Lift - Elevator

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Lift"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2020 yil mart) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Ushbu lift Alexanderplatz U-Bahn Berlindagi stantsiya ichki devorlarni ochib beruvchi shisha devorlar bilan qurilgan.

Oddiy liftlardan tashqarida

Oddiy lift eshiklari

An lift (Shimoliy Amerika ingliz tili )^[1] yoki ko'tarish (Hamdo'stlik ingliz tili )^[2] vertikalning bir turi kabel orqali tashish odamlar yoki yuklarni qavatlar, darajalar yoki o'rtasida harakatlantiradigan mashina pastki qavatlar bino, idish yoki boshqa inshoot. Asansörler, odatda, tortish kabellarini harakatga keltiradigan elektr motorlari bilan ishlaydi qarshi vazn kabi tizimlar ko'targich, garchi ba'zi birlari kabi silindrsimon pistonni ko'tarish uchun gidravlik suyuqlikni pompalaydi jek.

Qishloq xo'jaligi va ishlab chiqarishda lift har qanday turdagi konveyer uzluksiz oqimdagi materiallarni qutilarga ko'tarish uchun ishlatiladigan qurilma yoki siloslar. Bir nechta turlari mavjud, masalan, zanjir va chelakli lift, don burg'usi vintli konveyer printsipidan foydalangan holda Arximed vidasi, yoki zanjir va belkuraklar yoki vilkalar pichan liftlari. Ingliz tilidan tashqari boshqa tillar ham bo'lishi mumkin qarz so'zlari ikkalasiga ham asoslanadi lift yoki ko'tarish. Nogironlar aravachasiga kirish to'g'risidagi qonunlar tufayli, yangi ko'p qavatli binolarda, ayniqsa, nogironlar kolyaskalari uchun panduslar mumkin bo'lmagan joylarda liftlar ko'pincha qonuniy talab hisoblanadi.

Bundan tashqari, odatdagi yuqoriga va pastga qarab harakatlanishdan tashqari yon tomonga yuradigan ba'zi liftlar ham mavjud.^[3]

Tarix

Sanoatgacha bo'lgan davr

Nemis muhandisi tomonidan lift dizayni Konrad Kyeser (1405)

Liftga ma'lum bo'lgan dastlabki ma'lumot Rim me'morining asarlarida Vitruvius, kim buni xabar qildi Arximed (miloddan avvalgi 287 - miloddan avvalgi 212 yil) o'zining birinchi liftini miloddan avvalgi 236 yilda qurgan.^[4] Keyingi tarixiy davrlarga oid ba'zi manbalarda liftlarni a kenevir arqon qo'l bilan yoki hayvonlar tomonidan quvvatlanadi.

1000 yilda Sirlar kitobi tomonidan Ibn Xalaf al-Murodiy yilda Islomiy Ispaniya qal'ani yo'q qilish uchun katta kaltak ko'tarish uchun liftga o'xshash ko'tarish moslamasidan foydalanishni tasvirlab berdi.^[5] 17-asrda liftlarning prototiplari Angliya va Frantsiyaning saroy binolarida joylashgan. Frantsiya Louis XV xonadonlaridan biri uchun "uchar stul" deb nomlangan Versal shatosi 1743 yilda.^[6]

Qadimgi va o'rta asrlarda ishlatiladigan liftlarda qo'zg'aysan tizimlari ishlatilgan ko'targichlar yoki shisha. Ga asoslangan tizim ixtirosi vintli haydovchi qadimgi zamonlardan buyon zamonaviy yo'lovchi liftlarini yaratishga olib keladigan lift texnologiyasidagi eng muhim qadam bo'lishi mumkin edi. Birinchi vintli qo'zg'aysan lifti qurilgan Ivan Kulibin va o'rnatilgan Qishki saroy tomonidan ilgari ishlab chiqilgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, 1793 yilda Leonardo da Vinchi.^[7] Bir necha yil o'tgach, Kulibinning yana bir lifti o'rnatildi Arxangelskoye yaqin Moskva.

Sanoat davri

Liftlarning rivojlanishi xom ashyo, shu jumladan harakatlanish zarurati bilan bog'liq edi ko'mir va yog'och tog 'yonbag'irlaridan. Ushbu sanoat tarmoqlari tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan texnologiya va temir nurli konstruktsiyani joriy etish bugungi kunda foydalanilayotgan yo'lovchi va yuk liftlarini ta'minlash uchun birgalikda ish olib bordi.

19-asrning o'rtalariga kelib ko'mir konlaridan boshlab liftlar ishlatilgan bug 'quvvati va konlarda va fabrikalarda tovarlarni ommaviy ravishda ko'chirish uchun ishlatilgan. Bug 'bilan boshqariladigan ushbu qurilmalar tez orada turli maqsadlarda qo'llanila boshlandi - 1823 yilda, ikkitasi me'morlar ichida ishlash London, Berton va Xormerlar yangi sayyohlik diqqatga sazovor joylarini qurdilar va boshqardilar, uni "ko'tarilgan xona" deb atashdi. Bu Londonning markazida xaridorlarga to'lovlarni katta balandlikka ko'tarib, ularga shaharning ajoyib panoramali ko'rinishini taqdim etdi.^[8]

Keyingi o'n yillikda dastlabki bug 'bilan ishlaydigan liftlar takomillashtirildi; 1835 yilda Frost and Stutt in kompaniyasi tomonidan "Teagle" deb nomlangan innovatsion lift ishlab chiqildi Angliya. Lift kamar bilan boshqarilgan va ishlatilgan qarshi vazn qo'shimcha quvvat uchun.^[9]

1845 yilda neapollik me'mor Gaetano Genovese ga o'rnatilgan Caserta qirollik saroyi "uchar stul", o'z vaqtidan oldin ko'tarilgan lift, tashqarida kashtan daraxti va ichida chinor yog'ochlari bilan qoplangan. U yorug'lik, ikkita dastgoh va qo'lda ishlaydigan signalni o'z ichiga olgan va yo'lovchilar hech qanday harakat qilmasdan, tashqaridan faollashtirilishi mumkin edi. Tortish tishli g'ildiraklar tizimidan foydalangan holda mexanik mexanik tomonidan boshqarilardi. Agar simlar uzilib qolsa, kuchga kiradigan xavfsizlik tizimi ishlab chiqilgan. U po'lat kamon tomonidan tashqariga surilgan nurdan iborat edi.

Shlangi kran Sir tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Uilyam Armstrong 1846 yilda, asosan foydalanish uchun Tyneside yuklarni yuklash uchun docklar. Ular avvalgi bug 'bilan ishlaydigan liftlarni tezda siqib chiqardi: ekspluatatsiya qilish Paskal qonuni, ular juda katta kuchni ta'minladilar. Suv pompasi o'zgaruvchan darajani ta'minladi suv bosimi vertikal silindr ichiga o'ralgan pistonga, platformaning (og'ir yuk ko'taradigan) darajasini ko'tarish va tushirish imkoniyatini beradi. Qarama-qarshi og'irliklar va tarozilar ham apparatni ko'tarish kuchini oshirish uchun ishlatilgan.

Elisha Otis o'zining xavfsizlik tizimini namoyish qilib, Nyu-Yorkda Kristal saroy, 1853

Genri Voterman Nyu-York 1850 yilda lift uchun "tik turgan arqonni boshqarish" ni ixtiro qilganligi bilan ajralib turadi.^[10]

1852 yilda, Elisha Otis simi uzilib qolsa, idishni qulashi oldini olgan xavfsizlik liftini joriy qildi. U buni Nyu-Yorkdagi ekspozitsiyada namoyish etdi Kristal saroy 1854 yilda dramatik, o'limga qarshi taqdimotda,^[10][11] va birinchi shunday yo'lovchi lift o'rnatildi 488 Broadway yilda Nyu-York shahri 1857 yil 23 martda.

Elisha Otisning lifti patent chizmasi, 1861 yil 15-yanvar

Birinchi lift shaftasi birinchi liftdan to'rt yil oldin bo'lgan. Uchun qurilish Piter Kuper "s Kuper ittifoqi Jamg'arma binosi Nyu York 1853 yilda boshlangan. Lift shaftasi dizaynga kiritilgan, chunki Kuper tez orada xavfsiz yo'lovchi lifti ixtiro qilinishiga ishongan.^[12] Milya edi silindrsimon chunki Kuper bu eng samarali dizayn deb o'ylagan.^[13] Keyinchalik Otis bino uchun maxsus liftni loyihalashtirdi.

Piter Ellis, ingliz me'mori, deb ta'riflanishi mumkin bo'lgan birinchi liftlarni o'rnatdi paternosterli liftlar yilda Oriel xonalari 1868 yilda Liverpulda.^[14]

The Teng hayot qurish 1870 yilda Nyu-York shahrida qurib bitkazilgan, yo'lovchi liftlariga ega bo'lgan birinchi ofis binosi.^[15]

1874 yilda J. W. Meaker lift eshiklarini xavfsiz ochilishi va yopilishiga imkon beradigan usulni patentladi.^[16]

Birinchi elektr lift tomonidan qurilgan Verner fon Simens 1880 yilda Germaniyada.^[17] Ixtirochi Anton Freissler fon Simens g'oyalarini ishlab chiqdi va Avstriya-Vengriyada muvaffaqiyatli korxona barpo etdi. Elektr liftlarining xavfsizligi va tezligi sezilarli darajada oshirildi Frank Sprague polni boshqarish, avtomatik liftlar, avtoulovlarning tezlashishini boshqarish va xavfsizlikni qo'shganlar. Uning asansörü gidravlik yoki bug 'liftlariga qaraganda tezroq va katta yuk bilan ishlagan va 1895 yilda Sprague kompaniyasini "Otis Elevator Company" ga sotishdan oldin 584 ta elektr lift o'rnatilgan. Sprague, shuningdek, bitta valda bir nechta liftlar uchun g'oya va texnologiyani ishlab chiqqan.

1882 yilda, qachon gidravlik quvvat yaxshi tashkil etilgan texnologiya edi, keyinchalik kompaniya nomini oldi London gidrotexnika kompaniyasi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Edvard B. Ellington va boshqalar. U Temzaning har ikki tomonida yuqori bosimli magistral tarmog'ini barpo etdi, ular oxir-oqibat 184 chaqirimgacha cho'zilib, 8000 ga yaqin mashinani, asosan, lift va kranlarni quvvatlantirdilar.^[18]

Schuyler Wheeler 1883 yilda elektr lift dizaynini patentladi.^[19][20][21]

1887 yilda amerikalik ixtirochi Aleksandr Maylz Minnesota shtatidagi Dulut shahridan, lift milini yopadigan avtomatik eshiklari bo'lgan liftni patentladi.

Hindistondagi birinchi lift o'rnatildi Raj Bxavan Kalkuttada (hozir Kolkata ) 1892 yilda Otis tomonidan.^[22]

1900 yilga kelib, to'liq avtomatlashtirilgan liftlar mavjud edi, ammo yo'lovchilar ulardan foydalanishni xohlamadilar. Nyu-York shahridagi 1945 yilgi lift operatorining ish tashlashi va favqulodda to'xtatish tugmachasini, favqulodda telefonni va tinchlantiruvchi tushuntirishli avtomatlashtirilgan ovozli qabul qilishni qabul qilish.^[23]

2000 yilda Argentinada birinchi vakuumli lift savdo sifatida taklif qilindi.^[24]

Dizayn

Ba'zi odamlar liftlar oddiy bo'lib boshlangan deb ta'kidlaydilar arqon yoki zanjir ko'targichlar (qarang Tortish liftlari quyida).

Bu maqola o'z ichiga oladi kaltakesak so'zlar: tez-tez uchraydigan noaniq iboralar xolis yoki tekshirib bo'lmaydigan ma `lumot. Bunday bayonotlar bo'lishi kerak aniqlangan yoki olib tashlangan. (2020 yil sentyabr)

Lift - bu asosan mexanik vositalar yordamida tortiladigan yoki yuqoriga ko'tariladigan platformadir. Zamonaviy lift lift yoki ba'zan "ko'tarish yo'li" deb nomlangan yopiq maydon ichida platformaga o'rnatilgan kabinadan ("qafas", "arava" yoki "mashina" deb ham nomlanadi) iborat. Ilgari, liftni boshqarish mexanizmlari bug 'va suv gidravlik pistonlari yoki qo'l bilan quvvatlanardi. "Tortish" liftida avtomashinalar temir arqonlar yordamida chuqur yiv orqali tortib olinadi kasnaq, odatda sanoat sohasi deb ataladi. Avtomobilning og'irligi a tomonidan muvozanatlanadi qarshi vazn. Ba'zida ikkita lift quriladi, shunda ularning avtoulovlari doimo qarama-qarshi yo'nalishda sinxron ravishda harakatlanadi va bir-biriga qarshi og'irlikda bo'ladi.

Arqonlar va kasnaklar orasidagi ishqalanish ushbu turdagi liftga nom beradigan tortish kuchini ta'minlaydi.

Shlangi liftlar printsiplaridan foydalanadi gidravlika (ma'nosida gidravlik quvvat ) avtoulovni ko'tarish va tushirish uchun er usti yoki er pistoniga bosim o'tkazish uchun (qarang Shlangi liftlar quyida). Arqonli gidravlikada avtoulovlarni ko'tarish va tushirish uchun ikkala arqon va gidravlik quvvat kombinatsiyasi qo'llaniladi. So'nggi yangiliklar orasida doimiy magnitlangan dvigatellar, mashina xonasi bo'lmagan relssiz o'rnatiladigan redüktörlü mashinalar va mikroprotsessor boshqaruvlari mavjud.

