Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterloo temir yo'li - Baker Street and Waterloo Railway - Wikipedia

Uotford Junctiondan yuqori chapda Fil va Qal'aga o'ng pastki qismida temir yo'lni jigarrang chiziq sifatida ko'rsatadigan marshrut diagrammasi
Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterloo temir yo'lining geografik yo'nalishi xaritasi

The Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterloo temir yo'li (BS & WR), deb ham tanilgan Bakerloo trubkasi, 1893 yilda Londonda chuqur yer osti "truba" temir yo'lini qurgan temir yo'l kompaniyasi edi.[a] Kompaniya ishni moliyalashtirish uchun kurash olib bordi va qurilish 1898 yilgacha boshlamadi. 1900 yilda ish uning asosiy kompaniyasi London & Globe Finance Corporation firibgarligi tufayli moliyaviy qulashi bilan urildi. Whitaker Rayt, uning asosiy aktsiyadori. 1902 yilda BS&WR kompaniyasining filialiga aylandi Londonning yer osti elektr temir yo'llari kompaniyasi (UERL) amerikalik moliyachi tomonidan boshqariladi Charlz Yerkes. UERL tezda xorijiy investorlarning mablag'larini jalb qildi.

1906 yilda ochilganda BS & WR liniyasi to'qqizta stantsiyaga xizmat ko'rsatdi va shimoliy terminali o'rtasida 5,81 kilometr (3,61 mil) masofada er osti tunnellarida harakat qildi. Beyker ko'chasi va uning janubiy terminali at Fil va qal'a London yo'lining yaqinidagi qisqa shovqinli ombor bilan.[1] 1907-1913 yillar oralig'idagi kengaytmalar chiziqning shimoliy uchini Buyuk G'arbiy temir yo'l (GWR) da Paddington. 1915 yildan 1917 yilgacha u yanada kengaytirildi Qirolicha parki, u yuzaga chiqib va ​​bilan bog'langan joy London va Shimoliy G'arbiy temir yo'l (LNWR) va to Uotford; umumiy masofa 33,34 kilometr (20,72 milya).[1]

Ochilishning birinchi yilida rahbariyat va investorlarga BS&WR va boshqa UERL yo'nalishlari uchun yo'lovchilarning taxminiy soni haddan tashqari optimistik ekanligi aniq bo'ldi. Boshqa temir yo'l temir yo'llari bilan integratsiyalashuv va hamkorlik yaxshilanganiga va keyinchalik kengaytirilganiga qaramay, BS&WR moliyaviy jihatdan qiynaldi. 1933 yilda BS & WR qabul qilindi jamoat mulki UERL bilan birga. Bugungi kunda BS & WR tunnellari va stantsiyalari quyidagicha ishlaydi London metrosi "s Bakerloo liniyasi.

Tashkilot

Kelib chiqishi, 1891-93

Yuqorida chap tomonda Beyker ko'chasidan Vaterlooga o'ng pastki qismida harakatlanadigan chiziqni ko'rsatadigan marshrut diagrammasi
Original tasdiqlangan marshrut

BS & WR ning taxminiy marshruti bo'ylab er osti temir yo'lini qurish g'oyasi asr boshida amalga oshmasdan oldin ilgari surilgan edi. 1865 yildayoq a taklifi ilgari surilgan edi Vaterloo va Uaytxol temir yo'li, pnevmatik qo'zg'alish bilan ishlaydi. Vagonlar to'rtdan uch mil (taxminan 1 km) masofada so'rilib yoki uchib ketgan bo'lar edi. Buyuk Shotland-Yard Temza ostidagi xandaqqa yotqizilgan temir naychalar orqali sayohat qilib, Vaterloo stantsiyasiga.[2] Uch yil o'tgach, moliyaviy vahima uning qulashiga olib kelgandan so'ng, ushbu sxemadan voz kechildi.[3] Janob Uilyam Simens ning Birodarlar Siemens Keyinchalik abort qilish sxemasi uchun elektr muhandisi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Charing Cross & Waterloo elektr temir yo'li. U 1882 yilda parlament to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan kiritilgan va ostidan 18 metr uzunlikdagi tunnel qurishga qadar erishilgan. Viktoriya qirg'og'i pulingiz tugamasdan oldin.[4]

1906 yilda BS&WR tomonidan nashr etilgan risolaga ko'ra, "bu chiziqni qurish g'oyasi dastlab bir nechta ishbilarmon erkaklarning xohishidan kelib chiqqan" Vestminster borish va qaytish Lord's Cricket Ground iloji boricha tezroq "o'zlarining ofislaridan ertaroq chiqmasdan so'nggi soat o'yinlarini ko'rishlari uchun. Londonning shimoliy va janubini bog'laydigan yer osti temir yo'l liniyasi transport vositalariga uzoq vaqtdan beri muhtojlik" berishini angladilar. "va" shuning uchun katta moliyaviy muvaffaqiyatni isbotlaydilar. "Ular yaqinda erishilgan muvaffaqiyatdan ilhomlangan Shahar va Janubiy London temir yo'li (C & SLR), dunyodagi birinchi chuqur trubkasi, bu bunday harakatning maqsadga muvofiqligini isbotladi.[5] Bu 1890 yil noyabrda ochilgan va birinchi ish yilida ko'plab yo'lovchilarni tashigan.[b]

1891 yil noyabr oyida a xususiy hisob-kitob taqdim etilishi kerak edi Parlament BS & WR qurilishi uchun.[7] Temir yo'l Nyu-Strit (hozirgi Melcombe ko'chasi) va Dorset maydonining Beyker ko'chasidan g'arbiy qismida, janub tomonida Jeyms ko'chasiga (hozirgi Spur yo'li) tutashgan joydan butunlay er osti yo'lida o'tishi rejalashtirilgan edi. Vaterloo stantsiyasi. Beyker ko'chasidan yo'nalish sharq tomonga qarab harakatlanishi kerak edi Marylebone yo'li, keyin ostida janubga egri Park yarim oyi va amal qiling Portlend-Pleys, Langham Pleys va Regent ko'chasi ga Pikadli sirk. Keyin ostiga yugurish kerak edi Haymarket, Trafalgar maydoni va Northumberland Avenue ostidan o'tishdan oldin Temza daryosi Vaterloo stantsiyasiga. Kabelni tashish yoki elektr tortish kuchini poezdlarni tortib olish vositasi sifatida foydalanish o'rtasida qaror qabul qilinmagan.[7]

Xuddi shunday ilhomlangan uchta yangi er osti temir yo'llarining qonun loyihalari ham 1892 yil uchun parlamentga taqdim etilgan parlament sessiyasi va izchil yondashuvni ta'minlash uchun, a Qo'shma tanlov qo'mitasi takliflarni ko'rib chiqish uchun tashkil etilgan. Qo'mita chuqurlikdagi temir yo'llarni qurish va ulardan foydalanishga oid turli masalalar bo'yicha dalillarni oldi va trubka tunnellarining diametri, tortish usuli va berilishi bo'yicha tavsiyalar berdi. yo'llar. Ga tegishli erlarda stantsiyalar qurilishini rad etgandan so'ng Crown mulk va Portlend gersogi o'rtasida Oksford sirk va Beyker ko'chasi, Qo'mita BS & WR qonun loyihasini parlamentning normal ko'rib chiqilishi uchun davom ettirishga ruxsat berdi.[8]Yo'nalish tasdiqlandi va hisob-kitob kelib tushdi qirollik roziligi sifatida 1893 yil 28 martda Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1893 yil.[9] Stantsiyalarga ruxsat berildi Beyker ko'chasi, Oksford sirk, Pikadli sirk, Trafalgar maydoni, Dengiz qirg'og'i va Vaterloo.[8] Ombor Jeyms ko'chasida va janubning oxirida bo'lishi mumkin edi Quyi Marsh.[10]

Moliya qidirish, 1893-1903

Kompaniyaning temir yo'l qurish uchun ruxsati bo'lsa-da, baribir uni ko'tarishi kerak edi poytaxt qurilish ishlari uchun. BS & WR yolg'iz emas edi; yana to'rtta yangi temir yo'l kompaniyalari sarmoyadorlarni qidirmoqdalar Vaterloo va shahar temir yo'li (W&CR), the Charing xoch, Euston va Xempstid temir yo'li (CCE & HR) va Buyuk Shimoliy va shahar temir yo'li (GN&CR) (1892 yilda veksellarda ilgari surilgan uchta kompaniya) va Markaziy London temir yo'li (1891 yilda qirollik roziligini olgan CLR).[c] Dastlabki temir yo'l temir yo'llari bo'lgan C & SLR ham mavjud liniyasiga kengaytmalar qurish uchun mablag 'yig'di.[12] Faqatgina eng qisqa chiziq bo'lgan va qo'llab-quvvatlagan W&CR London va Janubiy G'arbiy temir yo'l kafolatlangan dividend, o'z mablag'larini qiynalmasdan to'play oldi. BS&WR va qolganlari va keyinroq kelganlar uchun o'n yillikning aksariyat qismida qiziqish bo'lmagan bozorda moliya topish uchun kurash olib borildi.[13]

Echki soqoli bilan o'ralgan erkakning boshi va elkalariga karikaturasi, kichkina dumaloq ko'zoynak va kalli bosh o'ngga qarab
Tog'-kon chayqovchisi Whitaker Rayt 1897 yilda BS & WR ni egallab olgan

