Moviy tarmoq - Blue Network

Moviy tarmoq
NBC Blue Network.png BlueNetworklogo.png
TuriRadio
Mamlakat
Qo'shma Shtatlar
Mulkchilik
EgasiRCA: (1927–1943)
American Broadcasting System, Inc.:
(1943–1945)
Asosiy odamlar
Edvard J. Nobl
(nazorat qiluvchi aktsiyador, 1943 yil oktyabr - 1945 yil iyun)
Mark Vuds
(Prezident)
Tarix
Ishga tushirish sanasi1927 yil 1-yanvar; 93 yil oldin (1927-01-01) (NBC Blue Network sifatida)
1942 yil 9-yanvar; 78 yil oldin (1942-01-09) (Moviy tarmoq sifatida)
Yopiq1945 yil 15-iyun; 75 yil oldin (1945-06-15) (ism o'zgarishi Amerika teleradiokompaniyasi (ABC))
Oldingi ismlar
"WJZ Network"
"Radio guruhi"
"Milliy teleradiokompaniyasining moviy tarmog'i"
Qoplama
MavjudligiQo'shma Shtatlarning aksariyati

The Moviy tarmoq (ilgari NBC Blue Network) endi ishdan chiqqan amerikalikning efirdagi nomi edi radio 1927 yildan 1945 yilgacha bo'lgan tarmoq. Ikkinchidan Milliy teleradiokompaniyasi (NBC), mustaqil Moviy Tarmoq 1942 yilda monopoliyaga qarshi sud jarayonidan kelib chiqqan holda ajralib chiqqandan tug'ilgan va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri salafiy hisoblanadi. Amerika teleradiokompaniyasi (ABC) - 1943–1945 yillarda alohida mustaqil radio tarmog'i va keyinchalik televizion eshittirish sifatida tashkil etilgan.

Dastlabki tarix

Moviy tarmoq 1923 yilga to'g'ri keladi Amerika radio korporatsiyasi sotib olingan WJZ Nyuark dan Vestingxaus, 1921 yilda stantsiyani tashkil qilgan.[1] WJZ ko'chib o'tdi Nyu-York shahri o'sha yilning may oyida. RCA faoliyati boshlanganda WRC, Vashington 1923 yil 1-avgustda tarmoqning ildizi tug'ildi, garchi u keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan nom ostida ishlamadi. Radio tarixchisi Elizabeth McLeodning ta'kidlashicha, 1924 yilga qadargina "Radio guruhi" rasmiy ravishda tarmoq ishlarini boshladi.[2]

"Radio Group" ning asosiy stantsiyalari RCA ning WJZ va WRC stantsiyalari; The Vestingxaus stantsiya WBZ, keyin Sprinfild, Massachusets; va WGY, General Electric stantsiya Schenectady, Nyu-York.[2]

1926 yilgacha RCA ning asosiy raqibi radioeshittirish bo'limi bo'lgan Amerika telefon va telegraf kompaniyasi. 1921 yilda AT&T ushbu bo'limni o'zi ishlab chiqaradigan va ishlab chiqaradigan uskunalar uchun sinov krovat sifatida ishlatishni boshladi Western Electric sho''ba korxonasi.

RCA stantsiyalari o'zlarining raqobatdoshlari zanjiriga sezilarli darajada zarar etkazgan holda ishladilar. AT&T o'zining yuqori sifatli elektr uzatish liniyalaridan foydalangan va ularni raqobatdosh tashkilotlarga ijaraga berishdan bosh tortgan, shuning uchun RCA telegraf liniyalaridan foydalanishga majbur bo'lgan Western Union, ular AT&T liniyalari kabi ovozli uzatishda yaxshi sozlanmagan.[3]

Shunga qaramay, WJZ tarmog'i boshqa Nyu-York stantsiyasi atrofida qurilgan AT&T tarmog'i bilan to-to-to-thee raqobatlashishga intildi, WEAF (bugungi WFAN ). Masalan, ikkala stantsiya diktor jamoalarini yuborish uchun 1924 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya bo'lib o'tdi Madison Square Garden Nyu-York shahrida.[4] 1943 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan reklama materiallari WJZ tomonidan efirga uzatishda ma'lum "birinchiligini" da'vo qildi, masalan, 1922 yil aprelida birinchi o'quv musiqiy dasturi, birinchi. Jahon seriyasi 1922 yilda efirga uzatilgan va birinchi to'liq opera translyatsiyasi, Flying Dutchman, dan Manxetten opera teatri.[5]

Yaratilish

NBC tarmoqlari, 1933 yil

RCA (shuningdek, uning konsortsiumi hamkorlari General Electric va Vestingxaus )[6] 1926 yilda tanaffus oldi, qachon AT & T teleradioeshittirish biznesidan chiqish va uning telekommunikatsion biznesiga e'tibor qaratish to'g'risida korporativ qaror qabul qildi.

AT&T tomonidan birinchi qadam bu yaratish edi Amerikaning teleradiokompaniyasi 1926 yil 15-mayda WEAF va WCAP Vashingtonda. Matbuotda xabar berilishicha, ushbu harakat AT&T radioeshittirish faoliyatining o'sishi va ularga tegishli bo'lgan maxsus masalalar bilan bog'liq edi,[7] aftidan BCA aktivlarini tasarruf etish bo'yicha keyingi tadbirlar ham qaror qabul qilishda rol o'ynagan bo'lishi mumkin. Keyinchalik AT&T 1926 yil iyul oyida WEAF-ni RCA-ga 1 million dollarga sotdi,[8] gazeta xabarlarida ko'rsatilgan narx bozordagi boshqa stantsiyalarga nisbatan katta mukofot bo'lganligi,[9] va WEAF-ning radioeshittirishdagi maqomini, shuningdek AT & T liniyalariga kirishini tan oldi. Darhaqiqat, sotish bo'yicha muzokaralar BCA yaratilganidan ko'p o'tmay amalga oshirilgan bo'lishi mumkin, chunki Kongress kutubxonasidagi NBC Tarix fayllaridagi 129-papka 1926 yil 1-iyuldagi WEAF uchun oldi-sotdi shartnomasini o'z ichiga oladi.[10] Oklend tribunasi WEAF sotib olish narxining 4/5 qismiga tegishli bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi xayrixohlik va chiziqqa kirish.[11] 1926 yil 28-iyulda Vashington Post oldingi sahifada RCA WCAP-ni sotib olganligi haqida xabar berdi. Oklend tribunasi o'sha kuni xabar berdi[12] WCAP maydonni tark etgani va WRC ular birgalikda foydalangan chastotada ishlaydi, ya'ni 640 AM.

Sotib olinishidan so'ng efirga uzatiladigan aktivlarni qayta tashkil etish doirasida 1926 yil 13 sentyabrda Milliy teleradiokompaniyaning tashkil etilishi gazeta reklamalari orqali e'lon qilindi va 1926 yil 15-noyabrda NBC birinchi eshittirishini o'tkazdi.[13] 1926 yil 15-noyabrdagi ushbu birinchi eshittirish NBC ning amalda shakllanishini belgilab qo'ydi NBC Red Network WEAF-dan "asosiy stantsiya" sifatida foydalangan holda, WEAF tarmoq aktivlaridan; oxir-oqibat mashhur tarmoqdagi ushbu tarmoq eng mashhur ko'ngilochar dasturlarni efirga uzatishga moyil edi. RCA o'zining avvalgi radio operatsiyalarini NBC-ga birlashtirdi va 1927 yil 1-yanvarda WJZ tarmog'ini almashtirish ishlari boshlanganda Moviy Tarmoqning "asosiy stantsiyasi" bo'ldi.[14] Tarmoq yana ommaviy obro'ga ega bo'lib, o'z e'tiborini ko'proq yangiliklar va jamoat ishlari dasturlari, shuningdek "qo'llab-quvvatlovchi" yoki homiylik qilinmagan ko'rsatuvlarga qaratishga intildi.

The Decatur sharhi (Illinoys ) 1926 yil 12-dekabr, yakshanba kuni efirga uzatiladigan translyatsiyani tavsiflovchi maqolada quyidagilar haqida xabar berilgan Viktor Talking Machine kompaniyasi va 1927 yil 1-yanvar kuni Yangi yil kuni efirga uzatildi, bu birinchi Blue Network translyatsiyasining tavsifi - 1927 yil 1-yanvarda Moviy tarmoqning debyuti bo'lganligini aniq ko'rsatib turibdi:

"IKKI KATTA TARMOQLAR: Birinchi konsert uchun foydalaniladigan tarmoq WEAF bilan bog'langan stantsiyalar zanjirlarining birlashmasidan iborat bo'ladi. WJZ, Nyu York. Shuningdek, ushbu Viktor dasturining ochilishi Milliy teleradiokompaniyasi tomonidan boshqariladigan yangi zanjirli tizimni ochishi va "kalit" stantsiya sifatida WJZ bo'lishi haqida e'lon qilindi. "Moviy" tarmoq deb nomlanadigan ushbu yangi zanjir WJZ-dan bir vaqtning o'zida translyatsiya qilish imkoniyatini beradi WBZ, Springfild va Boston, KDKA, Pitsburg va KYW, Chikago. Birinchi dasturni efirga uzatishda, shuning uchun "ko'k" tarmoq "qizil" tarmoq bilan birlashtiriladi, chunki WEAF zanjiri belgilangan, shuningdek, turli shaharlardagi boshqa stantsiyalar. Yangi yil tungi dasturidan so'ng, konsertlar ikki oyda bir marta, "ko'k" tarmoq orqali (...) "[15]

Ma'lum bo'lishicha, ranglarning belgilanishi tarmoqlarning xaritalarda namoyish etilishidan kelib chiqqan, qizil chiziqlar (yoki tugmachalar) WEAF tarmoq davrlarini bildirgan va WJZ zanjirlari ko'k rangga ega.[16]

Amaliyotlar, 1927–1941

Qizil tarmoq bilan hamkorlik

Qizil va Moviy Tarmoqlar muhandislar va inshootlarning umumiy havzasini baham ko'rdi,[2] va ba'zida xuddi shu voqealarni translyatsiya qilar edi. 1927 yildagi eng yirik yangiliklardan ikkita dastlabki misol bor. 1927 yil 20 mayda NBC ning ikkala tarmog'i ham Charlz Lindberg o'zining transatlantik parvozidan Amerikaga, yulduz diktor Grem MakName sharaflarni bajarish. Uch oy o'tgach, ikkita tarmoqdagi 67 ta stantsiyani birlashtirgan ikkinchisini taqdim etdi Dempsi –Tunni jang, McNamee va NBC hamkasbi Phillips Carlin tomonidan translyatsiya qilingan. Elizabeth McLeod-ning ushbu davrdagi NBC telekanalining omon qolgan materiallari haqidagi muhokamasiga qarang.[17]

Tashqi ko'rinishini targ'ib qiluvchi Enna Jettick Shoe Company tomonidan joylashtirilgan reklama Ser Garri Lauder 1929 yil 1-dekabrda NBC Blue dasturida. Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, matnda NBC Blue, NBC Orange (West Coast) va NBC Red tarmoqlari hammasi efirda qatnashgan.