Yangi qurilmalarda ishlatiladigan texnologiya turli xil omillarga bog'liq. Shlangi liftlar arzonroq, ammo ma'lum uzunlikdan kattaroq tsilindrlarni o'rnatish juda baland ko'taruvchi ko'targichlar uchun amaliy emas. Etti qavatdan kattaroq binolar o'rniga tortish liftlari ishlatilishi kerak. Shlangi liftlar odatda tortish liftlariga qaraganda sekinroq.

Liftlar nomzod ommaviy xususiylashtirish. Iqtisodiyotlar mavjud ommaviy ishlab chiqarish butlovchi qismlardan iborat, ammo har bir bino har xil qavatlar soni, quduq o'lchamlari va foydalanish tartiblari kabi o'ziga xos talablarga javob beradi.

Eshiklar

Lift eshiklar chavandozlarning valga tushishidan, kirib ketishidan yoki biror narsaga tegishidan saqlanish. Eng keng tarqalgan konfiguratsiya - o'rtada uchrashadigan ikkita panel bo'lishi va yon tomonga siljishi. Kaskadli teleskopik konfiguratsiyada (potentsial ravishda cheklangan maydon ichida kengroq kirish joylariga imkon berish mumkin) eshiklar mustaqil yo'llarda siljiydi, shunda ular ochiq bo'lsa ham, ular bir-birining orqasida tiqilib qoladi va yopiq holda ular bir tomondan kaskadli qatlamlarni hosil qiladi. Buni shunday kaskadli eshiklarning ikkita to'plami yuqorida tavsiflangan markaziy ochiladigan eshiklar singari ishlashi va shunday qilib juda keng lift kabinasiga imkon beradigan tarzda sozlash mumkin. Arzonroq qurilmalarda lift bitta katta "plita" eshigini ham ishlatishi mumkin: bitta panelli eshik eshikning kengligi chapga yoki o'ngga yon tomonga ochiladi. Ba'zi binolarda bitta eshikli valli liftlar, kabinada esa ikki kaskadli eshiklar mavjud.

Mashinalar xonasi bo'lmagan (MRL) liftlar

Kone EcoDisc. Butun haydovchi tizimi yuk ko'tarish yo'lida

Mashina xonasi bo'lmagan liftlar, aksariyat tarkibiy qismlar lift vagonini o'z ichiga olgan valga mos keladigan tarzda ishlab chiqilgan; va kichkina shkafda lift boshqaruvchisi joylashgan. Yuk ko'tarish yo'lidagi mexanizmlardan tashqari, uskunalar oddiy tortish yoki teshiksiz gidravlik liftga o'xshaydi. Dunyodagi birinchi mashina xonasi bo'lmagan lift - Kone MonoSpace 1996 yilda taqdim etilgan Kone. Foyda:

• ko'proq foydali maydon yaratadi
• kam energiya sarflang (standart gidravlik liftlardan 70-80% kam)
• yog 'ishlatmaydi (bu tortishish lifti deb taxmin qilinganda)
• barcha komponentlar er usti arqonli gidravlika liftlariga o'xshashdir (bu atrof muhitni muhofaza qilishni yo'q qiladi Shlangi silindr to'g'ridan-to'g'ri gidravlik tipdagi liftlar ostida saqlanadigan)
• boshqa liftlarga qaraganda biroz arzonroq narx; Shlangi MRL asansörü uchun sezilarli darajada
• gidravlikaga qaraganda tezroq ishlay oladi, lekin oddiy tortish moslamalari emas.

Zararlar

• Uskunalar qiyinroq va xizmat ko'rsatish va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish uchun ancha xavfli bo'lishi mumkin.

Faktlar

• Shovqin darajasi 50-55 dBA (A vaznli desibel ), bu ba'zi birlaridan past bo'lishi mumkin, ammo barcha turdagi liftlar emas.
• Odatda uchun ishlatiladi kam qavatli o'rta qavatli binolarga
• Dvigatel mexanizmi ko'tarish yo'lining o'zida joylashgan
• Kodlar tufayli AQSh savdo tijorat MRL Liftini qabul qilishni sekinlashtirdi
• Milliy va mahalliy qurilish qoidalari mashina xonalari bo'lmagan liftlarga murojaat qilmagan. ASME A17 kodi AQShda hali ham turar-joy MRL liftlariga ruxsat bermaydi. MRL liftlari 2004 yil A17.1 Lift kodiga 2005 yil qo'shimchasida tan olingan.
• Bugungi kunda Otis va ThyssenKrupp tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan ba'zi mashina xonalari bo'lmagan gidravlik liftlar mavjud; ular atrof-muhit muammolarini yumshatuvchi, er osti yoki mashina xonasida joylashgan pistonni ishlatishni o'z ichiga olmaydi; ammo, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining hamma joylarida ularni kod hali qabul qilmaydi.^[25][26]

Ikki qavatli liftlar

Ikki qavatli liftlar - yuqori va pastki qavatlariga ega bo'lgan avtoulovlarga ega tortish liftlari. Ikkala pastki bir vaqtning o'zida polga xizmat qilishi mumkin va ikkala pastki ham odatda bitta dvigatel tomonidan boshqariladi.^[27] Ushbu tizim yuqori qavatli binolarda samaradorlikni oshiradi va joyni tejaydi, shunda qo'shimcha vallar va avtoulovlarni qo'shishga hojat yo'q.

2003 yilda, ThyssenKrupp TWIN deb nomlangan tizimni ixtiro qildi, unda ikkita valfli avtoulovlar bitta o'qda mustaqil ravishda ishlaydi.^[28]

Trafikni hisoblash

Qaytish vaqtini hisoblash

Tarix

1901 yilda maslahatchi muhandis Charlz G. Darrak (1846-1927) lift xizmatini aniqlash uchun birinchi formulani taklif qildi.^[29]

1908 yilda Reginald P. Bolton ushbu mavzuga bag'ishlangan birinchi "Lift xizmati" kitobini nashr etdi.^[30] Uning ishi sarhisobi katta katlamali jadval (kitobining orqa qismida joylashgan) bo'lib, foydalanuvchilarga ma'lum bir bino uchun kerakli xizmat oralig'ini ta'minlash uchun zarur bo'lgan tezkor va mahalliy liftlar sonini aniqlashga imkon berdi.

1912 yilda tijorat muhandisi Edmund F. Tvidi va elektr muhandisi Artur Uilyams birgalikda "Markaziy stantsiyalar uchun tijorat muhandisligi" kitobini yozdilar.^[31] U Boltonning ko'rsatmalariga ergashdi va "ishg'ol qilingan umumiy maydonning ofis binolari uchun zarur bo'lgan liftlar soni va hajmini aniqlash sxemasini" ishlab chiqdi.

1920 yilda Xovard B. Kuk "Yo'lovchi lift xizmati" nomli maqolasini taqdim etdi.^[32] Ushbu maqola lift sanoatining a'zosi birinchi marta lift xizmatini aniqlashning matematik vositasini taklif qilganligini ko'rsatdi. Uning formulasi aylanib o'tish vaqtini (RTT) bitta sayohat vaqtini topish, uni ikki baravar oshirish va 10 soniyani qo'shish orqali aniqladi.

1923 yilda Bassett Jons "Lift tomonidan qilingan to'xtash joylarining taxminiy soni" nomli maqolasini nashr etdi.^[33] U o'z tenglamalarini ehtimollar nazariyasiga asoslanib, o'rtacha to'xtash sonini hisoblashning oqilona aniq usulini topdi. Ushbu maqoladagi tenglama har bir qavatda doimiy aholi sonini qabul qildi.

${displaystyle S = n {1-chap ({frac {n-1} {n}} ight) ^ {N}}}$

U 1926 yilda tenglamalarining yangilangan versiyasini yozishga kirishdi, bu har bir qavatda o'zgaruvchan populyatsiyani tashkil etdi.^[34] Jons Devid Lindquistni tenglamani ishlab chiqishda ishongan, ammo uning qachon taklif qilinganligi to'g'risida hech qanday ma'lumot bermagan.

${displaystyle S = n- {chap ({frac {P-P_ {a}} {P}} ight) ^ {N} + chap ({frac {P-P_ {b}} {P}} ight) ^ { N} + ... + chap ({frac {P-P_ {n}} {P}} ight) ^ {N}}}$

Tenglamalar mavjud bo'lsa-da, ko'tarish transportini tahlil qilish hali ham faqat mutaxassislar tomonidan bajarilishi mumkin bo'lgan juda aniq vazifa edi. Bu 1967 yilgacha Strakosch "Vertikal transport: liftlar va eskalatorlar" da tizim samaradorligini topishning sakkiz bosqichli usulini yozgan.^[35]

Yuqori hisob-kitoblar

1975 yilda Barni va Dos Santos Strakoshning ishidan so'ng "Qaytish vaqti (RTT) formulasini" ishlab chiqdilar va nashr etdilar.^[36] Bu birinchi formulali matematik model edi va bugungi kunda trafik analizatorlari tomonidan qo'llaniladigan eng sodda shakl.

${displaystyle RTT = Ht_ {1} + t_ {2} (S + 1) + 2Pt_ {3}}$

Ko'p yillar davomida ushbu tenglamaga o'zgartirishlar va yaxshilanishlar kiritildi, eng muhimi 2000 yilda Piters tomonidan nashr etilgan «Up Peak-ga qaytish vaqtini hisoblash yaxshilandi”^[37] bu parvoz vaqtini hisoblashning aniqligini yaxshilab, avtomobil maksimal nominal tezlikka yoki tezlashuvga erisha olmaganida qisqa muddatli ko'tarilishga imkon beradi va ekspres zonalarning funksionalligini qo'shadi. Ushbu tenglama endi "Uppeak hisoblash" deb nomlanadi^[38] chunki barcha yo'lovchilar binoga birinchi qavatdan kirib kelishadi (kiruvchi transport) va yuqori qavatdan pastki qavatga (chiquvchi transport) sayohat qilayotgan yo'lovchilar va bitta ichki qavatdan yo'lovchilar yo'q. boshqasi (qavatdagi transport). Ushbu model, agar bino ertalab eng qizg'in ishlayotgan bo'lsa, yaxshi ishlaydi, ammo murakkab lift tizimlarida ushbu model ishlamaydi.

Umumiy tahlil

1990 yilda Piters "Lift Traffic Analysis: Formulas of General Case" nomli maqolasini nashr etdi.^[39] unda u aralash trafik qoidalarini hisobga olgan holda, shuningdek, Poisson yaqinlashuvi yordamida yo'lovchilarning to'dasini hisobga oladigan yangi formulani ishlab chiqdi. Ushbu yangi umumiy tahlil tenglamasi ancha murakkab tizimlarni tahlil qilishga imkon berdi, ammo endi tenglamalar shu qadar murakkablashdiki, uni qo'lda bajarish deyarli imkonsiz edi va hisob-kitoblarni bajarish uchun dasturiy ta'minotdan foydalanish zarur bo'ldi. Ikki qavatli liftlarni hisobga olish uchun GA formulasi 1996 yilda yanada kengaytirildi.^[40]

Simulyatsiyalar

RTT hisob-kitoblari asansör tizimining ishlash qobiliyatini o'rnatish asosida ishlaydi. Ular buni bir nechta takrorlanadigan hisob-kitoblar to'plamini bajarish orqali amalga oshiradilar, bu ma'lum bir ma'lumot to'plami uchun har doim bir xil javobni beradi. Bu oddiy tizimlar uchun yaxshi ishlaydi, ammo tizim murakkablashganda hisob-kitoblarni ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirish qiyinlashadi. Ushbu juda murakkab tizimlarning echimi binoni simulyatsiya qilishdir.^[41]

Dispetcherga asoslangan simulyatsiya

Bu erda siz kompyuterda virtual bino yaratasiz va u yo'lovchilarni ko'taradi va liftlarni iloji boricha haqiqatga yaqinlashtiradi. Simulyatsiya matematik tenglamalar va hisoblashlar kabi foizli ehtimollik o'rniga, ehtimollikni modellashtirish uchun tasodifiy sonlardan foydalanadi. Eng ko'p ishlatiladigan simulyator Elevate deb nomlanadi va birinchi marta 1998 yilda Elevate Lite sifatida namoyish etilgan.^[42]

Ushbu dispetcherga asoslangan simulyatsiya yillar davomida jiddiy yaxshilanishlarga erishdi, ammo asosiysi bir xil bo'lib qolmoqda.

Garchi bu hozirgi vaqtda lift tizimini modellashtirishning eng aniq usuli bo'lsa-da, ba'zi bir muhim kamchiliklarga ega. Hisob-kitoblardan farqli o'laroq, u RTT qiymatini topa olmaydi, chunki u standart sayohatlarda ishlamaydi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, u standartlashtirilgan ko'tarish transportini tahlil qilish metodologiyasiga mos kelmaydi va o'rtacha oraliq kabi qiymatlarni topish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin emas, aksincha u o'rtacha kutish vaqtini topish uchun ishlatiladi.

Monte-Karlo simulyatsiyasi

2011 yilda birinchi Lift va Eskalator simpoziumida Al-Sharif simulyatsiyaning muqobil shaklini taklif qildi.^[43] Ushbu usul o'rniga, qayta ishga tushirishdan va qayta ishlashdan oldin avtomobilning bitta aylanib yurishini modellash mumkin. Ushbu usul hali ham murakkab tizimlarni modellashtirishga qodir, ammo u RTT qiymatini ishlab chiqarish orqali standart metodologiyaga mos keladi. Ushbu model 2018 yilda Al-Sharif manzilni boshqarish tizimlarini modellashtira oladigan dispetcher kabi funktsiyani qayta tiklash usulini namoyish qilganida yanada takomillashtirildi.^[44]

Simulyatsiya bilan bu muhim kamchilikni muvaffaqiyatli bartaraf etsa-da, soddalashtirilganligi sababli dispetcherga asoslangan simulyatsiyalar kabi aniq emas va bu doimiy xarakterga ega emas. Bundan tashqari, Monte-Karlo yo'lovchilar sonini yo'lovchilar o'rniga kirish sifatida hisobga olishni talab qiladi, chunki boshqa metodologiyalar ishlaydi.

