KDKA (AM) - KDKA (AM)

KDKA
KDKA radio logotipi 2020.png
ShaharPitsburg, Pensilvaniya
Eshittirish maydoniG'arbiy Pensilvaniya
Chastotani1020 kHz
Brendlash100.1 FM va AM 1020 KDKA
ShiorPitsburg yangiliklari, ob-havo va transport
Dasturlash
Til (lar)Ingliz tili
FormatlashYangiliklar /Gapir
HamkorliklarCBS News Radio
KDKA-TV
Westwood One News
CNBC radiosi
Pitsburg qaroqchilari radio tarmog'i (Muqobil)
Westwood One-da NFL (Muqobil)
Mulkchilik
EgasiEntercom
(Entercom litsenziyasi, MChJ)
KDKA-FM, WBZZ, WDSY-FM
Tarix
Birinchi efir kuni
1920 yil 2-noyabr; 100 yil oldin (1920-11-02)
Yo'q; ketma-ketlik ro'yxatidan tayinlangan[1]
Texnik ma'lumotlar
Imkoniyat identifikatori25443
SinfA
Quvvat50,000 vatt
Transmitter koordinatalari
Tarjimon (lar)100.1 W261AX (Pitsburg)
Takrorlovchi (lar)93.7 KDKA-HD2 (Pitsburg)
Havolalar
Veb-translyatsiyaJonli tinglang (orqali Radio.com )
Veb-saytkdkaradio.radio.com

KDKA (1020 kHz AM ) A sinfidir (aniq kanal ) radiostansiya tomonidan egalik qiladi va boshqariladi Entercom va litsenziyalangan Pitsburg, Pensilvaniya. Uning studiyalari "Holiday Drive" dagi Foster Plazadagi "Entercom Pittsburg" kombinatsiyasida joylashgan Yashil daraxt va uning uzatuvchi sayt Allison Park. Stantsiyani dasturlash ham amalga oshiriladi KDKA-FM 93.7 HD2 raqamli subkanali,[2] va simulcast hisoblanadi tarjimon stantsiyasi W261AX (100.1 FM ).[3]

KDKA xususiyatlari a Yangiliklar /gapirish format. 50,000 vattli uzatuvchi quvvat bilan ishlaydigan ushbu stansiya kunduzgi soat davomida Pensilvaniyaning butun markaziy va g'arbiy qismida, shuningdek, unga qo'shni Ogayo, G'arbiy Virjiniya va Nyu-York shtatlari, shuningdek, Kanadaning Ontario viloyatining janubi-g'arbiy qismida ham eshitilishi mumkin. . Uning tungi signallari Shimoliy Amerikaning sharqiy qismida joylashgan.

KDKA o'zini "Dunyoning kashshof eshittirish stantsiyasi" deb ta'rifladi,[4] va boshlanishini kuzatib boradi, dastlab vaqtincha tayinlangan "maxsus havaskor" chaqiriq belgisidan foydalangan holda 8ZZ, uning translyatsiyasiga 1920 yil Xarding-Koks Prezident saylovi natijalari 2 noyabr oqshomida, 1920.

Tarix

KDKA tarixi keng ko'lamda ko'rib chiqilgan bo'lsa-da, hisob-kitoblar o'rtasida ba'zi bir xilma-xilliklar mavjud bo'lib, bir tadqiqotchining ta'kidlashicha: "KDKA hikoyasi tez-tez aytib o'tilgan bo'lsa-da, tafsilotlar ikkilamchi manbada ham, ishtirokchilarning nashr etilgan esdaliklarida ham bir oz farq qiladi. jumladan, voqealar xronologiyasidagi farqlar va aloqador tomonlarning nisbiy ahamiyati. "[5]

Dastlab "nuqta-nuqta" xizmatiga litsenziya

KDKA tashkil etilishi lavozimdan keyingi rivojlanish edi.Birinchi jahon urushi ning harakatlari Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company ning Sharqiy Pitsburg, Pensilvaniya, radio sanoatidagi tijorat faoliyatini kengaytirish. Urush paytida Vestingxaus harbiy maqsadlar uchun radio uzatuvchi va qabul qiluvchilarni ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha hukumat shartnomalarini oldi. Ular yaqinda ishlab chiqilgan foydalanilgan vakuum trubkasi audio aloqaga ega bo'lgan uskunalar. Oldingi uchqun oralig'i transmitterlardan faqat nuqta va chiziqlarni uzatish uchun foydalanish mumkin edi Mors kodi. 1917 yil aprel oyida Qo'shma Shtatlar Birinchi Jahon urushiga kirish paytida hukumat barcha fuqarolik radiostansiyalarini efirga chiqarishni buyurdi. Biroq, mojaro paytida Vestingxaus o'zining Sharqiy Pitsburgdagi zavodida va uning etakchi muhandislaridan birining uyida joylashgan tadqiqot radioeshittirish vositalarini ishlatishga ruxsat oldi, Frank Konrad, yaqin atrofda Wilkinsburg.[7]

Garri P. Devis, Westinghouse vitse-prezidenti va KDKA asoschisi

Urush tugashi bilan hukumat shartnomalari bekor qilindi. Biroq, Vestingxaus o'zini milliy va xalqaro radioaloqa ta'minotchisi sifatida namoyon etish uchun agressiv harakat qildi. Uning bu harakatdagi asosiy raqibi bu edi Amerika radio korporatsiyasi (RCA), yaqinda Vestingxausning ashaddiy raqibi tomonidan sho'ba korxonasi sifatida tashkil etilgan General Electric kompaniyasi Amerikaning Marconi kompaniyasi aktivlaridan foydalangan holda Nyu-Yorkdagi Schenectady shirkati.

Vestingxausning radio sanoatida ishtirok etish uchun qilingan sa'y-harakatlarni kompaniya vitse-prezidenti X. P. Devis olib bordi.[8] Kompaniyaning, ayniqsa qabul qiluvchilar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan patent mavqeini mustahkamlash uchun u Xalqaro radiotelegraf kompaniyasini sotib olishga rahbarlik qildi.heterodin "dastlab patent berilgan Reginald Fessenden, shuningdek, tijorat huquqlarini sotib olishni tashkil qilgan regenerativ va superheterodin tomonidan patentlar Edvin Xovard Armstrong. Biroq, RCA xalqaro va dengiz aloqalarida raqobatbardosh ustunlikka ega bo'lganligi sababli, dastlab Westinghouse uchun cheklangan imkoniyatlar mavjud edi.[9]

Garchi u radioeshittirish stantsiyasi sifatida o'z shuhratini qozongan bo'lsa-da, KDKA aslida Vestingxausning Sharqiy Pitsburg zavodi va uning boshqa ob'ektlari o'rtasida xususiy radiotelegraf aloqalarini o'rnatish, telegraf va telefon liniyalari uchun to'lovlarni to'lashning biznes xarajatlaridan qochish loyihasi doirasida paydo bo'lgan. 1920 yil sentyabr oyida gazetada "Sharqiy Pitsburgdagi Westinghouse zavodida maxsus yoki tijorat litsenziyasi asosida ishlaydigan yangi yuqori quvvatli stantsiya o'rnatilmoqda. Bu Sharqiy Pitsburg zavodi bilan aloqani o'rnatish uchun ishlatiladi. kompaniyaning Klivlenddagi filiallari, Nyu-York, Nyu-York va Sprinfild (Mass.), u erda shu kabi kiyimlar ishlaydi. "[10]

HP Devis tomonidan imzolangan ariza Detroytdagi Sakkizinchi okrug radio inspektori, SW Edvardsga topshirilgan va u Vashingtonga jo'natgan va 1920 yil 27 oktyabrda Vestingxausga cheklangan savdo stantsiya litsenziyasi berilgan. KDKA qo'ng'iroq xatlarining aniqlanishi.[11] Ushbu cheklangan tijorat granti hozirgi vaqtda xususiy radioaloqa bilan shug'ullanadigan kompaniyalarga berilgan litsenziyalar uchun amal qilingan standart amaliyotga mos edi. KDKA-ning asl arizasida ham, natijada paydo bo'lgan litsenziyada ham ko'rsatilmagan, faqat radiostantsiya Klivlend, Nyuark va Sprinfilddagi Westinghaus ob'ektlarida joylashgan stantsiyalar bilan radiotelegrafik aloqa uchun ishlatilishi kerak edi, shuningdek Nyu-Yorkning Bruklindagi Nyu-Yorkdagi WCG stantsiyasi. yaqinda sotib olingan Xalqaro Radio Telegraf tomonidan.[a]