Birozdan keyin hamkorlikning misoli 1929 yil 1-dekabr, yakshanba kuni kechqurun, mashhur "Laird of the Music Halls", Ser Garri Lauder, kelib chiqadigan qirg'oqdan qirg'oqqa bog'lanishda paydo bo'ldi KFI yilda Los Anjeles (keyinchalik NBC Red stantsiyasi, ammo hozirgi vaqtda NBC ning G'arbiy qirg'og'ining bir qismi "To'q rangli tarmoq "), lekin tomonidan tarqatilgan WJZ, bu ta'kidlanganidek, Moviy Tarmoqning asosiy stantsiyasi bo'lgan; reklamalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ba'zi NBC Red stantsiyalari, shuningdek Orange Network-dagi stantsiyalar tarmoqni to'ldirdilar. Ushbu translyatsiyaning tavsifi Enna Jettick Shoe Company tomonidan chiqarilgan 1930 yildagi risolada mavjud;[18] O'sha kuni kechasi Enna Jettik o'zining "Enna Jettick melodies" shou dasturida Lauderning birinchi spektakllariga homiylik qildi, undan keyin odatdagidek foydalaniladigan vaqt davomida yana bir tomosha namoyish etildi. "Kollier soati".[19]

Hech bo'lmaganda 1939 yilning yanvarida, shu vaqtga qadar NBC o'zining NBC Red va NBC Blue tarmoqlarining tasvirlarini farqlashga intilganiga qaramay (pastga qarang), u hali ham maxsus, qo'shma eshittirishlarni tashkil qiladi, masalan ikki soatlik maxsus taqdimot "RCA ning sehrli kaliti "musiqiy dastur (odatda NBC Blue dasturi, RCA-ning Viktor yozuvlari bo'limi homiyligida)" 1939 yilga salom ".[20]

Moviy tarmoq 1930-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar ishlaydi

Ajablanarlisi shundaki, odatda "Blue Network" ga eng mashhur dasturlar berilmagan bo'lsa ham, u efirga uzatuvchi tarmoq edi Amosning ndi 1930-yillarning boshlarida mashhurlik avjiga chiqqan paytda, mamlakat radioeshittirishlarining o'rtacha yarmidan ko'pi shou dasturini tinglashi kerak edi.[21] 1932-1933 yilgi mavsumda Nyu-Jersi shtatining Standart Oyl (Esso ) g'ayrioddiy dasturga homiylik qildi Besh yulduzli teatr, har hafta tunda turli xil formatdagi shoularni namoyish etdi. Ushbu tsikldagi marquee namoyishi bo'ldi Flywheel, Shyster va Flywheel, qaysi yulduzcha Groucho Marks va Chiko Marks. Ko'rgazmaning nisbatan erta (ET 19:30) vaqt oralig'ini hisobga olgan holda, reytingda juda yaxshi natijalarga erishdi,[22] ammo u Essoning ashaddiy raqibi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan ancha kuchli reytinglar bilan raqobatlasha olmadi Texako homiylik qilgan Ed Vayn NBC Red-da va shou bir yildan so'ng tugadi.[23]

Odatda, Moviy Tarmoq Qizil Tarmoq uchun ko'ngilochar dasturlar bo'yicha kvazi- "fermer jamoasi" sifatida ishlaydi. Bob umid (1935 yilda va yana 1937 yilda), Jek Benni (1932 yilda), Fibber McGee va Molly (1935 yilda) va Information, please!" to'plamini bering! (1938 yilda), natijada Qizil Tarmoqdagi katta auditoriyaga o'tishdan oldin Moviy Tarmoqdagi debyutining namoyishi.[24]

Ba'zida, shoular boshqa joyga ko'chishdan oldin NBC Blue-da qisqa to'xtashadi, masalan Lyuks radio teatri (1934–35) va Uill Rojersning dasturi (1933), ikkalasi ham CBS-ga o'tadi.

Reklama[25] debyutini reklama qilish Lyuks radio teatri, 1934–35 yillarda NBC Blue-da CBS-da uzoq vaqt harakat qilishdan oldin qisqa muddatli ish olib borgan.

Ba'zi darajalarda Moviy Tarmoq 1920-yillarning oxiri va 30-yillarning boshlarida bolalar dasturlari bilan tanilgan edi. Akronda joylashgan nashriyotdan kamida ikki jild mavjud.[26] bu Blue Network dasturlarining bir qismi bo'lganligi haqida hikoyalar to'plamidir. E.O.ning to'plamida bitta nusxasi. Kostello, ikkita bolasi bilan 1920-yillarning oxiridagi uslubidagi radio tinglayotgan muqovani namoyish etadi, undan ertak qahramonlarining yarqirab tasvirlari paydo bo'lmoqda. Sarlavhadan tashqari (va muqovadagi radio), Moviy Tarmoq bilan aloqalarning aniq tabiati ma'lum emas; kitobda hatto Milliy teleradiokompaniyasi haqida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'lumot berilmagan. Aytish mumkinki, bu 1929 yilga kelib Moviy Tarmoqning o'ziga xos shaxsiyatiga ega ekanligidan dalolat beradi.[27]

Muammolar

NBC History Files-da joylashgan materialning tavsiflari Kongress kutubxonasi Ko'rinib turibdiki, biron bir darajada NBC ning Qizil Tarmoqqa nisbatan Moviy Tarmoqni boshqarish uslubi bilan norozilik mavjud edi. Masalan, NBC tarixi fayllaridagi bitta papka[28] 1934 yil 28 iyunda vokzaldan uch sahifadan iborat xatni o'z ichiga oladi WSYR yilda Sirakuza, Nyu-York, bu Qizil Tarmoq foydasiga Moviy Tarmoqning e'tiborsizligidan shikoyat qiladi. Ushbu fikrni birinchi navbatda 1935 yil 18-sentabrdagi memorandum bilan tasdiqlash mumkin,[29] unda Moviy efirga kirish imkoniyati yo'qligidan shikoyat qildi Jahon seriyasi va ikkinchidan, bundan ko'p o'tmay, 1935 yil 5-oktabrda yozilgan xat bilan.[30] bu Xirst radiosidan shikoyat qiladigan aloqa Amosning ndi va Al Pirs dasturlar Moviy Tarmoqdan Qizil Tarmoqqa ko'chirilgan va umuman Moviy dasturlashning zaifligidan shikoyat qilgan. Haqiqatan ham, NBC tarixi fayllari mavjud[31] 1937 yil fevraldagi ichki memorandum, Moviy Tarmoqning ishlashi shunchalik kaustikki, muallifning ismi hujjatda o'zgartirilgan.

NBC Blue Network bilan bog'liq muhim muammo uning hajmi bo'lishi mumkin. U 1927 yil yanvarida boshlanib, 7 ta stantsiya bilan 1929 yil oxiriga kelib 17 taga etdi, ammo 1937 yilga kelib faqatgina 33 ta stantsiyaga ega edi.[32] Bu uning raqiblaridan sezilarli darajada kichikroq bo'lishiga olib keladi. 1938 yilda, O'zaro 107 ta filial va CBS 114 ta filialga ega edi; Moviy Tarmoq, aksincha, NBC Red o'z vaqtini sotib yuborganida, Qo'shma Shtatlarni yopib qo'yolmadi, natijada 1937-1938 yillarda Moviy Tarmoqning daromadi odatda pasayib ketdi, NBC Red esa ortdi.[33] Radio tarixchisi Elizabeth McLeod ta'kidlaganidek, 1938 yilga kelib NBC o'zining "Asosiy qizil" guruhida 23 ta, "asosiy ko'k" guruhida 24 ta stantsiyani, homiyning ehtiyojiga qarab 107 ta stantsiyani qizil yoki ko'k bo'lishi mumkin. ;[34] NBC Red dasturlariga nisbatan NBC Red dasturlarining nisbiy reytingi (va shu sababli daromadlar) homiylar qizil rangni ko'kdan ko'ra tez-tez ishlatishni tanlaganligini ko'rsatadi.