Yuk ko'tarish mexanizmlarining turlari

Liftlar arqonga bog'liq yoki arqonsiz bo'lishi mumkin.^[45] Liftni harakatga keltiradigan kamida to'rtta vosita mavjud:

Tortish liftlari

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2020 yil mart) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

• Vitesli va reduksiz tortish liftlari

Mashina xonasida po'lat arqonlar va elektr motor

Tishli tortish mashinalari boshqariladi AC yoki DC elektr motorlar. Tishli mexanizmlardan foydalanish qurt viteslari Liftli vagonlarning mexanik harakatlanishini temir datchik arqonlari bilan biriktirilgan qo'zg'aysan g'ildiragi ustiga "aylantirish" orqali boshqarish vites qutisi yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan vosita tomonidan boshqariladi. Ushbu mashinalar odatda 3 m / s (500 fut / min) gacha bo'lgan tezlikda podvalda yoki tepada tortish uchun eng yaxshi variant hisoblanadi.^[46]

Tarixga ko'ra, o'zgaruvchan tok dvigatellari bir yoki ikki bosqichli lift mashinalari uchun narx va arzonroq foydalanish asosida, avtomobil tezligi va yo'lovchilarning qulayligi unchalik ahamiyatga ega bo'lmagan, ammo yuqori tezlik, katta quvvatga ega liftlar uchun cheksiz o'zgaruvchan tezlikka bo'lgan ehtiyoj uchun ishlatilgan. tortish mashinasini boshqarish muammoga aylanadi. Shuning uchun, doimiy / doimiy quvvat bilan ishlaydigan doimiy mashinalar motor generatori afzal qilingan echim edi. The MG to'plami shuningdek, odatda o'rni liftni binoning qolgan elektr tizimidan elektr izolyatsiyasi afzalliklariga ega bo'lgan liftni boshqaruvchisi, shu bilan dvigatellarning ishga tushishi va to'xtab qolishi oqibatida binoning elektr ta'minotidagi vaqtinchalik quvvat ko'tarilishini yo'q qiladi (har safar yorug'likni pasayishiga olib keladi) masalan, liftlar ishlatiladi), shuningdek boshqaruv tizimidagi o'rni kontaktorlarining yoyi tufayli yuzaga keladigan boshqa elektr jihozlariga aralashish.

O'zgaruvchan chastotali o'zgaruvchan tok haydovchilarining keng tarqalganligi o'zgaruvchan tok motorlarini universal ravishda ishlatishga imkon berdi va shu bilan birga eski dvigatel generatori, DC asosidagi tizimlarning afzalliklarini olib keldi, samaradorlik va murakkablik nuqtai nazaridan jarimalarsiz. Eski MG-ga asoslangan qurilmalar energiya samaradorligi pastligi sababli eski binolarda asta-sekin almashtirilmoqda.

Vitessiz tortish mashinalari past tezlikda (past-RPM), yuqorimoment AC yoki doimiy quvvat bilan ishlaydigan elektr motorlar. Bunday holda, qo'zg'aysan qisqichi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dvigatelning oxiriga bog'langan. Gearless tortish liftlari 20 m / s (4000 fut / min) gacha tezlikka erishishi mumkin, dvigatel va reduktor qutisi orasiga yoki dvigatel va qo'zg'aysan pog'onasi orasiga yoki qo'zg'aysan pog'onasining oxiriga liftni statsionar holatda ushlab turish uchun tormoz o'rnatilgan. zamin. Ushbu tormoz odatda tashqi hisoblanadi baraban turi va bahor kuchi bilan ishlaydi va elektr ochiq holda ushlab turiladi; elektr uzilishi tormozning ishlashiga olib keladi va liftning qulashi oldini oladi (qarang tabiiy xavfsizlik va xavfsizlik muhandisligi ). Ammo bu ba'zi bir shakllar ham bo'lishi mumkin disk turi yuqori tezlikda, yuqori ko'tarilishda va mashina xonalari bo'lgan katta sig'imli liftlarda ishlatiladigan dvigatel shaftasi yoki qo'zg'aysan pog'onasining bir uchidagi disk ustidagi bir yoki bir nechta kalibrlar kabi (bundan mustasno - Kone MonoSpace-ning EcoDisc yuqori tezlikda bo'lmagan, yuqori ko'tarilgan va katta quvvatga ega va mashina xonasi kamroq, lekin u tormoz quvvati, ixchamlik va oddiy tishli tortish mashinasining ingichka versiyasi bilan bir xil dizayndan foydalanadi). ortiqcha (diskda kamida 2 kalipr bor deb hisoblasak) yoki mashina xonasida ixchamlik, tormoz kuchi va kamroq ishlaydigan liftlarda ishlatiladigan dvigatel shaftasi yoki qo'zg'aysan pog'onasining bir uchida bitta kaliprli bir yoki bir nechta diskli tormozlar. ortiqcha (2 tormoz yoki undan ko'p bo'lsa).

Har ikkala holatda ham kabellar idishni tepasidagi tirgak plitasiga biriktirilgan yoki idishni ostiga "tushirilgan" bo'lishi mumkin, so'ngra qo'zg'aysan shkafi bo'ylab qarshi vazn miqdorini kamaytiradigan kabellarning qarama-qarshi uchiga ulangan kuch idishni ko'chirish uchun kerak edi. Qarama-qarshi vazn ko'tarish yo'lida joylashgan va alohida temir yo'l tizimi bo'ylab olib boriladi; mashina ko'tarilayotganda qarshi og'irlik pasayadi va aksincha. Ushbu harakat boshqaruvchi tomonidan boshqariladigan tortish mashinasi tomonidan quvvatlanadi, odatda o'rni mantig'i yoki ishga tushirishni boshqaradigan kompyuterlashtirilgan qurilma, tezlashtirish, sekinlashuv va lift kabinasining to'xtashi. Qarama-qarshi vaznning og'irligi odatda lift kabinasining og'irligiga va lift sig'imining 40-50% ga teng. Drayv g'ildiragidagi oluklar kabellarning siljishini oldini olish uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan. "Tortish "arqonlarga bog'lamdagi yivlarning tutilishi, shu bilan nomlanishi bilan ta'minlanadi. Arqonlarning yoshi va tortish yivlari eskirganligi sababli, ba'zi tortish kuchlari yo'qoladi va arqonlar almashtirilishi va gilamni tuzatish yoki almashtirish kerak. Qarmoq va arqon Barcha arqonlarning teng taranglikka ega bo'lishini ta'minlash va shu bilan yukni teng ravishda taqsimlash orqali eskirish sezilarli darajada kamayishi mumkin .. Arqonning tarangligini tenglashtirishga arqonning kuchlanish o'lchagichi yordamida erishish mumkin va bu bog'lamlar va arqonlar umrini uzaytirishning oddiy usuli.

30 m (98 fut) dan ortiq sayohat qilgan liftlarda kompensatsiya deb nomlangan tizim mavjud. Bu alohida kabellar to'plami yoki qarshi og'irlikning pastki qismiga va lift kabinasining pastki qismiga bog'langan zanjir. Bu liftni boshqarishni osonlashtiradi, chunki u ko'targich va idishni orasidagi kabelning har xil vaznini qoplaydi. Agar lift kabinasi yuk ko'tarish yo'lining tepasida bo'lsa, mashina ustida ko'tarish kabelining qisqa uzunligi va qarama-qarshi og'irlik uchun aksincha, avtomobilning ostida uzun kompensatsion kabel mavjud. Agar kompensatsiya tizimi kabellardan foydalansa, liftning ostidagi chuqurda, kabellarni boshqarish uchun qo'shimcha qistirma bo'ladi. Agar kompensatsiya tizimi zanjirlardan foydalansa, zanjir qarshi og'irlik yo'llari orasiga o'rnatilgan novda orqali boshqariladi.

Qayta tiklanadigan drayvlar

Energiyani tejaydigan yana bir yaxshilanish - bu rejenerativ harakat,^[47] ga o'xshash ishlaydi regenerativ tormozlash transport vositalarida, liftning elektr dvigatelini generator sifatida ishlatib, to'liq kabinaga tushish (uning qarshi og'irligidan og'irroq) yoki bo'sh kabinaga ko'tarilishining tortishish potentsiali energiyasining bir qismini olish va uni binoning elektr energiyasiga qaytarish. tizim.

Shlangi liftlar

Pastki qismida metall panjarali gidravlik manzarali liftning qudug'i. Ushbu lift 7 ta hikoyani bosib o'tadi.

• An'anaviy gidravlik liftlar. Ular er osti yo'lidan foydalanadilar Shlangi silindr, ikki qavatdan besh qavatli (ba'zan, lekin kamdan-kam hollarda olti dan sakkiz qavatga qadar) past darajadagi binolar uchun juda keng tarqalgan va tezligi 1 m / s (200 fut / min) gacha. Yuqori darajadagi dasturlar uchun teleskopik gidravlik silindrdan foydalanish mumkin.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}
• Teshiksiz gidravlik liftlar 1970-yillarda ishlab chiqarilgan va er usti silindrlardan foydalangan, bu esa uni ekologik yoki iqtisodiy jihatdan qimmat, ikki, uch yoki to'rt qavatli binolar uchun amaliy qiladi.
• Arqonli gidravlik liftlar yuqoridagi silindrlardan ham, arqon tizimidan ham foydalaning, bu esa liftning piston harakatlanishidan ko'ra ko'proq harakatlanishiga imkon beradi.

Shlangi liftlarning tortishish liftlariga nisbatan past mexanik murakkabligi ularni past ko'tarilish va kam tirbandlik o'rnatish uchun ideal qiladi. Ular energiyani tejashga qodir emas, chunki nasos tortishish kuchiga qarshi ishlaydi va avtomobilni va uning yo'lovchilarini yuqoriga ko'taradi; mashina o'z vazniga tushganda bu energiya yo'qoladi. Nasosni ishga tushirishda yuqori oqim kuchi, shuningdek, binoning elektr tizimiga yuqori talablarni qo'yadi. Silindrni ko'tarish suyuqligi erga oqib tushishi bilan bog'liq ekologik muammolar ham mavjud.^[48]

Zamonaviy avlod, arzon narxlardagi, mashinasozlik xonasi bo'lmagan tortish liftlari miniatizatsiya tortish dvigatellari va boshqaruv tizimlarining an'anaviy bozor joylarida gidravlik liftning ustunligini talab qiladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Elektromagnit qo'zg'alish

Kabelsiz liftlardan foydalanish elektromagnit qo'zg'alish vertikal va gorizontal harakat qilishga qodir bo'lgan nemis muhandislik firmasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Tissen Krupp yuqori qavatli, yuqori zichlikdagi binolarda foydalanish uchun.^[49][50]

Liftga chiqish

Ko'tariluvchi lift - bu o'z harakatiga ega bo'lgan o'z-o'zidan ko'tarilgan lift. Harakatlanish elektr yoki yonish dvigateli tomonidan amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Ushbu konstruktsiyalarning ba'zi qismlariga, masalan, parvarishlash uchun xavfsizlik lampalariga oson kirish uchun, toqqa chiqishga mo'ljallangan liftlar yigitcha ustunlarida yoki minoralarda qo'llaniladi. Bunga misol bo'lishi mumkin oy nurli minoralar Liftda faqat bitta odam va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish uchun uskunalar bo'lgan Ostindagi (Texas). The Glazgo minorasi - kuzatuv minorasi Glazgo, Shotlandiya - shuningdek, ikkita toqqa chiqishga mo'ljallangan liftlardan foydalaniladi. Vaqtinchalik toqqa chiqish liftlari odatda binolarning doimiy lift tizimi o'rnatilishidan oldin materiallar va xodimlarni ko'chirish uchun yangi ko'p qavatli binolarni qurishda ishlatiladi, bu vaqtda toqqa chiqishga mo'ljallangan liftlar demontaj qilinadi.

Pnevmatik lift

Bunday turdagi lift idishni yuqoriga siljitish uchun idishni tepasida vakuum va "o'q" ustidagi valfdan foydalanadi va idishni bir xil darajada ushlab turish uchun valfni yopadi. Diafragma yoki piston "tormoz" sifatida ishlatiladi, agar idishni ustida bosim keskin ko'tarilsa. Pastga tushish uchun u klapanni ochadi, shunda havo "o'q" ning yuqori qismiga bosim o'tkazishi mumkin, idishni o'z og'irligi bilan pastga tushishiga imkon beradi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, elektr quvvati uzilgan taqdirda idishni avtomatik ravishda pastga tushadi. "Shaft" akrildan tayyorlangan va vakuum nasos turbinasi shakli tufayli har doim yumaloq bo'ladi. Idishni ichkarisida ushlab turish uchun rezina qistirmalari ishlatiladi. Texnik cheklovlar tufayli ushbu liftlar kam quvvatga ega, ular odatda 1-3 yo'lovchiga va 525 funtgacha imkon beradi.^[51]

Boshqaruv elementlari

Qo'lda boshqarish

Nyu-York shahridagi ko'p qavatli uyda ishlaydigan 1920 yilgi Otis boshqaruvchisi

Yigirmanchi asrning birinchi yarmida deyarli barcha liftlarda idishni to'xtab turadigan polning avtomatik joylashuvi yo'q edi. Qadimgi yuk ko'taruvchilarning ba'zilari qo'shni arqonlarni tortib olish orqali boshqariladigan kalitlarga o'rnatildi. Umuman olganda, Ikkinchi Jahon Urushigacha aksariyat liftlar qo'lda boshqarilardi lift operatorlari yordamida reostat dvigatelga ulangan. Ushbu reostat (rasmga qarang) silindrsimon konteyner ichiga tortning kattaligi va shakli bilan o'ralgan. Bu idishni devoriga vertikal yoki yon tomonga o'rnatildi va silindrning yuqori yarmini siljitish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan proektsiyali tutqich orqali ishladi.