Ayni paytda AQShdagi radiostansiyalar Savdo vazirligining Navigatsiya byurosi tomonidan tartibga solingan. 1912 yil oxiridan litsenziyalash joriy etilgandan boshlab, odatiy amaliyot belgilanishi kerak edi harflarni chaqirish Missisipi daryosining sharqidagi radiostansiyalarga "W" dan boshlab. Biroq, KDKA o'z topshirig'ini qisqa vaqt ichida qabul qildi, shu vaqt ichida quruqlik stantsiyalariga "K" qo'ng'iroq xatlarining ketma-ket blokidan qo'ng'iroq xatlari berilib, ilgari faqat kema stantsiyalariga berilgan edi. Dastlabki siyosat bir necha oydan so'ng tiklangan bo'lsa-da, KDKA-ga nostandart qo'ng'iroq belgisini saqlashga ruxsat berildi.[b]

Eshittirish xizmatining qo'shilishi

9-qavatdagi KDKA uzatish xonasining fotosurati. v. 1921 yil

Nuqtali aloqa uchun foydalaniladigan KDKA-ni sozlash jarayoni boshlanganidan ko'p o'tmay, bir qator voqealar yuz berdi, natijada u asl rolini soya qiladigan radioeshittirish stantsiyasiga aylandi.

Birinchi jahon urushidan oldin Frenk Konrad 8XK chaqiruvi bilan eksperimental radiotelegraf stantsiyasini boshqargan.[c] Urushdan keyin AQSh hukumati yana fuqarolik radiostansiyalarining ishlashiga ruxsat berdi va Konrad o'z qarorgohidagi alohida ikki qavatli garajda joylashgan 8XK-ni qayta tikladi. U urush davrida olgan bilimlarini audio uzatishni boshlash uchun stantsiyasini yangilash uchun ishlatgan va shu bilan mashhur bo'lgan radio havaskorlari uning eksperimental faoliyati uchun.[17] 1919 yil 17-oktabrda Konrad ko'ngilochar ko'rsatuvlarning yarim muntazam seriyasiga aylanadigan birinchi dasturni amalga oshirdi.[18]

Bu vaqt ichida Jozef Xorn universal do'koni Pitsburg gazetalarida har kuni to'liq sahifali reklamalarni olib bordi va 1920 yil 23 sentyabrda joylashtirilganida, do'kon "Havaskor simsiz to'plamlar" ni "10 dollardan yuqoriga" sotishni boshladi.[19] Olti kundan so'ng, do'konning 29 sentyabrdagi qismiga "Bu erda radio orqali" qabul qilingan "havo konserti" nomli kichik xabarnoma qo'shildi, unda uning namoyish to'plami Konrad dasturlaridan birini qabul qilish uchun ishlatilganligi ta'kidlangan.[20] H. P. Devis ushbu reklamani ko'rdi va Westinghouse tomonidan keng jamoatchilikka sotilgan asboblar qatoriga radio qabul qiluvchilarni qo'shishning "cheksiz imkoniyatini" darhol anglab etdi,[21] va qabul qiluvchilarga talabni yaratish uchun u Westinghouse sotib olishni o'ylayotgan shaxslar uchun rag'bat sifatida muntazam dasturlashni ta'minlab berishga qaror qildi. Devis o'zining "radio kabineti" bilan xodimlar yig'ilishini o'tkazdi va 1920 yil 2 noyabrda bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik va mahalliy saylov natijalarini translyatsiya qilish uchun stansiyani o'z vaqtida ishlashini so'radi.

Saylovni qaytarib eshittirishlari radio rivojlanganidan ko'p o'tmay an'anaga aylangan edi, garchi dastlab texnik cheklovlar tufayli ularni faqat Mors kodi yordamida amalga oshirish mumkin edi, bu esa potentsial auditoriyani ancha cheklab qo'ydi.[d] Orqali audio uzatishni amalga oshirgan vakuumli trubkali transmitterlar ishlab chiqilgandan so'ng Amplituda modulyatsiya (AM) mumkin, birinchi ovozli saylov tungi eshittirish 1916 yil 7 noyabrda DeForest Radio Telefon va Telegraf Kompaniyasining stantsiyasi tomonidan amalga oshirildi, 2XG, bilan birgalikda Nyu-York shahrining Highbridge qismida joylashgan Nyu-York amerikalik, natijalarini e'lon qilish Uilson-Xyuzda prezidentlik saylovi.[22] 1920 yil 31 avgustda Detroyt yangiliklari "Detroyt News Radiophone" 20 avgust kuni har kuni efirga uzatishni boshladi, mahalliy saylovlarning dastlabki natijalarini translyatsiya qildi.[23] Ushbu stantsiya "8MK" ning havaskor chaqiriq belgisi ostida ishlaydi va hozirda AM 950 WWJ.

Vestingxausning tayyorgarligi Sharqiy Pitsburgdagi "K Building Building" to'qqiz qavatli uyining tomida shack va antenna tizimini qurishni o'z ichiga olgan. Turtle Creek, Pensilvaniya.[24] Antenna olti yuz fut uzunlikdagi (27m) oltita simdan iborat bo'lib, bir-biridan 20 fut (6m) masofada joylashgan bo'lib, K bino tepasida g'ishtli tutun va 100 fut (30 m) quvur ustunlari orasidagi erdan 210 fut (64 m) yuqoriga ko'tarilgan.[25] Frank Konrad dastlab saylov natijalarini 8XK orqali translyatsiya qilishni rejalashtirgan edi Amerika radiosining estafeta ligasi, lekin Westinghouse translyatsiyasida yordam berish uchun harakatlarini o'zgartirdi. U va Donald G. Litl Konradning avvalgi 50 vattli radiotelefon uzatuvchi konstruktsiyasini ko'lamini kengaytirish uchun 100 vattli vakuumli trubkali transmitterni qurish uchun asosiy mas'uliyatga ega edilar.[25]

8ZZ qo'ng'iroq belgisi ostida ishlashga telefon qilingan vaqtinchalik ruxsatnoma olindi.[26] (Ushbu qo'ng'iroq belgisidagi birinchi "Z" belgisi "Maxsus havaskor" granti ekanligini ko'rsatdi,[27] Bu tiqilib qolgan 200 metrlik (1500 kHz) standart havaskor to'lqin uzunligidan boshqa uzatuvchi chastotalardan foydalanishga ruxsat beruvchi tasnif edi.) Garchi translyatsiya oldidan e'lon qilingan reklama va zamonaviy akkauntlarda 8ZZ saylov tungi eshittirishida ishlatiladigan chaqiriq belgisi bo'lganligi ko'rsatilgan bo'lsa-da Masalan, 1922 yilda LR Vestingxausning radio operatsiyalarining boshlig'i Krumm Vestingxausning "hozirgi PZKning etuk vorisi, KDKA deb nomlanuvchi Sharqiy Pitsburgdagi stantsiyani" nazarda tutgan.[28][e] - keyinchalik sharhlar, shu jumladan, 1930 yilda asl translyatsiyani qayta tiklash, ko'pincha KDKA chaqiruv belgisi debyut efir paytida ishlatilganligini noto'g'ri ko'rsatmoqda.[29]

Vestingxaus tomonidan olib borilgan keng miqyosdagi reklama, kelgusida radioeshittirish xaridorlarining yanada kengroq auditoriyasiga, shuningdek, ommaviy tinglash saytlarini tashkil qilish orqali, shuningdek, texnik jihatdan biladigan havaskor radio ixlosmandlari orasida bo'lajak translyatsiyani e'lon qildi. Reklama e'lonlari bu taklifni Vestingxaus va uning Xalqaro Radiotelegraf sho''ba korxonasi o'rtasidagi birgalikdagi sa'y-harakatlar deb ta'rifladi[30] va shu bilan birga prezident bo'lgan Xalqaro radiotelegraf xodimi A. E. Braun Pitsburg Post va Pitsburg Sun, o'z gazetalarida saylov natijalarini stantsiyaga taqdim etish uchun tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi.[31]