Ko'pgina qonunchilik singari, 1893 yildagi hujjat uchun ham vaqt chegarasi belgilandi majburiy sotib olish er va kapitalni jalb qilish.[d] Kuchlarni saqlab qolish uchun BS&WR 1895 yil noyabrda yangi qonun loyihasini e'lon qildi,[14] vaqtni uzaytirish to'g'risidagi arizani o'z ichiga olgan. Qo'shimcha vaqt va qo'shimcha ravishda 100000 funt sterling mablag 'yig'ish uchun ruxsat berilganida berilgan Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1896 y 1896 yil 7-avgustda qirollik roziligini oldi.[4][15]

1897 yil noyabrda BS&WR kon qazish bilan shug'ullanadigan London & Globe Finance Corporation (L & GFC) bilan tog'-kon moliyalashtirish kompaniyasi bilan shartnoma tuzdi. chayqovchi Whitaker Rayt va raislik qildi Lord Dufferin. L & GFC qurilishni moliyalashtirishi va boshqarishi kerak edi.[16] Qurilish qiymati 1615000 funt sterlingni tashkil etdi (bugungi kunda taxminan 183 million funtga teng).[17][18] L & GFC BS & WR direktorlarini o'zlari bilan almashtirdi va qurilish shartnomalarini imzoladi. Rayt Amerika va Britaniyada oltin va kumush konlarini targ'ib qilish orqali boyliklarga erishdi va B&& WR-ni L & GFC aktsiyalarini diversifikatsiya qilishning bir usuli deb bildi.[16]

1899 yilda Rayt turli xil L & GFC sho'ba kompaniyalarining hisob raqamlarini manipulyatsiya qilish yo'li bilan korporatsiya konlaridan biri tomonidan katta yo'qotishlarni yashirincha yashirdi.[16] BS&WR uchun sarf-xarajatlar ham katta edi, L & GFC 1900 yil noyabrgacha taxminan 650,000 funt (bugungi kunda 70,9 million funt) to'ladi. Kompaniya 1900 yil noyabrdagi prospektida yiliga 260 000 funt sterlingni yo'lovchi tashishdan tushishini, shu bilan ish haqi 100000 funt sterlingni tashkil etadi, foiz to'lovlari ushlab qolinganidan keyin dividendlar uchun 138.240 funt sterling qoladi. [18][19] Biroq, faqat bir oy o'tgach, Raytning firibgarligi aniqlandi va L & GFC va uning ko'plab filiallari qulab tushdi.[16] Keyinchalik Raytning o'zi olib, o'z joniga qasd qildi siyanid da sud jarayonida Qirollik adliya sudlari.[20]

BS&WR bir muncha vaqt kurash olib bordi va qurilish ishlarini o'z aktsiyalarining to'lanmagan qismiga qo'ng'iroq qilib moliyalashtirdi,[16] ammo oxir-oqibat faoliyat to'xtadi va qisman qurilgan tunnellar xarobaga aylandi.[21] Yiqilishidan oldin L & GFC o'z manfaatlarini Albert L. Jonson boshchiligidagi Amerika konsortsiumiga 500 ming funt sterlingga sotishga urindi, ammo bu muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Biroq, bu moliyachi boshchiligidagi boshqa bir Amerika konsortsiumining qiziqishini uyg'otdi Charlz Yerkes.[4] L & GFC likvidatori bilan bir necha oy davom etgan muzokaralardan so'ng, Yerkes kompaniyani 360 ming funt sterlingga (bugungi kunda 39,4 million funt) sotib oldi.[18][22] U Chikago shahrini rivojlantirishda ishtirok etgan tramvay yo'li 1880 va 1890 yillarda tizim. U 1900 yilda Londonga keldi va bir qator qiyin er osti temir yo'l kompaniyalarini sotib oldi,[e] BS&WR kompaniyasining filialiga aylandi Londonning yer osti elektr temir yo'llari kompaniyasi (UERL) uni Yerkes trubka temir yo'llarini qurish uchun mablag 'yig'ish uchun tashkil etdi elektrlashtirish The Tuman temir yo'li. UERL edi katta harflar bilan yozilgan ko'pchilik bilan 5 million funt sterling ulushlar chet ellik investorlarga sotilgan.[f] Keyinchalik 1903 yilga kelib jami 18 million funt sterlingni tashkil etgan (bugungi kunda 1,95 milliard funt sterlingga teng) aktsiya masalalari kuzatildi.[18] UERL-ning barcha loyihalarida foydalanish uchun.[g]

Marshrutni rejalashtirish, 1893-1904

BS & WR hisob-kitobi, 1896 yil

Chap yuqori qismida Marylebone-dan Vaterloo-ga va o'ng pastki qismida joylashgan chiziqni ko'rsatadigan marshrut diagrammasi
Marshrut 1896 yilda tasdiqlangan

BS & WR pul to'plagan bo'lsa-da, u o'z yo'nalishi bo'yicha rejalarni ishlab chiqishda davom etdi. 1895 yil noyabrdagi qonun loyihasida Baker ko'chasidagi liniyaning oxirigacha rejalashtirilgan marshrutni o'zgartirish va ularni Dorset maydonining janubi-sharqiy burchagidagi janubiy-sharqiy burchagidagi oldingi tugash nuqtasidan taxminan 200 metrga (660 fut) uzaytirish vakolatlari izlandi. Harevud maydonining sharqiy burchagi.[14] Ushbu hudud sayt bo'lishi kerak edi Marylebone stantsiyasi, Londonning yangi terminali Manchester, Sheffild va Linkolnshir temir yo'li ning kengaytmasi Midlands keyin qurilish bosqichida.[8]Kengaytma va yangi stantsiyani tasdiqlash Marylebone ga kiritilgan Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1896 y.[8][15]

Yangi Xoch va Vaterloo temir yo'l qonun loyihasi, 1898 yil

1897 yil 26-noyabrda 1898 yilgi parlament sessiyasiga taklif qilingan qonun loyihasi tafsilotlari mustaqil kompaniya bo'lgan New Cross and Waterloo Railway (NC&WR) tomonidan e'lon qilindi. Jeyms Xit To'g'ridan-to'g'ri BS & WR ga ulanadigan truboprovodning ikkita alohida uchastkasini rejalashtirgan MP, Vaterloudan janubi-sharqqa va Marylebone yo'li atrofidan sharqqa uzaytirildi.[24][25]

Marylebone-dan yuqori chap tomonda Old Kent Road-ga o'ng pastki qismida joylashgan chiziqni ko'rsatadigan marshrut diagrammasi. Qisqa filial asosiy yo'nalishni tark etadi va o'ng tomonga burilib, Eustonda tugaydi
1898 yilda taklif qilingan rad etilgan marshrut

NC & WR ning ikkita kengaytmasidan janubda Vaterloo stantsiyasining g'arbiy qismida Belvedere yo'li ostidagi BS & WR tunnellari bilan bog'lanish va magistral stantsiya ostida sharqqa Sandell ko'chasi ostidagi o'z stantsiyasiga borish rejalashtirilgan edi. Waterloo East stantsiyasi. Keyin marshrut ostida harakatlanish rejalashtirilgan edi Vaterloo yo'li, Sent-Jorj sirkasi va London yo'li ga Fil va qal'a. Keyin marshrut davom etdi Nyu-Kent yo'li va Old Kent Road ga qadar London, Brayton va Janubiy Sohil temir yo'li "s Old Kent Road stantsiyasi (1917 yilda yopilgan). O'rta stantsiyalar Sent-Jorj sirkida, Fil va qal'ada (NC&WR stantsiyasi bilan almashinadigan joyda) qurilishi kerak edi. C & SLR stantsiyasi er osti va ga ulang London, Chatham va Dover Railway stantsiyasi Nyu-Kent Road-da Munton Road-da, New Kent Road va Old Kent Road-ning tutashgan joyida va Old Kent Road-da Mina Road, Bowles Road va Commercial Road (hozirgi Commercial Way) bilan tutashgan joylarda. Old Kent yo'lining janubiy tomonida kesib o'tadigan elektr stantsiyasi rejalashtirilgan edi Buyuk Surrey kanali (endi to'ldirilgan) St James's Road bilan tutashgan joyda. Bu yoqilg'i va suv manbai etkazib berish yo'lini ta'minlagan bo'lar edi. Shuningdek, tunnellar BS & WR-ning Vaterloodagi depolarini NC & WR yo'nalishi bilan bog'lab, poezdlarga ikki yo'nalishda kirish va chiqish imkoniyatini berishni rejalashtirgan.[25]

NC & WR-ning yana bir rejalashtirilgan kengaytmasi BS & WR ning egri chizig'idan Park Crescent ostida filialga o'tishi kerak edi. Keyin sharqqa qarab egilish kerak edi Regent parki va keyin Longford ko'chasi ostida chopish va Drummond ko'chasi ostidagi Seymur ko'chasining (hozirgi Eversholt ko'chasi) g'arbiy qismida joylashgan stantsiyada tugash Euston stantsiyasi. Drummond ko'chasi va Xempstid-rudning tutashgan qismida oraliq stantsiya rejalashtirilgan edi.[25]

