De Havilland Mosquito operatsion tarixi - De Havilland Mosquito operational history

571 otryadining XVI chivinlari, 1944 yil
Asosiy maqola: de Havilland chivinlari

The de Havilland chivinlari paytida va undan keyin ko'p rollarda xizmat qilgan ingliz engil bombardimonchisi edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Chivinlar bilan jihozlangan otryadlar ijro etishdi o'rta bombardimonchi, razvedka, taktik zarba, dengiz ostiga qarshi urush va yuk tashish hujumi va tungi jangchi vazifalar, ham mudofaa, ham hujum.[1] Mosquitos tomonidan keng qo'llanilgan RAF Pathfinder Force, bu tungi vaqt uchun maqsadlarni belgilab qo'ydi strategik bombardimon. Past darajadagi kunduzgi hujum operatsiyalari tufayli dastlab yo'qotish tezligi yuqori bo'lishiga qaramay, chivin urushni samolyot turlarining eng past yo'qotishlari bilan yakunladi RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi xizmat.

Ishlash

Xizmatga kirishish paytida samolyot nemis qiruvchilari kabi tezroq edi, xususan Bf 109F va Fw 190A. Garchi tezlik bo'yicha farq kam bo'lsa-da, chivinlarning tezkorligi ko'pincha ustunlikka ega edi. Havodan tutish, odatda, parvozlar kontinental qirg'oqlarini kesib o'tayotganda, dushmanlar jangchilarini vizual ko'rinishga oid xabarlar bilan "chalkashtirib yuborishgan". Ba'zan, kunduzgi past darajadagi reyd chivinlari guruhiga shunchaki omad kulib boqdi, xuddi shu kabi Oslo chivinlari bosqini, 1942 yil 25-sentyabr, qachon yoriq bo'lgan Luftwaffe otryad Foke-Vulf Fw 190 3 jangchilariJG 5 Norvegiyaga yangi kelgan edi.

Mosquito xizmatining dastlabki bir necha yillarida, Luftwaffe-ning ko'p qismi tungi jangchi kabi samolyotlar bilan jihozlangan Bf 110 yoki Yunkers Ju 88, ikkalasi ham past ko'rsatkich. Buni hal qilish uchun dushman urinishlari bo'lgan, ammo muammolarga dvigateldagi muammolar va ittifoqchilarning bombardimon qilish kampaniyasi kuchaygan, ayniqsa USAAF kunduzgi bombardimonni to'ldirishni boshlaganligi sababli RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi kampaniya. Vintlardek boshqariladigan tungi jangchilar jihatidan Xaynkel He 219 va Yunkers Ju 388 shunchaki yirik ishlab chiqarishga kirmadi.

Ning kiritilishi bilan azot oksidi - ko'tarilgan Messerschmitt Bf 109 G seriyasi va 1944 yil bahorida,[2] samolyotda ishlaydi Men 262, Luftwaffe tezlik va balandlik qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan jangchilarning nisbatan kam soniga ega edi [nb 1] Mosquito-ning bosim ostida bo'lgan variantlarini samarali ravishda ushlab turish. Ammo Germaniya Oliy qo'mondonligi ularni ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha aniq buyruq bermagan bo'lar edi, bu har qanday holatda ham qiyin bo'lar edi, chunki qurilish ishlari yanada sharqqa olib borilishi va yashirin fabrikalarda va tunnellarda olib borilishi kerak edi. O'sha paytga kelib samolyot yoqilg'isi ta'minoti fashistlar uchun juda muhim ahamiyatga ega edi. Ayniqsa, Gitler bu bosqichda jangchilarga emas, balki "qasos" qurollariga asoslangan edi va bunday rahbarlarni rad etdi Adolf Galland har qanday samarali manbalar.