2 noyabrdan bir necha kun oldin uskunani tekshirish uchun bir qator sinov o'tkazmalari o'tkazildi. Saylovning tungi translyatsiyasining diktori reklama bo'limining xodimi Leo Rozenberg edi. Frank Konrad o'z uyida,[f] agar Sharqiy Pitsburg uzatuvchisi ishlamay qolsa, uning 8XK transmitteridan foydalanishni o'z zimmasiga olishga tayyor, ammo bu harakat muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan, bitta gazeta xabarida quyidagicha ta'kidlangan: "Sharqiy Pitsburgdagi Westinghouse xalqaro radiostantsiyasidan uzatilgan simsiz telefon orqali qaytish juda ajoyib edi. Ushbu xizmat ko'plab havaskorlar tomonidan o'zlarining turli stantsiyalarida yig'ilishlarni o'tkazish uchun ishlatilgan. Qaytish e'lonlari orasida radiofon musiqasi eshitilib turar edi, bu esa o'yin-kulgiga katta hissa qo'shdi. "[32]

Ushbu Westinghouse translyatsiyasi noyob emas edi - o'sha kuni kechqurun kamida uchta stantsiya saylov natijalarini audio uzatishni amalga oshirdi, shu jumladan Detroyt yangiliklari' "Detroyt News Radiophone" xizmati,[33] tomonidan vaqtinchalik kelishuv Sent-Luisdan keyingi dispetcherlik Benwoods kompaniyasi vakili Uilyam E. Vuds bilan birgalikda "simsiz kiyim-kechak ishlab chiqaruvchilari va tarqatuvchilari",[34] va Buffaloning kechki yangiliklari, kichik Charlz Klinck tomonidan boshqariladigan havaskor stantsiya ustida.[35] Keyinchalik stantsiyani reklama qilish Vestingxausning tungi translyatsiyasi "butun mamlakat bo'ylab gazetalar tomonidan maqtalgan milliy shov-shuv edi" deb e'lon qildi,[4] ammo zamonaviy gazetalarni atroflicha ko'rib chiqish shuni ko'rsatdiki, xabarlar ijobiy bo'lsa-da, aslida faqat bir nechta mahalliy gazetalarda paydo bo'lgan, shuning uchun bu "shov-shuv" emas edi va bu voqea shuhrati vaqt o'tishi bilan tantanali hisobotlarda paydo bo'ldi ".[36] Saylovning tungi translyatsiyasini atigi 1000 ga yaqin odam eshitgan bo'lsa-da, KDKA keng ko'lamli dasturlarni taklif qila boshlagach, oxir-oqibat milliy obro'ga ega bo'ladi.

Dastlab 8ZZ chaqiriq belgisi ostida ishlagandan so'ng - xronologiyasi to'liq aniq bo'lmasa-da, bir necha kunga o'xshaydi - stansiya o'zini KDKA deb tanishtirishga o'tdi. Keyingi oy davomida yarim haftalik ko'rsatuvlar o'tkazildi,[37] 21 dekabrga qadar, stantsiya katta kunlik jadvaliga kirganida,[38][39] dastlab har oqshom taxminan bir soat davomida. (Vestingxausning 1922 yil 1 yanvardagi birinchi nashrini aks ettirgan holda) Radioeshittirish yangiliklari "Ellik to'rtinchi haftalik translyatsiya" ma'lumotnomasini o'z ichiga olgan.)[40] Tez orada KDKA mamlakatdagi eng yaxshi eshittirish stantsiyalaridan biri sifatida tanildi. 1921 yil 1-avgustda transmitter 100 dan 500 vattgacha yangilandi va ikki oydan so'ng qo'shimcha ikki baravar ko'payib, 1000 vattgacha ko'tarildi.[37]

Saylovning tungi eshittirishlari 550 metr (545 kHz) to'lqin uzunligida uzatildi. Keyinchalik KDKA 330 metr (909 kHz) da efirga uzatilgani va 1921 yilning kuzida barcha Westinghouse radioeshittirish stantsiyalari 360 metr (833 kHz) dan foydalanishni boshladi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda 1921 yil 1 dekabrga qadar tijorat vazirligi keng jamoatchilik uchun mo'ljallangan radioeshittirishlarni amalga oshiradigan stantsiyalar endi 360 da ishlashga ruxsat beruvchi cheklangan tijorat litsenziyasiga ega bo'lishi kerakligi to'g'risida qaror chiqarganida, radioeshittirish stantsiyasini belgilaydigan rasmiy standartlar bo'lmagan. metr yoki 485 metr (619 kHz).[41] KDKA qabul qilingan paytdayoq ushbu standartga mos keladigan kam sonli stantsiyalardan biri edi, chunki 1921 yil 7-noyabrda berilgan ikkinchi yillik litsenziyasida "Umumiy eshittirish uchun 360 metr" yozuvi mavjud edi, bundan tashqari "nuqta-nuqta" xizmatini avtorizatsiya qilish.[42]

KDKA muvaffaqiyatidan ruhlanib, 1921 yil oxiriga kelib Vestingxaus yana uchta yirik aholi punktlarida, shu jumladan Nyu-Jersi shtatining Nyuark shahrida joylashgan WJZda stantsiyalar tashkil etdi. WABC Nyu-York shahrida); WBZ, dastlab Springfildda, Massachusets shtati (hozirgi Boston); va KYW, dastlab Chikago, Illinoys (hozirgi Filadelfiya) shahrida joylashgan.

1920-yillar

Davomiy obodonlashtirishni davom ettirish doirasida ushbu yaxshi jihozlangan studiya 1922 yil dekabrda ishga tushirildi.

Radioeshittirishning kashshofi sifatida KDKA, ayniqsa, studiya akustikasi bilan, ayniqsa katta ijrochilar guruhlari uchun kurashgan. Mahalliy auditoriyadan Westinghouse xodimlarining kontsertini translyatsiya qilishga dastlabki urinish sezgir mikrofonlar devorlardan aks sadolarni ko'tarib, qattiq buzilishlarni keltirib chiqarmoqda. Ijrochilarni ochiq havoda ko'chirish aks sadolarni yo'q qildi, shuning uchun bino tomida chodir qurildi va bir muncha vaqt shu joydan kontsertlar ijro etildi. Oxir-oqibat chodir bo'ronda yiqilib tushdi, shuning uchun u uyga ko'chirildi, u erda chodir materiali aks sadolarni o'chirishga yordam berdi. Bu zamonaviy studiya dizayniga, shu jumladan shovqinni yutuvchi materiallar bilan qoplangan devorlarga, dastlab "rohiblar matosi" ga olib keldi (bu bejirimning chiroyli nomi bo'lib chiqdi).[43]

Dastlabki dasturlarda ko'pincha Westinghouse xodimlaridan iborat guruhning jonli musiqiy chiqishlari namoyish etilardi. Stantsiya o'zining diniy marosimini efirga uzatib, 1921 yil 2 yanvarda birinchi masofali eshittirishni taqdim etdi Calvary Episkopal cherkovi. Tez orada Calvary xizmatlari odatiy yakshanba oqshom taklifiga aylandi va 1962 yilgacha davom etdi.[44] 1921 yil 15-yanvar kuni soat 8 da pm, KDKA tomonidan Evropa relyefi bo'yicha nutq translyatsiya qilindi Gerbert Guver dan Duquesne Club Pitsburgda, bu telefon liniyasi orqali Vestinghausning Sharqiy Pitsburg ishlariga ulanish yo'li bilan o'n mil (o'n olti kilometr) olib borilgan.[45] 1921 yil 2-iyulda RCA vaqtinchalik stantsiya orqali jonli efirga uzatishni tashkil qildi WJY, Jek Dempsi - Jorj Karpentier Nyu-Jersidagi og'ir vazn toifasidagi boks uchrashuvi, kompaniya WJY translyatsiyasini 300 ming kishi tinglaganini da'vo qilmoqda. KDKA tadbirda WJY diapazonidan g'arbda qo'shimcha qamrovni taqdim etdi, chunki KDKA diktori WJY translyatsiyasini tinglayotgan Westinghouse muhandislari tomonidan telegraf orqali uzatilgandan so'ng, halqa tomon sharhini takrorladi. KDKAning ishtiroki hisobotlarni tinglash uchun kirish huquqi oladigan oltita teatrni o'z ichiga olgan.[46] 1921 yil 5-avgustda KDKA diktor-Garold V. Arlin tomonidan chaqirilganda, professional ligadagi professional beysbol o'yinini translyatsiya qilgan birinchi radiostansiya bo'ldi. Pitsburg qaroqchilari -Filadelfiya Filliz dan o'yin Forbes Field.[47] O'sha yilning kuzida stansiya birinchi bo'lib a kollej futboli o'yin. 1922 yilda KDKA siyosiy hazilkashni qabul qildi Will Rogers birinchi radio ko'rinishida.