Qonun loyihasi Parlamentga topshirildi, ammo 1898 yilgi sessiyada hech qanday yutuqlarga erishilmadi va keyinchalik g'oyib bo'ldi, ammo BS & WR 1899 yilgi sessiyada Euston filialining o'zgartirilgan versiyasini taqdim etdi.[25][26]

BS & WR hisob-kitobi, 1899 yil

Paddingtondan chapda, Vaterlooga, pastki o'ngda va o'ngda Eustonga yo'naltirilgan chiziqni ko'rsatadigan marshrut diagrammasi
Rad etilgan marshrut 1899 yilda taklif qilingan

Qurilish ishlari 1898 yil avgustda boshlangan,[27] garchi BS & WR yangi marshrut rejalarini ishlab chiqishda davom etsa ham. 1898 yil 22-noyabrda e'lon qilingan 1899 yilgi qonun loyihasida qurilish ishlari uchun ko'proq vaqt talab qilinib, temir yo'lning ikkita kengaytmasi va ilgari tasdiqlangan yo'nalishning bir qismiga o'zgartirish kiritilishi taklif qilingan.[28] Birinchi kengaytma, xuddi avvalgi yilgi NC & WR rejasi singari, Park Crescent ostida allaqachon tasdiqlangan marshrutdan filialga o'tishi kerak edi, ammo keyin NC&WR ga qaraganda shimoliy yo'nalish bo'ylab harakatlanib, Regent parki stantsiyani qurish kerak bo'lgan Chester Road va Cumberland Gate o'rtasidagi bog'ning tashqi doirasini kesib o'tish. Marshrut keyin G'arbiy Cumberland ko'chasi (hozirgi Nash ko'chasi) bo'ylab, Cumberland bozori, Cumberland Street East va Edward Street (ikkalasi hozirgi Varndell ko'chasi), Euston stantsiyasining g'arbiy qismida Kardington ko'chasi ostidagi stantsiyada to'xtashdan oldin.[26]

Ikkinchi kengaytma Merilbone shahridan g'arbiy yo'nalishda davom etib, Buyuk Jeyms ko'chasi va Bell ko'chasi (hozir ikkalasi Bell ko'chasi) ostida Corlett ko'chasiga, so'ng janubga burilib Katta aloqa kanali "s Paddington havzasi ning sharqida GWR Paddington stantsiyasi. Stansiya to'g'ridan-to'g'ri havzaning sharqiy-g'arbiy qo'ltiq ostida, magistral stantsiya va havza o'rtasida o'tadigan chiziq shimoliy-g'arbiy tomon burilishidan oldin, ikkita tunnel birlashmasidan oldin joylashgan bo'lishi kerak edi. Keyin bitta tunnel shimoliy-sharqqa burilib, ostidan o'tishi kerak edi Regent kanali sharqda Kichik Venetsiya, Blomfild yo'lining shimoliy qismida depo qurilishi kerak bo'lgan yuzaga chiqishdan oldin. BS&WR shuningdek, Paddingtonda elektr stantsiyasini rejalashtirgan. Marshrutning so'nggi o'zgarishi Vaterlooda modifikatsiya bo'lib, chiziqning so'nggi qismini janubga Addington ko'chasi ostida tugatish uchun harakat qildi.[26] Ushbu rejalarning maqsadi, kompaniya 1906 yilda aytganidek, "Janubiy London tramvay yo'llarining katta tirbandligidan foydalanish va bir necha eng muhim temir yo'l terminallarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'nalish bilan bog'lash" edi.[29]

The Metropolitan temir yo'li (MR), Londonning Paddington va Euston o'rtasida shimoliy qismi ustidan harakat qilgan birinchi er osti temir yo'li Ichki doira 1863 yildan beri,[h] BS & WR ning ikkita shimoliy kengaytmasini o'z xizmati uchun raqobat sifatida ko'rdi va qat'iy e'tiroz bildirdi. Parlament e'tirozlarni qabul qildi; qachon Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l qonuni, 1899 yil 1899 yil 1-avgustda qirollik roziligini oldi, faqat vaqtni uzaytirish va Vaterlooda marshrutni o'zgartirish ma'qullandi[26][30]

BS & WR hisob-kitobi, 1900 yil

Chapdagi Paddingtondan Elephant & Castle-ga o'ng pastki qismida joylashgan yo'nalish diagrammasi
Marshrut 1900 yilda tasdiqlangan

1899 yil noyabrda BS & WR 1900 sessiyasi uchun qonun loyihasini e'lon qildi.[31] Shunga qaramay, Marylebone-dan Paddingtonga kengaytirish taklif qilingan edi, bu safar Bishop's Road (hozirgi Bishop's Bridge Road) va Gloucester Terrace kavşağındaki magistral stantsiyaning sharqida tugaydi. Bishop yo'li ostida stantsiya rejalashtirilgan bo'lib, magistral stantsiya bilan Eastbourne Terrace ostidagi metro orqali bog'langan. Waterloo-dan kengaytmani ishga tushirish rejalashtirilgan edi Vestminster ko'prigi yo'li va Sent-Jorjning yo'li Fil va Qal'ada tugatish. BS&WR u erda C & SLR stantsiyasi bilan bog'lanadi, chunki NC&WR bundan ikki yil oldin rejalashtirilgan. Sankt-Jorj sirkining janubida qashshoqlar ko'zi ojizlar maktabi o'rnida qurilishi kerak bo'lgan depo va elektr stantsiyasiga turtki berilishi kerak edi.[32]

Paddington kengaytmasi g'arbga qarab kengaytmani davom ettirish uchun hizalandi Qirol Oak yoki Uilsden, allaqachon rejalarga qarshi bo'lgan MR tomonidan xizmat ko'rsatiladigan joylar.[32] Bu safar BS & WR muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi va kengaytmalarga qirollik roziligi berildi Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1900 yil 1900 yil 6-avgustda.[32][33]

Kichik o'zgarishlar, 1902-04

Edgware Road va Lambeth-ga qo'shimcha stantsiyalar qo'shilgan holda Paddingtondan chapda Elephant & Castle-ga o'ng pastki qismida joylashgan yo'nalish diagrammasi.
Marshrut 1904 yilda tasdiqlangan

L & GFC qulaganidan keyin yo'qolgan vaqtni qoplash va BS & WR moliyaviy holatini tiklash uchun kompaniya 1901 yil noyabrda qonunni e'lon qildi, u vaqtni yana uzaytirish va mablag 'ajratish tartibini o'zgartirish uchun ruxsat so'radi.[34] Ushbu qonun loyihasi ma'qullandi Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1902 yil 1902 yil 18-noyabrda.[35]

1903 yilgi parlament sessiyasi uchun UERL BS & WR va uning boshqa temir yo'l temir yo'llari uchun qonun loyihalarini e'lon qildi, BS & WR va CCE & HR vakolatlarini BS & WR va CCE & HR vakolatlarini o'tkazish orqali uchta kompaniyani birlashtirishga ruxsat so'radi. Buyuk Shimoliy, Pikadli va Brompton temir yo'li (GNP & BR). BS&WR qonun loyihasida yana vaqtni uzaytirish va Lambetdagi elektr substansiyasi uchun majburiy ravishda er sotib olish vakolatlarini olish to'g'risidagi so'rovlar mavjud.[36] Birlashish parlament tomonidan rad etildi,[37] lekin erni sotib olish va vaqtni uzaytirishga alohida ruxsat berilgan Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1903 yil va Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'li (vaqtni uzaytirish) to'g'risidagi qonun, 1903 yil, ikkalasi ham 1903 yil 11-avgustda shohona ma'qullandi.[38]

1904 yilgi parlament sessiyasi uchun BS & WR qonun loyihasi yangi stantsiyalarni qo'shishga ruxsat so'radi Lambet, Regent parki va Edgware Road.[39] Yangi stansiyalarga ruxsat berildi Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1904 yil 1904 yil 22-iyulda qirollik roziligi berilgan.[40]

Qurilish, 1898-1906

Sir rahbarligida 1898 yil yozida qurilish boshlandi Benjamin Beyker (kim tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan To'rtinchi ko'prik ), V.R.Galbrayt va R.F. Cherkov. Ishlarni Perry & Company of Tregedar Works kompaniyasi amalga oshirdi, Ta'zim.[4]

Asosiy qurilish maydoni Temza daryosida janubdan janubga yaqin masofada o'rnatilgan vaqtinchalik iskala ustunida joylashgan edi. Hungerford ko'prigi.[41] O'sha paytda u "dastgohlar va idoralarni boshqarish uchun va qurilish paytida yoritish uchun energiya bilan ta'minlash uchun kichik ustaxonalar va idoralar qishlog'i va elektr ishlab chiqaruvchi stantsiya" deb ta'riflangan.[29] 15 metr kenglikdagi sahna Xanjerford ko'prigining birinchi pog'onasidan 370 fut (110 m), Temza shimoliy qirg'og'idan 150 fut (46 m) masofada joylashgan. Dastlab ish janubiy sohilga yaqin boshlanishi kerak edi, sahnani kollej ko'chasiga bog'laydigan ko'prik bilan - hozirgi joyda yo'qolgan yo'l. Yubiley bog'lari. Biroq, sinov zerikishlari Temza ostidagi shag'alda chuqur tushkunlik borligini ko'rsatdi, bu taxmin qilinayotgan abort Charing Cross & Waterloo Railway loyihasi uchun olib borilgan chuqurlashtirish ishlari. Bu ish joyini daryoning shimoliy tomoniga ko'chirilishiga olib keldi.[42]