Rasm

Ehtimol, Moviy Tarmoqning kichikroq, ammo yuqori darajadagi va jamoat ishlari markazidagi tarmoq sifatida qabul qilinadigan umumiy tushunchasiga ko'proq mos keladi[35] bu asl uy bo'lganligi edi NBC simfonik orkestri Maestro boshchiligidagi translyatsiyalar Arturo Toskanini.[36] Xuddi shunga o'xshash tarzda, Blue Network-ning eng uzoq muddatli dasturlaridan biri edi Amerikaning shahar uchrashuvi, dolzarb masalalarni muhokama qilish dasturi.[37] Ikkalasi ham Louell Tomas va Uolter Vinchel Yangilik dasturlari ham Moviy Tarmoq orqali efirga uzatildi. Ushbu ikkala shou 1930-yillarning oxiri va 40-yillarning boshlarida Moviyning eng yuqori reyting dasturlari edi.[38] Iste'dodlar shoularidagi qiziqarli o'zgarishlarda mezbonlik qilgan Major Boues, Shervin-Uilyams bo'yoq kompaniyasi homiylik qildi Metropolitan Opera Havoning tinglashlari 1930 va 1940 yillarda yakshanba kuni tushdan keyin bir necha yil davomida qo'shiqchilar taniqli opera truppasi bilan shartnomalar imzolash imkoniyati uchun kurashdilar.[39] Milliy fermer xo'jaligi va uy soati, AQSh Qishloq xo'jaligi vazirligi tomonidan ko'p yillar davomida qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan shou, Blue Network-ning eng yaxshi kunduzgi dasturlaridan biri edi va 1929 yildan 1945 yil martgacha, dastur NBC-ga o'tgandan keyin uning tarkibiga kiradi.[40]

Bilan birga NBC simfonik orkestri eshittirishlar, Metropolitan Opera radioeshittirishlari NBC Blue-ning "toj javohirlari" tarkibiga kirgan. 1937 yilda tarmoq tomonidan chiqarilgan xushyor va obro'li risola[41] eshittirishlar ostida ekanligini bildirdi RCA homiylik va "NBC Network milliy translyatsiyasi vositasida" Grand Opera "butun xalqqa berildi. Endi u imtiyozli ozchiliklar uchun ajratilmagan - endi hatto butun AQSh bo'ylab eng yakkalangan tinglovchilar ham zavq olishlari mumkin dunyodagi eng yaxshi musiqa o'z yong'inlarida. Milliy teleradiokompaniyasi (...) Metropolitan Opera-ni Amerika radio tinglovchilariga etkazish vositasi ekanligidan faxrlanadi. " Risolada 1937 yilda 78 stantsiya ushbu opera spektakllarini translyatsiya qilgani va dasturni qabul qilish "butun mamlakat bo'ylab" bo'lganligi, bu NBC Blue translyatsiyasi uchun odatiy bo'lmagan narsa ekanligi qayd etilgan.

Radio tarixchisi Elizabeth McLeod, NBC Red va NBC Blue-ning 1920-yillarning oxiri va 30-yillarning boshlarida turli xil chayqalar ketma-ketligi bo'lgan qisqa davridan tashqari, ikkala tarmoq ko'p yillar davomida * farqlanmaganligini, bu albatta mos keladigan bo'lar edi. yuqorida tavsiflangan ko'rsatuvlar ro'yxati. Uning ta'kidlashicha, ba'zi bir adolat bilan, NBC Red shuningdek, yuqori darajadagi yuqori darajadagi bir qator dasturlarni efirga uzatgan Firestone ovozi, Atwater Kent soati, va Shaharlarga xizmat ko'rsatish konsertlari. Bundan tashqari, u 1936-1937 yillargacha tarmoqlarni "orqa ofis" ko'magi bir xil bo'lganligini,[42] va ko'pincha stantsiyalar homiylarning ehtiyojlariga qarab bir tarmoqdan ikkinchisiga o'tadi.[43] Bu faqat Federal aloqa komissiyasi McLeod, tarmoq amaliyotini tekshirishni boshladi, deb hisoblaydi RCA ikkita tarmoqni farqlash va NBC Blue-ni yuqori darajadagi / jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar tarmog'i sifatida to'liq joylashtirish. (Xuddi shu nuqtai nazardan, Kongressning bosimi NBC simfonik orkestrining yaratilishining haqiqiy sababi bo'lgan deb taxmin qilingan).[44]

NBC tarixi fayllari Kongress kutubxonasi NBC asta-sekin Qizil Tarmoqni Moviy Tarmoqdan farqlash yo'lini izlagan degan tushunchani qo'llab-quvvatlang. Masalan, ular 1936 yil 13-mayda Qizil va Moviy tarmoq stantsiyalarini aralashtirishga qarshi tarmoq siyosatini belgilaydigan maxfiy memorandumni o'z ichiga oladi.[45] (Buni yuqoridagi Garri Lauderning 1929 yildagi translyatsiyasi bilan qanday ishlashini taqqoslang va taqqoslang.) Shuningdek, 1938 yil oktyabr oyida sotuvlar to'g'risida Memorandum mavjud bo'lib, unda Moviy Tarmoqni Qizil Tarmoqdan qanday ajratish kerakligi haqida so'z boradi. CBS.[46] Hatto 1932 yil dekabrda NBC nafaqat CBS-ga, balki Hatto Qizil Tarmoqqa ham maxsus murojaatlarni taqiqlovchi siyosat ishlab chiqqan edi.[47]

Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, NBC tarmoqni kengaytirish bo'yicha ishlarni kuchaytira boshladi; 1937 yilda 33 ta stantsiyani tashkil etgan bo'lsa, ularning soni 1941 yil yanvariga kelib qariyb uch baravarga ko'paygan, o'sha paytda tarmoq sohilga 92 ta stantsiyani tashkil etgan.[32]

Tarmoqni kengaytirishga qaratilgan ushbu harakatlar 1936 yil oxirida NBC nashri tomonidan tasdiqlangan, Buyuk va o'sib borayotgan, bu Blue Network stantsiyalarining hajmini va sifatini oshirishga qaratilgan harakatlarni tavsifladi.[48] Keltirilgan va taklif qilingan yaxshilanishlar orasida WJZ va KDKA-ning translyatsiya quvvatini har biri 50,000 vattgacha oshirish, WEAN, WICC va WEBR kabi guruhlarga yangi stantsiyalarni qo'shish, Tinch okean sohillari tarmog'ini qo'shish (KGO, KECA, KFSD, KEX, KJR bilan) va KGA) va KOIL, KWK va KSO kabi stantsiyalarning kunduzgi quvvatini kengaytirish. Ushbu reklama kampaniyasi, kitobga kiritilgan risolada, shuningdek, Blue Network vaqtini sotib olgan homiylarning uzoq ro'yxatini ko'rsatdi. Kitobda ta'kidlanganidek: "Ushbu qo'shimchalar va yaxshilanishlarning barchasi har kuni NBC Blue Network samaradorligini oshirmoqda. Hammasi tinglovchining zavqlanishiga va reklama beruvchining savdo natijalariga katta hissa qo'shadi."

1942 yil yanvarida Moviy Tarmoqning birlashmasidan bir necha oy oldin, NBC Qizil va Moviy tarmoqlar uchun alohida brend tasvirlarini yaratish bo'yicha qat'iy qadamlarni qo'ydi. Ma'lum darajada, bu hech bo'lmaganda 1939 yil yozidan beri davom etmoqda Vaqt jurnali NBC NBC Blue-ni keng miqyosda qurish bilan shug'ullanayotganligini ko'rsatdi.[49] 1937 yilning kuzida ham, 1941 yilning kuzida ham NBC "Milliy teleradioeshittirish kompaniyasining qizil tarmog'i" da efirga uzatilayotgan dasturni aniq belgilab olar edi va hech bo'lmaganda 1941 yilning kuzida xuddi shunday yorliqqa ega bo'lar edi. Moviy tarmoq.[50] Ushbu qurilishning namunasi "Elis homiylik-er" da nashr etilgan RCA bir muncha vaqt 1941 yil o'rtalarida[51] ushbu tarmoq shoularini bozorga chiqarish.[52] Ushbu kitob Qizil Tarmoqqa to'liq e'tibor qaratib, uning Ko'ngilochar Tarmoqqa ishora qilmasdan ko'ngilochar dasturlarini tavsiflaydi.[53] Stansiyalar qatoridan yuqorida[54] jildning orqa qismida "Bu Milliy Teleradiokompaniyaning Qizil tarmog'i" degan yorliq bor. Bundan tashqari, kitob davomida "NBC Red-da har qanday vaqt yaxshi vaqt!" Kabi shiorlar mavjud. Ushbu kitob, qisman, NBC-ning Qizil Tarmoqni Moviy Tarmoqdan 1941 yil kuzida, qanday qilib ta'kidlanganidek, Moviy Tarmoq hali ham NBC tarkibiga kirganligini qanday ajratib turishini aniq namoyish etadi.

Dasturlash, 1935–1941

Keyinchalik NBC Blue-da ohangning asta-sekin o'zgarishini ko'rsatadigan ba'zi bir misollar keltirilgan.

Uchun rasmiy veb-sayt Xelen Xeys[55] shu vaqt ichida NBC Blue uchun qilgan bir qator dasturlarni, shu jumladan a Evgeniya O'Nil 1937 yil avgustda o'yin tsikli, 1935-1936 yillarda o'zining ikki xil dramatik seriyasi (biri homiylik qilgan Umumiy ovqatlar ) va 1940 yilda Moviy seriyadagi chiqish, bu taniqli odamlarni olib kelgan, ular ma'lum bir kitob nima uchun ularning sevimli kitoblari bo'lganligini tushuntirishgan.

1938 yil 28-noyabr nashrining "oldindan ko'rish" bo'limi Vaqt[56] Moviy Tarmoq amalga oshirgan dasturlash haqida bir oz fikr beradi. 25-noyabr, juma kuni soat 16: 00da u o'sha paytgacha nutq so'zladi.Davlat kotibi Kordell Xall. O'sha kuni kechqurun u yarim o'rta vazndagi chempionlik jangini o'tkazdi Madison Square Garden Keyinchalik Chikagodagi "Lirik opera" dan Vagnerian operasi. 26-noyabr, shanba shuni ko'rsatadiki, Moviy ikkalasini ham olib yurgan Armiya - Dengiz kuchlari futbol o'yini va NBC simfonik orkestri. The Havoning shahar uchrashuvi payshanba kuni kechqurun iqtisodchilar o'rtasida dunyoda tinchlik o'rnatishning iqtisodiy rejasini amalga oshirish mumkinmi degan munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi.