Dastlab KDKA 360 metrlik topshirig'ini mintaqada tashkil etilgan boshqa radioeshittirish stantsiyalari bilan o'rtoqlashishi kerak edi, 1923 yil 15-maygacha, Savdo departamenti eshittirish chastotasini tayinlashni 550 dan 1350 kHz gacha bo'lgan diapazonga kengaytirdi. Ushbu yangi reja asosida 920 kHz faqat Pitsburgga ajratilgan va KDKAga ushbu chastotadan yagona foydalanish huquqi berilgan. 1923 yilda KDKA o'z ko'rsatuvlarini simulyatsiya qila boshladi qisqa to'lqin va bir muncha vaqt ushbu dasturni Nebraska shtatidagi Xastings shahridagi KFHX stantsiyasi orqali qayta translyatsiya qilish uchun uzatish dasturini uzatish uchun havola sifatida foydalandi, bu muvaffaqiyatsiz tajriba sifatida tarmoq aloqalarini o'rnatish uchun telefon liniyalari o'rniga qisqa to'lqinli signallardan foydalanish.[48] 1923 yildan 1940 yilgacha KDKA ishlab chiqargan Shimoliy xabarchi, uni qisqa to'lqinli 8XS radiostantsiyasi (keyinchalik W8XK va WPIT sifatida tanilgan) orqali uzatmoqda. Dastur qisqa to'lqin orqali efirga uzatildi Uzoq Shimol pochta xizmati imkonsiz bo'lgan va shaxsiy xabarlardan iborat bo'lgan qish oylarida RCMP zobitlar, missionerlar, tuzoqchilar va boshqalar oilangiz va do'stlaringiz, musiqa va yangiliklar.[49]

Dastlabki moliyalashtirish rejasi, radio qabul qiluvchilarni sotishdan tushumlarni stansiya xarajatlarini to'lashga sarflash, bir qator sabablarga ko'ra etarli emasligini isbotladi. Qo'shimcha xarajatlarga musiqiy bastakorlarga gonorar to'lash talablari, shuningdek, Westinghouse kompaniyasi havaskorlari xodimlaridan farqli o'laroq, professional aktlar ommaviylikdan ko'ra aniqroq ish haqi bilan to'lashni kutishganligi kiradi. Daromadlar tomonida Vestingxaus Armstrong regenerativ patentiga tijorat huquqlarini sotib olish orqali olaman deb kutgan vakuumli quvurlarni qabul qiluvchilarni sotish bo'yicha deyarli monopoliyaga ega emasligini aniqladi. Armstrong ilgari 17 ga yaqin kichik firmalarga "havaskor va eksperimental" huquqlarni sotgan, ular ham qabul qiluvchilarni keng jamoatchilikka sotishni boshlagan. Vestingxaus bu o'z huquqlaridan tashqariga chiqqani, ammo yutqazganligi va shu bilan bir qator yirik raqobatchilarning shakllanishiga olib kelganligi sababli sudga berdi. Krosli va Zenit.[50]

Efirda reklama roliklarini namoyish qilish moliyalashtirishning aniq alternativasi edi, ammo dastlab Vestingxaus rasmiylari bu g'oyaga qat'iy qarshi edilar va bu tinglash tajribasini yo'q qilishini ta'kidladilar. 1922 yilda Westinghouse reklama bo'limidan J. C. McQuiston "agar reklama berishga ruxsat berilsa, odamlar uchun qimmatli ma'lumotlar va yoqimli o'yin-kulgilar berish bo'yicha qilingan barcha yaxshi ishlar bekor qilinishini aytmaydi" deb e'lon qildi.[51] 1922 yilda HP Devis eng yaxshi echim "litsenziyalanishi, himoyalanishi va tashkil etilishi mumkin bo'lgan" besh yoki oltita yirik, yaxshi joylashtirilgan va qudratli stantsiyalar "... va bu shunday jamoat ahamiyatiga ega bo'lgan narsalarga, xayr-ehsonlarga aylanishi mumkin degan fikrni ilgari surdi. yoki xizmat uchun mas'ul bo'lganlarga ushbu xizmatni amalga oshirishda va undan maksimal darajada foyda olish uchun zarur bo'lgan rivojlanish va izlanishlarni davom ettirishda yordam beradigan Federal subsidiyalar mumkin edi. "[52] Biroq, 1928 yilda u reklamani moliyalashtirishning yakuniy echimi bo'lishini "boshidanoq" anglaganini aytdi.[53]

Westinghouse, RCA va General Electric bilan birgalikda 1926 yilda hammuassisi bo'lgan Milliy teleradiokompaniyasi (NBC), qaysi ikkita milliy radio tarmoqlarini yaratdi: the NBC Red Network va NBC Blue Network. KDKA Blue tarmog'iga qo'shildi va shu o'zgarish bilan efir vaqti sotila boshladi: shu paytgacha stantsiya tijoratsiz edi. KDKA mashhur musiqalarni yangradi va reklama beruvchilar maxsus radio dasturlarga homiylik qilishni boshladilar The Philco Soat, The Maksvell uyi Soat va The Wrigley Partiya.

Yangi tashkil etilgan qoidalar bo'yicha umumiy chastotani o'zgartirish Federal radio komissiyasi "s Bosh buyruq 40 1928 yil 11-noyabrdan kuchga kirdi, KDKA "ga tayinlandianiq kanal "980 kHz chastotasi. 1929 yil 1-yanvar kuni stantsiya yangi studiya inshootlarini ochdi Uilyam Penn mehmonxonasi,[54] va 26 iyun kuni Master Control muassasalarini mehmonxonaga ko'chirdi.[55]

1930 va 40-yillar

KDKA mikrofoni

1932 yilda, natijada antitrest sud jarayoni, Westinghouse RCA-ning 40% va NBC-ning 20% ​​egalik huquqidan voz kechishi kerak edi.[56] 7 da 1934 yil 2-noyabr kuni stantsiyaning 14-tug'ilgan kunida KDKA yangi studiyalarni ochdi. Grant binosi.[57] Keyinchalik Uilyam Penn mehmonxonasining uyi bo'lib qoldi WCAE.

1930-yillarda KDKA uzoq yillik faoliyatini boshladi (1932-1980) Ed Shovensi amaki ko'rsatish. Stantsiya har kuni ertalab taniqli yirik bant va jazz musiqalarini ijro etdi, shuningdek KDKA-ni qabul qildi Fermer soati. 1941 yildan 1959 yilgacha Fermer soati u Slim Brayant va uning Wildcats musiqasi bilan birgalikda fermalarning hisobotlari atrofida qurilgan bo'lib, ular oxir-oqibat Pitsburg hududidagi eng yaxshi mahalliy musiqa aktiga aylandi. Maxsus dasturlarda doimiy ravishda yoritib boriladigan ma'lumotlar mavjud 1936 yil Patrik kuni toshqin Pitsburgning Vud ko'chasiga qadar suv ostida qolgan. Qoidalariga binoan 1941 yil mart oyida yakuniy chastota o'zgarishi sodir bo'ldi Shimoliy Amerika mintaqaviy eshittirish shartnomasi, chunki KDKA-ning aniq kanalini tayinlash 980 dan 1020 kHz ga o'tkazildi.

