'tmay Dover, Genri va Anne 1532 yil 14-noyabrda maxfiy marosimda turmush qurishdi.^[74] Tez orada u homilador bo'ldi va o'sha paytda noqonuniy deb hisoblangan birinchi to'yni qonuniylashtirish uchun ikkinchi kitob bo'lib o'tdi, shuningdek, Royal Book-ga binoan,^[75] Londonda 1533 yil 25-yanvarda. Endi voqealar tez sur'atlar bilan harakatlana boshladi. 1533 yil 23-mayda Kranmer (Papa roziligi bilan, yaqinda vafot etganligi sababli bo'shatilgan Kanterberi arxiyepiskopi lavozimiga shoshildi. Uorxem ) da yig'ilgan maxsus sudda sud majlisida o'tirdi Dunstable Priory Genrining Ketrin bilan turmush qurganligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish. U buni bekor va bekor deb e'lon qildi. Besh kundan so'ng, 1533 yil 28-mayda Krenmer Genri va Ennaning turmushini yaxshi va haqiqiy deb e'lon qildi.^[76]

Angliya malikasi: 1533–1536 yillar

Anne Boleynning gerbi qirolicha konsortsorti sifatida^[77]

Yepiskop Jon Fisher, tomonidan Kichik Xans Xolbin. Fisher Genri VIIIning Anne Boleyn bilan turmushini tan olishdan bosh tortdi

Ketrin malika unvonidan rasmiy ravishda mahrum qilindi va shuning uchun Anne toj kiyib oldi malikaning konsortsiumi 1533 yil 1-iyun kuni ajoyib marosimda Vestminster abbatligi keyin ziyofat bilan.^[78] U eridan alohida toj kiygan Angliyaning so'nggi malika konsortsiumi edi. Boshqa har qanday malika konsortsiumidan farqli o'laroq, Anne bilan toj kiygan Sent-Edvardning toji, ilgari faqat monarxlarni toj qilish uchun ishlatilgan.^[79] Tarixchi Elis Xant buni Annaning homiladorligi o'sha paytgacha ko'rinib turishi va bola erkak deb taxmin qilinganligi sababli amalga oshirilganligini ta'kidlamoqda.^[80] Oldingi kuni Anne ishtirok etdi murakkab kortej ichida o'tirgan London ko'chalari orqali axlat ikkitasida joylashgan "oltindan oq mato" palfreylar baronlari esa, oq damask bilan erga kiyingan Cinque portlari boshiga oltin matolardan yasalgan soyabon tutdi. An'anaga ko'ra u oq, boshida esa uzun qora sochlari bemalol osilib turadigan oltin kronet kiyib yurardi.^[81] Uning tashqi ko'rinishiga jamoatchilikning munosabati iliq edi.^[82]

Ayni paytda, Jamiyat palatasi Rimga barcha murojaatlarni taqiqlagan va jazolarni tayinlagan taniqli papa buqalarini Angliyaga kiritganlarning barchasiga qarshi. Shundan keyingina Papa Klement nihoyat vaqtinchalik e'lon qilish qadamini qo'ydi chetlatish Genri va Krenmerdan. U Anne bilan bo'lgan nikohni qoraladi va 1534 yil mart oyida Ketrin bilan nikohni qonuniy deb e'lon qildi va yana Genrining unga qaytishini buyurdi.^[83] Genri endi o'z fuqarolaridan qasam ichishni talab qildi qasam ga biriktirilgan Birinchi merosxo'rlik to'g'risidagi qonun, qonuniy masalalarda papa hokimiyatini samarali ravishda rad etgan va Anne Boleynni qirolicha deb tan olgan. Rad etganlar, masalan Ser Tomas More sifatida iste'foga chiqqan Lord Kantsler va Jon Fisher, Rochester yepiskopi, joylashtirilgan edi London minorasi. 1534 yil oxirlarida parlament Genri "Angliya cherkovining er yuzidagi yagona oliy rahbari" deb e'lon qildi.^[84] Angliyadagi cherkov endi Rimning emas, Genrining nazorati ostida edi. 1534 yil 14-mayda, mulkni himoya qiladigan birinchi rasmiy harakatlaridan birida Protestant islohotchilari, Anne xat yozdi Tomas Kromvel ingliz savdogari Richard Xermanni savdogar avantyuristlar tarkibiga qaytarilishini ta'minlashda yordam so'rab Antverpen va endi u "Yangi Ahdni ingliz tilida belgilashda" yordam bergani uchun endi ta'qib qilinmadi.^[85] Taqdirlanishidan oldin va keyin Enn himoya qildi va targ'ib qilindi evangelistlar va Muqaddas Bitiklarni o'rganishni istaganlar Uilyam Tindal.^[86] U protestant islohotchisiga ta'sir ko'rsatishda hal qiluvchi rol o'ynagan Metyu Parker sudda uning ruhoniysi sifatida ishtirok etish va o'limidan oldin qizini Parkerning qaramog'iga topshirish.^[87]