Asansör motori milning yuqori qismida yoki milning pastki qismida joylashgan. Tutqichni oldinga surish idishni ko'tarilishiga olib keladi; orqaga qarab uni cho'ktirishga olib keladi. Bosim qanchalik qiyin bo'lsa, lift shunchalik tez harakatlanadi. Tutqich ham a vazifasini bajargan o'lik odam: agar operator dastani qo'yib yuborsa, u tik holatiga qaytib, lift kabinasining to'xtashiga olib keladi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan xavfsizlik blokirovkalari ichki va tashqi eshiklar lift harakatlanishiga ruxsat berilguncha yopilishini ta'minlaydilar.

Ushbu qo'li dvigatelga etkazib beriladigan energiya ustidan bir oz nazoratni amalga oshirishga imkon beradi va shuning uchun operator etarli darajada malakali bo'lsa, liftni to'g'ri joylashishiga imkon beradi. Odatda, operator liftni qo'nish nuqtasiga etarlicha yaqinlashguncha kabinani oz-ozdan harakatlantirib, boshqaruvni "yugurishi" kerak bo'ladi. Keyin operator chiqayotgan va kirayotgan yo'lovchilarni "qadamni kuzatishga" yo'naltirar edi.

Liftni qo'lda boshqarish

Avtomatik liftlar 20-asrning 20-yillarida paydo bo'la boshladi,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} ularning rivojlanishi tezlashtirilmoqda ajoyib Nyu-York va Chikago singari katta shaharlarni osmono'par binolarga (va shuning uchun ularning liftlariga) bog'liq bo'lgan lift operatorlari. 1922 yilgacha Nyu-Yorkda o'z-o'ziga xizmat ko'rsatadigan liftlarga ruxsat berilmagan. Bungacha xizmatchisining xizmatiga qurbi yetmaydigan hashamatli binolar besh qavatli yurish sifatida qurilgan edi. Ushbu elektromexanik tizimlar ishlatilgan o'rni mantig'i asansör yoki asansör bankının tezligini, holatini va eshik ishlashini nazorat qilish uchun murakkabligi ortib boradigan davrlar.

Otis Avtotronik 1950-yillarning boshlaridagi tizim, liftning harakatlanishini eng samarali tarzda joylashtirish uchun bino ichida harakatlanish tartibini taxmin qiladigan eng dastlabki bashoratli tizimlarni keltirdi. O'rnimizni boshqaradigan lift tizimlari 1980 yillarga qadar keng tarqalgan bo'lib, ularni asta-sekin qattiq holatga almashtirish, mikroprotsessor - asoslangan boshqaruv endi sanoat standartiga aylandi. Most older, manually-operated elevators have been retrofitted with automatic or semi-automatic controls.

Typical freight elevator control station

Typical passenger elevator control station

Typical elevators floor buttons

A digital floor indicator

An analog floor indicator

Using the emergency call button in an elevator. U yerda Brayl shrifti text for visually impaired people and a button illuminates to alert a hearing impaired person that the alarm is ringing and the call is being placed.

Umumiy boshqaruv

A typical modern passenger elevator will have:

• Outside the elevator, buttons to go up or down (the bottom floor only has the up button, the top floor only has the down button, and every floor in between has both)
• Space to stand in, guardrails, seating cushion (luxury)
• Overload sensor – prevents the elevator from moving until excess load has been removed. It may trigger a voice prompt or buzzer alarm. This may also trigger a "full car" indicator, indicating the car's inability to accept more passengers until some are unloaded.
• Electric fans or air conditioning units to enhance circulation and comfort.
• A control panel with various buttons. In many countries, button text and icons are raised to allow blind users to operate the elevator; many have Brayl shrifti text besides. Buttons include:
• Call buttons to choose a floor. Some of these may be key switches (to control access). In some elevators, certain floors are inaccessible unless one swipes a security card or enters a passcode (or both).
• Door open and door close buttons.

The operation of the door open button is transparent, immediately opening and holding the door, typically until a timeout occurs and the door closes. The operation of the door close button is less transparent, and it often appears to do nothing, leading to frequent but incorrect^[52] reports that the door close button is a placebo button: either not wired up at all, or inactive in normal service. On many older elevators, if one is present, the door close button is functional because the elevator is not ADA compliant and/or it doesn't have a fire service mode.^{[53][54][55][56]} Working door open and door close buttons are required by code in many jurisdictions, including the United States, specifically for emergency operation: in independent mode, the door open and door close buttons are used to manually open or close the door.^[52][57] Beyond this, programming varies significantly, with some door close buttons immediately closing the door, but in other cases being delayed by an overall timeout, so the door cannot be closed until a few seconds after opening. In this case (hastening normal closure), the door close button has no effect. However, the door close button will cause a hall call to be ignored (so the door won't reopen), and once the timeout has expired, the door close will immediately close the door, for example, to cancel a door open push. The minimum timeout for automatic door closing in the US is 5 seconds,^[58] which is a noticeable delay if not over-ridden.

• An alarm button or switch, which passengers can use to warn the premises manager that they have been trapped in the elevator.
• A set of doors kept locked on each floor to prevent unintentional access into the elevator shaft by the unsuspecting individual. The door is unlocked and opened by a machine sitting on the roof of the car, which also drives the doors that travel with the car. Door controls are provided to close immediately or reopen the doors, although the button to close them immediately is often disabled during normal operations, especially on more recent elevators. Objects in the path of the moving doors will either be detected by sensors or physically activate a switch that reopens the doors. Otherwise, the doors will close after a preset time. Some elevators are configured to remain open at the floor until they are required to move again. Regulations often require doors to close after use to prevent smoke from entering the elevator shaft in event of fire.
• Elevators in high traffic buildings often have a "nudge" function (the Otis Autotronic system first introduced this feature)^{[iqtibos kerak ]} which will close the doors at a reduced speed, and sound a buzzer if the "door open" button is being deliberately held down, or if the door sensors have been blocked for too long a time.
• A stop switch (not allowed under British regulations^{[iqtibos kerak ]}) to halt the elevator while in motion and often used to hold an elevator open while freight is loaded. Keeping an elevator stopped for too long may set off an alarm. Unless local codes require otherwise, this will most likely be a key switch.

Some elevators may have one or more of the following:

• An elevator telephone, which can be used (in addition to the alarm) by a trapped passenger to call for help. This may consist of a transceiver, or simply a button. This feature is often required by local regulations.
• Hold button: This button delays the door closing timer, useful for loading freight and hospital beds.
• Call cancellation: A destination floor may be deselected by double clicking.
• Access restriction by key switches, RFID reader, code keypad, hotel room card, etc.
• One or more additional sets of doors. This is primarily used to serve different floor plans: on each floor only one set of doors opens. For example, in an elevated crosswalk setup, the front doors may open on the street level, and the rear doors open on the crosswalk level. This is also common in garages, rail stations, and airports. Alternatively, both doors may open on a given floor. This is sometimes timed so that one side opens first for getting off, and then the other side opens for getting on, to improve boarding/exiting speed. This is particularly useful when passengers have luggage or carts, as at an airport, due to reduced manoeuvrability.
  • 

    Dual door open and door close buttons, in an elevator with two sets of doors.
    In case of dual doors, there may be two sets of door open and door close buttons, with one pair controlling the front doors, from the perspective of the console, typically denoted <> and ><, with the other pair controlling the rear doors, typically denoted with a line in the middle, <|> and >|<, or double lines, |<>| and >||<. This second set is required in the US if both doors can be opened at the same landing, so that the doors can both be controlled in independent service.^[52][59]
• Xavfsizlik kamerasi
• Plain walls or mirrored walls.
• Glass windowpane providing a view of the building interior or onto the streets.
  

  'S' "Signal" button, found in US elevators of 1991–2012 vintage.

An audible signal button, labelled "S": in the US, for elevators installed between 1991 and 2012 (initial passage of ADA and coming into force of 2010 revision), a button which if pushed, sounds an audible signal as each floor is passed, to assist visually impaired passengers. No longer used on new elevators, where the sound is normally obligatory.^[60][61]

Other controls, which are generally inaccessible to the public (either because they are key switches, or because they are kept behind a locked panel), include:

• Fireman's service, phase II key switch
• Switch to enable or disable the elevator.
• An inspector's switch, which places the elevator in inspection mode (this may be situated on top of the elevator)
• Manual up/down controls for elevator technicians, to be used in inspection mode, for example.
• An independent service/exclusive mode (also known as "Car Preference"), which will prevent the car from answering to hall calls and only arrive at floors selected via the panel. The door should stay open while parked on a floor. This mode may be used for temporarily transporting goods.
• Attendant service mode
• Large buildings with multiple elevators of this type also had an elevator dispatcher stationed in the lobby to direct passengers and to signal the operator to leave with the use of a mechanical "cricket" noisemaker.

External controls

An external control panel

Elevators are typically controlled from the outside by a call box, which has up and down buttons, at each stop. When pressed at a certain floor, the button (also known as a "hall call" button) calls the elevator to pick up more passengers. If the particular elevator is currently serving traffic in a certain direction, it will only answer calls in the same direction unless there are no more calls beyond that floor.

In a group of two or more elevators, the call buttons may be linked to a central dispatch computer, such that they illuminate and cancel together. This is done to ensure that only one car is called at one time.

Key switches may be installed on the ground floor so that the elevator can be remotely switched on or off from the outside.

In destination control systems, one selects the intended destination floor (in lieu of pressing "yuqoriga" yoki "pastga") and is then notified which elevator will serve their request.

Floor numbering

Elevator buttons showing the missing 13-qavat

Ushbu bo'lim bo'sh. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (2020 yil mart)

Lift algoritmi

The elevator algorithm, oddiy algoritm by which a single elevator can decide where to stop, is summarized as follows:

• Continue travelling in the same direction while there are remaining requests in that same direction.
• If there are no further requests in that direction, then stop and become idle, or change direction if there are requests in the opposite direction.

The elevator algorithm has found an application in computer operatsion tizimlar as an algorithm for scheduling qattiq disk so'rovlar. Modern elevators use more complex evristik algoritmlar to decide which request to service next. An introduction to these algorithms can be found in the "Elevator traffic handbook: theory and practice" given in the references below.

Destination control system

A destination control elevator floor selection panel at Shimoli-sharq universiteti AQShning Boston shahrida

Some skyscraper buildings and other types of installation feature a destination operating panel where a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car. The system lets them know which car to wait for, instead of everyone boarding the next car. In this way, travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers, and the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank. Although travel time is reduced, passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart. During the down peak period the benefit of destination control will be limited as passengers have a common destination.

It can also improve accessibility, as a mobility-impaired passenger can move to their designated car in advance.

Inside the elevator there is no call button to push, or the buttons are there but they cannot be pushed — except door opening and alarm button — they only indicate stopping floors.

The idea of destination control was originally conceived by Leo porti from Sydney in 1961,^[62] but at that time elevator controllers were implemented in relays and were unable to optimise the performance of destination control allocations.

The system was first pioneered by Schindler Elevator in 1992 as the Miconic 10. Manufacturers of such systems claim that average travelling time can be reduced by up to 30%.^[63]

However, performance enhancements cannot be generalized as the benefits and limitations of the system are dependent on many factors.^[64] One problem is that the system is subject to gaming. Sometimes, one person enters the destination for a large group of people going to the same floor. The dispatching algoritm is usually unable to completely cater for the variation, and latecomers may find the elevator they are assigned to is already full. Also, occasionally, one person may press the floor multiple times. This is common with up/down buttons when people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators. However, this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person.

To prevent this problem, in one implementation of destination control, every user is given an RFID card, for identification and tracking, so that the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination, preventing empty calls. The newest invention knows even where people are located and how many on which floor because of their identification, either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons.^[65] Another way to prevent this issue is to treat everyone travelling from one floor to another as one group and to allocate only one car for that group.

The same destination scheduling concept can also be applied to public transit such as in group rapid transit.

A destination dispatch control station, outside of the car, on which the user presses a button to indicate the desired destination floor, and the panel indicates which car will be dispatched

Special operating modes

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2020 yil mart) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Anti-crime protection

The anti-crime protection (ACP) feature will force each car to stop at a pre-defined landing and open its doors. This allows a security guard or a receptionist at the landing to visually inspect the passengers. The car stops at this landing as it passes to serve further demand.

Up peak

During up-peak mode (also called moderate incoming traffic), elevator cars in a group are recalled to the lobby to provide expeditious service to passengers arriving at the building, most typically in the morning as people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period when people are going back to work. Elevators are dispatched one-by-one when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time. The next elevator to be dispatched usually has its hall lantern or a "this car leaving next" sign illuminated to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity. Some elevator banks are programmed so that at least one car will always return to the lobby floor and park whenever it becomes free.

The commencement of up-peak may be triggered by a time clock, by the departure of a certain number of fully loaded cars leaving the lobby within a given time period, or by a switch manually operated by a building attendant.

Down peak

During down-peak mode, elevator cars in a group are sent away from the lobby towards the highest floor served, after which they commence running down the floors in response to hall calls placed by passengers wishing to leave the building. This allows the elevator system to provide maximum passenger handling capacity for people leaving the building.

The commencement of down-peak may be triggered by a time clock, by the arrival of a certain number of fully loaded cars at the lobby within a given time period, or by a switch manually operated by a building attendant.