1943 yilda NBC AQSh hukumati tomonidan o'zining ikkita tarmog'idan biridan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi, natijada u Moviy tarmoqni sotdi (u Amerika Teleradiokompaniyasiga aylandi). Sotishdan oldin KDKA KQV bilan aloqalarini almashtirib, NBC-Red tarmog'iga qo'shildi.[58] Shuningdek, ushbu davrda, 1942 yilda u o'sha paytdagi yangi singari W75P singil stantsiyasini oldi FM diapazoni Keyinchalik KDKA-FM ga aylanib, 1979 yilda WPNT ga aylandi. Ushbu stansiya 1984 yilda Westinghouse tomonidan sotilgan va hozirda WLTJ.

1946 yilda KDKA inauguratsiyasini jonli ravishda taqdim etdi Devid L. Lourens Pitsburg meri sifatida, shuningdek prezidentlik va gubernatorlik inauguratsiyasi. O'n yillikning oxiriga kelib Buzz Aston va Bill Xindsning "Buzz va Bill" deb nomlangan musiqiy va komediya jamoasi efirga uzatildi.

1950-yillar

1950-yillarda Ed Shavensi ertalabdan tushgacha ko'chirildi va bu jarayonda sherigi Kamalakni (Elmer Valters) yo'qotdi. Muvaffaqiyatdan taassurot qoldirdi Rege Cordic da bo'lgan WWSW, KDKA uni yolladi va Kordik o'zining KDKA ishini 1954 yil Mehnat bayramida boshladi. Cordic & Company yorqin va innovatsion shaxslar jamoasi ishtirokidagi ertalabki shou bugungi "ertalab jamoasi" radio formatining kashshofi bo'lgan, ammo noan'anaviy tarzda. Kordik va uning guruhi ozgina miqdordagi musiqani chalishdi, lekin birinchi navbatda "Louie The Garbageman" va kosmosga sayohat qilgan "Omikron" kabi takrorlanadigan belgilar, shu jumladan skitslar orqali o'yin-kulgini ta'minladilar. Kordikning ekipaji tarkibiga Karl Xardman va Bob Trow, keyinchalik "Bob Dog" va "Robert Troll" obrazlari bilan tanilgan Janob Rojersning mahallasi.

1950-yillarda mahalliy radioeshittirishlar televizorga o'tayotgani sababli mahalliy dasturlarga o'tilgan. Art Pallan, WWSW-dan uzoqroqda yollangan va Bob Tracey o'sha kunning mashhur musiqasini ijro etib, uy nomlariga aylandi. Bir necha yil davomida diktor Sterling Yeyts, shuningdek musiqachi, yakshanba kuni ertalab efirda kestirib, progressiv jazni ijro etdi. 1951 yil 1-yanvarda turmush qurgan Ed va Vendi King turmush qurdilar Partiya liniyasi, KDKA-ning 1971 yil 18-noyabrda Ed King vafotigacha davom etgan birinchi tok-shousi. Ko'pgina tok-shoulardan farqli o'laroq, qo'ng'iroq qiluvchilar eshitilmadi, er-xotin navbatma-navbat qo'ng'iroq qiluvchilarning ma'lumotlarini tarqatishdi. 1956 yilda Newsman Bill Shtaynbax o'zining 36 yillik faoliyatini stantsiyada boshladi - 10 yil ichida u mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi 90 dan 6 gacha yangiliklar dasturi.

Kabi rassomlar bilan KDKA rok-roll musiqasini ehtiyotkorlik bilan qabul qildi Bill Xeyli, Everly Brothers, Yog'lar Domino va Elvis Presli, shu jumladan, mashhur vokalchilar Frank Sinatra, Peggi Li va Kanonsburg, Pensilvaniya tug'ma Perri Komo. Biroq, stantsiya ovozi ko'pchilikka qaraganda ancha konservativ bo'lib qoldi Top 40 stantsiyalar. 1955 yilda stantsiya muntazam efirga uzatishni boshladi Pirat beysbol o'yinlari, 2006 yilda tugagan sheriklik, ammo 2012 yilda KDKA-FM o'yinlarni o'tkazishni boshlaganda qayta boshlangan.

KDKA a televizor 1954 yil oxirida Westinghouse WDTV (kanal 2) ni sotib olganida DuMont televizion tarmog'i o'sha paytdagi rekord narx - 9,75 million dollarga.[59] Xarid qilishdan oldin Westinghouse kanal uchun ajratilgan 13-litsenziyani sotib olishga urinib ko'rgan ommaviy eshittirish, lekin oxir-oqibat minorani jamoat manfaatlari guruhlariga berdi va oxir-oqibat uchun moliyaviy yordam berdi WQED.[60] Televizion stantsiya nomi o'zgartirildi KDKA-TV 1955 yil 31-yanvarda.[61] KDKA-TV bilan bog'liq bo'lgan hayratlanarli harakat CBS, KDKA-ning uzoq vaqtdan beri NBC-ga qo'shilishidan farqli o'laroq. KDKA radiosi tarmoq sotib olinmaguncha NBC radiosi bilan bog'liq bo'lib qoldi WJAS 1957 yilda WJAS egalari WIIC-TV-da 50 foiz ulushga ega bo'lishlari uchun (hozir WPXI ) bilan Pitsburg Post-Gazette.[62] Keyinchalik KDKA unga ko'proq ishonib, mustaqillikka erishdi W guruhi milliy tarmoqqa qaraganda aloqalar.

1956 yil 30 aprelda KDKA studiyalarini Grant binosidan ko'chib o'tdi Shlyuz markazi, KDKA-TV-ga qo'shilish.[63] Teleradioeshittirish yangi kelishuvni Westinghouse o'zining Boston, WBZ va boshqa stantsiyalarida o'rnatganiga o'xshash "birlashtirilgan inshootlar" deb ta'rifladi. WBZ-TV.[64]

1960-yillar

1960 yilga kelib, KDKA ko'proq rok-roll musiqasini qo'shdi, chunki raqobatchisi KQV reytingni oshirdi. "Sizning pal" Pallan xit qo'shiqlarni ijro etdi va KDKA olomonning qichqiriq tovushlarini xuddi shunday ijro etdi Bitlz 1964 yilda Pitsburgga kelgan. KDKA radiosidagi rokning asosiy namoyandasi disk-jokey Klark Race edi, u Dik Klarkning mahalliy versiyasi bo'lgan KDKA-TV-da "Dance Party" dasturini o'tkazgan. Amerikalik stend. Stansiyada namoyish etilgan boshqa rassomlar ham shu erda To'rt fasl, Vogues, Lou Kristi (oxirgi ikki Pitsburgda tarbiyalangan), Plyaj bolalari, Xollis, Supremes, To'rt tepalik va Kaplumbağalar.

11 yil davomida erta tongda ko'ngil ochishni ta'minlagandan so'ng, Rege Cordic ko'chib o'tdi KNX Los-Anjelesda. Uning o'rnini Pallan va Bob Trou egallashdi, ularning "Pallan va Trow, ikkitasi shou uchun" dasturi Cordic & Company kompaniyasining ba'zi ta'mini saqlab qoldi. Ikki yarim yil o'tgach, 1968 yil aprel oyida Jek Bogut Solt Leyk-Siti shahridan KDKA-ning ertalab mezboniga aylanib, 15 yil davomida bu lavozimda ishladi. Bogutning KDKAga qo'shgan eng unutilmas hissalaridan biri bu so'zning G'arbiy Pensilvaniya bilan tanishishi edi Farleberry, bu endi har yili bolalar shifoxonasida mablag 'yig'ish aksiyasining asosiy qismidir. Boshqa taniqli shaxslar kiritilgan Katta Jek Armstrong, Bob Shennon va Terri Makgovern; Keyingi ikkisi kino / televidenie sohasida aktyor sifatida daromadli martaba bilan shug'ullanishgan.