O'g'il uchun kurash

O'zining taxtiga o'tirgandan so'ng, Anne Qirolning sevimli qarorgohida tinch kun tartibiga o'tdi, Grinvich saroyi, uning chaqalog'ining tug'ilishiga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun. Bola 1533 yil 7-sentabr kuni tushdan keyin soat uchdan to'rtgacha ozgina muddatidan oldin tug'ilgan. Anne suvga cho'mgan bir qizni tug'di Yelizaveta, ehtimol Annaning onasi yoki ikkalasi sharafiga Elizabeth Howard va Genrining onasi, Yorklik Yelizaveta.^[88] Ammo qiz tug'ilishi ota-onasiga og'ir zarba bo'ldi, ular o'g'il bolani kutishdi. Qirol shifokorlari va munajjimlardan birortasidan tashqari barchasi o'g'ilni bashorat qilishgan va frantsuz qirolidan uning xudojo'y otasi sifatida turish so'ralgan. Endi tug'ilish to'g'risida e'lon qilingan tayyorlangan xatlar shahzoda bor edi s shoshilib o'qish uchun ularga qo'shildi shahzodalar [lar] va merosxo'r tug'ilishi uchun an'anaviy jousting musobaqasi bekor qilindi.^[89][90]

Grinvich saroyi XVII asrda chizilgan rasmlardan so'ng, shuningdek, Plasentiya saroyi deb ham atalgan

Kichkintoy malikasiga ajoyib suvga cho'mish marosimi berildi, ammo Anne Ketrinning qizi, Meri, endi malika unvonidan mahrum qilindi va a deb etiketlandi Ablah, Elizabethning pozitsiyasiga tahdid solgan. Genri xotinini qo'rquvini tinchitib, Maryamni ko'plab xizmatkorlaridan ajratib, unga yubordi Xetfild uyi Bu erda Elizabeth o'zining katta xizmatchilari bilan yashaydi va mamlakat havosi go'dakning sog'lig'i uchun yaxshiroq deb o'ylardi.^[91] Anne tez-tez Xetfild va boshqa uylarda qiziga tashrif buyurgan.^[92]

Yangi malikada xizmatkorlar soni Ketrinnikidan kattaroq edi. Uning shaxsiy ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun ruhoniylardan tortib to barqaror o'g'il bolalarigacha bo'lgan 250 dan ortiq xizmatkorlar va unga xizmat qilgan va ijtimoiy tadbirlarda unga hamroh bo'lgan 60 dan ortiq sharafli xizmatkorlar bo'lgan. U shuningdek, u kabi harakat qilgan bir necha ruhoniylarni ish bilan ta'minlagan tan oluvchilar, ruhoniylar va diniy maslahatchilar. Ulardan biri edi Metyu Parker, kimning bosh me'morlaridan biriga aylandi Anglikan thought during the reign of Anne's daughter, Elizabeth I.^[93]

Strife with the king

Henry's reconciliation with Anne Boleyn, by Jorj Kruikshank, 19-asr

The king and his new queen enjoyed a reasonably happy accord with periods of calm and affection. Anne's sharp intelligence, political acumen and forward manners, although desirable in a mistress, were, at the time, unacceptable in a wife. She was once reported to have spoken to her uncle in words that "shouldn't be used to a dog".^[94] Keyin o'lik tug'ilish or miscarriage as early as Rojdestvo 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the possibility of divorcing her without having to return to Catherine.^[95] Nothing came of the issue as the royal couple reconciled and spent summer 1535 on progress. By October, she was again pregnant.