Shunga qaramay, 1944 yil 25-iyulda PRXVI chivin № 544 otryad RAF Myunxen hududida ushlanib, Leutnant tomonidan hujumga uchradi Alfred Shrayber, Me 262 A-1a samolyotida uchish. Nemis qiruvchisi F / L A.E. Wall va F / O A.S. ekipaji bo'lgan Mosquito MM 273-da oltita dovonni amalga oshirdi. Lobban, ammo ular zo'ravonlik evakuatorlaridan keyin bulutga qochib qutulishdi va Italiyadagi Fermo aerodromiga favqulodda qo'nishdi. [nb 2] PR Mk 32 fotosurat kashfiyoti chivinlari dizayni nemis samolyotlari tahdidiga cho'zilgan, uzun qanotli, maxsus balandlik bilan qarshi turishga urindi. super zaryadlovchilar va iloji boricha og'irlikni yo'q qilish, uning balandligini ko'tarib, balandligi 42000 fut (13000 m) ga ko'tarilishi. xizmat ko'rsatish shipi 262.

RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland pashshasi B Vikimedia Commons-da

Yuklanmoqda a 4000 funt "Cookie" ichiga 692 otryad B Mk IV (o'zgartirilgan) da RAF Graveley, 1944

Past darajadagi kunduzgi hujum bosqichi

1942 yil iyun oyining boshidan 1943 yil may oyining oxirigacha birinchi bo'lib Mosquito Mk bilan jihozlangan ikkita RAF otryadlari. B.IV bombardimonchilari aniq reydlarda past darajadagi kunduzgi bombardimonchi kuch sifatida ishladilar. 1941 yil 15-noyabrda, 105 otryad, RAF, birinchi operatsion Mosquito Mk ning Norfolk shahridagi RAF Swanton Morley-da etkazib berishni boshladi. B.IV, seriya raqami W4064.[5] Taxminan bir yil davomida, 1942 va 1943 yillarda, RAF Horsham Sent-Faithda joylashgan 105 Sdn., Keyin 29 sentyabrdan boshlab RAF Marham kunduzgi past darajadagi va sayoz sho'ng'in hujumlarini uyushtirdi.[6][nb 3]. 1942 yil 29-avgustda Mk IVs 105 otryad RAF qarshi bombardimon missiyasini o'z zimmasiga oldi Pont-a-Vendin. Ularga yuzma-yuz hujum qilishdi Fok-Vulf Fw 190-yillar keyin yana orqa tomondan olovga aylandi. Mosquitos tezligidan foydalanib, 190-yillarni ortda qoldirdi. 19 sentyabrda Mosquitos hujum qildi Berlin birinchi marta kun yorug'ida. Yana bir bor, D.A.G ″ Jorj ″ Parri tomonidan boshqarilgan chivin hujumga uchraganida Messerschmitt Bf 109s, u ularni ortda qoldirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Bitta pashsha qaytib kelmadi.[7] Dastlabki past darajadagi missiyalardan yana biri bu edi Oslo reydi 1942 yil 25 sentyabrda 105-sonli eskadron RAFning to'rtta samolyoti tomonidan amalga oshirildi, shundan keyin birinchi marta pashsha oshkor bo'ldi.[8]

Mosquito bombardimonchilari bilan qayta jihozlangan ikkinchi otryad edi 139 otryad, [nb 4] № 105 kv. yonida joylashgan. RAF Horsham avliyo imonida va keyin Marhamda. Ularning samolyotlari 1942 yil sentyabr oyida etkazib berila boshlandi; Ayni paytda ular 105-sonli eskadronning ba'zi mashinalarini bo'lishdilar. 1942 yil 6-dekabrda 105 va 139 otryadlarning chivinlari qatnashdi Oyster operatsiyasi, ga qarshi 2-guruhdagi kunduzgi reyd Flibs ishlaydi da Eyndxoven. 1942 yil o'rtalaridan 1943 yil may oyining oxirigacha ular Vuldrij tomonidan tasvirlangan past darajadagi kunduzgi hujum bosqichida qatnashdilar,[6] jumladan, Berlin reydlarining birinchi kuni.