1960-yillarda KDKA ko'plab muhim voqealar haqida xabar berdi, shu jumladan Qaroqchilar mumkin emas 1960 yilgi jahon seriyasi g'alaba qozonish. Mahalliy yangiliklar reportajida stantsiya "voqea joyida" peripatetik bo'lgan sobiq gazetachi Mayk Levinning xabarlari bilan kashshof bo'lgan, uning uchburchagi uch shtatdagi yong'inlar, toshqinlar, bank talon-torojlari va ko'mir konlarida sodir bo'lgan falokatlarni yoritgan mobil bo'limi ko'plab jurnalistikani yutgan. mukofotlar. Uning tungi "Kontakt" shousi (keyinchalik "Ochiq Mayk") KDKA-ning radiostansiyaning asosiy taklifiga aylanadigan yangiliklarga asoslangan radioeshittirishdagi dastlabki tashabbusi edi. 1969 yilning yozida KDKA Jek Uiler bilan bir kechada suhbatlashdi va yarim tundan 6gacha davom etadigan har qanday tok-shouni boshladi. soatiga olti kecha.

1970-yillar

1970-yillarning boshlarida KDKA ko'proq qabul qildi kattalar zamonaviy kabi rassomlar ishtirokidagi 1960-yillarning rock va roll xitlari va yumshoq roklaridan tashkil topgan format Amerika, Duradgorlar, Birodarlar Doobie, Pol Simon va Nil Diamond asosiy takliflarga aylanish. Ertalabki shouda kamroq musiqa namoyish etildi, yangiliklar va tijorat tarkiblari oshdi. 1973 yilda KDKA bombardimon bilan "Party Line" vaqt maydonini yangiladi Jon Kinya tungi nutq dasturini olib borish va tinglovchilarni "Amerikani sotib oling!" 1974 yilda Perri Marshal "Marshall ofisi" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan bir kecha-kunduzda Uilerning o'rnini egalladi. 1975 yilda Roy Foks 6 dan 9 gacha debyut qildi pm talk host. Hozirga kelib KDKA a to'liq xizmat kattalar uchun zamonaviy radiostansiya.

1979 yilda, yangiliklar Fred Xonsberger KDKA-da ish boshladi va muvaffaqiyatli kechki tok-shou va eng yuqori reytingga ega peshindan keyin haydash dasturini olib bordi. 1979 yilda, shuningdek, KDKA bularni qamrab oldi Uch Mile orolidagi yadro halokati, birinchi bo'lib Xarrisburgning jurnalisti Mayk Pintek xabar berdi. 1982 yilga kelib, Pintek KDKA News xodimlariga qo'shildi va keyinchalik stansiyaning eng mashhur suhbatdoshlaridan biriga aylandi, garchi uni 2005 yil oxirida dasturiy ta`mirlash doirasida qo'yib yuborishdi. 2007 yilda u Night Talk on-ning boshlovchisi bo'ldi Pitsburg kabel kanallari kanali. 2009 yil yanvar oyidan boshlab Pintek KDKA-ga 6-ni qabul qilish uchun qayta ishga qabul qilindi soat 10 ga soat tok-shou va Fred Xonsberger vafotidan so'ng, soat 12.00-15ni o'z zimmasiga oldi. timeslot 2010 yil yanvar oyida. 2017 yil iyul oyida Pintek oshqozon osti bezi saratonini davolash uchun ta'tilga chiqdi. U 2018 yil 12 sentyabrda vafot etdi.[65]

1980-yillar

1982 yil 23 iyulda KDKA dunyodagi birinchi radiostantsiyaga aylanganini da'vo qilmoqda AM stereo garchi eksperimental AM stereo eshittirishlari 1960 yillarning boshlarida o'tkazilgan bo'lsa ham Meksikaning XETRA 690.[66]

80-yillar davomida KDKA axborot va yangiliklarni talab qiladigan kattalar uchun zamonaviy musiqa formatini davom ettirdi, soatiga to'rtdan oltita qo'shiqni haydash vaqtida va o'rta va dam olish kunlari soatiga 10-12 qo'shiqni ijro etdi. Kechasi stansiya nutq formatini davom ettirdi. Stansiya to'rttasida g'olib bo'ldi Associated Press Jo Snyder Pensilvaniya shtatidagi eng yaxshi yangiliklar xizmati uchun mukofotlaydi.

1990-yillar

Oxir-oqibat KDKA musiqani o'z ichiga olgan to'liq xizmat formatidan faqat yangiliklar / suhbatlar formatiga o'tishga qaror qildi. O'zgarish 1992 yil 10 aprelda tushlik paytida, Larri Rixert KDKA dasturining doimiy qismi sifatida efirga uzatilgan so'nggi qo'shiqni ijro etganda sodir bo'ldi: Don Maklin KDKA uchun bu "musiqa vafot etgan kun" ekanligini anglatuvchi "American Pie".[67] Rush Limbaugh peshin soat 15:00 ga qo'shildi. timeslot va barcha yangiliklar bloklari soat 6:00 dan 9:00 gacha va 4:00 dan 18:00 gacha qo'shilgan. vaqt belgilash.

1997 yilda Bob Devit ikki yil davomida yangiliklar bo'yicha direktor lavozimiga ishga qabul qilindi. Uning mukofotga sazovor bo'lgan jamoasiga Bob Kopler, Deyv Jeyms, Bob Kmetz, Barbara Boylan, Mayk Uaytli va Bet Trapani kirdi.

Westinghouse 1995 yil oxirida CBS bilan birlashdi; KDKA tez orada an bo'ladi Infinity Broadcasting stantsiyani, ushbu zanjirdan keyin (ilgari CBS va Westinghouse'dan ajratilgan tashkilot) bir yil o'tib Westinghouse tomonidan sotib olingan. Keyinchalik Westinghouse 1997 yilda o'zini CBS korporatsiyasiga aylantiradi. Viacom 1999 yilda CBS korporatsiyasini sotib oldi, ammo besh yildan so'ng o'zini o'zgartirdi CBS korporatsiyasi Shunday qilib, KDKA-ni uning bir qismiga aylantiradi CBS radiosi.

2000 yildan hozirgi kungacha

2002 yildan 2020 yilgacha KDKA logotipi; 2006 yilgacha stantsiyani "Newsradio" o'rniga "News Talk" deb atagan versiyasi ishlatilgan. Chastota va qo'ng'iroq belgisi uchun ishlatiladigan shrift 1963 yildan beri KDKA logotiplarida ishlatilgan va W guruhining boshqa stantsiyalari tomonidan ham qo'llanilgan.

2007 yilgi mavsum uchun KDKA Pittsburg Pirates-ga radio huquqidan mahrum bo'ldi WPGB.

2007 yil 26 aprelda KDKA tug'ilgan joyi bo'lgan Sharqiy Pitsburg binosi sanoat majmuasi uchun yo'l ochish uchun vayron qilingan.

2008 yil iyul oyida CBS korporatsiyasi ba'zi radiostantsiyalarni sotishga tayyorligini va kompaniya asosiy bozorlardagi faoliyatiga e'tiborini qaratishini e'lon qildi; chunki Pitsburg 24-chi eng yirik bozor sifatida tan olingan Arbitron KDKA va uning uchta singlisi WBZW-FM (93,7, hozirda) spekulyatsiyasi mavjud edi KDKA-FM ), WDSY-FM (107.9) va WZPT (100.7 FM, hozir WBZZ ) sotilishi kerak edi.[68] 2008 yil sentyabr oyida Radio-Info, CBS boshqa Pittsburg radiostantsiyalari uchun buyurtma olgan bo'lsa ham, KDKA sotilmasligini xabar qildi.[69]

2010 yil 2-noyabr, seshanba kuni KDKA o'zining 90-yilligini saylovni yoritish bilan nishonladi, chunki 1920-yil debyutidan beri har noyabrning birinchi seshanba kuni. 90-yillikni nishonlash asosan homiylik qildi Westinghouse Electric Company, asl Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company-dan boshlangan tarixga ega bo'lgan atom energetikasi kompaniyasi.