Anne presided over a magnificent court. She spent lavish amounts of money on gowns, jewels, head-dresses, ostrich-feather fans, riding equipment, furniture and upholstery, maintaining the ostentatious display required by her status. Numerous palaces were renovated to suit her and Henry's extravagant tastes.^[96] Her motto was "The most happy", and she chose a white falcon as her personal device.

Anne was blamed for Henry's tyranny and called by some of her subjects "The king's whore" or a "naughty paike [prostitute]".^[97] Public opinion turned further against her after her failure to produce a son. It sank even lower after the executions of her enemies More and Fisher.^[98]

Downfall and execution: 1536

Jeyn Seymur became Henry's third wife shortly after Anne's execution.

On 8 January 1536, news of Catherine of Aragon's death reached the King and Anne, who were overjoyed. The following day, Henry and Anne wore yellow, the symbol of joy and celebration in England, from head to toe, and celebrated Catherine's death with festivities.^[99] In Spain, the home country of Catherine of Aragon, yellow was the colour of mourning, in addition to black.^[100] For this reason, the wearing of yellow by Henry and Anne may have been a symbol of mourning. With Mary's mother dead, Anne attempted to make peace with her.^[101] Mary rebuffed Anne's overtures, perhaps because of rumours circulating that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne or Henry. These began after the discovery during her balzamlash that Catherine's heart was blackened. Modern medical experts are in agreement that this was not the result of poisoning, but of cancer of the heart, an extremely rare condition which was not understood at the time.^[94]

The Queen, pregnant again, was aware of the dangers if she failed to give birth to a son. With Catherine dead, Henry would be free to marry without any taint of illegality. At this time Henry began paying court to Jeyn Seymur. He gave her a locket with a miniature portrait of himself inside and Jane, in the presence of Anne, began opening and shutting it. Anne responded by ripping off the locket with such force her fingers bled.^[102]

Later that month, the King was unhorsed in a tournament and knocked unconscious for two hours, a worrying incident that Anne believed led to her miscarriage five days later.^[103] Another possible cause of the miscarriage was an incident in which, upon entering a room, Anne saw Jane Seymour sitting on Henry's lap and flew into a rage. Whatever the cause, on the day that Catherine of Aragon was buried at Peterboro abbatligi, Anne miscarried a baby which, according to the imperial ambassador Yustas Chapuys, she had borne for about three and a half months, and which "seemed to be a male child".^[104] Chapuys commented "She has miscarried of her saviour."^[105] In Chapuys' opinion, this loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage.^[106]

Given Henry's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the male child she miscarried in 1536.^[107] Most sources attest only to the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533, a possible miscarriage in the summer of 1534, and the miscarriage of a male child, of almost four months gestation, in January 1536.^[108] As Anne recovered from her miscarriage, Henry declared that he had been seduced into the marriage by means of "sortilege"—a French term indicating either "deception" or "spells". His new mistress, Jane Seymour, was quickly moved into royal quarters. This was followed by Anne's brother Jorj being refused a prestigious court honour, the Garter buyrug'i, given instead to Sir Nicholas Carew.^[109]

Charges of adultery, incest and treason

Tomas Kromvel, Anne's one-time strong ally, with whom she clashed over foreign policy and the redistribution of church wealth. Portret tomonidan Kichik Xans Xolbin, v. 1532.

Anne's biographer Eric Ives (and most other historians) believe that her fall and execution were primarily engineered by her former ally Thomas Cromwell.^[110][111] The conversations between Chapuys and Cromwell thereafter indicate Cromwell as the instigator of the plot to remove Anne; evidence of this is seen in the Ispaniya xronikasi and through letters written from Chapuys to Charles V. Anne argued with Cromwell over the redistribution of Church revenues and over foreign policy. She advocated that revenues be distributed to charitable and educational institutions; and she favoured a French alliance. Cromwell insisted on filling the King's depleted coffers, while taking a cut for himself, and preferred an imperial alliance.^[112] For these reasons, Ives suggests, "Anne Boleyn had become a major threat to Thomas Cromwell."^[113] Cromwell's biographer John Schofield, on the other hand, contends that no power struggle existed between Anne and Cromwell and that "not a trace can be found of a Cromwellian conspiracy against Anne... Cromwell became involved in the royal marital drama only when Henry ordered him onto the case."^[114] Cromwell did not manufacture the accusations of adultery, though he and other officials used them to bolster Henry's case against Anne.^[115] Warnicke questions whether Cromwell could have or wished to manipulate the king in such a matter. Such a bold attempt by Cromwell, given the limited evidence, could have risked his office, even his life.^[116] Henry himself issued the crucial instructions: his officials, including Cromwell, carried them out.^[117] The result was by modern standards a legal travesty,^[118] however the rules of the time were not bent in order to assure a conviction; there was no need to tamper with rules that guaranteed the desired result since law at the time was an engine of state, not a mechanism for justice.^[119]