1940-yillarning boshlarida bir mavsum uchun Moviyda yuqori darajadagi homiylik qilingan dastur mavjud edi The Amerikaning kavalkadasi, homiylik qilgan tarixiy voqealarni dramatik namoyish DuPont. 1935 yilda CBS telekanalida namoyish qilingan va 1940 yil yanvarda Moviy rangga ko'chgan shou,[57] firma, aslida "o'lim savdogari" bo'lganligi uchun hujumga uchragan bir paytda yaratilgan va Amerikaning tarixiy shaxslariga bag'ishlangan ushbu shou DuPont o'zining imidjini tushirishga harakat qilgan.[58] Shubhasiz, shou yuqori darajada ishlab chiqarilgan qadriyatlarga ega edi Raymond Massey 1940 yil fevralda namoyish uchun Avraam Linkoln, 1940 yil 26-fevral sonida tasvirlanganidek Vaqt.[59] Shuningdek, u hikoyalarning tarixiy aniqligini tekshirish uchun universitet professor-o'qituvchilaridan foydalanganligi va kelajakdagi Pulitser mukofoti sohibi ssenariylari bilan mashhur bo'lgan. Artur Miller.[60] (Ushbu shou 1941 yildan boshlab NBC Red va NBC kanallarida qoladi va tarmoq televidenie yoshiga qadar ham namoyishni davom ettiradi).[58]

Tarmoq radiosi tarixidagi eng dramatik kunlardan birida qiziqarli istiqbolni ko'rish mumkin. Yaponlarning hujumi ertalab Pearl Harbor 1941 yil 7 dekabrda, birinchi hujum to'lqini tugagan paytda Oaxu, NBC Blue efirga uzatayotgan edi Bosh inspektor, uning bir qismi sifatida Ajoyib o'yinlar dasturida, NBC Red esa taniqli musiqachilar guruhidagi dasturni efirga uzatayotgan edi Sammy Kaye. ET soat 16 da, Milliy Vespersning Blue-ning ko'rsatuvlari turli xil yangiliklar bilan to'xtatildi. Keyinchalik kechqurun, soat 18:30 da. va 18:45 da, Drew Pirson va Eleanor Ruzvelt Muntazam ko'rsatuvlar eshitiladi, keyin soat 19.00 da. keyinchalik Jek Benni bilan raqobatlashadigan yangiliklar to'plami tomonidan Injil haftasi qarama-qarshi Kovalamoq va Sanborn soati bilan Edgar Bergen. (Moviy rang mashhur edi Ichki Sanktum O'sha kuni kechqurun soat 8:30 da sirli antologiya seriyasi, so'ngra birinchi raqamli shou namoyish etildi Uolter Vinchel.) Va nihoyat, satirik havolalarni esga oladiganlar uchun qiziqish Warner Bros. davr multfilmlari, soat 22 da, Moviy ko'tarildi Yaxshi niyat soati Jon J. Entoni bilan, uni izlaganlarga va ehtimol ular sozlanmaganlarga maslahat berib Fil Spitalniy Qizil tarmoqdagi orkestr.[61]

Taklif qilingan sotuv

1930-yillarning oxirlarida NBC o'z tashabbusi bilan Moviy Tarmoqni yo'q qilishni jiddiy ko'rib chiqdi. NBC tarixi fayllarida mavjud bo'lgan muhim materiallar mavjud Kongress kutubxonasi[62] bu fikrni tasvirlab beruvchi. Haqiqat Devid Sarnoff, rahbari RCA, ushbu munozaralarda qatnashganligi ushbu taklif yuqori darajada ko'rib chiqilganligidan dalolat beradi. Kongress kutubxonasida NBC tarixidagi fayllar bo'yicha qo'llanmani oddiy o'qish ushbu munozaralarning aniq mohiyatini ochib bermaydi, ammo bu munozaralar mavjud bo'lganligi juda qayd etilgan. 1943 yilda, Moviy Tarmoq uzilib bo'lgandan keyin (lekin sotilishidan oldin) reklama nashri quyidagilarni ta'kidladi:

"1932 yildayoq Milliy teleradioeshittirish kompaniyasining bir guruh rahbarlari" Moviy tarmoq "tezroq rivojlanib, o'z stantsiyalariga, reklama beruvchilariga va tinglovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatishi mumkin, agar u NBC tarkibiga kirish o'rniga. mustaqil tarmoqqa aylanish. "[63]

Ajratish, 1940-1943

FCC tomonidan dastlabki harakatlar

1930-yillar davomida NBC va boshqalarda ayblovlar ilgari surildi CBS qisman ularning raqibi Mutual tomonidan, ikkita yuqori darajadagi tarmoq tizimlari raqobatbardosh faoliyatni amalga oshirganligi, iste'dodlarni ichki iste'dod byurolari orqali blokirovka qilish va sherik stantsiyalar tizimini og'ir shartnomalar orqali bir-biriga mahkam bog'lash orqali.

1940 yil may oyida uch yillik tergovdan so'ng Federal aloqa komissiyasi (1934 yildan beri radioeshittirish ustidan nazorat olib borgan) NBC va CBS-ga qo'shilish siyosatiga, shuningdek, iste'dodlarni bron qilish agentligi amaliyotiga qarshi shafqatsiz hisobot ("Zanjirli eshittirish to'g'risida hisobot") chiqardi. Hisobotda har bir tarmoqni har bir shahar uchun bittadan stantsiya bilan cheklash taklif qilindi, bu NBC-ning ikki tomonlama tarmoq egaligiga bevosita ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin edi.[64] 1941 yil may oyida FCC bir oz oldinga bordi va radioda monopoliyaga aylangan narsani buzish uchun rasmiy qoidalar chiqardi; ushbu qoidalardan biri, ayniqsa, 1940 yil iyun oyidagi hisobotga qaraganda aniqroq tarzda NBC-ning ikkita tarmog'iga egalik qilishiga yo'naltirilgan bo'lar edi.[65]

NBCga qarshi sud jarayoni

1941 yil kuzida bo'lib o'tgan keyingi kongress tinglovlari natijasida FCC qoidalarni sug'orish, ammo muddat qisqa edi, chunki Adliya vazirligining monopoliyaga qarshi bo'limi 1941 yil 31 dekabrda NBCga qarshi monopoliyaga qarshi ish qo'zg'atdi va CBS, tarmoqlarning ishlash usullarini buzishga intilmoqda. O'zaro, shu bilan birga, 1942 yil 12 yanvardagi nashrga binoan o'zining 10,275 million dollar miqdoridagi antitrestli sud da'vosini taqdim etdi. Vaqt.[66]

Ushbu hisob Vaqt[66] Mutualning bosh menejeri tomonidan tasdiqlangan Mutual tomonidan NBCga qo'yilgan ayblovlarning kamida bittasini tasvirlaydi. 1941 yilning kuzida Mutual homiylik qilgan komediya-estrada seriyasini namoyish qildi Ballantin Ale, deb nomlangan Uch qo'ng'iroq vaqti, bosh rollarda Milton Berle va Charlz Loton.[67] Shou 77 stantsiya tarmog'ida namoyish etilishi kerak edi, ammo ushbu stansiyalarning 14tasi cheklangan raqobat mavjud bo'lgan shaharlarda variantlarni eng maqbul vaqtda amalga oshirishga qodir bo'lgan NBC bilan shartnoma asosida tuzilgan edi. Oxir-oqibat NBC ushbu stantsiyalarning oltitasi uchun variantlardan foydalandi, natijada Uch qo'ng'iroq vaqti bir vaqtning o'zida NBC Blue va Mutual-da o'tkazildi.

Monopoliyaga qarshi da'vo arizalari ko'rib chiqilayotganda, NBC va CBS FCCning radio tarmoqlari faoliyatini tartibga solish qobiliyati to'g'risida sudlarga murojaat qilishdi.[68] Ushbu murojaatlar davom etar ekan, NBC Qizil Tarmoq va Moviy Tarmoq operatsiyalarini rasmiy ravishda ajratish jarayonini boshladi, bu jarayon 1939 yilda Moviy Tarmoq uchun alohida savdo bo'limining tashkil etilishi bilan boshlanib, 1940 yilgacha davom etdi va Moviy tarmoq uchun boshqa bo'limlarning tashkil etilishi bilan 1941 yil.[63] NBC o'zining umumiy amaliyotiga zid ravishda tarmoqlarni aniqlay boshladi va xodimlar va imkoniyatlarni ajratishga kirishdi; oxir-oqibat, 1942 yil 8-yanvarda Moviy Tarmoq uchun alohida korporativ tashkilotni "Blue Network Company, Inc." tashkil etdi.[69] Shu kundan boshlab, NBC hali ham Moviy Tarmoqqa egalik huquqini saqlab qolgan bo'lsa-da, aksariyat maqsadlar uchun bu alohida tarmoq edi. NBC Red bu vaqtda oddiy NBC deb nomlandi.[70]

Ushbu 1944 yilgi reklama,[71] bu Blue Network NBC tomonidan sotilganidan keyin paydo bo'lgan bo'lsa, Moviy Tarmoq NBC ob'ektlariga qanday qilib kirishda davom etganligini ko'rsatadi; bu holda, taniqli radio studiyalari Rokfeller markazi Nyu-York shahrida

1942 yil iyun oyida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi zanjirli translyatsiya bilan bog'liq qoidalarni chiqarishda FCC yurisdiktsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi. Ushbu qarordan keyin FCC sud jarayoni davom etganda, davlat va xususiy monopoliyaga qarshi sud ishlari sud tartibida o'tkazildi.[72]

1943 yil 10 mayda Oliy sud (National Broadcasting Co., Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga qarshi, 319 AQSh 190) FCC-ga ulangan stantsiyalar bilan yirik tarmoqlarning shartnomaviy munosabatlarini tartibga solish bo'yicha FCC yurisdiktsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash orqali deyarli barcha radiolarni tartibga solish huquqini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[73] 1943 yil oxirida Senat oldidagi harakatlar Davlatlararo savdo qo'mitasi qarorni bekor qilish uchun qonunchilikni olish uchun hech qanday joy yo'q edi.