Birinchi Berlin reydlari

1943 yil 30-yanvarda past darajadagi kunduzgi taktika yordamida Berlinni bombardimon qilish uchun ikkita kunduzgi missiya amalga oshirildi. Ushbu hujumlar nutqlarni to'xtatishga qaratilgan edi Reyxsmarsxol Hermann Göring, havo kuchlari boshlig'i va Jozef Gebbels, Uchinchi Reyxning targ'ibot vaziri. Birinchisi, ertalab, uchta Mosquito B Mk parvozini o'z ichiga olgan. IV dan 105 otryad Berlinning asosiy radioeshittirish stantsiyasiga hujum qilgan,[9] soat 11:00 da, Gyoring 10 yillik yubileyiga bag'ishlangan paradda chiqish qilishi kerak bo'lganida Natsistlar hokimiyatga ovoz berish. Missiya Gyoringning bunday topshiriqni amalga oshirish mumkin emas degan da'vosini yolg'onga chiqardi va Gyoringni bir soatdan ko'proq vaqt davomida efirda ushlab turdi. Mosquitosning ikkinchi parvozi 139 otryad o'sha kuni tushdan keyin Gebbelsning Sport Saroyidagi nutqini to'xtatishga urinish uchun. Yana bir bor, ular aniq rejalashtirilgan vaqtda bombardimon qilishdi. Biroq, Berlinning zenit mudofaasi shay holatida va otryad rahbari D.F.W tomonidan uchirilgan chivin. Darling DFC urib tushirildi va Darling ham, uning navigatori ham halok bo'ldi.[10][11] Göring g'azablandi; olti hafta o'tgach, u samolyot ishlab chiqaruvchilariga chivin bilan to'qnashganda "adashib ketishi" mumkinligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdi, bu esa uni "hasad bilan yashil va sariq" qildi.[12]

Pathfinder operatsiyalari

Ichida Bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi, Pathfinder Operations (o'sha paytda) guruh komandiri kapitan Donald Bennett tomonidan tayinlangan. Yo'l izlovchilar (PFF) 1942 yil 5-iyulda [13] Dastlabki Oboe sinovlarini tugatgandan so'ng, 109-sonli otryad RAF chivin B.IV's bilan birga harakatlandi RAF Vayton 1942 yil avgustda. U erda yangidan tayinlangan Donald Bennet o'zining shtab-kvartirasini tashkil qilgan 8-sonli (Pathfinder Force) guruhiga qo'shildi.[14][nb 5] Dushman hududi bo'yicha kalibrlash saralashi 20/21 dekabr kuni bo'lib o'tdi, olti 109 kv. Gollandiyadagi Lutteradedagi elektr stantsiyani topish va bombardimon qilish uchun moskitoslar. 1943 yil 31-dekabr / 1-yanvarda 109 otryad Dyusseldorfga hujum qilgan sakkizta Lankaster bombardimonchilarining nishonlarini belgilashda PFF Oboe kashshofiga aylandi.[15][16][nb 6]

Tez orada pashsha bombardimonchilari PFF operatsiyalari doirasida muhim samolyot bo'ldi. Ular asosiy elementga aylandi Tungi engil kuch (LNSF) va 1943 yil boshidan boshlab, ular maqsadli belgilar uchun, ayniqsa reydning dastlabki bosqichlarida, ularning pirotexnika vositalari og'ir Pathfinder bombardimonchilarining qo'shimchalari bilan kuzatilganda foydalanilgan. [nb 7] LNSF yuqori tezlikda tungi reydlarni aniq maqsad va navigatsiya bilan amalga oshirdi. Ularning vazifasi ikki xil edi: ular kichik, ammo hayotiy inshootlarni nishonga olishdi; va og'ir bombardimonchilarning reydlaridan qochish vazifasini o'tab, Window yordamida katta shakllanishlarni simulyatsiya qildi [18] yoki somon. Kuchli bombardimonchilar hujumi rejalashtirilmagan kechalarda, LNSF Germaniyaning havo hujumidan mudofaasini "bezovtalik reydlari" orqali rad etishni davom ettiradi, chunki guruh ko'proq Mosquito bombardimonchilarini sotib oldi.