Towards the end of April a Flamancha musician in Anne's service named Mark Smeaton was arrested. He initially denied being the Queen's lover but later confessed, perhaps qiynoqqa solingan or promised freedom. Another courtier, Ser Genri Norris, was arrested on 1-may kuni; halokat signali, but being an aristocrat, could not be tortured. Prior to his arrest, Norris was treated kindly by the King, who offered him his own horse to use on the May Day festivities. It seems likely that during the festivities, the King was notified of Smeaton's confession and it was shortly thereafter the alleged conspirators were arrested upon his orders. Norris denied his guilt and swore that Queen Anne was innocent; one of the most damaging pieces of evidence against Norris was an overheard conversation with Anne at the end of April, where she accused him of coming often to her chambers not to pay court to her lady-in-waiting Madge Shelton but to herself. Ser Frensis Ueston was arrested two days later on the same charge, as was Ser Uilyam Brereton, a groom of the King's Privy Chamber. Ser Tomas Vayt, a poet and friend of the Boleyns who was allegedly infatuated with her before her marriage to the king, was also imprisoned for the same charge but later released, most likely due to his or his family's friendship with Cromwell. Sir Richard Page was also accused of having a sexual relationship with the Queen, but he was acquitted of all charges after further investigation could not implicate him with Anne.^[120] The final accused was Queen Anne's own brother, Jorj Boleyn, arrested on charges of qarindoshlar va xiyonat.^[121] He was accused of two incidents of incest: November 1535 at Uaytxoll and the following month at Eltam.^[122]

On 2 May 1536, Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London by barge. It is likely that Anne may have entered through the Court Gate in the Byward Tower rather than the Traitors' Gate, according to historian and author of The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, Eric Ives. In the Tower, she collapsed, demanding to know the location of her father and "swete broder", as well as the charges against her.

In what is reputed to be her last letter to Henry, dated 6 May, she wrote:

Sir,

Your Grace's displeasure, and my imprisonment are things so strange unto me, as what to write, or what to excuse, I am altogether ignorant. Whereas you send unto me (willing me to confess a truth, and so obtain your favour) by such an one, whom you know to be my ancient professed enemy. I no sooner received this message by him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty perform your demand.

But let not your Grace ever imagine, that your poor wife will ever be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought thereof preceded. And to speak a truth, never prince had wife more loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in Anne Boleyn: with which name and place I could willingly have contented myself, if God and your Grace's pleasure had been so pleased. Neither did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received Queenship, but that I always looked for such an alteration as I now find; for the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your Grace's fancy, the least alteration I knew was fit and sufficient to draw that fancy to some other object. You have chosen me, from a low estate, to be your Queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire. If then you found me worthy of such honour, good your Grace let not any light fancy, or bad council of mine enemies, withdraw your princely favour from me; neither let that stain, that unworthy stain, of a disloyal heart toward your good grace, ever cast so foul a blot on your most dutiful wife, and the infant-princess your daughter. Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges; yea let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open flame; then shall you see either my innocence cleared, your suspicion and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared. So that whatsoever God or you may determine of me, your grace may be freed of an open censure, and mine offense being so lawfully proved, your grace is at liberty, both before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an unlawful wife, but to follow your affection, already settled on that party, for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some good while since have pointed unto, your Grace being not ignorant of my suspicion therein. But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an infamous slander must bring you the enjoying of your desired happiness; then I desire of God, that he will pardon your great sin therein, and likewise mine enemies, the instruments thereof, and that he will not call you to a strict account of your unprincely and cruel usage of me, at his general judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear, and in whose judgment I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me) mine innocence shall be openly known, and sufficiently cleared. My last and only request shall be, that myself may only bear the burden of your Grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, who (as I understand) are likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake. If ever I found favour in your sight, if ever the name of Anne Boleyn hath been pleasing in your ears, then let me obtain this request, and I will so leave to trouble your Grace any further, with mine earnest prayers to the Trinity to have your Grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions. From my doleful prison in the Tower, this sixth of May;