Sotish

1943 yil 11-yanvar nashri Vaqt ettita sarmoyaviy uy, uchta sug'urta kompaniyasi, ikkita ishlab chiqaruvchi, kundalik gazeta va sanoatchi tarmoqni sotib olishga jiddiy qarashganini ta'kidlamoqda.[74] Ammo, ning qarori bilan Oliy sud, NBC endi Moviy Tarmoqni sotish bo'yicha qat'iy choralarni ko'rishga undadi. Savdo uchta guruhga to'g'ri keldi, dastlabki taklif 6 million dollarni tashkil qildi, uni raqiblar ketma-ketlikda 6,5 ​​dollarga, so'ngra 7 million dollarga ko'tarishdi. 1943 yil iyul oyi oxirida Dillon, Read & Co. investitsiya banklari firmasi 7,8 million dollar taklif qildi.[75]

1943 yil 30-iyulda, sud qaroridan ikki oy o'tgach, RCA tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan American Broadcasting System, Inc. kompaniyasiga tarmoq sotilishini e'lon qildi Edvard J. Nobl, Savdo kotibining sobiq maslahatchisi, Life Savers Corp-ning raisi sifatida tanilgan, narxi 8 million dollar deb e'lon qilindi.[76] Buning ortidan murojaatnoma yuborildi FCC 13 avgustda rasmiylashtirilgan sotuvni tasdiqlash.[77]

FCC tinglovlari

Moviy tarmoqni sotish bilan bog'liq muhim masalalardan biri tarmoqning "bahsli" mavzular va tarafdorlari bilan bog'liq amaliyotini o'z ichiga olgan. Kodiga asoslanib, tarmoq Teleradiokompaniyalar milliy assotsiatsiyasi, "munozarali mavzular" ni targ'ib qiluvchi mehnat tashkilotlariga, kooperativlarga va boshqa tashkilotlarga vaqt sotishdan bosh tortdi, ammo boshqa tomonni tinglash imkoniyati bo'lgan taqdirda, ularga bepul efir vaqti berdi. 1943 yil 27-avgustda Sanoat tashkilotlari kongressi ga aralashish to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan qisqacha murojaat qildi FCC tarmoqni sotish bo'yicha protseduralar.[78] CIO "munozarali" translyatsiyalarga oid NAB kodi uning efir vaqtini sotib olish qobiliyatini inhibe qilganidan shikoyat qildi. FCC CIO ning aralashish to'g'risidagi iltimosnomasini rad etgan bo'lsa-da, u CIO-ni sud majlislarida guvohlik berishni taklif qildi.[79]

1943 yil 10 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tgan tinglovlarda FCC raisi Jeyms L. Fly Moviy Tarmoqning munozarali translyatsiyalar tarafdorlariga efir vaqtini sotishdan bosh tortib, lekin efir vaqtini bepul berish siyosatini qoraladi. U siyosatni do'konning old qismidan xaridorlarni quvib chiqarish, ammo "ularni tarqatish uchun orqa eshikka yo'naltirish" deb rang-barang ravishda ta'rifladi. Moviy tarmoq rahbari Mark Vuds siyosatni NAB kodiga mos kelishini aytib himoya qildi.[80] Edvard J.Nobl 1943 yil 20 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tgan tinglovlarda guvohlik berganida, u Fly raisi tomonidan mehnat tashkilotlari, kooperativlar va boshqa maxsus qiziqish guruhlariga efir vaqtini sotishdan bosh tortish siyosati to'g'risida yaqindan so'roq qilingan.[81] Noble ushbu tinglovda rais Fly tomonidan "so'z erkinligi mexanizmlarini kengaytirish" nuqtai nazaridan Moviy Tarmoqning siyosati qanday bo'lishi to'g'risida bayonot berishga yo'naltirilgan.[81] 1943 yil 3-oktabrda Noble FCC-ga xat tarqatdi, unda "Blue Network" "har bir narsani mohiyatiga qarab" efirga uzatish vaqtidagi barcha so'rovlarni "ochiq fikr bilan" qondirishi va hech birini asosda chiqarib tashlamasligi aytilgan. g'oyalar yoki shaxsiyat.[81] Shubhasiz, rais Flyning tutgan pozitsiyasi barchani mamnun qilmadi. Kolumnist Devid Lourens 1943 yil 7-oktabrda FCC Moviy Tarmoqni efir vaqtini sotish bilan bog'liq siyosatini o'zgartirishga majburlashga urinishda o'z vakolatini oshirib yuborgan deb o'ylagan.[82]

Noblning yozma javobi etarli edi. Savdo FCC tomonidan 1943 yil 12 oktyabrda tasdiqlangan.[83] Noble o'zini tark etishga majbur bo'ldi Nyu York stantsiya WMCA u 1940 yildan beri egalik qilgan, ammo uning Amerika eshittirish tizimi, Inc., sotib olingan Moviy Tarmoqning asosiy tashkiloti WJZ, qo'shimcha stantsiyalar Chikago va San-Fransisko, shuningdek, quruqlikdagi ijara, ba'zi studiya inshootlari va ijaraga olingan studiya inshootlari va qo'shilish tizimi.[84]

Monopoliyaga qarshi xulosa

Jessi Roys Landis (l) va Celeste Holm (r) shou uchun hali ham 1943 yilda e'lon qilingan "Blue Network" mikrofoni bilan suratga tushish Q ko'chasidagi uy. E.O.ning to'plami Kostello[85]

Sotishdan so'ng, Adliya vazirligi 1943 yil 17 oktyabrda NBCga qarshi antitrestlik sud ishlarini to'xtatdi,[86] ilgari sud jarayoni to'xtatilgan CBS 11 oktyabrda federal sudlar uning iltimosiga binoan ishdan bo'shatildi O'zaro CBS va NBC-ga qarshi antitrestlik da'volari.[87]

O'zgarishlar, 1943-1945

1947 yil 21 aprel sonida Vaqt,[88] Mark Vuds 1942 yildagi Moviy Tarmoqni (ya'ni sotilish arafasida) "axlatxona" deb atagan. Maqolada o'sha paytdagi 116 stantsiya tarmog'i faqat 14 million dollar daromad keltirgan kasting nutqlari va klassik musiqa uyi sifatida tasvirlangan. Ehtimol, Vudsning o'sha paytdagi Moviy Tarmoqning ahvolini yomonlashtirgani, keyinchalik 1940-yillarda tarmoqning nisbiy muvaffaqiyatiga qarama-qarshi bo'lganligi haqida bahslashish mumkin edi; bu Moviy Tarmoq 1942 yilda foyda keltirganligi sababli mumkin.[89] Vuds va boshqa boshqaruv jamoasi, Noblega sotilgandan so'ng, Blue Network-ni NBC va CBS bilan raqobatdosh qilish uchun choralar ko'rishni boshladi.

Moliya va mulk huquqi

Dastlabki qadam chuqur cho'ntakka ega bo'lish edi. Noble, 1943 yil 28-dekabrda 12,5% aktsiyalarini sotdi Time Inc.,[90] va Chester J. LaRoche (Todius Barnard LaRoche-ning bobosi) reklama kompaniyasining har biriga $ 500,000 uchun o'xshash ulush. Kichik ulushlar Blue Network menejerlari Mark Vuds (prezident) va Edgar Kobak (ijrochi vitse-prezident bo'lib, ular kelasi yil ko'klarni tark etishadi) O'zaro ).[91]

Reklama[92] uzoq muddatli NBC Blue, Blue Network va ABC jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar dasturining translyatsiyasini targ'ib qilish ".Havoning shahar uchrashuvi. "Esda tutingki, hatto 1947 yilda (ya'ni rasmiy o'zgarishdan 20 oy o'tgach) ushbu kech sanada ham ABC Blue Network yorlig'ini ma'lum reklama maqsadlarida ishlatmoqda.

Dasturlash

1943-1945 yillar davomida Moviy Tarmoq NBC-ning ko'plab radioeshittirish vositalaridan, shu jumladan Nyu-Yorkdagi Radio Siti ob'ektlaridan foydalangan (yuqoridagi KATE reklamasiga qarang), shuningdek Los-Anjelesdagi studiya maydoni. The back of the ticket for "Fun Valley", a show starring veteran comedian Al Pirs homiysi Doktor Pepper and broadcast on Sunday afternoons in 1944, makes reference to both Blue Network Company, Inc. and the National Broadcasting Company, Inc. in terms of the rules and regulations audience members had to obey.[93]

Of obvious import were steps taken to preserve the best programming the network had, and make improvements; these were happening in the period immediately prior to, and following, the sale of the network. While the Blue Network did lose a few programs to NBC, such as Viktorina bolalar va Daffining tavernasi (more shows that debuted or had a previous run on the Blue; see Lackmann, op. cit.) and the NBC simfonik orkestri (Lackmann, op. cit.), it did retain one highly rated show, the Jergen's Journal bilan Uolter Vinchel, which managed to compete successfully with NBC's powerhouse Sunday night lineup (it was the 11th-ranked program for all of 1943–1944, and Blue's only program in the top 20).[94] The Blue Network also retained the rights to broadcast the Metropolitan Opera radioeshittirishlari; Milton Xoch was the host for NBC, Blue, ABC, CBS, and the opera's own broadcasts from 1931 through 1975. This was in spite of the fact that NBC did not want to assign the rights to either the Havoning shahar uchrashuvi or the Metropolitan Opera broadcasts to the Blue Network.[95]

Bilan intervyuda Vaqt published on January 11, 1943, Woods noted that the Blue Network was seeking to differentiate itself from NBC and CBS by the aggressive use of transkripsiyalar, contrary to the practice of the larger networks.[74] This would have its full fruition when Bing Krosbi started transcribing his prime-time shows in 1946.

In certain respects, the Blue made attempts to grab the spotlight with unusual broadcasts. On December 25, 1942, Coca-Cola kompaniyasi sponsored an all-day broadcast on the network, a "Victory Parade's Christmas Party of Spotlight Bands".[96] The hiring, in 1943, of noted bandleader Pol Rojers as Director of Music was an attempt by the network, in its own words, to strengthen the entire musical schedule, as well as obtain a prominent figure.[97] The "Metropolitan Auditions of the Air", discussed above, had moved to the Blue Network by 1943 as well, joining the Metropolitan Opera broadcasts and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[98]

1944 souvenir booklet for the Blue Network audience participation show Xonimlar o'tirsin, which would continue to have a multi-year run on ABC radio. This show was also one of the first programs to be televised by ABC. A script survives from a February 25, 1945 local broadcast over WRGB, the Schenectady, New York television station of General Electric, hosted by Johnny Olson. The network is referred to in the script as being "The Blue Network of the American Broadcasting Company."[99]

News continued to be a priority for the network; indeed, Raymond Swing would win a Peabody mukofoti for the network in 1944 for his news commentary.[100] A 1943 promotional pamphlet listed Swing, Walter Winchell, Martin Agronskiy, Drew Pirson, Louell Tomas va Doroti Tompson, among others, as part of "the most impressive roster of news analysts and commentators on the air today."[101] Newsman Jorj Xiks was on a landing craft heading to the Normandy invasion beaches on D-Day when it was strafed by enemy planes, the sound of the combat being broadcast.[102] The network did have some difficulty with its news commentators during the war, however. The February 22, 1943 edition of Time notes that Woods had to clamp down on both Walter Winchell and Drew Pearson for over-aggressive name calling in their broadcasts, much to their dismay.[103]

Blue Network Programs

Several programs can be cited to show how the Blue Network was striving to reach beyond its previous reputation, and compete head-on with CBS and NBC as a stand-alone network.