Sabbath service

A switch to turn Sabbath elevator mode on or off

In areas with large populations of observant Yahudiylar or in facilities catering to Jews, one may find a "Sabbath elevator ". In this mode, an elevator will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without having to push any buttons. This prevents violation of the Shanba prohibition against operating electrical devices when Sabbath is in effect for those who observe this ritual.^[66]

However, Sabbath mode has the side effect of using considerable amounts of energy, running the elevator car sequentially up and down every floor of a building, repeatedly servicing floors where it is not needed. For a tall building with many floors, the car must move on a frequent enough basis so as to not cause undue delay for potential users that will not touch the controls as it opens the doors on every floor up the building.

Some taller buildings may have the Sabbath elevator alternate floors in order to save time and energy; for example, an elevator may stop at only even-numbered floors on the way up, and then the odd-numbered floors on the way down.

Independent service

Independent service or car preference is a special mode found on most elevators. It is activated by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby. When an elevator is placed on this mode, it will no longer respond to hall calls. (In a bank of elevators, traffic is rerouted to the other elevators, while in a single elevator, the hall buttons are disabled). The elevator will remain parked on a floor with its doors open until a floor is selected and the door close button is held until the elevator starts to travel. Independent service is useful when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors.

Inspection service

Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labelled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB' (short for HoistWay access ENABled). When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving, car calls will be cancelled (and the buttons disabled), and hall calls will be assigned to other elevator cars in the group (or cancelled in a single elevator configuration). The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches, usually located at the highest (to access the top of the car) and lowest (to access the elevator pit) landings. The access key switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection speed with the hoistway door open. This speed can range from anywhere up to 60% of normal operating speed on most controllers, and is usually defined by local safety codes.

Elevators have a car top inspection station that allows the car to be operated by a mechanic in order to move it through the hoistway. Generally, there are three buttons: UP, RUN, and DOWN. Both the RUN and a direction button must be held to move the car in that direction, and the elevator will stop moving as soon as the buttons are released. Most other elevators have an up/down toggle switch and a RUN button. The inspection panel also has standard power outlets for work lamps and powered tools.

Yong'in xizmati

Depending on the location of the elevator, fire service code will vary state to state and country to country. Fire service is usually split up into two modes: phase one and phase two. These are separate modes that the elevator can go into.

Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building. Once an alarm has been activated, the elevator will automatically go into phase one. The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor. Once the elevator has left the floor, depending on where the alarm was set off, the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor. However, if the alarm was activated on the fire-recall floor, the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to. When the elevator is recalled, it proceeds to the recall floor and stops with its doors open. The elevator will no longer respond to calls or move in any direction. Located on the fire-recall floor is a fire-service key switch. The fire-service key switch has the ability to turn fire service off, turn fire service on or to bypass fire service. The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset.

KONE Ecodisc elevator in fireman's mode

Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, the firefighter enables the car to move. However, like independent-service mode, the car will not respond to a car call unless the firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button. Once the elevator gets to the desired floor it will not open its doors unless the firefighter holds the door open button. This is in case the floor is burning and the firefighter can feel the heat and knows not to open the door. The firefighter must hold the door open button until the door is completely opened. If for any reason the firefighter wishes to leave the elevator, they will use the hold position on the key switch to make sure the elevator remains at that floor. If the firefighter wishes to return to the recall floor, they simply turn the key off and close the doors.

Medical emergency or code-blue service

Commonly found in hospitals, code-blue service allows an elevator to be summoned to any floor for use in an emergency situation. Each floor will have a code-blue recall key switch, and when activated, the elevator system will immediately select the elevator car that can respond the fastest, regardless of direction of travel and passenger load. Passengers inside the elevator will be notified with an alarm and indicator light to exit the elevator when the doors open.

Once the elevator arrives at the floor, it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator. Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button. The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor, and will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car. Some hospital elevators will feature a 'hold' position on the code-blue key switch (similar to fire service) which allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated.

Riot mode

In the event of civil disturbance, insurrection, or rioting, management can prevent elevators from stopping at the lobby or parking areas, preventing undesired persons from using the elevators while still allowing the building tenants to use them within the rest of the building.

Emergency power operation

Many elevator installations now feature emergency power systems such as uzluksiz quvvat manbai (UPS) which allow elevator use in blackout situations and prevent people from becoming trapped in elevators. To be compliant with BS 9999 safety standards, a passenger lift being used in an emergency situation must have a secondary source of power. In many cases, providing a secondary mains feed simply isn't possible, so a UPS and or generator combination is used instead.

Where a generator is being used as the secondary power supply in a hospital, a UPS must also be present to meet regulations stating that healthcare facilities must test their emergency generators under load at least once per month. During the test period only one supply of power is feeding the lift, in a blackout situation without a UPS, the lifts would not be operational.

Traction elevators

When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors, and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually over-ridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. To help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors, and shut down.

Hydraulic elevators

In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current-limiting motor starters, commonly known as "soft-start" contactors, avoid much of this problem, and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.

Modernizatsiya

An elevator test tower in Japan

Most elevators are built to provide about 30 to 40 years of service, as long as service intervals specified and periodic maintenance/inspections by the manufacturer are followed. As the elevator ages and equipment become increasingly difficult to find or replace, along with code changes and deteriorating ride performance, a complete overhaul of the elevator may be suggested to the building owners.

A typical modernization consists of controller equipment, electrical wiring and buttons, position indicators and direction arrows, hoist machines and motors (including door operators), and sometimes door hanger tracks. Rarely are car slings, rails, or other heavy structures changed. The cost of an elevator modernization can range greatly depending on which type of equipment is to be installed.

Modernization can greatly improve operational reliability by replacing electrical relays and contacts with solid-state electronics. Ride quality can be improved by replacing motor-generator-based drive designs with Variable-Voltage, Variable Frequency (V3F) drives, providing near-seamless acceleration and deceleration. Passenger safety is also improved by updating systems and equipment to conform to current codes.

Xavfsizlik

On 26 February 2014, the European union released their adoption of safety standards through a directive notification.^[67]

Cable-borne elevators

Hokim

Statistically speaking, cable-borne elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides result in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related — for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts,^[68] and most of the rest are attributed to other kinds of accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors.^[68] In fact, prior to the 11 sentyabr teraktlar, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant — the elevator operator.^[69] However, there was an incident in 2007 at a Seattle children's hospital, where a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine-room-less elevator free-fell until the safety brakes were engaged.^[70] This was due to a flaw in the design where the cables were connected at one common point, and the kevlar ropes had a tendency to overheat and cause slipping (or, in this case, a free-fall). While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing. An elevator cab is typically borne by 2 to 6 (up to 12 or more in high rise installations) hoist cables or belts, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five percent more weight. In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is descending faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes copper (or silicon nitride in high rise installations) brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. This device is called the governor, and was invented by Elisha Graves Otis.^[69] In addition, an oil/hydraulic or spring or polyurethane or telescopic oil/hydraulic buffer or a combination (depending on the travel height and travel speed) is installed at the bottom of the shaft (or in the bottom of the cab and sometimes also in the top of the cab or shaft) to somewhat cushion any impact.^[68] However, in Thailand in November 2012, a woman was killed in a free falling elevator, in what was reported as the "first legally recognized death caused by a falling lift".^[71]

Hydraulic elevators

Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible halokatli qobiliyatsizlik. The code previously permitted only single-bottom gidravlik tsilindrlar. In the event of a cylinder breach, the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. Two commercially available are known by the marketing names "LifeJacket" and "HydroBrake". The plunger gripper is a device which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration, nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of gidravlik suyuqlik, thus stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction.

In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil ichiga suv qatlami and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVX liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity.

In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted gidravlik krikolar have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety.

Mine-shaft elevators

Safety testing of shaxta o'qi elevator rails is routinely undertaken. The method involves destructive testing of a segment of the cable. The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc moulds. Each end of the segment is then secured in a large, hydraulic stretching machine. The segment is then placed under increasing load to the point of muvaffaqiyatsizlik. Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled and a report is produced. The report is then analysed to determine whether or not the entire rail is safe to use.

Foydalanadi

A Fujitek traction elevator in Block 192, Bishan, Singapur

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2020 yil mart) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish

A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's floors.

Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) hydraulic and up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min) electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min), and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s (500–2,000 ft/min).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funikulyar. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yaltada, Ukraina, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao metrosi, the elevator that provides access to the station from a hilltop neighborhood doubles as city transportation: the station's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa. Shuningdek qarang Elevators for urban transport Bo'lim.

Types of passenger elevators

Sobiq Jahon savdo markazi 's twin towers used skylobbies, located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower

Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: hospital emergency (code blue ), front and rear entrances, a television in high-rise buildings, ikki qavatli, and other uses. Cars may be ornate in their interior appearance, may have audio visual advertising, and may be provided with specialized recorded voice announcements. Elevators may also have karnaylar in them to play calm, easy listening music. Such music is often referred to as lift musiqasi.

An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between. These are especially popular in eastern Asia.

Imkoniyatlar

Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform elevators, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a nogironlar aravachasi 3.7 m (12 ft) or less, can often accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a load of 340 kg (750 lb).^[72]

Freight elevators

A specialized elevator from 1905 for lifting tor o'lchagich railroad cars between a railroad freight house and the Chikago tunnel kompaniyasi tracks below

The interior of a freight elevator. It is very basic yet rugged for freight loading.

A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, Cable-Borne Elevators, or Traction Elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting, especially in taller buildings.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Sidewalk elevators

A sidewalk elevator is a special type of freight elevator. Sidewalk elevators are used to move materials between a basement and a ground-level area, often the yulka just outside the building. They are controlled via an exterior switch and emerge from a metal trap door at ground level. Sidewalk elevator cars feature a uniquely shaped top that allows this door to open and close automatically.^[73]

Stage lifts

Stage lifts va orchestra lifts are specialized elevators, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theatre stage. Masalan, Radio City Music Hall has four such elevators: an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage. In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below. There's a barrel on the background of the image of the left which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism

• 

  The pit beneath the orchestra lift at Radio City Music Hall

• 

  Orchestra lift at Radio City Music Hall as viewed from beneath the stage

Vehicle elevators

Vehicular elevators are used within buildings or areas with limited space (in place of ramps), generally to move mashinalar into the parking garage or manufacturer's storage. Geared hydraulic chains (not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform and there are no counterweights. To accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform may rotate so that the driver only has to drive forward. Most vehicle elevators have a weight capacity of 2 tons.

Rare examples of extra-heavy elevators for 20-ton yuk mashinalari, and even for vagonlar (like one that was used at Dnipro Station ning Kiyev metrosi ) ham sodir bo'ladi.

Qayiq ko'tarish

In some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of a canal with a boat elevator rather than through a kanal qulfi.

Aircraft elevators

An F / A-18 C on an aircraft elevator of USSKitty Hawk

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2020 yil mart) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

For aircraft

Yoqilgan samolyot tashuvchilar, elevators carry aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar deck for operations or repairs. Ushbu liftlar boshqa liftlarga qaraganda 91,000 kg (200,000 lb) gacha bo'lgan samolyot va jihozlarga qaraganda ancha katta quvvatga mo'ljallangan. Kichik liftlar o'q-dorilarni kema chuquridagi jurnallardan parvoz maydonchasiga ko'taradi.

Samolyot ichida

Ba'zi yo'lovchilarda ikki qavatli samolyot kabi Boeing 747 yoki boshqa keng samolyot, liftlar styuardessa va oziq-ovqat va ichimliklar uchun aravachalarni pastki qavatdan tashiydi oshxonalar pastki yo'lovchilar uchun pastki.^[74]

Cheklangan foydalanish va cheklangan dastur

Cheklangan, cheklangan qo'llanma (LU / LA) lifti kamdan-kam ishlatiladigan va ko'plab tijorat qoidalari va turar joylardan ozod qilingan maxsus mo'ljallangan yo'lovchi liftidir. Masalan, LU / LA asosan nogironlar uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lib, u erda faqat bitta nogironlar aravachasi va turgan yo'lovchi uchun joy bo'lishi mumkin.

Turar joy lifti

Birlashgan ko'tarma trassa qurilishi va mashina xonasi bo'lmagan dizaynga ega turar-joy lifti

Turar joy lifti yoki uy ko'tarish ko'pincha to'liq tijorat liftlariga qaraganda arzonroq va murakkabroq bo'lishga ruxsat beriladi. Ular uy anjomlari uchun mos noyob dizayn xususiyatlariga ega bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, savdo asansörlerinin odatiy metall toymasin eshiklari o'rniga menteşeli yog'och valga kirish eshiklari. Qurilish muddati texnik xizmat ko'rsatish muddatlari qisqaroq bo'lgan tijorat loyihalariga qaraganda unchalik kuchliroq bo'lishi mumkin, ammo xavfsizlik tizimlari, masalan, valga kirish eshiklari qulflari, qulash to'xtatuvchilari va avariya telefonlari ishlamay qolganda hamon mavjud bo'lishi kerak.