1943 yil 1-iyunda 105 va 139-chi ikkita kashshof otryadlar LNSF tarkibidagi 109-sonli otryadga qo'shildilar, ularning "bezovtalik reydlari" allaqachon Xarris va Cherchill tomonidan ma'qullangan edi.[19] Dastlab ular mo''tadil yuqori darajadagi (taxminan 10 000 fut) tungi bombardimon, diversion reydlar va oynani tashlab ketish bilan shug'ullanishgan. Ular o'sha yozda asosan Berlinga 67 ta sayohat qildilar. Ko'p o'tmay, 105 ta eskadron samolyotlarining ba'zilari jihozlandi Oboe (navigatsiya). 1943 yil iyun oyida 109 otryad Oboe uchun moslangan B.IX chivinlarini oldi va balandligi yuqori bo'lganligi sababli ular o'z oralig'ini kengaytira olishdi. Boshqa pashsha otryadlari 8-sonli PF guruhiga bombardimonchining yaxshiroq belgilari bilan qo'shildi, B.IX ning 139-otryadga borishi bilan.[20] [nb 8]

1943 yil oxiriga kelib pashsha bombardimonchi ishlab chiqarish hajmi oshgani sayin,[19] № 627 otryad RAF PFF tarkibiga qo'shilgan birinchi bombardimonchilar guruhidan biri bo'ldi. Asoslangan RAF Oakington, u 139 otryad qismidan iborat bo'lib, dastlab B.IV bilan jihozlangan. U 1944 yil boshida PFFning Berlinga qarshi hujumlarida qatnashgan.[nb 9]

Bennettga PFF chivinlari otryadlari sonini sezilarli darajada qo'shishga ruxsat berildi - 1945 yil may oyiga qadar ularning o'n ikkitasi, shu jumladan ajratilgan 627 kv. 5-guruhda bo'lgan.[23] Kengayib borayotgan PFF pashshalari guruhi Germaniya, Berlin, Gamburg, Kyoln, Essen, Manxaym, Gannover va Dyuysberg kabi barcha taniqli maqsadlarga tashrif buyurdi. Ular ko'plab bombardimon operatsiyalarida yo'l topuvchilar sifatida qatnashdilar va og'ir bombardimonchilarning ko'p sonli shakllanishi uchun nishonlarni alangalar bilan belgilab oldilar. [nb 10] 1944 yil fevral oyida kattalashtirilgan bomba joylashtirilgan B.XVI variantlari ishga tushirilgandan so'ng,[20] ular ko'plab reydlarda ishlatilgan 4000 funt sterlingli portlovchi bombalarni ("pechene") tashladilar va bu kuchni o'z-o'zidan dahshatli qurolga aylantirdilar.[24] 1945 yil 20/21 fevraldan 27/28 martgacha bo'lgan davrda 139-sonli eskadron ushbu yirik bombalar bilan Berlinga ketma-ket 36 marta tunda hujum qildi.[nb 11]

Frantsiya bo'ylab ittifoqchilar oldinga siljish paytida, Pathfinder guruhi, vitse-marshal Bennettning qat'iyati tufayli,[26] 1944 yil 19-avgustda Falaizadan o'tgan yo'lga, shuningdek, Sent-Vit chorrahasiga Oboe yordamida ko'r-ko'rona bombardimon qilish kabi qisqa muddatli reydlarni amalga oshirish uchun qisqartirildi. Bulge jangi. Guruh shuningdek, temir yo'l tunnellarini "bombardimonni o'tkazib yuborish" orqali tunnelning og'ziga tashlangan va boshqa ko'plab maqsadlarni nemis chiziqlari orqasida yo'q qilgan, ammo qisqartirilganligi sababli 100-sonli guruh bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi moskitoslari tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. , dushmanga deyarli kerakli bo'lgan joyda hujum qilish. V-1 uchirish saytlarini yo'q qilish vazifasi boshqalarga bo'lgani kabi guruhga ham berilgan. Mosquitos tomonidan o'tkazilgan ushbu reydlarning samaradorligi, boshqa bombardimonchilarga nisbatan taxminan 5 marta yaxshilanganligini ta'minlaydi. RAF tomonidan taxmin qilinishicha, saytni yo'q qilish uchun o'rtacha 40 tonna bomba kerak bo'lgan, B-17 uchun 165 tonna, B-26 uchun 182 tonna, B-29 uchun 219 tonna.[27]