KDKA radiosining Pitsburgdagi Gateway Center-ning sobiq studiyalari

KDKA radiosi 2010 yil 12 noyabrda One Gateway Center studiyasidan chiqib, CBS-ning Pittsburgdagi boshqa radiostansiyalariga Green Tree-da Holiday Drive-da qo'shildi.[70] Gateway Center inshootida hanuzgacha KDKA-TV studiyalari joylashgan.

Since the establishment of KDKA-FM as a sports talk station, KDKA has since been used as an overflow station for some of its sports rights, including the Pirates (whose rights returned to CBS Radio via KDKA-FM in 2012).

On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to merge CBS Radio with Entercom, currently the fourth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States; the sale will be conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust so that it will be tax-free. While CBS shareholders retain a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom was the surviving entity, separating KDKA radio (both 1020 and FM 93.7 ) from KDKA-TV and WPCW-TV. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th; the merger marked the first time since its establishment that KDKA has not been owned by a direct descendant of Westinghouse.[71][72][73][74][75]

On September 10, 2018, host Marti Griffin tashxisi qo'yilgan tomoq saratoni.

On November 2, 2020, KDKA began simulcasting on FM translator station 100.1 W261AX;[3] the move coincided with KDKA's 100th anniversary.[76] As a translator station, W261AX's signal broadcasts at a lower power than KDKA's AM transmitter, and primarily serves Allegeni okrugi.[76]

Priority claims

Trying to achieve a consensus on KDKA's precise status as a broadcasting pioneer, especially in relation to other, earlier stations, has been a source of disagreement for nearly a century. This often includes semantic complexities involving carefully crafted definitions and qualifiers — including "first", "oldest", "scheduled", "commercial", and "real" — in an attempt to make sense of a fluid and not always well documented era.

The U.S. government had no a formal definition of broadcasting, or specific regulations, until December 1, 1921 when the existing Limited Commercial license category was amended to add a broadcast service subcategory for a select group of designated stations. (A license class dating back to 1912, not all Limited Commercial stations were authorized to make broadcasts.) Before these new regulations were adopted, there were no prohibitions restricting broadcasting stations from operating under amateur or experimental licenses. A specific "broadcasting station" license did not exist until one was created by the Federal radio komissiyasi 1927 yilda.

In 1923 the Department of Commerce stated that "The first broadcasting license was issued in September, 1921",[77] a reference to the September 15, 1921 Limited Commercial license issued to WBZ in Springfield, Massachusetts, which appears to be the first to state that the station would be used exclusively for broadcasting, transmitting on 360 meters, which would become the standard "entertainment" wavelength designated by the December 1, 1921 regulations. It was only KDKA's second, November 7, 1921 license, that included a reference that it would be used for broadcasting in addition to company-wide point-to-point communication. This led to some early Commerce Department information listing WBZ as the first broadcasting station, and KDKA as the fourth.[78]

Westinghouse advertisement for KDKA's 25th anniversary (1945)

The best known priority dispute has been between KDKA and WWJ in Detroit, Michigan, a controversy in which some neutral observers have carefully tried to avoid being entangled. This was emphasized when the September 3, 1945 issue of Vaqt magazine included a report that the Teleradiokompaniyalar milliy assotsiatsiyasi (NAB) had recently sided with WWJ's "claim to being the world's first commercial radio station", by concluding that KDKA "was ten and a half weeks younger".[79] This assertion brought a quick denial by NAB President J. Harold Ryan, who informed the magazine that it had misconstrued some informational material sent out by the association, and: "It was not the intention, nor is it the prerogative of the NAB to attempt to decide the relative claims of two pioneer broadcasting stations."[80] In October Westinghouse withdrew its five stations from NAB membership, which Billboard magazine suggested was largely due to Westinghouse's dissatisfaction with how the NAB had handled KDKA's 25th anniversary.[81]

It appears that Westinghouse officials were initially unaware that, in addition to Frank Conrad's 8XK, other stations had been making regular news and entertainment broadcasts. This was reflected in the slogan, repeated each week in Westinghouse's Radio Broadcasting News publication beginning with the January 1, 1922 debut issue, that "Westinghouse Station KDKA was first to give regular Broadcasting Programs".[82] However, research has uncovered several challenges to this broad declaration.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda, Charlz "Doc" Herrold, in San Jose, California, was found to have begun test transmissions in 1909, which were followed by weekly concerts beginning in 1912.[83] In addition, beginning in late 1916, Li de Forest 's "Highbridge station" (2XG ) in New York City also began transmitting regularly scheduled programs,[84] including a comprehensive November 7, 1916 election night broadcast. These programs were suspended in April 1917 with the entry of the United States into World War I, but after the war the 2XG broadcasts resumed in late 1919. The broadcasts were again suspended in early 1920, the result of a run-in with the local Radio Inspector.[85] At this point the station's transmitter was transferred to San Francisco, and relicensed as 6XC, the "California Theater Station", which around April 1920 inaugurated a wide-ranging selection of daily broadcasts. The next year de Forest wrote that this was the "first radio-telephone station devoted solely" to broadcasting to the public.[86] The station was relicensed as KZY late in 1921, then deleted in early 1923.

In 1946, a KDKA promotional pamphlet, issued under the name of the station's general manager, Joseph E. Baudino, stated that Westinghouse's November 2, 1920 election day effort marked "the world's first regularly scheduled broadcast".[87] However, Baudino later modified this opinion, and as the lead author, along with John Kittross, of a 1977 review of "Broadcasting's Oldest Stations", now concluded that the "first U.S. radio broadcasting station" was in fact Charles Herrold's San Jose station, dating to 1912.[88] Still, while allowing for the possibility that "new data will be found",[89] the authors credited Baudino's former station, 8ZZ/KDKA, as being the "oldest [surviving] station in the nation".

Herrold's San Jose broadcasts had been suspended due to the World War I prohibition of civilian radio stations, and he did not return to the airwaves until May 1921.[90] His experimental station was relicensed in December 1921 as KQW, which later moved to San Francisco and changed its call letters to KCBS in 1949. Baudino and Kittross argued that this post-World War I gap disqualified KCBS from "oldest station" consideration, something neither KQW nor KCBS has agreed with, as program schedules for KQW appearing in 1925 included the slogan "Pioneer Broadcasting Station of the World",[91] and in 2009 KCBS celebrated its 100th birthday with a yearlong series of events throughout the Bay Area, including the public dedication of a plaque commemorating the "Centennial Celebration of the World's First Broadcasting Station".[92] At the same time, KCBS adopted the slogan "The World's First Broadcasting Station".

Baudino and Kittross also concluded that there was no significant link between the daily broadcasts introduced on August 20, 1920 by the Detroyt yangiliklari' "Detroit News Radiophone", as amateur station 8MK, and its subsequent transformation into WBL and later WWJ, something with which the newspaper stoutly disagreed: for example, in a 1934 advertisement, WWJ, still owned by the Detroyt yangiliklari, declared itself "America's Pioneer Broadcasting Station".[93]

A case has also been made for the primacy of the University of Wisconsin's WHA in Madison, Wisconsin, which evolved from an earlier experimental authorization, 9XM. In 1958 a plaque was installed on the university campus crediting "9XM-WHA" as "The Oldest Station in the Nation", including the statement that the station began "broadcasting on a regular schedule in 1919".[94] However, Baudino and Kittross found no evidence of organized broadcasting prior to the inauguration of spoken-word weather forecasts on January 3, 1921, and in 2007 a comprehensive station history compiled by Randall Davidson came to the same conclusion.[95]

An additional qualifier sometimes proposed for KDKA is that it was the first "commercial" station, but there is no consensus here either, as a 1945 advertisement for WWJ claimed that station was the one where "commercial radio began".[96] (WWJ and KDKA were both initially commercial-free, and did not start to accept advertising until the mid-1920s, so in this case "commercial" appears to just mean under the control of a commercial enterprise.) Additionally, Westinghouse's operation of KDKA's broadcasting service under a "Limited Commercial" license appears to have been merely a side-effect of the fact that it had previously been determined that type of authorization was required for KDKA's original role, of providing private point-to-point communication between company installations.