The Amerika mexanik muhandislari jamiyati (ASME) Xavfsizlik kodeksining ma'lum bir bo'limiga ega (ASME A17.1 5.3-bo'lim), bu uy-joy liftlariga tegishli. Ushbu bo'lim ma'lum bir foydalanuvchi yoki foydalanuvchi guruhi tomonidan turar-joy liftidan cheklangan foydalanishga asoslangan holda dizaynning murakkabligini engillashtirish uchun turli xil parametrlarga imkon beradi. ASME A17.1 Xavfsizlik kodeksining 5.3-bo'limi ko'p qavatli uylarni o'z ichiga olmaydigan xususiy turar-joy liftlari uchun mo'ljallangan.^[75]

Ba'zi turdagi turar-joy liftlari an'anaviy lift shaftasi, mashina xonasi va lift ko'targichidan foydalanmaydi. Bu an'anaviy lift mos kelmasligi mumkin bo'lgan joyda liftni o'rnatishga imkon beradi va o'rnatishni soddalashtiradi. ASME kengashi 2007 yilda ASME A17.1 versiyasini qayta ko'rib chiqishda mashinasozliksiz tizimlarni birinchi marta ma'qullagan. Mashinasiz xonali liftlar 1990-yillarning o'rtalaridan beri savdo sifatida sotuvga chiqarilgan, ammo ularning narxi va umumiy hajmi ularni turar-joy liftiga olib kirishga xalaqit berdi. bozor 2010 yilgacha.^[76]

Shuningdek, turar-joy liftlari tijorat liftlaridan kichikroq. Eng kichik yo'lovchi lifti pnevmatik bo'lib, u faqat 1 kishiga mo'ljallangan.^[77] Eng kichik tortish lifti atigi 2 kishiga mo'ljallangan.^[78]

Dumbwaitit

Dumbwaiters - bu yo'lovchilarga emas, balki oziq-ovqat, kitoblar yoki boshqa kichik yuk yuklarini tashish uchun mo'ljallangan kichik yuk ko'tarish liftlari. Ular ko'pincha oshxonalarni boshqa qavatlardagi xonalarga ulashadi. Odatda ular yo'lovchilar liftlarida ishdan bo'shatish uchun turli xil arqonlar kabi bir xil xavfsizlik xususiyatlariga ega emaslar. Ularning hajmi pastroq va ularning balandligi 1 metrgacha bo'lishi mumkin. Har bir bekatdagi boshqaruv panellari yo'lovchilar liftlarida joylashganlarni taqlid qilib, qo'ng'iroq qilish, eshiklarni boshqarish va polni tanlashga imkon beradi.

Paternoster

A paternoster yilda Berlin, Germaniya

Liftning maxsus turi bu paternoster, doimiy ravishda harakatlanadigan qutilar zanjiri. Shunga o'xshash kontseptsiya manlift yoki inson ko'tarish, faqat ko'p qavatli sanoat korxonalarida ko'riladigan tutqichdan foydalangan holda chavandoz o'rnatadigan kichik platformani harakatga keltiradi.

Qaychi ko'tarish

Eng yuqori holatiga qadar cho'zilgan mobil qaychi ko'taruvchisi

The qaychi ko'tarish yana bir lift turi. Ular, odatda, kerakli joyga osongina ko'chirilishi mumkin bo'lgan, shuningdek, qarshi og'irliklar, mashina xonasi va boshqalar uchun joy cheklangan joyda o'rnatilishi mumkin bo'lgan mobil platformalardir. Ularni yuqoriga va pastga ko'taradigan mexanizm a ga o'xshaydi qaychi kriko.

Rak-pinionli lift

Rack-and-pinion asansör tishli vitesni boshqaradigan vosita tomonidan quvvatlanadi. Ular bino yoki inshootning tashqi qismiga o'rnatilishi mumkinligi sababli, mashina xonasi yoki ko'tarilish yo'llari talab qilinmaganligi sababli, ular qurilayotgan binolar uchun eng ko'p ishlatiladigan lift turi hisoblanadi (materiallar va asboblarni yuqoriga va pastga siljitish uchun).^[79]

Materiallar bilan ishlash kamarlari va kamar liftlari

Moddiy transport liftlari odatda konveyer lentasi harakatlanadigan moyil tekislikdan iborat. Materialning oldinga siljishini ta'minlash uchun konveyer ko'pincha bo'limlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Ushbu liftlar ko'pincha sanoat va qishloq xo'jaligida qo'llaniladi. Bunday mexanizmlardan (yoki spiral vintlardan yoki pnevmatik transportdan) katta vertikal siloslarda saqlash uchun donni ko'tarish uchun foydalanilganda, butun struktura donli lift. Bantli liftlar tez-tez ko'mir, temir rudasi va don kabi bo'shashgan materiallarni omborlarga yuklash uchun docklarda ishlatiladi ommaviy tashuvchilar

Ba'zan bo'lgan kamar ko'targichlari odamlar uchun; bu odatda vertikal ravishda harakatlanadigan kamar uzunligi bo'ylab har 2 m (6 fut 6,7 dyuym) bo'ylab qadamlar qo'yadi, shunda yo'lovchi bir qadamda turib yuqoridagi pog'onani ushlab turishi mumkin. Ushbu kamarlar ba'zida, masalan, avtoulov garajlari xodimlarini tashish uchun ishlatiladi, ammo jamoat foydalanishi uchun juda xavfli hisoblanadi.

Ijtimoiy ta'sir

Liftlar keng qo'llanilishidan oldin, aksariyat turar-joy binolari ettita qavatli binolar bilan cheklangan. Boy odamlar pastki qavatlarda, kambag'al aholi - ko'plab zinapoyalardan ko'tarilishlari kerak bo'lganlar - yuqori qavatlarda yashar edilar. Lift zamonaviy pentxaus to'plami misolida ushbu ijtimoiy tabaqalanishni o'zgartirdi.^[80]

Liftlarning dastlabki foydalanuvchilari ba'zida pastga tushish paytida to'satdan to'xtab qolish natijasida ko'ngil aynish holatlarini qayd etishgan va ba'zi foydalanuvchilar pastga tushish uchun zinapoyadan foydalanishgan. 1894 yilda Chikago shifokori "lift kasalligi" ni hujjatlashtirdi.^[80]

Liftlar yangi ijtimoiy protokollarni talab qildi. Qachon Rossiya Nikolay II tashrif buyurgan Adlon mehmonxonasi Berlinda uning saroy ahli kim liftga birinchi bo'lib kirishini va kim tugmachani bosishini vahimaga soldi. Yilda Ko'tarilgan: Liftning madaniy tarixi, muallif Andreas Bernard zamonaviy lift tufayli yuzaga kelgan boshqa ijtimoiy ta'sirlarni, xususan, to'xtab qolgan liftlar, tasodifiy uchrashuvlar va liftlardagi jinsiy zo'riqish, shaxsiy maydonning qisqarishi va klostrofobiya va shaxsiy gigiena bilan bog'liq muammolar.^[81]

Qulaylik xususiyatlari

LCD lift qavatining ko'rsatkichi

Ichida joylashgan odatdagi lift ko'rsatkichi Waldorf Astoria Nyu-York. Ushbu lift Otis tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.

Asansörler, ko'zi ojizlar uchun mavjud bo'lgan yordam vositasi sifatida gaplashadigan qurilmalarni ko'rsatishi mumkin. Erga kelish to'g'risida xabar berishdan tashqari, kompyuter sayohat yo'nalishini e'lon qiladi (OTIS bu haqda GEN2 modelidagi ba'zi liftlarda yaxshi tanilgan) va yo'lovchilarga eshiklar yopilishidan oldin xabar beradi.

Qo'ng'iroq tugmalaridan tashqari, liftlarda odatda zamin ko'rsatkichlari mavjud (ko'pincha tomonidan yoritiladi) LED ) va yo'naltiruvchi chiroqlar. Birinchisi, ikkitadan ortiq to'xtash joyiga ega kabin kabinalarida deyarli universal bo'lib, liftlardan tashqarida ham, bir yoki bir necha qavatda joylashgan bo'lishi mumkin. Qavat ko'rsatkichlari a dan iborat bo'lishi mumkin terish aylanadigan bilan igna, lekin eng keng tarqalgan turlari - ketma-ket yoritilgan qavat ko'rsatkichlari yoki LCD-lar. Xuddi shunday, qavatlarning o'zgarishi yoki erga etib borishi, liftga qarab tovush bilan ko'rsatiladi.

Yo'nalish chiroqlari, shuningdek, lift avtoulovlari ichida ham, tashqarisida ham mavjud, ammo ular har doim tashqaridan ko'rinib turishi kerak, chunki ularning asosiy maqsadi odamlarga liftga chiqish yoki kirmaslikni hal qilishda yordam berishdir. Agar liftni kutayotgan kishi ko'tarilishni xohlasa, lekin birinchi bo'lib u pastga tushayotganini ko'rsatadigan mashina kelsa, u kishi liftga chiqmaslikka qaror qilishi mumkin. Agar odam kutib tursa, u holda ko'tarilish to'xtaydi. Yo'nalish ko'rsatkichlari ba'zida o'qlar bilan o'ralgan yoki o'qlar kabi shakllangan va / yoki qizil rang yonayotgani "pastga", yashil (yoki oq) "yuqoriga" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Rang konvensiyasi uni buzmaydigan tizimlar tomonidan tez-tez buzilib ketishi yoki haddan tashqari ko'tarilishi sababli, u odatda faqat boshqa farqlovchi omillar bilan birgalikda qo'llaniladi. Liftlari yo'nalishni farqlash uchun faqat rang konventsiyasidan foydalanadigan joyning misoli Zamonaviy san'at muzeyi Chikagoda bitta aylanani "yuqoriga" yashil rangga va "pastga" ga qizil rangga aylantirish mumkin. Ba'zida ko'rsatmalar ko'rsatkichlarning bir-biriga nisbatan pozitsiyasi bilan xulosa qilinishi kerak.

Liftlardan tashqari, aksariyat liftlarda asansör eshiklar ochilishidan oldin yoki keyin ko'tariladimi yoki yo'qmi, odatda chiroqlar yonishi bilan birga ko'tariladi yoki yo'qmi degan signal mavjud. Masalan, bitta qo'ng'iroq "yuqoriga", ikkitasi "pastga" ga ishora qilishi mumkin, va hech qanday qo'ng'iroq "erkin" bo'lgan liftni ko'rsatmaydi.^{[82][qo'shimcha ma'lumot (lar) kerak ]}

Ko'rinishini aks ettiruvchi virtual oynali lift London shahri

Observatoriya xizmat ko'rsatadigan liftlar ko'pincha qiziqishning boshqa dalillarini, shu jumladan Taypey 101 xizmat ko'rsatish liftlarida bo'lgani kabi, lift tezligi, sekundomer va hozirgi holati (balandligi) haqida ma'lumot beradi.

Jabrlangan yo'lovchilarga yaxshi tajriba taqdim etishga qaratilgan bir nechta texnologiyalar mavjud klostrofobiya, antropofobiya yoki ijtimoiy tashvish. Isroilning DigiGage startapi kabinet yuqoriga va pastga qarab harakatlanayotganda devorga o'rnatilgan ekranda oldindan namoyish etilgan rasmlarni, bino va polga xos tarkibni siljitish uchun harakat sensorlaridan foydalanadi.^[83] Britaniyaning LiftEye kompaniyasi umumiy liftni panoramaga aylantirish uchun virtual oyna texnologiyasini taqdim etadi. Fasad bo'ylab vertikal ravishda joylashtirilgan kameralardan jonli tasma yordamida 3D video panoramani yaratadi va uni idishni harakati bilan sinxronizatsiya qiladi. Video devor o'lchamidagi ekranlarda aks ettirilgan bo'lib, u devorlar shishadan yasalganga o'xshaydi.^[84]

Havo sovutish

Asansör havo oqimi diagrammasi

Liftni o'rnatishning asosiy sababi konditsioner bu liftda sayohat qilishda taqdim etadigan qulaylikdir. Lift avtoulovi ichidagi havo holatini barqarorlashtiradi. Agar ba'zi bir lift konditsionerlari sovuq vali bo'lgan mamlakatlarda ishlatilishi mumkin, agar termostat asansör mashinasini isitish uchun sovutish davrini teskari yo'naltirish uchun ishlatilsa.

Sovutish jarayonida hosil bo'lgan issiqlik ko'tarish yo'liga tarqaladi. Lift kabinasi (yoki mashina) odatda havo o'tkazmaydigan bo'ladi va bu issiqlikning bir qismi avtoulovga qayta kirib, umumiy sovutish ta'sirini kamaytirishi mumkin.

Qabulxonadan chiqadigan havo doimiy ravishda liftning harakatiga, shuningdek, asansör şaftının shamollatish talablariga bog'liq ravishda asansör şaftına oqadi. Ushbu shartli havoni liftda ishlatish energiya sarfini oshirmaydi. Biroq, avtomobil ichidagi haroratni yaxshiroq boshqarish uchun mustaqil lift konditsioneridan foydalanib, ko'proq energiya sarflanadi.

Kondensat paydo bo'lishi sababli konditsioner liftlarga muammo tug'diradi. Ishlab chiqarilgan quyultirilgan suvni yo'q qilish kerak; aks holda, bu lift avtoulovi va ko'tarilish yo'lida toshqinlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.

Kondensatsiyalangan suvni olib tashlash usullari

Konditsionerdan quyultirilgan suvni olib tashlashning kamida to'rtta usuli mavjud. Biroq, har bir yechim ijobiy va salbiy tomonlariga ega.

Atomlashtiruvchi

Atomizatsiya, quyultirilgan suvni tumanlash deb ham ataladi, quyultirilgan suvni yo'q qilish usullaridan biri. Konditsionerning issiq spirallariga ultra mayda suv tomchilarini purkash quyultirilgan suvning tez bug'lanishini ta'minlaydi.

Bu quyultirilgan suvni yo'q qilishning eng yaxshi usullaridan biri bo'lsa-da, lekin bu eng qimmatga tushadigan usullardan biri hisoblanadi, chunki suvni atomizatsiya qiladigan nozul osongina bo'g'ilib qoladi. Narxlarning katta qismi butun atomizatsiya tizimini saqlashga sarflanadi.

Qaynatish

Kondensatsiyalangan suvni yo'q qilish, avval quyultirilgan suvni yig'ib, so'ngra uni qaynoq haroratgacha qizdirish bilan ishlaydi. Kondensatsiyalangan suv oxir-oqibat bug'lanadi va shu bilan uni yo'q qiladi.