Temza ostidagi BS & W tunnellarini aks ettiruvchi xarita va kesma diagrammasi
Temza daryosi ostidagi asosiy tunnel uchastkasining diagrammasi

Ikki kessonlar sahna ostidagi daryo bo'yiga cho'ktirildi. U erdan tunnellar har bir yo'nalishda qurilgan Barlow -Greathead tunnel qalqonlari C & SLR-ni qurish uchun ishlatiladigan dizaynga o'xshash dizayn.[29] Dastlab 1899 yil fevralda boshlangan shimoliy tunnel, so'ngra 1900 yil martdan janubiy tunnel qurildi. Bu loyihaning texnik jihatdan eng qiyin bosqichi edi, chunki bu daryo ostidan tunnel ochishni talab qildi.[43] Tunnelchilar qazilgan qazilmalarga suv tushishini oldini olish uchun 35 psi (240 kPa) gacha bo'lgan siqilgan havo muhitida ishladilar.[4] Biroq, bir necha marotaba tunnel buzilib, havodan chiqib ketish natijasida "portlashlar" yuzaga kelib, daryo sathidan 2,5 fut balandlikda (0,76 m) baland suv chiqadigan suv chiqardi. Shunday portlashlardan biri buzildi Doggettning ko'ylagi va nishoni poyga.[43] Daryo orqali tunnel qazish ishlarining markazi sifatida foydalangan holda, kompaniya qazilgan tuproqni barjalarga olib chiqib, kerakli materialni xuddi shu tarzda olib kirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, shu bilan ko'chada katta miqdordagi materiallarni olib o'tishdan qochdi.[29] Tunnellar stansiya joylaridan, xususan Pikadli sirkida amalga oshirildi. Tunnelchilar vaqtning texnologiyasini hisobga olgan holda ajoyib aniqlik bilan ishladilar; Temzadan shimol tomon haydalgan tunnel oxir-oqibat Pikadli tsirkidan janubda qazilgan tunnelga etib bordi. Haymarket, dyuymning atigi to'rtdan uch qismi (1,9 sm) bilan.[44]

Tunnel qoplamalari quyma temir segmentlaridan hosil bo'lgan7⁄8 dyuym (2,22 sm) qalinligi, ular ichki diametri 12 fut (3,66 m) bo'lgan halqa hosil qilish uchun bir-biriga qulflangan. Qo'ng'iroq tugagandan so'ng, grout halqaning tashqi qirrasi va undan tashqaridagi qazilgan er orasidagi bo'shliqlarni to'ldirish uchun segmentlardagi teshiklar orqali AOK qilingan cho'kish.[8] 1899 yil noyabrga qadar shimoliy tunnel Trafalgar maydoniga etib bordi va ba'zi stantsiya joylarida ish boshlandi, ammo 1900 yilda L & GFC ning qulashi ishlarning asta-sekin to'xtashiga olib keldi. 1902 yil aprel oyida UERL tashkil etilganda tunnelning 50 foizi va stantsiya ishlarining 25 foizi bajarildi.[45] Pul mablag'lari bilan ish qayta boshlandi va haftasiga 73 fut (22,25 m) tezlikda davom etdi,[21] Shunday qilib 1904 yil fevralga kelib Elephant & Castle va Marylebone o'rtasidagi stantsiyalarning deyarli barcha tunnellari va yer osti qismlari qurib bitkazildi va stantsiya binolarida ishlar olib borildi.[46] Qo'shimcha stantsiyalar bir joyda ish davom etganda va Oksford Circus stantsiyasi er osti qismida o'zgartirilgandan so'ng kiritilgan Savdo kengashi tekshirish; 1905 yil oxirida birinchi sinov poezdlari qatnay boshladi.[47] BS&WR Paddingtonda davom etishga ruxsat olgan bo'lsa-da, Edgware Road-dan tashqarida hech qanday ish olib borilmadi.[48]

BS & WR ishlatilgan a Vestingxaus avtomatik signalizatsiya tizimi elektr orqali ishlaydi trek davrlari. Bu boshqariladigan signallar oldinda turgan yo'lda poezd borligi yoki yo'qligiga asoslangan. Signallar qizil bo'lganida ko'tarilgan qo'lni birlashtirdi. Agar poezd qizil signalda to'xtab qolmasa, qo'l "uchburchak "poezdda, tormozni avtomatik ravishda bosib turing.[49]

Stantsiyalar me'mor tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan yuzaki binolar bilan ta'minlandi Lesli Yashil uy uslubida.[50] Bu qizil sirlangan yuzli ikki qavatli po'latdan yasalgan binolardan iborat edi terakota yuqori qavatda keng yarim dumaloq derazalar bilan bloklar.[men] Ular tekis tomlar bilan ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, tijorat aholisi uchun qo'shimcha qavatlarni barpo etish imkoniyatini berish, bu esa maksimal darajada havo huquqlari mol-mulk.[51] Platformalarga pastga egiluvchi o'tish yo'li bo'lgan Dengiz qirg'og'idan tashqari, har bir stantsiya ikkitadan to'rtgacha bo'lgan ko'targichlar va alohida o'qdagi favqulodda spiral narvon.[j] Platforma darajasida devor plitkasida stantsiya nomi va Green tomonidan ishlangan individual geometrik naqsh va ranglar sxemasi ko'rsatilgan.[55]

Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterloo temir yo'l stantsiyasining dizayni
  • Qizil sirlangan terakota binosining ikkala balandligini aks ettiruvchi burchak ko'rinishi. Birinchi qavat ustki qismida har bir balandlikda dentil korniş joylashgan ikkita keng qavatli balandlikdagi yarim dumaloq derazalar mavjud. Derazalar ostida stantsiya nomi

    BS & WR stantsiyalarining ko'p qismida ishlatiladigan Lesli Green dizaynining namunasi - Oksford Circus stantsiyasi

  • Yashil terakotada plitka bilan ishlangan chiptaxona oynasi, deraza ustida

    Edgware Road metro stantsiyasidagi (Bakerloo liniyasi) 1907 yildagi chiptaxona oynasining asl nusxasi.

  • Regent's Park metro stantsiyasida stantsiyaning nomi va Grinning geometrik bezaklari ko'rsatilgan devorlarga plitkalar

Dastlab liniya va stantsiyalarni elektr bilan ta'minlash Sautuorkdagi Sent-Jorjning yo'lidagi maxsus ishlab chiqaruvchi stantsiya tomonidan ta'minlanishi kerak edi. Ushbu g'oyadan 1902 yilda voz kechilgan va uning o'rniga elektr ta'minlangan Ko'plab elektr stantsiyasi, UERL tomonidan boshqariladi.[4] Oltita shamollatish ventilyatori tunnellar orqali va stantsiyalar tomiga qo'yilgan chiqindi gazlar orqali minutiga 18,500 kub futni chiqarish uchun o'rnatildi. Lift va zinapoyalar orqali toza havo orqadan pastga tushirildi va shu bilan tunnellar havosini to'ldirdi.[56] Yong'in xavfini kamaytirish uchun stansiya platformalari beton va temirdan, shpallar esa o'tga chidamli avstraliyalik yog'ochdan yasalgan. Evkalipt marginatasi yoki jarrah.[57]

Ning dizayni doimiy yo'l Londonning avvalgi truboprovodidan chiqib ketish edi, bu trubaning pastki qismi ochiq qoldirilgan holda tunnel bo'ylab yog'och yulka ustiga qo'yilgan yo'lni ishlatgan. Ushbu yondashuv BS & WR rahbariyatining tebranishlarning qabul qilinmaydigan darajasi deb hisoblagan. Ular shpallarni qum va tsement eritmasidan yasalgan tayanchlarga o'rnatib, shpal uchlari harakatlanuvchi relslar ostidagi nisbatan yumshoq singan tosh balastga suyanib, buni hal qilishdi. Drenaj yo'lning o'rtasi ostidagi relslarga parallel ravishda o'tdi. Reylarning o'zi g'ayrioddiy qisqa edi - atigi 35 metr (atigi 11 metr), chunki bu vallar orqali olib kiriladigan va keyin gorizontal ravishda burilib tunnellarga olib boriladigan maksimal uzunlik edi. Quvvat trassaning o'rtasida va tashqarisida yotqizilgan uchinchi (ijobiy) va to'rtinchi (salbiy) relslar orqali ta'minlandi. Tuman temir yo'li.[4]

Ochilish

Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterloo temir yo'li
Afsona
O'tkazishda temir yo'lning hajmi LPTB, 1933
ochildi
Uotford Junction
1917
Uotford High Street
1917
Croxley ombori
aktsiyalar uchun
Bushey va Oxhey
1917
Carpenders Park
1919
Xetch End
(Pinner uchun)
1917
Asosiy tosh
1917
Harrow va Wealdstone
1917
Kenton
1917
Shimoliy Uembli
1917
"Uembli"
Sudberi uchun
1917
Stonebridge Park
1917
Xarlesden
1917
Uillesden Junction
1915
Kensal Yashil
1916
tomonidan qurilgan shimoldan yo'l LNWR
Queens Park North shiyponlari
Queens Park
1915
Uotford shahar chizig'i ga Euston
Queens Park South shiyponlari
Kilburn bog'i
1915
Mayda Vale
1915
Uorvik xiyoboni
1915
Paddington
1913
Edgware Road
1907
Marylebone
1907
Beyker ko'chasi
1906
Regent parki
1906
Oksford sirk
1906
Pikadli sirk
1906
Trafalgar maydoni
1906
Charing xoch
1906
Temza daryosi
Vaterloo
1906
Lambet shimoli
1906
London yo'l ombori
Fil va qal'a
1906
Albany Road
(prognoz qilingan)
Kambervell
(prognoz qilingan)
Kalit
Yuzaki chiziq
Tunnelda chiziq
Asosiy stantsiya
Kichik statikon
Depot
Qurilmagan stantsiya
O'zaro almashtirish stantsiyasi
Asosiy yo'nalish
Tunnelda qurilmagan chiziq