Shortwave operations

Diagram of shortwave links used by KDKA in East Pittsburgh for rebroadcasts by KDPM in Cleveland and WBZ East Springfield, Massachusetts (1923)[97]

In the early 1920s Westinghouse established additional broadcasting stations, and was interested in linking them together for simultaneous network programming, but wanted to avoid the expense of leasing long-distance telephone lines. It was decided to test the practicality of using qisqa to'lqin transmissions for distributing programming originating at KDKA.[98] Beginning on March 4, 1923 KDKA, in addition to its normal operation on 360 meters (833 kHz), transmitted on shortwave wavelengths from 80 to 100 meters (3750 to 3000 kHz), for local rebroadcasts on 360 meters by both KDPM in Cleveland, Ohio and WBZ in East Springfield, Massachusetts.[99]

The shortwave relay to KDPM was judged to be successful. However, Westinghouse soon decided to move its relay target to the geographical center of the United States, and switched to a newly constructed station, KFKX in Hastings, Nebraska, beginning on November 22, 1923,[100] which ended the relay transmissions to KDPM.[101] Ultimately shortwave relays for network programming was determined to be inferior to dedicated telephone line connections, and the transmissions to KFKX ended, with the Hastings operation closing on June 1, 1927.[102]

Responsibility for the shortwave transmissions was later transferred to separately licensed experimental stations. In 1922, a 1 kW shortwave transmitter was installed at Westinghouse's factory in Sharqiy Pitsburg, Pensilvaniya, with call sign 8XS.[103] This was joined by 8XAU in 1924,[104] which, after the original 8XK was deleted later that year,[105] changed its call sign to the historically significant 8XK,[106] and then W8XK in 1929, with its transmitter power increasing to 40 kW by 1937.[49]

The transmissions by W8XK were eventually expanded into an international service conducted independently of KDKA.[107] In November 1942, Westinghouse's shortwave stations, along with all other U.S. shortwave stations, ended commercial operations and were leased to the Amerika Ovozi.[108]

Izohlar

  1. ^ The copy of the initial KDKA license on file at the National Archives has a handwritten notation "First broadcasting licensee" written across the front, but this appears to have been added at a later date.
  2. ^ The temporary switch to four-letter "K" call signs for new land station grants is documented by the monthly issues of the Commerce Department's Radio xizmati byulleteni, non-government land station grants generally received three-letter K or W calls.[12] But from July 1920 through May 1921 issues,[13][14] those stations now primarily received four-letter K calls, including KDKA, which appeared in the November 1920 issue.[15] The June 1921 issue records a return to the original policy of primarily three-letter calls, with "K" in the west, and "W" in the east.[16]
  3. ^ The "8" in 8XK's call sign indicated that the station was in the 8th Radio Inspection district, while the "X" signified that it was operating under an experimental license.
  4. ^ Examples of election results sent in Morse code for the 1912 U.S. Presidential election included "Local wireless men pick up much news". Pitsburg Press. broadcast by the Tech Wireless Club station at Carnegie Technical School in Pittsburgh,. November 6, 1912. p. 5.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha tinish belgilari (havola) CS1 maint: boshqalar (havola) "Harvard wireless club gets returns". Boston Post. broadcast by the Charlestown, Massachusetts Navy Yard station,. November 6, 1912. p. 3.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha tinish belgilari (havola) CS1 maint: boshqalar (havola) "Election news is sent by wireless". Idaho Republican. broadcast by the Navy's Mare Island, California station,. November 8, 1912. p. 1.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha tinish belgilari (havola) CS1 maint: boshqalar (havola) va "Wireless gives island returns". San-Fransiskoga qo'ng'iroq. broadcast by the Federal Telegraph station at San Francisco. November 6, 1912. p. 6.CS1 maint: boshqalar (havola).
  5. ^ Krumm (1922) additionally noted that "A special license was obtained from the government radio inspector in Detroit, Michigan, and the call letters 8ZZ were assigned to the station in the beginning." Other early sources documenting the use of the 8ZZ call sign for the election night broadcast include an article "KDKA". Simsiz asr. August 1922 – via babel.hathitrust.org., which recounts that "Those words brought the now famous KDKA station into being, but little was thought then that the transmission of presidential election returns from this station, which was then known as 8ZZ, would result in the widespread interest in radio that is now present throughout the country"; another article with the same title Little, D.G. (June 1924). "KDKA". Radio muhandislari instituti materiallari – via babel.hathitrust.org., which states that "The temporary calls first assigned were 8ZZ", and finally Kintner, S.M. (December 1932). "Pittsburgh's contributions to radio". Radio muhandislari instituti materiallari. reported: "Conrad stayed at his home, prepared to shift over to his station, in the event of the failure of the East Pittsburgh Station, then known as '8ZZ'."[28] (Both Little and Kintner were engineers who helped set up the station for the election night broadcast.)
  6. ^ Contrary to some later accounts, Conrad's 8XK and Westinghouse's 8ZZ/KDKA were completely separate stations. Following KDKA's start Conrad made at least one more entertainment broadcast from his home over 8XK, on December 4, 1920 ("Wireless Concert", Monessen (Pennsylvania) Daily Independent, December 6, 1920, page 1), and continued to actively use the station for experimental work, until it was deleted on November 3, 1924.


Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ "United States Callsign Policies" by Thomas H. White (earlyradiohistory.us).
  2. ^ "HD Radio Guide" (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) (hdradio.com)
  3. ^ a b "KDKA Radio has another home… 100.1 FM". www.radio.com. 19 oktyabr 2020 yil. Olingan 2 noyabr 2020.
  4. ^ a b "It Started Hear", KDKA promotional pamphlet, 1970, page 1. (worldradiohistory.com)
  5. ^ "Battle of the Brains: Election Night Forecasting at the Dawn of the Computer Age" (dissertation) by Ira Chinoy, 2010, page 137 (umd.edu)
  6. ^ a b v Davis, Harry P. (1928). "The early history of broadcasting in the United States". The Radio Industry: The story of its development. 191–223 betlar.
  7. ^ [6](pp 191-192) Davis, H.P. (1928). "Davis (1928), page 191" - archive.org orqali.
  8. ^ Finding Aid for the Harry Phillips Davis Collection, 1915-1944, AIS.1964.21, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh (library.pitt.edu)
  9. ^ Radio tarixi 1926 yilgacha by Gleason L. Archer, 1938, pages 193-197.
  10. ^ The Radio Amateur C. E. Urban tomonidan, Pitsburg Gazette Times, September 26, 1920, Fifth section, page 10.
  11. ^ First KDKA license: October 27, 1920 (Limited Commercial license, serial #174, issued to the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for a one year period.)
  12. ^ Radio xizmati byulleteni (Hisobot). United States Department of Commerce. June 1920 – via babel.hathitrust.org.
  13. ^ Radio xizmati byulleteni (Hisobot). United States Department of Commerce. July 1920 – via babel.hathitrust.org.
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  29. ^ 9XM Talking: WHA Radio va Viskonsin g'oyasi by Randall Davidson, 2007, page 321: "Audio clips from the 'first broadcast' using the KDKA call letters don't settle the question: they're all reenactments and have fooled many radio historians (some of these clips are also now on the Internet)."
  30. ^ "To Give Election Results by Radio", Klivlendning oddiy sotuvchisi, October 28, 1920, page 10.
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  42. ^ Second KDKA license: November 7, 1921 (Limited Commercial license, serial #174, issued to the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for a one year period.)
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  56. ^ "How GE Birthed NBC in 1926" by Bradley Johnson, December 7, 2009 (AdAge.com)
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  89. ^ Additional WWJ reference sources not stated as being reviewed by this article include: Contemporary front page articles in the 1920 editions of the Detroyt yangiliklaribilan boshlanadi "The News Radiophone To Give Vote Results" (August 31, 1920); WWJ—The Detroit News, published by the newspaper in 1922; a detailed station history, "WWJ—Pioneer in Broadcasting" by Cynthia Boyes Young (Michigan tarixi, December 1960); "WWJ, 'The World's First Radio Station': A History" by Robert Preston Rimes (Michigan State University, 1963); and the subsequently published Radio's First Broadcaster: An Autobiography of Elton M. Plant, 1989.
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