One ambitious broadcast, copies of which are generally available to collectors of old-time radio broadcasts, was a special two-hour program broadcast on Christmas Day, 1944. Entitled "Christmas on the Blue", the show was emceed by Greysi Maydonlar, and featured, among other stars, Jo E. Braun, Endryu opa-singillar, Ed Vayn, Pol Uaytmen va boshqalar. The show also featured broadcasts of overseas servicemen sending greetings and well wishes to their loved ones at home, something unusual for the era.

One of the pairings on this special program involved Wendell Niles, a long-time announcer on many radio shows, including Bob Hope's. The Blue Network gave him and partner Don Prindle a comedy series, Niles and Prindle, which is referenced in the special as being scheduled for a debut the following month. It was said to involve two friends "who argued about everything", and had a brief run in 1945.[104] It was certainly unusual for the Blue Network to attempt to convert a long-time announcer into a featured comedy star, and in this sense, "Niles and Prindle", if not unique (given that Grem MakName was the "Perfect Foil" to Ed Vayn ), it must be said to be at least quite singular.

Of interest to animation fans was a show called Nitwit Court, which sought to do to John J. Anthony's The Goodwill Hour nima Bu johil bo'lish uchun to'laydi qildi Information, Please!. Host Ransom Sherman would pose problems to a jury consisting of Artur Q.Brayan, as "Willow", a man with a lisp, Mel Blan, as "Hornblower", a fumbling motorboat owner, and Sara Berner as "Bubbles Lowbridge", a not terribly bright woman.[105]

Affiliate growth

Matchbooks advertising the Blue Network affiliated stations in Indianapolis and Cleveland, from between 1943 (when WJW joined the Blue Network) and 1945.
Matchbook from WFCI/1420 (now defunct) at Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Strengthening the affiliate station list was a matter of importance to the network. While the network had 116 stations in January 1942 and 155 stations as of June 1943, this still meant that it could only offer to advertisers coverage of approximately 76% of the radio homes in the United States.[106] In this sense, the moves by the FCC to loosen the provisions of the contracts binding affiliated stations to networks helped the Blue Network. This allowed it to pick up a few additional stations in 1944, including (ironically) a few from the Mutual Broadcasting System.[107] This was one of its priorities, as the Blue Network had inherited smaller and less powerful stations than NBC and CBS.

Rebrending

Finally, a major priority of the Blue Network was to form a new identity, one that would mark a break with the past. In December, 1945, the FCC approved the transfer of The Blue Network, Inc.'s broadcast licenses to American Broadcasting Company.[108] Beginning on January 22, 1945, the network's opening and closing announcements changed to "The Blue Network of the American Broadcasting Company." Starting February 18, the same wording was instituted as the network outcue for station breaks.[109] On June 15, 1945, the Blue Network formally changed its name to the American Broadcasting Company.[110][111] They were not alone in desiring this catchy acronym.[112] Two prior claimants were bought out prior to June 1945,[113] and in negotiations with the Associated Broadcasting Corp. in December 1945, it acquired the rights to the name "ABC" from yet a third party.[114] From June 1945 forward, the entity has been known generally as the American Broadcasting Company, and reference should be made to that entry for its subsequent history.

The souvenir program for the Maurice B. Sachs Amateur Hour broadcast of Sunday, September 30, 1945 refers to the broadcast as coming from "Blue Network Studio A."[115] Even into 1947, in some markets, ABC would promote its shows with the tag-line "It's a Blue Network Program!"[116]

Televizor

By June 1945, commercial television in the United States had been frozen, owing to the lower level of priorities given to it as compared to war work. Furthermore, ABC was generally slow to move into television broadcasting. It did win approval to build five television stations; birinchi, WJZ-TV in New York was completed in the summer of 1948. WJZ-TV was followed by stations in Chikago va Detroyt later in 1948; va San-Fransisko va Los Anjeles during 1949–all five stations were assigned to broadcast on channel 7. Until those stations were built, ABC had to lease time and studio facilities from other stations including DuMont network New York flagship WABD, as well as other stations in Filadelfiya va Vashington which eventually helped form the core of the ABC television network.[117] It might be supposed that the Blue Network never existed in television, but as noted above, the Blue Network did make at least a few known forays into television prior to the June 1945 name change. For example, the Blue Network applied for a qurilish uchun ruxsatnoma for a TV station in the upper VHF band, but all such applications were shelved during the war years. Experiments were also conducted by the Blue Network in television program production before it permanently became ABC and formally opened a network under the ABC name in 1948. The script for a February 25, 1945 broadcast of Xonimlar o'tirsin, which was a relatively popular audience-participation/stunt o'yin ko'rsatish on Blue Network radio, still exists, and is reprinted in full in Ritchie.[118] It is, in fact, the script for the first broadcast.[119] U mezbonlik qilgan Johnny Olson, who would later become the long-running announcer on most of CBS's Gudson-Todman -produced game shows, most notably Uchrashuv o'yini va Narx to'g'ri. Technically, this was not a network broadcast, as it was broadcast locally on WRGB, the General Electric television station in Schenectady, New York. However, the opening title card, according to the script, was for "The Blue Network of the American Broadcasting Company." No video copy of this broadcast is known to exist.

Blue Network stations

As noted above, during the 1930s and 1940s, the Blue Network was divided into groups of stations. The core group of stations was known as "Basic Blue", and covered the Shimoliy-sharqiy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari /Yangi Angliya va qismlari Yuqori O'rta G'arbiy, atrofida Buyuk ko'llar maydon. The Southern Blue Network covered the Chuqur janub, the Mountain Blue Group the Tog'li shtatlar, the Pacific Coast Blue Network the Pacific Coast states, va Janubi-g'arbiy Blue Group the Oklahoma-Texas region.

A pamphlet published by the American Rolling Mill Co. in connection with a radio talk on "The Miracle of Steel" given on the Blue Network on April 9, 1939 has a listing of the Blue Network stations participating in this broadcast.[120] Ular quyidagichadir:

Basic Blue
  • WJZ Nyu York
  • WBZ Boston (until June 15, 1942)
  • WHDH Boston (June 1942–June 1945)
  • WCOP Boston (starting in June 1945)
  • WBZA Springfield (until June 15, 1942)
  • YO'Q Dalil
  • WICC Bridgeport
  • WFIL Filadelfiya
  • WBAL Baltimor
  • WMAL Vashington
  • WSYR Sirakuza
  • WHAM Rochester
  • WEBR qo'tos
  • KDKA Pitsburg

 

Southern Blue
Rocky Mountain Blue
Pacific Coast Blue
Southwestern Blue

Other Blue Network basic stations in 1939 were WABY (Albany, New York); WJTN (Jamestown, New York); WRTD (Richmond, Virginia); WLEU (Erie, Pennsylvania); CFCF (Montreal, Quebec) and WMFF Plattsburgda (Nyu-York).[121]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Kitoblar

  • Barson, Michael (1988). Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel: The Marx Bros' Lost Radio Show. Nyu-York: Pantheon kitoblari. ISBN  0-7011-3423-2.
  • Blue Network Company (1943). The Blue Network Today; a Memorandum on Its First Independent Year, and Its Present Position in the American System of Broadcasting, with a Note on Blue History. New York: Blue Network Company, Inc. OCLC  43939184.
  • East, Ed (1944). Ed East & Polly's Fun Book: With Hundreds of Tongue Twisters, Games and Stunts as Broadcast on Ladies be Seated: A Blue Network Presentation. New York: Blue Network Company, Inc. OCLC  9885450.
  • Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Inc. Britannica yilning eng yaxshi kitobi. Chikago: Entsiklopediya Britannica, Inc. OCLC  911926.
  • Enna Jettick Shoe Co. (c. 1930). Favorite Songs. New York: Enna Jettick Shoe Co. OCLC  10494778.
  • Lackmann, Ron (1996). Same Time, Same Station: An A-Z Guide to Radio from Jack Benny to Howard Stern. Nyu-York: Fayldagi faktlar. ISBN  0-8160-2862-1.
  • National Broadcasting Company (1929). Blue Network Stories for Children: A Collection of Stories which are Favorites with Children Over the Radio. identified as Catalog #928. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Company. OCLC  21178623.
  • National Broadcasting Company (1929). Blue Network Stories for Children: A Collection of Stories which are Favorites with Children Over the Radio. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Company. OCLC  21178623.
  • National Broadcasting Company (1941). Alice in Sponsor-Land: A Chronicle of the Adventures of Alice, the Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse in that Twentieth Century Wonderland on the Other Side of Your Radio Loud Speaker: With a Special Reference, As They Say, to the Entertainment Offerings of the NBC Red Network. illustrated by Barney Tobey. Nyu-York: Milliy eshittirish kompaniyasi. OCLC  3314045.
  • Ritchi, Maykl (1994). Iltimos, kutib turing: televidenie tarixi. Woodstock, Nyu-York: Matbuotni e'tiborsiz qoldiring. ISBN  0-87951-546-5.
  • Swartz, Jon & Reinehr, Robert (1993). The Handbook of Old-Time Radio: a Comprehensive Guide to Golden Age Radio Listening and Collecting. Metuchen, Nyu-Jersi: Qo'rqinchli matbuot. ISBN  0-8108-2590-2.
  • Teras, Vinsent (1981). Radioning oltin yillari: 1930–1960 yillarda radio dasturlari entsiklopediyasi. San Diego: A.S. Barnes & Co. ISBN  0-498-02393-1.