Your most loyal and ever faithful wife,

Anne Boleyn

Four of the accused men were tried in Vestminster on 12 May 1536. Weston, Brereton, and Norris publicly maintained their innocence and only the tortured Smeaton supported toj by pleading guilty. Three days later, Anne and George Boleyn were tried separately in the Tower of London, before a jury of 27 tengdoshlar. She was accused of zino, incest, and xiyonat.^[123] By the Treason Act of Eduard III, adultery on the part of a queen was a form of treason (because of the implications for the succession to the throne) for which the penalty was osib qo'yish, chizish va to'rtburchaklar for a man and burning alive for a woman, but the accusations, and especially that of incestuous adultery, were also designed to impugn her moral character. The other form of treason alleged against her was that of plotting the king's death, with her "lovers", so that she might later marry Henry Norris.^[122] Anne's one-time betrothed, Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, sat on the jury that unanimously found Anne guilty. When the verdict was announced, he collapsed and had to be carried from the courtroom. He died childless eight months later and was succeeded by his jiyani.

On 17 May, Cranmer declared Anne's marriage to Henry null and void.^[124]

Final hours

Anne Boleyn in the Tower by Edouard Cibot (1799–1877)

Although the evidence against them was unconvincing,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} the accused were found guilty and condemned to death. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. Uilyam Kingston, Minora stoli, reported Anne seemed very happy and ready to be done with life. Henry commuted Anne's sentence from burning to beheading, and rather than have a queen beheaded with the common axe, he brought an expert swordsman from Sankt-Omer in France, to perform the execution. On the morning of 19 May, Kingston wrote:

This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innocency alway to be clear. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, 'Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain.' I told her it should be no pain, it was so little. And then she said, 'I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,' and then put her hands about it, laughing heartily. I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight.^[125]

Her impending death may have caused her great sorrow for some time during her imprisonment. The poem "Oh Death Rock Me Asleep " is generally believed to have been authored by Anne and reveals that she may have hoped death would end her suffering.^[126]

Shortly before dawn, she called Kingston to hear massa with her, and swore in his presence, on the eternal salvation of her soul, upon the Holy Sacraments, that she had never been unfaithful to the king. She ritually repeated this oath both immediately before and after receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist.^[127]

On the morning of Friday, 19 May, Anne was executed within the Tower precincts, not upon the site of the execution memorial, but rather, according to historian Eric Ives, on a scaffold erected on the north side of the Oq minora, in front of what is now the Waterloo Barracks.^[128] She wore a red kamzul under a loose, dark grey gown of damask trimmed in fur and a mantle of ermine.^[129] Accompanied by two female attendants, Anne made her final walk from the Queen's House to the scaffold and she showed a "devilish spirit"^[130] and looked "as gay as if she was not going to die".^[131] Anne climbed the scaffold and made a short speech to the crowd:

Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.^[132][133]

This version of her speech is found in Tulki "s Aktlar va yodgorliklar^[132] and an almost identical version in Ives (2005).^[133] In a 1,318-line poem, written in French, two weeks after Anne's death,^[134] Lancelot de Carle provides a moving account of her last words and their effect on the crowd:

She gracefully addressed the people from the scaffold with a voice somewhat overcome by weakness, but which gathered strength as she went on. She begged her hearers to forgive her if she had not used them all with becoming gentleness, and asked for their prayers. It was needless, she said, to relate why she was there, but she prayed the Judge of all the world to have compassion on those who had condemned her, and she begged them to pray for the King, in whom she had always found great kindness, fear of God, and love of his subjects. The spectators could not refrain from tears.^{[135][136][137]}

Lancelot de Carle, a secretary to the French Ambassador, Antoine de Castelnau, was in London in May 1536,^[138] and was an eyewitness to her trial and execution.^{[139][137][140]} The poem, Épistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict à l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'Angleterre, (A Letter Containing the Criminal Charges Laid Against Queen Anne Boleyn of England),^[141] provides a detailed account of Anne's early life and the circumstances relating to her arrest, trial and execution.^[142] All the accounts are similar. It is thought that Anne avoided criticising Henry to save Elizabeth and her family from further consequences, but even under such extreme pressure Anne did not confess guilt, and indeed subtly implied her innocence, in her appeal to those who might "meddle of my cause".^[143]

O'lim va dafn qilish

Tomas Krenmer, who was the sole supporter of Anne in the council.