BS & WR ning rasmiy ochilishi Ser Edvin Kornuol, raisi London okrug kengashi, 1906 yil 10 martda bo'lib o'tdi.[58] Chiziq ochilgandan ko'p o'tmay London Kechki yangiliklar "Quex" sharhlovchisi[4] 1906 yil iyulidan boshlab tezda qo'lga kiritilgan va rasmiy ravishda ishlatila boshlangan qisqartirilgan "Baker-loo" nomini yaratdi,[59] naycha chiziqlarining zamonaviy xaritalarida paydo bo'ladi.[60] Ammo taxallus afsuslandi "Temir yo'l" jurnali Bu shikoyat qilgan: "Ba'zi kengliklarda taxalluslarni ishlatishda, ehtimol yarim pog'onali qog'ozlarga ruxsat berilishi mumkin, ammo temir yo'lning o'zi uchun o'zining ariqcha unvonini qabul qilishi biz uchun temir yo'l kompaniyasidan kutilgan narsa emas. shu tarzda harakat qilish. "[4]

Temir yo'l stantsiyalari:[61]

Edgware Road-ga bo'linma ikki bosqichda qurib bitkazildi va foydalanishga topshirildi:[61]

Londonning Tube markaziy temir yo'llarining tarixiy xaritasidan ko'chirma, Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterloo temir yo'llari ko'rsatilgan
Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterloo temir yo'lining zamonaviy xaritasi. Great Central va Edgware Road stantsiyalariga kengaytma 1907 yilda ochilgan.

Qurilish tugagandan so'ng, poyezdlar Beyker ko'chasidan tashqarida harakatlanib, a dan orqaga qaytishdi krossover Marylebone-da qurilayotgan stantsiyaning sharqida.[49]

Harakatlanuvchi tarkib, tariflar va jadvallar

O'nga yaqin odamni er osti temir yo'l platformasida turgan poezd bilan platformada turganini aks ettiruvchi eskiz. Poyezd ichida yana bir nechta odam ko'rinadi, yon tomonida
BS&WR poezdiga vagonlar oxiridagi panjara eshiklari orqali o'tishni kutayotgan yo'lovchilar

Xizmat 108 kishilik park tomonidan taqdim etildi vagonlar tomonidan UERL uchun ishlab chiqarilgan Amerika avtomobil va quyish korxonasi va yig'ilgan "Manchester".[63] Ular Londonga temir yo'l orqali etkazilgan, ammo BS&WR tashqi temir yo'l aloqasi bo'lmaganligi sababli, vagonlar shahar bo'ylab otlangan vagonlarda London Road deposidagi manziliga etkazilishi kerak edi.[64]

Vagonlar shunday ishlaydi elektr birligi alohida lokomotivlarsiz poezdlar.[63] Yo'lovchilar vagonlarning har bir uchida katlanadigan panjara eshiklari orqali poezdlarga chiqishdi va tark etishdi; bu eshiklar tashqi platformada minib, poezdlar kelishi bilan stantsiya nomlarini e'lon qilgan darvozabonlar tomonidan boshqarilgan.[65] Keyinchalik ushbu dizayn GNP & BR va CCE & HR uchun ishlatilgan va yer osti qismida " 1906 aksiya yoki Darvoza zaxirasi. Ushbu yo'nalish uchun poezdlar Kennington Road stantsiyasining janubidagi London Road deposida to'xtab turishgan.[l]

Ushbu yo'nalish ish kunlari (shanba kunlari bilan birga) soat 5:30 dan 12:30 gacha, yakshanba kunlari soat 7: 30dan 12: 00gacha ishlaydi.[66] Chiziq ochilgandan so'ng standart bir tomonlama tarif 2 bo'ldid. ("ishchilar chiptalari" soat 2 dad. qaytish soat 7:58 gacha mavjud edi) va 25-chi kitobdan 4-da mavjud edis. Biroq, dastlabki tekis narxlar 1906 yil iyulda tark etilib, ularning o'rniga 1 gacha bo'lgan tariflar bilan almashtirildid. va 3d.[4] 1906 yil noyabr oyida obunaviy chiptalar tuman temir yo'llari (Charing Xochda almashinish) bilan chiptalar orqali taqdim etildi. 1907 yil dekabrga qadar Markaziy London temir yo'liga (Oksford sirkasi orqali) chipta sotib olish mumkin emas edi. BS&WR 1908 yil oktyabr oyida o'zining mavsumiy chiptalarini bekor qildi va ularni Bakerloo, Piccadilly va Hampstead trubalarida ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan oltitadan iborat to'plamli chiptalarga almashtirdi.[67]

1906 yil o'rtalarida xizmat ko'rsatish chastotasi quyidagicha edi:

Ish kunlari
  • 5:30 dan 7:30 gacha: har 5 daqiqada
  • 7:30 dan 23:30 gacha: har 3 daqiqada
  • Soat 23:30 dan 12:30 gacha: har 6 daqiqada
Yakshanba
  • 7:30 dan 11:00 gacha: har 6 daqiqada
  • 11.00 dan 12.00 gacha: har 3 daqiqada [66]

Hamkorlik va konsolidatsiya, 1906–10

Er osti temir yo'l stantsiyasida bir guruh odamlarning eskizlari. Modada kiyingan yosh ayol darvozadan o'tishga tayyorlanayotganda chiptani qutiga solmoqda. Kiyim kiygan inspektor qo'liga chiptalar bilan it ko'targan ikki bola o'z navbatini kutayotgan paytda qarab turibdi. Orqa fonda boshqa odamlar ko'rinadi.
Ochilishining birinchi haftasida Baker Street & Waterloo temir yo'l stantsiyasida yo'lovchilar. Platforma maydoniga kirishda chiptalarni topshirish kerak edi.
Yashil metall belgi, ustiga
Asl "Bakerloo Tube" belgisi

UERL temir yo'lni moliyalashtirish va qurishda muvaffaqiyat qozonganiga qaramay, uning ochilishi kutilgan moliyaviy muvaffaqiyatga olib kelmadi. Bakerloo Tube-ning dastlabki o'n ikki oylik faoliyatida u 20,5 million yo'lovchini tashiydi, bu liniyani rejalashtirish paytida bashorat qilingan 35 milliondan oltmish foizga kamroq.[68] UERL-ning boshqa yangi yo'nalishlar uchun yo'lovchilar raqamlarini ochilishidan oldin bashorat qilishlari, xuddi yangi elektrlashtirilgan DR uchun prognoz qilingan ko'rsatkichlar singari, haddan tashqari optimizmni isbotladi - har ikkala holatda ham raqamlar maqsadlarining atigi ellik foizigacha erishgan.[m] Birinchi kuni 37 ming kishi ushbu liniyadan foydalangan,[69] ammo liniya ochilgandan keyingi bir necha oy ichida bu xizmatdan kuniga atigi 20-300000 yo'lovchi foydalangan. BS & WR tomonidan foydalaniladigan vagonlar soni avjga chiqqan paytlarda har bir poezdda uchtaga qisqartirildi, avjga chiqish vaqtida esa faqat ikkitasi.[4] The Daily Mail 1906 yil aprel oyida shoshilinch poezdlarda bir vaqtning o'zida 100 kishidan kam odam bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[69] Yo'nalishdagi baxtsizliklarga qo'shimcha ravishda, u birinchi marotaba 26 mart kuni Kennington Road stantsiyasida konduktor Jon Krij poezd va tunnel devori o'rtasida ezilganida ochilgandan ikki hafta o'tgach yuz berdi.[70]

Yo'lovchilarning kutilganidan pastroq bo'lishiga qisman truboprovod va yer usti temir yo'l kompaniyalari o'rtasidagi raqobat sabab bo'ldi, ammo sekinroq va otli avtotransport o'rnini bosadigan elektr tramvaylar va avtobuslarning kiritilishi ko'plab yo'lovchilarni poezdlardan uzoqlashtirdi. .[71] The Daily Mirror 1906 yil aprel oyining oxirida BS & WR ekvivalent avtobus xizmati bilan taqqoslaganda pulning yomon qiymatini taklif qilganini ta'kidladi, bu faqat 1 narxga tengd. har bir sayohat uchun va yo'lovchilar poezdlar va ko'taruvchilar o'rtasida yurish kerak bo'lgan masofani yoqtirmasdilar.[72] Bunday muammolar faqat UERL bilan cheklanmagan; Londonning barcha ettita truboprovod liniyalari va DR ning pastki yuzasi va Metropolitan temir yo'llari ma'lum darajada ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Yo'lovchilarning pastki raqamlaridan tushgan daromad UERL va boshqa temir yo'llar uchun qarz mablag'larini to'lashni yoki aktsiyadorlarga dividend to'lashni qiyinlashtirdi.[71]