Mosquito B.IX Ikkinchi Jahon urushida ittifoqchi bombardimonchi tomonidan amalga oshirilgan eng ko'p jangovar topshiriqlar bo'yicha rekordchi hisoblanadi. LR503 "F for Freddie" deb nomlangan, chunki uning eskadron kodi harflari, GB * F, dastlab 109 ta RAFning keyinchalik 105 ta otryadida xizmat qilgan. Urush paytida u 213 marta parvoz qildi,[28] faqat 1945 yil 10 mayda, ikki kundan keyin halokatga uchradi VE kuni da Kalgari 8-chi G'alabali qarzni qaytarib olish paytida aeroport, uchuvchi Fltni ham o'ldirdi. Leytenant Moris Briggs, DSO, DFC, DFM va navigator Fl. O'chirilgan. Jon Beyker, DFC va Bar.

Bombardimonchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlash

1943 yilda Luftwaffe tungi jangchilari hujum qilish orqali jiddiy yo'qotishlarga olib kelmoqdalar bombardimonchilar oqimlari Germaniya ustidan. Binobarin, tashkil etish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi 100 guruh ichida Bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi. Ushbu yangi guruh 1943 yil 8-noyabrda Air Cdr ostida ish boshladi. E. B. Addison.[29] Guruhning dastlabki otryadlari № 169 otryad RAF va 239-sonli RAF. Ko'p o'tmay, 141-sonli eskadron RAF, asoslangan RAF G'arbiy Reynxem, shuningdek, ularga qo'shildi. 16/17-dekabrga o'tar kechasi, davomida Berlin jangi, ularning samolyotlaridan biri bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligining birinchi hujumi yordamida Serratli radar detektori Mosquito NF.II-da, ular zararlanganda a Bf 110 to'p o'qi bilan.[29][30][nb 12]№ 85 otryad RAF 1944 yil 1 mayda Guruhga o'tkazilgan, ishlagan Swannington.[32] 100 guruhning eng yaxshi chivin asi taniqli qanot qo'mondoni edi Branse Burbridge, 1944 yil va Evropada urush tugaguniga qadar, bu otryad tarkibida bo'lganida 13 ta da'vo qilgan.[33]

100 guruh otryadlari o'zlarining rollariga ko'ra chivinlarning tobora yaxshiroq belgilaridan foydalanganlar: NF XIX va NF 30 lar bombardimonchilar oqimini eskort bilan ta'minlab, tungi jangovar operatsiyalar uchun foydalanilgan; F Mk II va FB Mk VIlar "Gullar" operatsiyalari uchun ishlatilgan (dushman aerodromlarini asosiy oqimdan oldin qo'riqlash va dushmanning tungi jangchilarini yerda ushlab turish uchun bombardimon qilish, shuningdek qo'nish rejimida tungi jangchilarga hujum qilish) va "Mahmud" operatsiyalari, bunda bombardimonchilar oqimidan mustaqil ravishda ish olib boruvchi otryadlar nemis tungi jangchilarini yig'ish punktlariga uchib, ularga hujum qilishdi. B Mk IV va PR Mk XVIlar elektron razvedka uchun ishlatilgan (ELINT ) Germaniya radiolokatsion radioeshittirishlarini aniqlashga qaratilgan operatsiyalar.