The ermine mantle was removed and Anne lifted off her headdress, tucking her hair under a koif.^[144] After a brief farewell to her weeping ladies and a request for prayers, she kneeled down and one of her ladies tied a blindfold over her eyes.^[144] She knelt upright, in the French style of executions.^[145] Her final prayer consisted of her repeating continually, "Jezu receive my soul; O Lord God have pity on my soul."^[146]

The execution consisted of a single stroke.^[147] It was witnessed by Thomas Cromwell; Charlz Brendon, 1-suffolk gersogi; the King's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy; the Lord Mayor of London, as well as aldermen, sheriffs, and representatives of the various craft guilds. Most of the King's Council were also present.^[148] Cranmer, who was at Lambet saroyi, was reported to have broken down in tears after telling Alexander Ales: "She who has been the Queen of England on earth will today become a Queen in heaven."^[149] When the charges were first brought against Anne, Cranmer had expressed his astonishment to Henry and his belief that "she should not be culpable." Still, Cranmer felt vulnerable because of his closeness to the queen, and so on the night before the execution, he declared Henry's marriage to Anne to have been void, like Catherine's before her. He made no serious attempt to save Anne's life, although some sources record that he had prepared her for death by hearing her last private confession of sins, in which she had stated her innocence before God.^[150] On the day of her death, a Scottish friend found Cranmer weeping uncontrollably in his London gardens, saying that he was sure that Anne had now gone to Heaven.^[151]

She was then buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. Her skeleton was identified during renovations of the chapel in 1876, in the reign of Qirolicha Viktoriya,^[152][153] and Anne's grave is now identified on the marble floor.

Recognition and legacy

Nicholas Sander, katolik recusant tug'ilgan c. 1530, was committed to deposing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism in England. Uning ichida De Origine ac Progressu schismatis Anglicani (The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), published in 1585, he was the first to write that Anne had six fingers on her right hand.^[154] Since physical deformities were generally interpreted as a sign of evil, it is unlikely that Anne Boleyn would have gained Henry's romantic attention had she had any.^[155] Upon exhumation in 1876, no abnormalities were discovered. Her frame was described as delicate, approximately 5'3", "the hand and feet bones indicated delicate and well-shaped hands and feet, with tapering fingers and a narrow foot"^[156]

Anne Boleyn was described by contemporaries as intelligent and gifted in musical arts and scholarly pursuits. She was also strong-willed and proud, and often quarrelled with Henry.^[157] Biographer Eric Ives evaluates the apparent contradictions in Anne's persona:

To us she appears inconsistent—religious yet aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with the light touch of the courtier yet the strong grip of the politician—but is this what she was, or merely what we strain to see through the opacity of the evidence? As for her inner life, short of a miraculous cache of new material, we shall never really know. Yet what does come to us across the centuries is the impression of a person who is strangely appealing to the early 21st century: A woman in her own right—taken on her own terms in a man's world; a woman who mobilised her education, her style and her presence to outweigh the disadvantages of her sex; of only moderate good looks, but taking a court and a king by storm. Perhaps, in the end, it is Thomas Cromwell's assessment that comes nearest: intelligence, spirit and courage.^[158]

No contemporary portretlar of Anne Boleyn survive. A bust of her was cast on a commemorative medallion in 1534, believed to have been struck to celebrate her second pregnancy.^[159]

Following the coronation of her daughter as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism and that God had provided proof of her innocence and virtue by making sure her daughter Elizabeth I ascended the throne. An example of Anne's direct influence in the reformed church is what Alexander Ales described to Queen Elizabeth as the "evangelical bishops whom your holy mother appointed from among those scholars who favoured the purer doctrine".^[160] Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. As a result, she has remained in the popular memory and has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had."^[9]

Faith and spirituality

Because of Anne's early exposure to court life, she had powerful influences around her for most of her life. These early influences were mostly women who were engaged with art, history, and religion. Erik Ives described the women around Anne as "aristocratic women seeking spiritual fulfillment".^[161] Ular kiritilgan Qirolicha Klod, of whose court Anne was a member, and Marguerite of Angoulême, who was a well known figure during the Uyg'onish davri and held strong religious views that she portrayed through poetry. These women along with Anne's immediate family members, such as her father, may have had a large influence on Anne's personal faith.