1907 yildan boshlab, o'zlarining moliyaviy holatini yaxshilash maqsadida UERL, C & SLR, CLR va GN&CR tariflari bo'yicha shartnomalar tuzishni boshladilar. 1908 yildan boshlab ular o'zlarini umumiy brendlash orqali tanitishni boshladilar Yer osti.[71] W&CR bu kelishuvda qatnashmagan yagona quvurli temir yo'l edi, chunki u magistral L & SWR ga tegishli edi.[73]

UERL-ning uchta temir yo'l kompaniyalari hali ham o'zlarining boshqaruvlari, aktsiyadorlari va dividend tuzilmalariga ega bo'lgan yuridik jihatdan alohida sub'ektlar edi. Uchta kompaniya o'rtasida takrorlangan ma'muriyat mavjud edi va menejmentni soddalashtirish va xarajatlarni kamaytirish uchun UERL 1909 yil noyabrda Bakerloo, Hampstead va Piccadilly Tubes-ni yagona tashkilotga birlashtiradigan qonun loyihasini e'lon qildi. London elektr temir yo'li (LER), garchi chiziqlar o'zlarining shaxsiy markalarini saqlab qolishgan.[74][n] Ushbu qonun 1910 yil 26-iyulda Royal Assent-ni qabul qildi London elektr temir yo'llarini birlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun, 1910 yil.[75]

Kengaytmalar

Paddington, 1906-13

Chapdagi Paddingtondan Elephant & Castle-ga o'ng pastki qismida joylashgan yo'nalish diagrammasi. Paddington uchi pastga qarab bog'langan.
Marshrut 1906 yilda tasdiqlangan

1900 yilda g'arbiy tomon kengaytishni rejalashtirgan Uillesden Junction, kompaniya Paddingtondan o'tib ketadigan yo'l haqida qaror qabul qila olmadi va variantlarni ko'rib chiqayotganda qo'shimcha qurilishni keyinga qoldirdi. 1905 yil noyabrda BS & WR 1906 yil uchun qonun loyihasini e'lon qildi, u Edgware Road-dan Paddingtonga 1900 yilda tasdiqlangan yo'lni yangi yo'nalish bilan almashtirdi.[76] Bu tunnellar Paddington havzasi ostidan London ko'chasi ostidagi stantsiya bilan kesib o'tgan. Tunnellar stantsiyadan tashqarida janubi-sharqda davom etishi kerak edi, Grand Junction Road va Devonport ko'chalari (hozirgi Sasseks bog'lari va Sasseks Pleysi) tutashgan joyda tugaydi.[77] Paddington kengaytmasini reklama qilish uchun 1906 yilda nashr etilgan risolada kompaniya quyidagilarni e'lon qildi:

Shunday qilib, Londonning bir nuqtasidan ikkinchisiga tez va arzon narxlarda borish uchun ushbu yo'nalishning afzalliklari parallel bo'lmasligi aniq bo'ladi. U eng muhim temir yo'l terminallarini bir-biriga bog'laydi, o'n ikkita temir yo'l tizimlari bilan aloqani o'rnatadi va London janubidagi keng tramvay tizimini birlashtiradi, shu bilan teatrlar va boshqa ko'ngil ochadigan joylarni hamda bosh savdo markazlarini olib keladi. , tashqi London va shahar atrofi yaqinida.[78]

O'zgarishlarga ruxsat berilgan Beyker ko'chasi va Vaterlou temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonun, 1906 yil 1906 yil 4-avgustda,[79] ammo janubi-sharqiy yo'nalish temir yo'lni davom ettirish uchun mos yo'nalishni anglatmadi va kengaytmani qurish uchun hech qanday harakat qilinmadi.[77]

In 1908, the Bakerloo Tube attempted to make the hoped-for extension into north-west London using the existing powers of the Shimoliy G'arbiy London temir yo'li (NWLR), an unbuilt tube railway with permission to build a line from Kriklvud ga Viktoriya stantsiyasi.[80] The NWLR announced a bill in November 1908 seeking to construct a 757-metre (2,484 ft) connection between its unbuilt route beneath the Edgware Road va Bakerloo Tube-ning Edgware Road stantsiyasi.[81] The NWLR route to Victoria was to be abandoned south of the connection and the Bakerloo Tube's planned route to Paddington was to be built as a shuttle line from Edgware Road, which was to be provided with two additional platforms for shuttle use. The Bakerloo Tube was to construct the extension and operate the service over the combined route, which was to have stations at St John's Wood Road, Abercorn Place, Belsize Road (close to the LNWR stantsiyasi ), Brondesbury (bilan almashtirish uchun Shimoliy London temir yo'l stantsiyasi va ga yaqin MR ning Kilburn stantsiyasi ), Minster Road va Kriklvud.[80][82] Bakerloo Tube o'zining mavjud rejalariga kerakli o'zgartirishlarni kiritish uchun o'z qonun loyihasini e'lon qildi.[83]

Oldinda bo'lgani kabi chapda Paddingtondan Elephant & Castle-ga o'ng pastki qismida joylashgan yo'nalish diagrammasi. Uzoq novda diagonal ravishda Edgware Road-dan Kriklvudga qadar yuqori chap tomonga cho'zilgan.
Rad etilgan marshrut 1908 yilda taklif qilingan

The GWR objected to the reduction of the Bakerloo Tube's Paddington connection to a shuttle and the MR objected to the connection of the two lines, which would be in competition with its line through Kilburn. Parliament rejected the proposed connection and the changes to the NWLR's route and the company's permissions eventually expired without any construction work being carried out. Bakerloo Tube qonun loyihasi qaytarib olindi.[80]

In November 1910, the LER (of which the Bakerloo Tube was now part) revived plans for the Paddington extension when it published a bill for the 1911 Parliamentary session.[84] The new route ran 890 metres (2,920 ft) in a tight curve from Edgware Road station, initially heading south before turning to the north-west, which provided a more practical direction for a future extension. The bill was supported by the GWR with funding of £18,000.[85] The London Electric Railway Act, 1911 received royal assent on 2 June 1911.[86] Construction started in August 1911,[87] and was completed in a little over two years. The extension opened on 1 December 1913, with the single new station at Paddington.[61] Following their successful introduction at Earl's Court in 1911, the station was the first on the line to be designed to use eskalatorlar instead of lifts.[88]

Queen's Park and Watford, 1911–17

1907 yilda LNWR obtained parliamentary permission to improve its mainline services into London by the construction of a pair of new electrified tracks alongside its existing line between Uotford Junction Xertfordshirda va Qirolicha parki, Kilburn and a new tube section beneath its lines from there to its terminus at Euston. At Euston, the tube tunnel was to end with an underground station on a 1,450-metre (4,760 ft) long loop beneath the mainline station.[89]

The LNWR began construction work on the surface section of the new tracks in 1909.[90] By 1911, it had modified the plans to omit the underground section and to split its proposed electrified services into three. The first section was to follow the existing surface route into Euston on newly electrified tracks, the second section was to connect with the North London Railway at Bo‘r xo‘jaligi and continue on electrified tracks from there to Broad Street stantsiyasi ichida London shahri. The third section involved the extension of the Bakerloo Tube from Paddington to Queen's Park.[89]

Derazalari baland, bir qavatli qizil sirlangan terakota stantsiyasining binosi. Fasaddan oynali soya yoritgichlari bezatilgan qavslarga va
Kilburn bog'i station, with the red glazed terracotta façade of the earlier buildings, but without an upper storey

With the extension to Paddington still under construction, the LER published a bill in November 1911 for the continuation to Queen's Park.[91] The extension was to continue north from Paddington, running past Little Venice to Maida Vale before curving north-west to Kilburn and then west to parallel the LNWR main line, before coming to the surface a short distance to the east of Queen's Park station. Three intermediate stations were to be provided: on Uorvik xiyoboni at the junction with Warrington Avenue, Clifton Villas and Clifton Gardens; at the junction of Elgin and Randolph Avenues (named Mayda Vale ); and on Cambridge Avenue (named Kilburn bog'i ). The LNWR gave a £1 million loan to the LER at 4% interest in perpetuity to help finance the extension.[89] The bill received royal assent on 7 August 1912 as the London Electric Railway Act, 1912.[92]

Progress on the section from Paddington to Queen's Park was slowed by the start of World War I, so the line was not finished until early 1915.[88] As at Paddington, the three below-ground stations were built to use escalators. Maida Vale and Kilburn Park were provided with buildings in the style of the earlier Leslie Green stations but without the upper storey, which was no longer required for housing lift gear. Warwick Avenue was accessed from a subway under the street.[93] The LNWR rebuilt Queen's Park station with additional platforms for the Bakerloo Tube's and its own electric services and constructed two train sheds for rolling stock, one each side of the station.[94]

Although the tracks were completed to Queen's Park, delays to the completion of the stations caused the extension to open in stages:[61]

North of Queen's Park, the LNWR had opened its new lines between Willesden Junction and Watford during 1912 and 1913, together with new stations at Xarlesden, Stonebridge Park, Shimoliy Uembli, Kenton va Asosiy tosh.[95] The new tracks between Queen's Park and Willesden Junction opened on 10 May 1915, when Bakerloo Tube services were extended there. On 16 April 1917, the tube service was extended to Watford Junction. North of Queen's Park, the Bakerloo Tube served the following stations:[61]