Gazeta va jurnallar

  • Albert Lea Evening Tribune (MN), via newspaperarchive.com
  • Berkshire County (MA) Eagle, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Decatur (Illinois) Review, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Fresno asalari, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Galveston News, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Ayova shtatining Press-fuqarosi, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Lima (Ohio) Sunday News, via newspaperarchive.com
  • McKean County Democrat (PA), via newspaperarchive.com
  • Nyu-York Tayms
  • Oakland Tribune, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Oneonta Star (New York), via newspaperarchive.com
  • San Mateo Times, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Syracuse Herald, via newspaperarchive.com
  • Time', via time.com
  • Viskonsin Rapids Daily Tribune, via newspaperarchive.com

Eshittirishlar

  • "Christmas on the Blue," Blue Network, December 25, 1944
  • "Inner Sanctum Mysteries," December 7, 1941
  • "Johnson's Wax Program, a/k/a Fibber McGee and Molly," NBC Red, October 11, 1937 and September 30, October 14 and December 23, 1941
  • "The Chase and Sanborn Hour," NBC Red, September 5, 1937
  • "The Jergens Journal," Blue Network, May 13, 1945
  • Joseph W. Stilwell message to the American people from Burma via the Blue Network [sound recording], circa 1944, in Jozef Uorren Stilvellning hujjatlari, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University

Veb-saytlar

Turli xil

  • Matchbook covers for radio stations WFCI, WJW and WISH, collection of E.O. Kostello
  • Publicity photo for "The House on Q Street", Blue Network, 1944, collection of E.O. Kostello
  • Publicity photo of Dorothy Thompson, dated 9/6/39, NBC Blue, collection of E.O. Kostello
  • NBC publicity photo No. 15538 (Smetana photo)
  • Souvenir program, Maurice B. Sachs Amateur Hour, dated September 30, 1945, collection of E.O. Kostello
  • Ticket for the March 19, 1944 broadcast of "Fun Valley", collection of E.O. Kostello
  • National Broadcasting Company (1937). Broadcasting the Metropolitan. Nyu-York: Milliy eshittirish kompaniyasi., collection of E.O. Kostello
  • The American Rolling Mill Co. (1939). Miracle of Steel: A Radio Talk by the Armco Ironmaster. Middletown, Ohio., collection of E.O. Kostello