Another clue into Anne's personal faith could be found in Anne's soat kitobi, in which she wrote, "le temps viendra" ["the time will come"]. Alongside this inscription she drew an astrolabe, which at the time was a symbol of the Renaissance. The inscription implies that Anne was a Renaissance woman, exposed to new ideas and thoughts relating to her faith.^{[162][ishonchli manba? ]}

Anne Boleyn's last words before her beheading were a prayer for her salvation, her king, and her country. She said, "Good Christian people! I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law, I am judged to death; and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I come hither to accuse no man, nor to any thing of that whereof I am accused and condemned to die; but I pray God save the king, and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler, or a more merciful prince was there never; and to me he was ever a good, a gentle, and a sovereign lord."^[163] Jon Foks, martyrologist, included Anne in his book, "Foxes book of Martyrs ", claiming she was a good woman who had sincere faith and trust in her God. Foxe also believed a sign of Anne's good faith was God's blessing on her daughter, Elizabeth I, and God allowing Elizabeth to prosper as queen.

Sent-Meri cherkovi, Ervarton, Suffolk, where Boleyn's heart was allegedly buried

Afsonalar

Many legends and fantastic stories about Anne Boleyn have survived over the centuries. One is that she was secretly buried in Salle Church in Norfolk under a black slab near the tombs of her ancestors.^[164] Her body was said to have rested in an Esseks church on its journey to Norfolk. Another is that her heart, at her request,^[165] edi ko'milgan yilda Ervarton (Arwarton) Church, Suffolk by her uncle Sir Philip Parker.^[166]

In 18th-century Sitsiliya, the peasants of the village of Nikolosi believed that Anne Boleyn, for having made Henry VIII a heretic, was condemned to burn for eternity inside Etna tog'i. This legend was often told for the benefit of foreign travellers.^[167]

A number of people have claimed to have seen Anne's ghost at Hever Castle, Blickling Hall, Salle Church, the Tower of London, and Marwell Hall.^{[168][169][170]} One account of her reputed sighting was given by g'ayritabiiy tadqiqotchi Hans Holzer. In 1864, Captain (later Major General) J. D. Dundas of the 60-miltiq regiment was quartered in the Tower of London. As he was looking out the window of his quarters, he noticed a guard below in the courtyard, in front of the lodgings where Anne had been imprisoned, behaving strangely. He appeared to challenge something, which to Dundas "looked like a whitish, female figure sliding towards the soldier". The guard charged through the form with his bayonet, then fainted. Only the captain's testimony and corroboration at the harbiy sud saved the guard from a lengthy prison sentence for having fainted while on duty.^[171] In 1960, Canon W. S. Pakenham-Walsh, vicar of Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, reported having conversations with Anne.^[172]

Nashr

Oila daraxti

Ajdodlar

Shuningdek qarang

• Badanlarni ko'taring, a book by Xilari Mantel (2012)
• Anna Bolena, opera Gaetano Donizetti so'zlari bilan Felice Romani (1830)
• Ming kunning onasi, a 1969 drama distributed by Universal Pictures
• "With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm ", a darkly humorous song about Anne's ghost
• Boleynning boshqa qizi, a book by Filippa Gregori later adopted into a 2008 yil filmi qaysi bor Meri 's sister Anne as one of the main characters.

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• Anne Boleyn tomonidan bepul hisoblar da Xalqaro musiqa skorlari kutubxonasi loyihasi (IMSLP)
• Leanda de Lisle: Nega Anne Boleyn bolta bilan emas, balki qilich bilan kesilgan
• Anne Boleyn fayllari
• Genri VIII Anne Boleynga: sevgi xatlari da Internet arxivi
• Qirolicha Anne Boleynning veb-sayti
• Anne Boleyn Salle cherkovida Norfolk, Buyuk Britaniya
• Mexelendagi Anne Boleyn
• Chisholm, Xyu, nashr. (1911). "Boleyn, Enn". Britannica entsiklopediyasi (11-nashr). Kembrij universiteti matbuoti.