Kichik bir qavatli qizil g'ishtli bino, kremniy toshli derazasi bilan o'ralgan, mullen va transomlar. Eshikning yuqorisida joylashgan ayvon va shiftli tomning tepasida ikkita finial bor.
Asosiy tosh station, an example of the new stations built by the LNWR for the electric service

For the extension to Queen's Park, the LER supplemented the existing rolling stock with 14 new carriages ordered from Cho'tkaning tortilishi va Lids Forge kompaniyasi plus spare Gate stock carriages from the GNP&BR. These carriages, the 1914 stock, were the first to have doors in the sides of the carriages as well as the ends.[94] For the longer extension to Watford, the LER and the LNWR ordered 72 new carriages from the Metropolitan Railway Carriage and Wagon Company. Manufacture of this rolling stock was delayed by the war, and, while it was waiting for delivery, the Bakerloo Tube used spare 1915 stock carriages ordered for an unfinished extension of the CLR to Brodveyni yeyish and more spare Gate stock carriages from the GNP&BR.[95] Delivery of the carriages for the Watford service, known as the Watford Joint stock because ownership was shared with the LNWR, began in 1920; they were painted in the LNWR's livery to distinguish them from trains operating only on the Bakerloo Tube's tracks.[96]

Camberwell and south-east London

Shuningdek qarang: Bakerloo liniyasini kengaytirish

The southern termination of the line at Elephant & Castle presented the opportunity for the line to be extended further, to serve Camberwell and other destinations in south-east London. 1913 yilda London meri lord announced a proposal for the Bakerloo Tube to be extended to Kristal saroy orqali Camberwell Green, Dulvich va Sydenham Hill, but nothing was done to implement the plan.[97] In 1921, the LER costed an extension to Camberwell, Dulwich and Sydenham and in 1922 plans for an extension to Orpington orqali Loughborough Junction va Ketford were considered. In 1928, a route to Rushey Green via Dulwich was suggested. Again, no action was taken, although the London va uy tumanlari transport harakati bo'yicha maslahat qo'mitasi approved an extension to Camberwell in 1926.[98]

In 1931, an extension to Camberwell was approved as part of the London elektr metropoliten okrugi va Londonning markaziy temir yo'l kompaniyalari (ishlari) to'g'risidagi qonun, 1931 yil.[99][100] The route was to follow Walworth Road va Camberwell Road south from Elephant and Castle, with stations at Albany Road and under Denmark Hill road at Camberwell. Elephant & Castle station was to be reconstructed with a third platform, a new ticket hall and escalators. However, financial constraints prevented any work from being started.[98]

Improvements, 1914–28

Dumaloq konkurs qismining kremi karo bilan qoplangan, tekis shiftli va travertenli tosh devorlari. Yuzli to'q sariq ustunlar bronza yorug'lik moslamalarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.
The circular concourse at Pikadli sirk stantsiya

Overcrowding was a major problem at many stations where interchanges were made with other Underground lines and efforts were made in a number of places to improve passenger movements. In 1914, work was carried out to provide larger ticket halls and install escalators at Oxford Circus, Embankment and Baker Street. In 1923, further work at Oxford Circus provided a combined Bakerloo and CLR ticket hall and added more escalators serving the CLR platforms. In 1926, Trafalgar Square and Waterloo received escalators, the latter in conjunction with expansion of the station as part of the CCE&HR's extension to Kennington. Between 1925 and 1928, Piccadilly Circus station saw the greatest reconstruction. A large circular ticket hall was excavated below the road junction with multiple subway connections from points around the Circus and two flights of escalators down to the Bakerloo and Piccadilly platforms were installed.[101]

Move to public ownership, 1923–33

Despite closer co-operation and improvements made to the Bakerloo stations and to other parts of the network,[o] the Underground railways continued to struggle financially. The UERL's ownership of the highly profitable London General Omnibus kompaniyasi (LGOC) since 1912 had enabled the UERL group, through the pooling of revenue, to use profits from the bus company to subsidise the less profitable railways.[p] However, competition from numerous small bus companies during the early 1920s eroded the profitability of the LGOC and had a negative impact on the profitability of the whole UERL group.[103]

To protect the UERL group's income, its chairman Lord Ashfield lobbi qildi the government for regulation of transport services in the London area. Starting in 1923, a series of legislative initiatives were made in this direction, with Ashfield and Mehnat London okrugi maslahatchisi (keyinroq Deputat va Transport vaziri ) Herbert Morrison at the forefront of debates as to the level of regulation and public control under which transport services should be brought. Ashfield aimed for regulation that would give the UERL group protection from competition and allow it to take substantive control of the LCC's tramvay tizimi; Morrison preferred full public ownership.[104] After seven years of false starts, a bill was announced at the end of 1930 for the formation of the London yo'lovchilar transporti kengashi (LPTB), a public corporation that would take control of the UERL, the Metropolitan Railway and all bus and tram operators within an area designated as the London yo'lovchilar transporti zonasi.[105] The Board was a compromise – public ownership but not full milliylashtirish – and came into existence on 1 July 1933. On this date, the LER and the other Underground companies were tugatilgan.[106]

Meros

For a history of the line after 1933, see Bakerloo liniyasi.

The plan for the extension to Camberwell was kept alive throughout the 1930s and, in 1940, the permission was used to construct sidings beyond Elephant & Castle. After the Second World War, the plans were revised again, with stations located under Walworth Road and Camberwell Green, and the extension appeared on tube maps in 1949.[107] Rising construction costs caused by difficult ground conditions and restricted funds in the post-war austerity period led the scheme to be cancelled again in 1950.[108] Various proposals have been evaluated since, including an extension to Pexem considered in the early 1970s, but the costs have always out-weighed the imtiyozlar.[109]

One of the LPTB's first acts in charge of the Bakerloo line was the opening of a new station at Janubiy Kenton on 3 July 1933.[61] As part of the LPTB's Yangi asarlar dasturi announced in 1935, new tube tunnels were constructed from Baker Street to the former MR station at Finchli yo'li and the Bakerloo line took over the stopping service to Uembli Parki and the MR's Stanmore filiali.[110] The service opened in November 1939 and remained part of the Bakerloo line until 1979 when it transferred to the Yubiley liniyasi.[61]

The Bakerloo line's Watford service frequency was gradually reduced and from 1965 ran only during rush hours. In 1982, the service beyond Stonebridge Park was ended as part of the fall-out of the cancellation of the Buyuk London kengashi "s Fares Fair subsidies policy.[111] A peak hours service was restored to Harrow & Wealdstone in 1984 and a full service was restored in 1989.[112]

Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar

Izohlar

  1. ^ A "tube" railway is an underground railway constructed in a cylindrical tunnel by the use of a tunnel qalqoni, usually deep below ground level, as opposed to "cut-and-cover". Qarang Tunnel#Construction.
  2. ^ In its first year of operation the C&SLR carried 5.1 million passengers.[6]
  3. ^ The Central London Railway received Royal Assent on 5 August 1891, the Great Northern & City Railway Act received Royal Assent on 28 June 1892, the Waterloo and City Railway Act received Royal Assent on 8 March 1893 and the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway Act received Royal Assent on 24 August 1893.[11]
  4. ^ Time limits were included in such legislation to encourage the railway company to complete the construction of its line as quickly as possible. They also prevented unused permissions acting as an indefinite block to other proposals.
  5. ^ Yerkes' consortium first purchased the CCE&HR in September 1900. In March 1901, it purchased a majority of the shares of the Tuman temir yo'li and, in September 1901, took over the Brompton va Pikadli tsirk temir yo'li va Buyuk Shimoliy va Strand temir yo'li.[22]
  6. ^ Yerkes was Chairman of the UERL with the other main investors being investment banks Speyer Brothers (London), Speyer & Co. (New York) and Old Colony Trust Company (Boston ).[22]
  7. ^ Like many of Yerkes' schemes in the United States, the structure of the UERL's finances was highly complex and involved the use of novel financial instruments linked to future earnings. Over-optimistic expectations of passenger usage meant that many investors failed to receive the returns expected.[23]
  8. ^ The Metropolitan Railway opened on 10 January 1863, running in a mainly kesib oling va yoping tunnel dug under the road between Paddington va Farringdon. By 1899, it was extended far out into Midlseks, Xertfordshir va Bukingemshir.
  9. ^ Trafalgar Square and Regent's Park stations were built with subway access from the street instead of surface buildings. Waterloo station was provided with a simple archway entrance in the UERL style without the normal station building.
  10. ^ The lifts, supplied by American manufacturer Otis,[52] were installed in pairs within 23 ft diameter shafts.[53] The number of lifts depended on the expected passenger demand at the stations: for example, Hampstead has four lifts but Chalk Farm and Mornington Crescent have two each.[54]
  11. ^ During the planning phase, the station at Marylebone was named to correspond with the main line station it served. Sifatida ochildi Katta Markaziy iltimosiga binoan Sem Fay, the Great Central Railway's chairman.[62]
  12. ^ Trains entered service by running north into Kennington Road station.
  13. ^ The UERL had predicted 60 million passengers for the GNP&BR and 50 million for the CCE&HR in their first year of operation, but achieved 26 and 25 million respectively. For the DR it had predicted an increase to 100 million passengers after electrification, but achieved 55 million.[68]
  14. ^ The merger was carried out by transferring the assets of the BS&WR and the CCE&HR to the GNP&BR and renaming the GNP&BR the London Electric Railway.
  15. ^ The CLR extension to Brodveyni yeyish opened in 1920, the CCE&HR extension to Edgware opened in 1923/24 and the C&SLR extension to Morden opened in 1926.[61]
  16. ^ By having a virtual monopoly of bus services, the LGOC was able to make large profits and pay dividends far higher than the underground railways ever had. In 1911, the year before its take over by the UERL, the dividend had been 18 per cent.[102]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b Length of line calculated from distances given at"Clive's Underground Line Guides, Bakerloo line, Layout". Clive D. W. Feathers. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2009 yil 24 noyabrda. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  2. ^ Lee 1966, p. 7.
  3. ^ Lee 1966, p. 8.
  4. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Lee, Charles E. (March 1956). "Jubilee of the Bakerloo Railway – 1". "Temir yo'l" jurnali: 149–156.
  5. ^ Short History 1906, p. 1.
  6. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 321.
  7. ^ a b "№ 26225". London gazetasi. 20 November 1891. pp. 6145–6147.
  8. ^ a b v d e Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, p. 56.
  9. ^ "№ 26387". London gazetasi. 31 mart 1893. p. 1987 yil.
  10. ^ Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, p. 78.
  11. ^ Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, pp. 47, 57, 59, 60.
  12. ^ Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, p. 61.
  13. ^ Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, pp. 57, 112.
  14. ^ a b "Yo'q, 26682". London gazetasi. 21 November 1895. pp. 6410–6411.
  15. ^ a b "No. 26767". London gazetasi. 11 August 1896. pp. 4572–4573.
  16. ^ a b v d e Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, 113-114 betlar.
  17. ^ "The Baker Street and Waterloo Railway". The Times (35808): 7–8. 20 April 1899. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  18. ^ a b v d Buyuk Britaniya Chakana narxlar indeksi inflyatsiya ko'rsatkichlari ma'lumotlarga asoslanadi Klark, Gregori (2017). "1209 yilgacha Buyuk Britaniyaning yillik RPI va o'rtacha daromadi (yangi seriya)". Qiymat. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
  19. ^ Expenditure is recorded as £654,705 10s 7d in a prospectus issued by the BS&WR in November 1900 –"The Baker Street and Waterloo Railway – Prospectus". The Times. 1900 yil 13-noyabr. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  20. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 9.
  21. ^ a b Day & Reed 2008 yil, p. 69.
  22. ^ a b v Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, p. 118.
  23. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, 170-172-betlar.
  24. ^ "No. 26914". London gazetasi. 26 November 1897. pp. 7057–7059.
  25. ^ a b v d Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, 77-78 betlar.
  26. ^ a b v d Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, p. 84.
  27. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 168.
  28. ^ "No. 27025". London gazetasi. 22 November 1898. pp. 7070–7073.
  29. ^ a b v d Short History 1906, p. 3.
  30. ^ "No. 27105". London gazetasi. 4 August 1899. pp. 4833–4834.
  31. ^ "No. 27137". London gazetasi. 21 November 1899. pp. 7181–7183.
  32. ^ a b v Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, 84-85-betlar.
  33. ^ "No. 27218". London gazetasi. 7 August 1900. pp. 4857–4858.
  34. ^ "№ 27380". London gazetasi. 26 noyabr 1901. p. 8129.
  35. ^ "Yo'q, 27497". London gazetasi. 21 noyabr 1902. p. 7533.
  36. ^ "No. 27498". London gazetasi. 25 November 1902. pp. 7992–7994.
  37. ^ Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, p. 203.
  38. ^ "Yo'q, 27588". London gazetasi. 14 August 1903. pp. 5143–5144.
  39. ^ "No. 27618". London gazetasi. 20 November 1903. pp. 7203–7204.
  40. ^ "No. 27699". London gazetasi. 26 July 1904. pp. 4827–4828.
  41. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 7.
  42. ^ Pennick 1983, p. 19.
  43. ^ a b Pennick 1983, p. 21.
  44. ^ Pennick 1983, p. 22.
  45. ^ "The Underground Electric Railways Company Of London (Limited)". The Times (36738): 12. 10 April 1902. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  46. ^ "Railway And Other Companies – Baker Street and Waterloo Railway". The Times (37319): 14. 17 February 1904. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  47. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 173.
  48. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 20.
  49. ^ a b Xorn 2001 yil, p. 19.
  50. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 175.
  51. ^ Lee 1966, p. 15.
  52. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 188.
  53. ^ Connor 2006 yil, plans of stations.
  54. ^ "Clive's Underground Line Guides, Lifts and Escalators". Clive D. W. Feathers. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2009 yil 14 noyabrda. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  55. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 18.
  56. ^ Short History 1906, p. 14.
  57. ^ Short History 1906, p. 13.
  58. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 17.
  59. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, 174–175 betlar.
  60. ^ "1908 tube map". A History of the London Tube Maps. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 23 fevralda. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  61. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Rose 1999 yil.
  62. ^ Day & Reed 2008 yil, p. 71.
  63. ^ a b Xorn 2001 yil, 12-13 betlar.
  64. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 13.
  65. ^ Day & Reed 2008 yil, p. 70.
  66. ^ a b Short History 1906, p. 15.
  67. ^ Lee, Charles E. (March 1956). "Jubilee of the Bakerloo Railway – 1". "Temir yo'l" jurnali: 255–259.
  68. ^ a b Volmar 2005 yil, p. 191.
  69. ^ a b Lee 1966, p. 13.
  70. ^ "First Bakerloo Tragedy". Daily Mirror. 31 mart 1906. p. 5.
  71. ^ a b v Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, 282-283 betlar.
  72. ^ "Expensive 'Bakerloo' Fares". Daily Mirror. 30 April 1906. p. 4.
  73. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 23.
  74. ^ "No. 28311". London gazetasi. 23 noyabr 1909. 8816–8818-betlar.
  75. ^ "No 28402". London gazetasi. 1910 yil 29-iyul. 5497-5498-betlar.
  76. ^ "Yo'q, 27856". London gazetasi. 21 November 1905. pp. 8124–8126.
  77. ^ a b Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, 267–268-betlar.
  78. ^ Short History 1906, p. 7.
  79. ^ "No. 27938". London gazetasi. 7 August 1906. pp. 5453–5454.
  80. ^ a b v Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, pp. 264–267.
  81. ^ "№ 28199". London gazetasi. 24 noyabr 1908. 8824–8827 betlar.
  82. ^ Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, 80-81 betlar.
  83. ^ "№ 28199". London gazetasi. 24 noyabr 1908. 8951–8952-betlar.
  84. ^ "Yo'q, 28439". London gazetasi. 22 November 1910. pp. 8408–8411.
  85. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, 28-29 betlar.
  86. ^ "No 28500". London gazetasi. 2 iyun 1911. p. 4175.
  87. ^ "Paddington Linked Up With The "Bakerloo" Line". The Times (40383): 70. 1 December 1913. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  88. ^ a b Xorn 2001 yil, p. 29.
  89. ^ a b v Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, 268-270 betlar.
  90. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 27.
  91. ^ "No. 28552". London gazetasi. 21 November 1911. pp. 8615–8620.
  92. ^ "No. 28634". London gazetasi. 9 August 1912. pp. 5915–5916.
  93. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 30.
  94. ^ a b Xorn 2001 yil, p. 31.
  95. ^ a b Xorn 2001 yil, p. 33.
  96. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 37.
  97. ^ Badsey-Ellis 2005 yil, p. 268.
  98. ^ a b Xorn 2001 yil, 40-41 bet.
  99. ^ "№ 33699". London gazetasi. 1931 yil 17 mart. 1809–1811 betlar.
  100. ^ "№ 33761". London gazetasi. 9 oktyabr 1931. p. 6462.
  101. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, 38-39 betlar.
  102. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 204.
  103. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 259.
  104. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, pp. 259–262.
  105. ^ "№ 33668". London gazetasi. 9 December 1930. pp. 7905–7907.
  106. ^ Volmar 2005 yil, p. 266.
  107. ^ "London naychalari xaritasining tarixi, 1949 yilgi naycha xaritasi". London transporti. 1949 yil iyun. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2008 yil 25-yanvarda. Olingan 7-noyabr 2009.
  108. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 57.
  109. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, 63-66 bet.
  110. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, 46-48 betlar.
  111. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, 72-73 betlar.
  112. ^ Xorn 2001 yil, p. 78.

Bibliografiya

  • Short History and Description of the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway. Baker Street and Waterloo Railway Company. 1906 yil.
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  • Lee, Charles E. (1966). Sixty years of the Bakerloo. London: London transporti.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Pennick, Nigel (1983). Early Tube Railways of London. Cambridge: Electric Traction Publications.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Rose, Douglas (1999) [1980]. London metrosi, diagramma tarixi. Harrow: Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN  978-1-85414-219-1.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
  • Volmar, nasroniy (2005) [2004]. Er osti temir yo'li: London metrosi qanday qurilgan va shaharni abadiy qanday o'zgartirib yuborgan. London: Atlantika kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-84354-023-6.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)

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