Iste'molchilar ushbu tizimni ishlatishni istamaydilar, chunki bu suvni utilizatsiya qilish uchun sarflanadigan energiya darajasi yuqori.

Kaskadli

Kaskadli usul quyultirilgan suvni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri konditsionerning issiq batareyalariga oqizish orqali ishlaydi. Natijada, quyultirilgan suv bug'lanadi.

Ushbu texnologiyaning salbiy tomoni shundaki, quyultirilgan suv bug'lanishi uchun rulonlarni o'ta yuqori haroratda bo'lish kerak. Suv butunlay bug'lanib ketmasligi va suvning tashqi qismiga toshib ketishiga olib kelishi mumkin.

Drenaj tizimi

Drenaj tizimi quyultirilgan suvni yig'ish uchun zum yaratib, uni drenaj tizimi orqali yo'q qilish uchun nasos yordamida ishlaydi.

Bu samarali usul, ammo u juda qimmatga tushadi, chunki zambilni qurish narxi. Bundan tashqari, nasosning ishlashiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun uni saqlash juda qimmatga tushadi. Bundan tashqari, drenaj uchun ishlatiladigan quvurlar tashqi ko'rinishda yomon ko'rinardi. Ushbu tizimni qurilgan loyihada amalga oshirish mumkin emas.

ISO 22559

Lift uchun belgi

Asansör nogiron da Kaosyun masjidi yilda Tayvan

Liftlarning mexanik va elektr dizayni xalqaro, milliy, davlat, mintaqaviy yoki shaharga asoslangan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan turli xil standartlarga (aka lift kodlari) muvofiq belgilanadi. Bir paytlar ko'plab me'yorlar aniq mezonlarni belgilab beradigan ko'rsatmalarga muvofiq amalga oshirilgan bo'lsa, yaqinda liftning standartga mos kelishi yoki undan oshib ketishini ta'minlash uchun dizayner zimmasiga yuklanadigan ishlashga asoslangan me'yorlar tomon siljish yuz berdi.

Liftning milliy standartlari:

• Avstraliya - AS1735
• Kanada - CAN / CSA B44
• Evropa - EN 81 seriyali (EN 81-1, EN 81-2, EN 81-28, EN 81-70, EN 12015, EN 12016, EN 13015 va boshqalar).
• Hindiston - Hind standarti - Uy ko'targichlarini o'rnatish va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish (Amaliyot kodeksi 2002)^[85]
• AQSh - ASME A17

ISO 22559 seriyasida birlashtirilgan, "Liftlar (liftlar) uchun xavfsizlik talablari":^[86][87]

• 1-qism: Xavfsizlikning global muhim talablari (GESR).
• 2-qism: global xavfsizlik talablariga javob beradigan xavfsizlik parametrlari (GESR).
• 3-qism: Global muvofiqlikni baholash protseduralari (GCAP) - lift tizimlari, lift komponentlari va ko'tarish funktsiyalarining muvofiqligini sertifikatlash uchun zarur shartlar
• 4-qism: Global muvofiqlikni baholash protseduralari (GCAP) - Sertifikatlash va akkreditatsiya talablari

ISO / TC 178 - ko'tarish bo'yicha texnik qo'mita, eskalatorlar va harakatlanuvchi yurishlar.^[88][89]

Lift binoning bir qismi bo'lganligi sababli, u ham bunga mos kelishi kerak qurilish kodi bilan bog'liq standartlar zilzilaga chidamlilik, yong'in standartlari, elektr uzatish qoidalari va hokazo.

Amerika Milliy Lift Standartlari Guruhi (ANESG) lift og'irligi standartini 1000 kg (2200 funt) ga o'rnatadi.

Nogironlar kirish huquqiga oid qo'shimcha talablar, masalan, qonunlar yoki qoidalar bilan belgilanishi mumkin Nogironligi bo'lgan amerikaliklar to'g'risidagi qonun. A bilan belgilangan liftlar Hayot yulduzi a uchun etarlicha katta zambil.^[90]

AQSh va Kanadaning standart xususiyatlari

Ko'plab zamonaviy uy-joylar va kichik savdo binolarda joylashgan odatdagi lift uslubi

Aksariyat AQSh va Kanadaning yurisdiktsiyalarida yo'lovchilar uchun mo'ljallangan liftlar talablariga muvofiq bo'lishi shart Amerika mexanik muhandislari jamiyati 'A17.1 standarti, Liftlar va eskalatorlar uchun xavfsizlik qoidalari. 2006 yildan boshlab, Kanzas, Missisipi, Shimoliy Dakota va Janubiy Dakotadan tashqari barcha shtatlar ASME kodlarining ba'zi bir versiyalarini qabul qilishdi, garchi bu eng so'nggi.^[91] Kanadada ushbu hujjat 2000 yil nashrida AQSh versiyasiga muvofiqlashtirilgan CAN / CSA B44 xavfsizlik standartidir.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bundan tashqari, yo'lovchilar uchun liftlardan mahalliy yurisdiktsiya havolasi mavjud bo'lgan mavjud liftlar uchun A17.3 talablariga javob berishi talab qilinishi mumkin. Yo'lovchi liftlari ASME A17.2 standarti yordamida sinovdan o'tkaziladi. Ushbu testlarning chastotasi shahar, shahar, viloyat yoki viloyat standarti bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan mahalliy yurisdiktsiya tomonidan belgilanadi.

Yo'lovchi liftlari ko'plab qo'shimcha qurilish qoidalariga, shu jumladan mahalliy yoki davlat qurilish kodlariga mos kelishi kerak, Yong'indan himoya qilish milliy assotsiatsiyasi elektr, yong'inga qarshi purkagichlar va yong'in signalizatsiyasi, sanitariya-tesisat kodlari va HVAC kodlar. Shuningdek, yo'lovchi liftlari amerikaliklarning nogironlik to'g'risidagi qonuni va boshqa fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi davlat va federal qonunlarga muvofiqligi shart.

Uy liftlari ASME A17.1 ga mos kelishi kerak. Platforma va nogironlar aravachasi liftlari AQShning aksariyat yurisdiktsiyalarida ASME A18.1 talablariga javob berishi kerak.

Aksariyat liftlar bino egasiga liftni boshqarish uchun ruxsatnoma ko'rsatiladigan joyga ega. Ba'zi yurisdiktsiyalar ruxsatnomani lift kabinasida ko'rsatishni talab qilsa, boshqa yurisdiktsiyalar operatsion ruxsatnomani boshqa joylarda saqlanishiga imkon beradi, masalan, texnik xizmat ko'rsatish idorasi - va talab asosida tekshiruvga berilishi mumkin. Bunday hollarda lift kabinasida ruxsatnoma o'rniga, ko'pincha uning o'rniga chavandozlarga haqiqiy ruxsatnomalar saqlanadigan joy to'g'risida xabarnoma joylashtiriladi.

Noyob qurilmalar

Jahon statistikasi

Ushbu maqola yoki bo'lim o'ziga qarama-qarshi bo'lib ko'rinadi o'rnatilgan liftlar soni bo'yicha. Iltimos, ga qarang munozara sahifasi qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun. (2017 yil dekabr)

2008 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra^[yangilash], Ispaniya aholi jon boshiga eng ko'p ko'tarilgan liftlar o'rnatilgan millat^[93] dunyoda, 950,000 lift o'rnatilgan^[94] har kuni yuz milliondan ziyod liftni boshqaradigan, keyin esa Qo'shma Shtatlar 700000 ta lift o'rnatilgan va Xitoy 1949 yildan beri o'rnatilgan 610 mingta lift bilan.^[95] Yilda Braziliya, taxmin qilinishicha, hozirda 300 mingta lift mavjud.^[96][97] Liftlar sotish bo'yicha dunyodagi eng yirik bozor Italiya bo'lib, uning savdo hajmi 1629 million evrodan ortiq va ichki bozori 1224 million evroga teng.

Ispaniyada texnik xizmat ko'rsatadigan liftlar yiliga 4 million evro, ta'mirlashda esa 250 million evro. 2012 yilda Ispaniya 300 million evroni eksport qildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Janubiy Koreyada 530 ming lift ishlaydi, 2015 yilda 36 ming qo'shilgan. Hyundai liftlari bozor ulushining 48 foiziga ega ThyssenKrupp Lift Korea (ilgari Dongyang Elevator Co.) 17%, Otis Elevator Korea (ilgari Lift bo'limi LG sanoat tizimlari 2015 yil holatiga ko'ra 16%. Janubiy Koreyada 2018 yil 50 000 ta lift sotilishi rekord ko'rsatkich bo'lib, 2019 yil iyun holatiga ko'ra 700 000 ta to'plangan. Koreyaning yillik liftlarni texnik xizmat ko'rsatish bozori taxminan 1 milliard AQSh dollarini tashkil etadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Eyfel minorasi

Asansör kasnağı Eyfel minorasi

The Eyfel minorasi minora oyoqlariga o'rnatilgan Otis ikki qavatli liftlarga ega bo'lib, er sathini birinchi va ikkinchi darajalarga xizmat qiladi. Shaft minora konturi bilan yuqoriga qarab diagonal ravishda harakatlansa ham, yuqori va pastki avtomashinalar gorizontal darajada qoladi. Ikki mashinaning ofset masofasi sayohat davomida o'zgarib turadi.

Ikkinchi darajadan uchinchi darajaga o'tadigan an'anaviy dizayndagi to'rtta liftli vagonlar mavjud. Avtomobillar o'zlarining qarama-qarshi juftlariga bog'langan (liftning qo'nish / zaliga qarama-qarshi) va bir-birlarini sifatida ishlatadilar qarshi vazn. Bir mashina 2-darajadan ko'tarilayotganda, ikkinchisi 3-darajadan pastga tushadi, bu liftlarning ishi avtoulovdagi yorug'lik signali bilan sinxronlashtiriladi.

Birlik haykali

Birlik haykali, Gujarat, Hindiston

The Birlik haykali balandligi 182 metr (597 fut) bo'lgan dunyodagi eng baland haykal, balandligi 153 metr (502 fut) balandlikdagi tomosha galereyasiga olib boradigan 10 ta yuqori tezlikda (soniyasiga 4 metr (13 fut / s)) ko'taruvchidir.^[98]

Taypey 101

Taipei 101-dagi kuzatuv pastki qavatining indikatori

Tomonidan o'rnatilgan ikki qavatli liftlar Toshiba foydalanish Kone EcoDisc mashinalari,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} da ishlatiladi Taypey 101 ofis minorasi. Yagona raqamli qavatlar ijarachilari birinchi navbatda eskalator (yoki avtoulov garajidan lift) bilan 2-darajaga ko'tarilishadi, u erda ular yuqori qavatga kirib, o'z qavatlariga etib kelishadi. Kichik hajmdagi soatlarda pastki qavat o'chiriladi va yuqori qavat barcha qo'shni qavatlarda to'xtab turadigan bir darajali lift vazifasini bajarishi mumkin. Masalan, 85-qavatdagi restoranlarga 60-qavat osmon-lobidan kirish mumkin. Restoran mijozlari rezervasyonlarni 2-qavatdagi ziyofat peshtaxtasida tozalashlari shart. Tezkor liftlar banki faqat ijarachilar "mahalliy" liftlarga o'tishlari mumkin bo'lgan osmon lobisi sathida (36 va 60, yuqori qavatli mashina) to'xtaydi.

Tezkor kuzatuv plyonkalari 16 soniyada minutiga 1010 metr (61 km / soat) tezlikda dunyo rekord darajasida tezlashadi va keyin havo bosimi sezgirligi bilan etib borishni sekinlashtiradi. 5-qavatdan 37 soniyadan keyin eshik ochiladi. Maxsus xususiyatlarga aerodinamik mashina va qarshi og'irliklar va yo'lovchilarning bosim o'zgarishiga bemalol moslashishiga yordam beradigan idishni bosimini boshqarish kiradi. Pastga qarab harakatlanish minutiga 600 metr qisqartirilgan tezlikda yakunlanadi, eshiklar 52 soniyada ochiladi.

Gateway Arch

Gateway Arch tramvay vagonlaridan birining ichki qismi

Gateway Arch Sent-Luis, Missuri, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining o'ziga xos xususiyati bor Montgomeri Arxa ostidagi mehmonlar markazidan inshootning yuqori qismidagi kuzatuv maydonchasiga yo'lovchilarni olib boradigan lift tizimi.

A deb nomlangan tramvay yoki tramvay yo'li, Odamlar bu noyob kirib tramvay yo'li Oddiy liftga, ikki qavatli eshikdan kirish kabi. Eshiklardan o'tib, yo'lovchilar kichik guruhlarga bo'linib, gorizontal silindrsimon bo'linma va ikkala yonidagi o'rindiqlar va tekis polga kirishadi. Ushbu bo'limlarning bir nechtasi poezdni tashkil qilish uchun bog'langan. Ushbu bo'limlar har biri alohida yo'nalish yo'nalishini saqlab, egilib, butun poyezd kamarning bir oyog'iga yuqoriga qarab egilgan yo'llarni kuzatib boradi.

Ark ichida ikkita tramvay bor, biri shimoliy uchida, ikkinchisi janubiy uchida. Kirish eshiklarining derazalari bor, shuning uchun Arch ichida sayohat qilayotgan odamlar tomosha maydonchasiga sayr qilish paytida va orqaga qaytish vaqtida Arkning ichki tuzilishini ko'rishlari mumkin. Safar boshida avtoulovlar qo'zg'aysan kabellaridan osilib turadi, lekin milning burchagi o'zgarganda, ular kabellar yonida, so'ngra tepada tugaydi.