Izohlar

  1. ^ In a publication dated June 1943, the Blue Network itself traced its origins back to the founding of WJZ, as that eventually became the key station of the network. "The Blue Network Today", Blue Network Company, Inc. (New York, 1943), page 1
  2. ^ a b v McLeod, Elizabeth. "Red and Blue Networks (McLeod)". Olingan 2007-01-08.
  3. ^ White, Thomas H. "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dastlabki radio tarixi". Olingan 2007-01-08.
  4. ^ For a colourful description of the radio coverage of this convention by WEAF and WJZ, as well as a reference to the Western Union lines, see Shedden, Dovud. "The First Convention Broadcast". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2004-12-24 kunlari. Olingan 2018-03-25.
  5. ^ "The Blue Network Today", page 2; it is noteworthy that RCA, then still owner of the Blue Network, gives the credit to itself, and not to Westinghouse, the actual owner at that time.
  6. ^ GE and Westinghouse, aside from owning radio stations that were in the "Radio Group" such as KYW and WGY, also owned a controlling interest in RCA. This controlling interest was sold in 1932, in the wake of action by the antitrust division of the Department of Justice. Vaqt magazine, November 28, 1932 Big Pool Punned
  7. ^ Ayova shtatining Press-fuqarosi, May 15, 1926, 3:2, at Gazeta arxivi
  8. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, July 22, 1926, 1:2
  9. ^ Oakland Tribune, September 13, 1926, 12:6
  10. ^ Qarang "NBC History Files". Olingan 2007-01-08., hereinafter referred to by folder number.
  11. ^ Oakland Tribune, September 13, 1926, 12:6 Gazeta arxivi
  12. ^ Oakland Tribune, July 28, 1926, 12:6
  13. ^ White, Thomas H. "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dastlabki radio tarixi". Olingan 2007-01-08.
  14. ^ Shoshani, Michael. "History of the NBC Chimes". Olingan 2007-01-08.
  15. ^ Decatur (Illinois) Review, December 12, 1926, 28:2 Gazeta arxivi
  16. ^ McLeod, Elizabeth. "Red and Blue Networks (McLeod)". Olingan 2007-01-08., Shoshani, Michael. "History of the NBC Chimes". Olingan 2007-01-08.
  17. ^ McLeod, Elizabeth. "Known Broadcasts 1925–1927". Olingan 2007-01-08.
  18. ^ "Favorite Songs, Published by Enna Jettick Shoes" (New York, 1930 (?)), in the collection of E.O. Kostello
  19. ^ Lima (Ohio) Sunday News, December 1, 1929, 2:7–8, available at Gazeta arxivi.
  20. ^ Vaqt, January 2, 1939 Programs Previewed[doimiy o'lik havola ]; another slightly earlier example would be the March 5, 1938 joint Red–Blue broadcast of the season's last concert of the NBC simfonik orkestri tomonidan olib borilgan Arturo Toskanini.
  21. ^ A listing of the top-rated shows on NBC Blue can be found at "Top-Rated NBC Blue". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-09-28. Olingan 2007-01-08., buni ko'rsatib Amosning ndi's rating of 53.4 in 1930–31 was far and away the best performance by an NBC Blue show; in fact, four of the top ten performing shows were Amosning ndi fasllar.
  22. ^ In fact, as demonstrated by "Top-Rated NBC Blue". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-09-28. Olingan 2007-01-08., it was the 19th best performance by *any* NBC Blue program during the period it was owned by NBC.
  23. ^ The surviving scripts for this show, in addition to a discussion of the show's history and an interview with one of its chief writers, can be found in the book Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel: The Marx Brothers' Lost Radio Show, edited by Michael Barson (Pantheon Books, New York 1988).
  24. ^ For the Hope, Benny and Information Please programs, consult Haendiges, Jerry. "Vintage Radio Logs". Olingan 2007-01-08., which show when these shows originated on NBC Blue; information confirming this, and adding Fibber McGee, came from Xuddi shu vaqt, xuddi shu stantsiya by Ron Lackmann (Facts on File, 1996).
  25. ^ Salt Lake Tribune, October 13, 1934,
  26. ^ "Blue Network Stories For Children: A Collection of Stories Which Are Favorites With Children Over the Radio" (Saalfield Publishing Company, Akron, 1929)
  27. ^ There are also at least two other, similar books, also published by Saalfield, which reference the Red Network. Why volumes by the same publisher were produced with titles referring to both the Red and Blue Networks, and what the connection with NBC was, is not clear. Saalfield for most of the 20th century was a major publisher of children's books, and published other radio tie-ins; by way of colorful example, a set of paper dolls dating from 1943 and tied to the NBC program Jozibali soat, with its all-girl orchestra, is known to exist.
  28. ^ Folder 998
  29. ^ NBC History Files, Folder 784
  30. ^ NBC History Files, Folder 299
  31. ^ NBC History Files, Folder 431
  32. ^ a b "The Blue Network Today", page 3.
  33. ^ Vaqt, September 19, 1938 Money for Minutes
  34. ^ McLeod, Elizabeth. "Tarmoqdan foydalanish vaqti". Olingan 2007-01-08.. Generally speaking, in this era NBC would offer a package built around a "basic" group of stations, with regional blocks added on depending on a sponsor's needs. An early example of this would be the above-referenced Flywheel, Shyster va Flywheel program, which was not broadcast nationwide because Esso only sold its gasoline in certain markets, unlike Texaco, which sold gasoline nationwide and thus used a nationwide system to broadcast Ed Vayn.
  35. ^ A story in the October 2, 1948 edition of the Oneonta Star (New York) described a lecture given by a production manager at a local radio station, in which she described the NBC Red network as handling "commercial" programs, and the NBC Blue network as handling "sustained" programs. This is one example of how the networks were viewed, at least in retrospect. Oneonta Star (NY), October 2, 1948 2:6.
  36. ^ See Lackmann, op cit.
  37. ^ This show won Peabody Awards for the Blue Network for the Best Educational Program in 1943, and again in 1945; lists of Peabody Award winners can be found at "Jorj Foster Peabody mukofoti g'oliblari" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2006 yil 9-dekabrda. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  38. ^ See the ratings for NBC Blue at "Top-Rated NBC Blue". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-09-28. Olingan 2007-01-08. va "Top Blue/ABC". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-09-28. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  39. ^ Vaqt, April 10, 1939 G'oliblar; by 1941, this show had moved to the Red Network.
  40. ^ see the description in Lackmann, op cit.
  41. ^ "Broadcasting the Metropolitan", NBC Blue Network, circa 1937; in the collection of E.O. Kostello
  42. ^ Compare, however, "The Blue Network Today", which cites later dates, 1939–1940, for the creation of separate departments for the Blue Network; "The Blue Network Today", page 4.
  43. ^ On this point, see also Shoshani, Michael. "History of the NBC Chimes". Olingan 2007-01-08., discussing the need for chimes to tell a station serving both networks which feed to use
  44. ^ See McLeod's discussion at McLeod, Elizabeth. "Red and Blue Networks (McLeod)". Olingan 2007-01-08. on all these points; with reference specifically to congressional pressure, see Lebrecht, Norman (2001). The Maestro Myth. Citadel Press, page 73, cited in NBC simfonik orkestri.
  45. ^ NBC History Files, Folder 293
  46. ^ NBC History Files, Folder 128
  47. ^ NBC History Files, Folder 30
  48. ^ Great and Growing Greater, National Broadcasting Company, Inc., 1936. It is perhaps worth noting that this document is a hardbound volume with a tip-in sheet with a cellophane overlay showing the changes made to the network; obviously, a product of significant expense.
  49. ^ Vaqt magazine, August 21, 1939 Platters for the Pacific; it is worth noting that the article specifically describes NBC Blue as being the "weak sister." Information, Please! is listed as the star program for NBC Blue at this time.
  50. ^ See, for example, the September 5, 1937 broadcast of Quvg'in va Sanborn soati and the October 11, 1937 broadcast of Fibber McGee and Molly, and the September 30, October 14 and December 23, 1941 broadcasts of Fibber McGee va Molly, versus the December 7, 1941 broadcast of the Inner Sanctum Mysteries.
  51. ^ The book is not dated, though there are references to data as of March 1941; the facts are slightly complicated by the fact that the book refers to the Burns and Allen program being sponsored by Gormel, which was not the case after March 1941.
  52. ^ "Alice in Sponsor-Land" National Broadcasting Company (New York, 1941). The illustrations are by Barney Tobey, a contributor for over five decades to Nyu-Yorker.
  53. ^ There are a few references to news programming, mostly Xans fon Kaltenborn, who in one illustration is shown dancing with Alice! It is worth noting that both Information, Please! va Amerikaning kavalkadasi are listed as Red Network shows; the latter had been a Blue Network show the previous year.
  54. ^ Which, by point of interest, includes two stations in the then-Commonwealth of the Philippines, two stations in Canada, and one station in Havana, Cuba.
  55. ^ "Official Web Site of Helen Hayes – Radio". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-01-15 kunlari. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  56. ^ "Programs Previewed". Time.com. 1938-11-28. Olingan 2011-11-09.
  57. ^ Lackmann, op. cit., states that this program was broadcast on the Red Network, but at least for its fifth season, according to 1940 newspaper radio listings, the show was a Blue Network program
  58. ^ a b "duPont Advertising". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 1 yanvarda. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  59. ^ "Cellophane's Lincoln". Time.com. 1940-02-26. Olingan 2011-11-09.
  60. ^ "duPont Heritage". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2006 yil 8-dekabrda. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  61. ^ "The Authentic History Center". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2006 yil 6-dekabrda. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  62. ^ NBC History Files, Folders 300–304, inclusive
  63. ^ a b "The Blue Network Today", page 4.
  64. ^ See the 1941 edition of the Britannica yilning eng yaxshi kitobi, under the entry for "Radio, Industrial Aspects of", pages 566–7
  65. ^ See the 1942 edition of the Britannica yilning eng yaxshi kitobi, under the entry for "Radio", page 556, as well as the May 12, 1941 edition of Vaqt Chains Unchained?
  66. ^ a b Vaqt magazine, January 12, 1942 Old Law v. New Thing
  67. ^ While a critical success, writer Ivan Shreve, Jr. notes that it received poor ratings and was dogged by feuding between Berle and Laughton; Shreve, Jr., Ivan G. "Uncle Miltie". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-05-15. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  68. ^ They also, inter alia, sold their talent bureaus, thus eliminating that FCC grievance; Nyu-York Tayms, May 29, 1941, 14:1.
  69. ^ At one point, the name "United Broadcasting System" seems to have been contemplated, but this was not used. Nyu-York Tayms, December 25, 1941, 39:7. C.E. Butterfield's radio news column, syndicated by Wide World, stated that the former NBC Blue would be called "BNC". Poytaxt, (Annapolis MD), January 10, 1942, p5.
  70. ^ See the 1943 Britannica Book of the Year, under the entry "Radio", page 579; note, however, that "The Blue Network Today," at p. 4, considers the start date to be January 1, 1942, not January 9.
  71. ^ Albert Lea Evening Tribune, March 3, 1944, 4:7–8
  72. ^ See the 1943 Britannica Book of the Year, under the entry "Radio", page 579.
  73. ^ Folder 862 in the NBC History Files at the Library of Congress contains a report, dated May 19, 1943, of the reaction of NBC President Niles Trammell to this decision; this report has not been reviewed for the preparation of this Wikipedia entry.
  74. ^ a b Vaqt magazine, January 11, 1943 Qora va ko'k
  75. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, July 28, 1943, p. 22.
  76. ^ San Mateo Times, August 13, 1943, 2:1 Gazeta arxivi.
  77. ^ San Mateo Times, August 13, 1943, op. keltirish.
  78. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, August 27, 1943 17:1
  79. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, September 4, 1943 26:2 and Galveston News, September 4, 1943, 9:5 Gazeta arxivi
  80. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, September 11, 1943 11:1
  81. ^ a b v Nyu-York Tayms, October 4, 1943, 24:3
  82. ^ Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, October 7, 1943, 4:2 Gazeta arxivi
  83. ^ Ostin amerikalik, October 13, 1943, 3:5 Gazeta arxivi
  84. ^ See, inter alia, the 1944 Britannica Book of the Year, op. keltirish.
  85. ^ This was a dramatic program broadcast on Thursday nights at 7.05 EWT during the 1943–1944 season, set in a boardinghouse in wartime Washington, D.C., with Landis playing the housekeeper, and Holm the daughter of a senator, who in turn was played by Douglas Holm. The particular copy of this publicity still that is available is marked on the back as having come from "Blue Network Company, Inc., a Radio Corporation of America Service", indicating the photo was taken some time just prior to, or just after, the sale to Edward J. Noble. While Swartz and Reinehr in their catalog of radio shows list this show in error as a O'zaro show, Terrace in his catalog correctly lists this as a Blue Network show.
  86. ^ Viskonsin Rapids Daily Tribune, October 18, 1943, 7:3 Gazeta arxivi
  87. ^ See the 1944 edition of the Britannica Book of the Year, under the entry "Radio", page 584; Nyu-York Tayms, October 12, 1943, 39:3 and October 19, 1943, 21:7.
  88. ^ Vaqt, April 21, 1947 Network Without Ulcers
  89. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, December 23, 1942, 33:7.
  90. ^ Fresno asalari, December 29, 1943, 4:2. This stake, however, was sold back by Time in 1945 Network Without Ulcers; Nyu-York Tayms, October 20, 1945, 7:2.
  91. ^ See the 1944 edition of the Britannica Book of the Year, page 584 for the information regarding the initial sales, and Fresno asalari, December 29, 1943, 4:2
  92. ^ Albert Lea Evening Tribune, February 13, 1947, 7:7–8
  93. ^ Ticket for the Sunday, March 19, 1944 broadcast of "Fun Valley", in the collection of E.O. Costello.
  94. ^ Qarang "1943–1944 Ratings". Olingan 2007-01-08.
  95. ^ Internal memorandum dated February 16, 1942 from I.E. Showerman to Frank E. Mullen, NBC History Files, Folder 128
  96. ^ "This Day In History, Dec. 25". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007-01-24. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  97. ^ "The Blue Network Today", page 20.
  98. ^ "The Blue Network Today", pages 20, 22.
  99. ^ Please Standy By: A Prehistory of Television, Michael Ritchie (Overlook Press, New York, 1994), pages 223 ff.
  100. ^ "Jorj Foster Peabody mukofoti g'oliblari" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2006-12-09 kunlari. Olingan 2007-01-08.
  101. ^ "The Blue Network Today", page 22.
  102. ^ See Britannica Book of the Year, entry "Radio", page 585
  103. ^ Time Magazine, February 22, 1943 Bluenoses?
  104. ^ Handbook of Old-Time Radio, Jon D. Swartz and Robert C. Reinehr (Scarecrow Press, Metuchen (NJ), 1993), page 478.
  105. ^ See Swartz and Reinehr, page 44, and Radioning oltin yillari: 1930–1960 yillarda radio dasturlari entsiklopediyasi by Vincent Terrace (A.S. Barnes & Co., New York, 1981), pages 200–01.
  106. ^ "The Blue Network Today", pages 7–8.
  107. ^ 1945 Britannica Book of the Year, entry "Radio", page 585
  108. ^ "Approves Transfer of Radio Licenses". Des Moines Tribune. 1944-12-20. p. 12. Olingan 2020-10-10.
  109. ^ "Blue Changeover". Teleradioeshittirish va eshittirish reklamasi. Vashington, DC: Broadcasting Publications, Inc. 28 (8): 24. February 19, 1945.
  110. ^ 1946 yil Britannica yilning eng yaxshi kitobi, kirish "Radio", 624 bet; shuningdek qarang: Time jurnali, 1945 yil 25 iyun Endi ko‘k rang yo‘q.
  111. ^ "Harakatlanuvchi radio yaqinlari uchun kun". Birmingem yangiliklari. 1945-06-13. p. 10. Olingan 2020-10-10.
  112. ^ Bu birinchi marta ham bo'lmagan: Kongress kutubxonasidagi NBC tarixi fayllaridagi 303-jild, NBC ijrochi direktori va sobiq diktor Fillips Karlinning Moviy Tarmoqdan Amerikaning Teleradiokompaniyasi nomiga o'zgartirish taklifini - 1941 yil dekabrida ko'rsatgan.
  113. ^ 1946 yil Britannica yilning eng yaxshi kitobi, op. keltirish.
  114. ^ Vaqt, 1945 yil 12-dekabr ABC; Nyu-York Tayms, 1945 yil 11-dekabr, 26: 3
  115. ^ "Maurice B. Sachs havaskor soatlik yodgorlik dasturi" 1945 yil 30 sentyabrda E.O. Kostello
  116. ^ Kechki minbar (Albert Lea, Minnesota) 1947 yil 13 fevral 7: 7-8. Ko'zda tutilgan dastur "Tarmoqning shahar uchrashuvi" deb nomlangan Blue Network-ning eski kutish holati edi. Bir misol, gazetaning 1949 yildayoq "ABC ning Moviy Tarmog'i" orqali efirga uzatilayotgan dasturga ishora qilganligi aniqlandi. Berkshir okrugi (MA) burguti, 1949 yil 16-fevral 2: 5-6
  117. ^ "Iltimos, kutib turing", op. cit., 146-7 betlar.
  118. ^ "Iltimos, kutib turing", op. s., 223-betlar.
  119. ^ "Iltimos, kutib turing", op. cit., 67-8 betlar
  120. ^ "Chelik mo''jizasi: Armco Ironmasterning radio suhbati", American Rolling Mill Co. (Midltaun, Ogayo, 9-aprel, 1939), n.p.
  121. ^ "Tarmoqlarni tashkil qiluvchi stantsiyalar", Daily Mail (Xagerstaun, Merilend), 1939 yil 11 mart, 9-bet