Liftning milini Yangi shahar meriyasida tomosha qiling, Gannover, Germaniya

Hannover, Germaniya

Germaniyaning Hannover shahridagi yangi shahar hokimiyatidagi lift, idishni pastki va yuqori qismida ko'rsatib turibdi

Asansör Yangi shahar hokimligi yilda Gannover, Germaniya, texnik nodir va Evropada noyobdir, chunki lift to'g'ri yuqoriga ko'tariladi, so'ngra zal gumbazining konturini kuzatib borish uchun o'z burchagini 15 darajaga o'zgartiradi. Shuning uchun idishni haydash paytida 15 gradusga buriladi. Lift 43 metr balandlikni bosib o'tadi. Yangi shahar zali 1913 yilda qurilgan. Lift 1943 yilda vayron qilingan va 1954 yilda qayta qurilgan.

Luksor moyil lifti

The Luksor mehmonxonasi yilda Las-Vegas, Nevada, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, ega moyil liftlar. Ushbu kazino shakli a piramida. Shuning uchun, lift 39 daraja burchak ostida piramidaning yon tomoniga ko'tariladi. Eğimli liftlarga ega bo'lgan boshqa joylarga quyidagilar kiradi Shahar joyidagi stantsiya yilda Dallas, Texas, Xantington metro stantsiyasi yilda Hantington, Virjiniya, va San-Diego Kongress markazi yilda San-Diego, Kaliforniya.

Radisson Blue, Berlin, Germaniya

Germaniyaning Berlin shahridagi Radisson Blue-da asosiy lift akvarium bilan o'ralgan; Balandligi 82 metr bo'lgan akvariumda mingdan ortiq turli xil baliqlar mavjud va liftdan foydalanadigan odamlarga ko'rinish taqdim etiladi. Maxsus lift Germaniya kompaniyasi tomonidan qurilgan GBH-Design GmbH^[99]

Alacakaranlık zonasi terror minorasi

Alacakaranlık Zonadagi Terror minorasi - bu bir qator lift attraktsionlarining umumiy nomi Disneyning Gollivud studiyalari Orlandodagi park, Uolt Disney studiyasi parki Parijda va Tokio DisneySea Tokiodagi park. Ushbu diqqatga sazovor joyning markaziy elementi yuqori tezlikli lift tizimidan foydalanish orqali erishilgan simulyatsiya qilingan erkin tushishdir. Xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan yo'lovchilar o'rnida emas, balki o'tirgan joylariga joylashtirilgan. Ko'p tortish liftlaridan farqli o'laroq, lift avtomobili va qarshi vazn relsli tizim yordamida birlashuvchi valning yuqori va pastki qismlaridan o'tuvchi uzluksiz pastadirda birlashtiriladi. Bu qo'zg'aysan dvigateli ostidan lift vagonini tortib olishiga imkon beradi, natijada normal tortishish kuchidan kattaroq pastga tezlashadi. Yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan dvigatel liftni ham tez ko'tarish uchun ishlatiladi.

Yo'lovchi kabinalari ko'tarish mexanizmidan mexanik ravishda ajralib turadi, shu bilan yo'lovchilar kabinaga o'tirganda va tushganda, shuningdek turli qavatlardagi namoyish sahnalari bo'ylab harakatlanayotganda lift vallarini doimiy ravishda ishlatishga imkon beradi. Bu yo'lovchilar kabinalari avtomatlashtirilgan boshqariladigan transport vositalari yoki AGVlar, vertikal harakat miliga o'ting va lift vertikal ravishda harakatlana boshlaguncha o'zlarini qulflang. Yo'lovchilarning o'tkazuvchanligini yanada yaxshilash uchun bir nechta lift vallari ishlatiladi. Attraktsionning eng yuqori "qavatlari" ning eshiklari tashqi muhit uchun ochiq bo'lib, yo'lovchilarga inshootning yuqori qismidan qarashga imkon beradi.

"Toshning tepasi" liftlari

67, 69 va 70-darajali kuzatuv maydonchalariga ko'tarilgan mehmonlar (dublyaj qilingan "Qoyaning tepasi ") tepada GE binosi da Rokfeller markazi yilda Nyu-York shahri yuqori tezlikda shishadan yasalgan liftga chiqish. Kabinaga kirishda odatdagidek liftda yurish ko'rinadi. Biroq, kabin harakatlana boshlagach, ichki chiroqlar o'chadi va idishni ustidagi maxsus ko'k chiroq yonadi. Bu butun milni yoritadi, shuning uchun chavandozlar harakatlanayotgan idishni ko'tarilayotganda va stenddan pastga tushganda shisha shiftidan ko'rishlari mumkin. Shiftda musiqiy spektakllar va turli animatsiyalar ham namoyish etiladi. Butun yurish 60 soniya davom etadi.

Haunted Mansion

Qismi Haunted Mansion jalb qilish Disneylend yilda Anaxaym, Kaliforniya va Disneylend yilda Parij, Frantsiya, liftda sodir bo'ladi. Yurishdagi "cho'ziluvchan xona" aslida pastga qarab harakatlanadigan lift bo'lib, attraksionning qolgan qismiga olib boradigan qisqa tunnelga kirish imkoniyatini beradi. Liftda shift yo'q va uning o'qi qasrning devorlariga o'xshab bezatilgan. Tom yo'qligi sababli, yo'lovchilar o'qning devorlarini yuqoriga qarab ko'rishlari mumkin, bu esa xona cho'zilib ketishi haqidagi tasavvurni beradi.

Shahar transporti uchun

Elevador de Santa Justa, yilda Lissabon, Portugaliya

Ushbu bo'lim o'z ichiga olishi mumkin beg'araz, haddan tashqari, yoki ahamiyatsiz misollar. Iltimos maqolani takomillashtirish ko'proq tavsiflovchi matn qo'shish va olib tashlash orqali kamroq o'rinli misollar. Vikipediyani ko'ring yaxshiroq maqolalar yozish uchun qo'llanma keyingi takliflar uchun. (2018 yil sentyabr)

Relyefi qiyin bo'lgan ba'zi shaharlarda liftlar shahar transport tizimlarining bir qismi sifatida ishlatiladi.

Elevador Lacerda yilda Salvador, Braziliya.

Shanklin Cliff lifti Shanklin, Vayt oroli

Misollar:

• Iskandariya, Virjiniya, AQSh - jamoat moyil liftlar ulanish Xantington stantsiyasi
• Almada, Portugaliya - Boca do Vento lifti
• Yomon Shandau, Germaniya - Yomon Shandau lifti
• "Barselona", Ispaniya - port terminali bilan bog'laydigan lift va kabel yo'li Montjuik tepalik
• Bilbao, Ispaniya - Casco Viejo stantsiyasi (yuqori va pastki mahallalarni, shuningdek stantsiyani birlashtiradigan yo'l haqi to'lanadigan lift)
• Bryussel, Belgiya - Maroll, Belgiya: "Ascenseur des Marolles", shaharning yuqori qismini pastki qismiga, Poelaert joyidan Breughel maydonigacha bog'laydi.
• Bürgenstok, Shveytsariya - Hammetschwand lifti
• Chonging, Xitoy - Kayxuan yo'lidagi jamoat lifti
• Koimbra, Portugaliya - Elevador - Merkado [pt ]
• Genuya, Italiya - o'n bitta jamoat lifti
• Gamburg, Germaniya - Eski Elbe tunnel liftlar
• Xastings, Buyuk Britaniya - East Hill Cliff temir yo'li
• Helgoland, Shlezvig-Golshteyn, Germaniya - orolning yuqori va pastki qismlarini birlashtiradi
• Gonkong - ulanadigan umumiy liftlar Vax Fu ko'chmas mulki ga Vah Kvay ko'chmas mulki
• Izmir, Kurka - Asansör
• Jersi Siti, Nyu-Jersi, AQSh - lift Gudson - Bergen yengil temir yo'li 9-chi ko'chada va Palisade prospektida joylashgan stantsiya
• Noksvill, Tennesi, AQSh - World's Fair Park-da ochiq jamoat lifti
• Lissabon, Portugaliya - Elevador de Santa Justa, Kastelo (rejalashtirilgan), Chiado (yopiq), Municipio / Biblioteca (buzib tashlangan)
• Lyuksemburg shahri, Lyuksemburg - Pfaffenthal Panoramik Lift
• Lynchburg, Virjiniya, AQSh - pastki qavatdagi Cherkov ko'chasini va yuqori qavatdagi Kort ko'chasini birlashtirgan ochiq jamoat lifti
• Marburg, Germaniya - tarixiy shahar yadrosining ba'zi joylariga balandroq joyda qurilgan (Uppertown, "Oberstadt" nemis tilida) pastki ko'cha sathidan liftlar orqali o'tish mumkin. Ushbu liftlar xizmat ko'rsatishda noyobdir, shuningdek, tik qiyalikka qisman o'rnatilgan turli xil binolarga
• Monako - ettita lift
• Nagasaki, Yaponiya - Skyway
• Neapol, Italiya - uchta jamoat liftlari
• Nyu-York shahri, AQSh - the 190-chi ko'cha (IND Sakkizinchi avenyu chizig'i) metro stantsiyasida piyodalar yo'l haqini to'lamasdan foydalanishi mumkin bo'lgan liftlar banki mavjud. Shuningdek, 34-ko'cha (IRT yuvish liniyasi) stantsiyada, ochilganda, yo'l haqini to'lamasdan foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan nishabli lift mavjud. Ikkala bekat ham juda chuqur.
• Oregon Siti, Oregon, AQSH - Oregon shahrining shahar lifti
• Portu, Portugaliya - Elevador da Ribeyra
• Salvador, Bahia, Braziliya - Elevador Lacerda
• San-Marino shahri, San-Marino - shaharning bir necha darajalarini birlashtiradi
• Savanna, Gruziya, AQSh - River Stritga kirish huquqiga ega jamoat liftlari
• Shanklin, Vayt oroli, Buyuk Britaniya - Shanklin Cliff Lift, Narx 2013 yilga kelib 1 funtni tashkil etdi
• Stokgolm, Shvetsiya - Katarina lifti
• Turku, Finlyandiya - Kakola Funikulyor, Kakolanmäki-ni boshqa jamoat transporti bilan bog'laydigan tashqi qiyalik lifti.
• Val Torens, Frantsiya - yuqori shaharni quyi shahar bilan bog'laydigan jamoat liftlari
• Valletta, Malta - Barrakka lifti, bog'laydigan Yuqori Barrakka bog'lari (istehkomlar tepasida) portga^[100]
• Whanganui, Yangi Zelandiya - Durie Hill Lift; dastlab shahar atrofi subdividers tomonidan qurilgan
• Yaltada, Ukraina / Rossiya (bahsli hudud)

Ba'zi shaharlarda xuddi shu funktsiyani bajaradigan qisqa ikki stantsiyali yopiq moyil temir yo'l liniyalari mavjud. Ular deyiladi funikulyar.

IOT liftlari

Internet narsalari (IOT) texnologiyasidan foydalanish liftlarda ishlashni, operatsiyalarni, monitoringni, texnik xizmat ko'rsatishni masofadan turib diagnostika qilish, real vaqtda bildirishnomalar va xulq-atvorni taxminiy tushunchalari yordamida yaxshilash uchun foydalanilmoqda.^[101]

Dunyodagi eng tezkor liftlar

The Shanxay minorasi 73,8 km / soat (45,9 milya) tezlikda harakatlanadigan avtomobillari bilan dunyodagi eng tezkor liftlarning amaldagi rekordini ushlab turibdi. 2016 yil 7-iyul kuni o'rnatilgan ushbu lift tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Mitsubishi Electric.^[102]

Shuningdek qarang

Bu "Shuningdek qarang" Bo'lim haddan tashqari ko'p miqdordagi takliflarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Iltimos, faqat eng kerakli havolalar berilganligini, ularning yo'qligini tekshiring qizil havolalarva ushbu maqolada havolalar mavjud emasligi haqida. (Fevral 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Bernard, Andreas. Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator (New York University Press; 2014) 309 pages; scholarly architectural and technological history; also examines literary and cinematic representations.
• Traffic Performance of Elevators with Destination Control
• Manavalan, Theresa (30 October 2005). "Don't let them ride alone". New Straits Times, p. F2.
• Ford, M. (2009). "Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators". Olingan 27 oktyabr 2009.
• "MonoSpace Mid-Rise Elevator". Kone. 2009. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2013 yil 23-iyulda. Olingan 28 oktyabr 2009.
• Tetlow, K. (September 2007). "New Elevator Technology: The Machine Room-Less Elevator". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 11-dekabrda. Olingan 25 oktyabr 2009.
• Barney, G. (January 2003). Elevator Traffic Handbook: Theory and Practice. ISBN  978-0-415-27476-0.
• Harris, Tom. (2002). "HowStuffWorks "How Elevators Work"". Olingan 10 yanvar 2011.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Gray, Lee (2002). From Ascending Rooms to Express Elevators: A History of the Passenger Elevator in the 19th Century. Mobile, Al.: Elevator World. ISBN  9781886536463. OCLC  52335945.

Tashqi havolalar

• Liftlar da Curlie

Ushbu maqola foydalanish tashqi havolalar Vikipediya qoidalari yoki ko'rsatmalariga amal qilmasligi mumkin. Iltimos ushbu maqolani yaxshilang olib tashlash orqali haddan tashqari yoki noo'rin tashqi havolalar va kerak bo'lganda foydali havolalarni aylantirish izohlarga havolalar. (2019 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

• The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) Guidance
• A collection of elevator control panels
• ACE³ Opportunities for Elevator Energy Efficiency Improvements
• Nick Paumgarten, Nyu-Yorker, 21 April 2008, Up And Then Down: The lives of elevators
• Why do we behave so oddly in lifts? BBC News Online (2012-10-08)
• Karin Tetlow, Comparisons of different types of Elevators 2007 yil sentyabr.
• General and Historic Information on MRL Elevators