Ba'zi 258 Luftwaffe tungi jangchilari, 70 ga yaqin Mosquitosni yo'qotish uchun guruh tomonidan da'vo qilingan. Kuchli tungi jangchilar tahdidining hamma joyda turishi Luftwaffe ekipajlari tomonidan "Moskitoschreck" (Mosquito terror) deb nomlanishiga olib keldi, chunki nemis ekipajlari qachon va qaerda hujumga uchrashi mumkinligiga hech qachon ishonchlari komil emas edi. Bu bilvosita dushman samolyotlari va ekipaj halokatlarining katta qismiga olib keldi, chunki tungi jangchilar chivin tahdididan saqlanish uchun shoshilib, haqiqiy yoki xayoliy.

Highball variantlari

Qachon Barns Uollis loyihalashtirmoqda Xizmat sakrab chiqayotgan bomba nemis to'g'onlarini yo'q qilish uchun u kichikroq versiyasini ham ishlab chiqdi - Geybol - dushman tashish uchun.[34][35] Mosquito bu maqsad uchun ideal samolyot ekanligiga qaror qilindi. Shuning uchun 618 otryad 1943 yil 1-aprelda tashkil etilgan Sohil qo'mondonligi.[nb 13]. Yangi bo'linmaning vazifasi nemis harbiy kemasiga ustuvor ahamiyat berib, dushman kemalariga hujum qilish edi Tirpitz.

Mk IV seriyasidagi samolyotlarga chivin konversiyalari o'tkazildi. Bomba qo'yiladigan eshiklar olib tashlandi va ikkita kishiga ixtisoslashgan tashuvchilar o'rnatildi Yuqori to'plar har birining vazni 1280 funt (580 kg). Chiqarilishidan oldin ular 700 dan 900 rpm gacha a qo'chqor havo turbinasi bomba joyida, havo kepagi bilan oziqlangan. Ushbu qurollar maksimal 60 metr balandlikdan (600 km / soat) tezlikda tashlanishi kerak edi. Highball hech qachon operativ ravishda ishlatilmadi, chunki 1944 yil 12-noyabrda Tirpitz RAF Lancasters tomonidan olib ketilgan Uzun bo'yli bombalar, yilda Katexizm operatsiyasi.

Keyinchalik, bu qism Tinch okeanida tashuvchilar tomonidan olib boriladigan operatsiyalar uchun tanlangan, ammo yana urushda ishlatilmagan. [nb 14] Ushbu moskvitlar Avstraliyaga transport kemalarida etkazilgan HMSQilichboz va Hujumchi 1944 yil 23-dekabrda kelgan. Havodagi ekipajlarning malakasini oshirish va o'zgartirilgan moskvitlarni himoya qilish uchun 1945 yil fevral oyida Sidneyga etib kelgan 12 ta FB Mk VI ham yuborilgan. Ular Avstraliyaning Havilland shtatida qayta yig'ilgan. Mascot zavod. Bo'lim tarqatildi RAAF Narromin 1946 yil iyulda.

  • Tekshiruvlarni boshlash (105 otryad)

  • Taksiga chiqishdan oldin isitish (105 otryad)

  • Qaerdadir Angliyada (139 otryad)

Tungi qiruvchi operatsiyalar

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland Mosquito NF Vikimedia Commons-da

NF Mk II № 410 otryad RCAF da RAF Coleby Grange, 1943 yil sentyabr, portlash natijasida jiddiy zarar ko'rgan Dornier 17 kecha ekipaj Niderlandiya ustidan vayron qilingan
NF Mk XIII № 604 otryad RAF 195 yilga yaqin B51 / Lill-Vendevil (Frantsiya) dan tungi sayrga yo'l olmoqchi.

Mosquito'dan tungi jangchi sifatida foydalanish, havo vazirligi tomonidan tungi qiruvchi uchun loyiha amalga oshirilganda paydo bo'ldi Gloster F.9 / 37 ) Glester reaktiv samolyotlarni ishlab chiqarishga e'tiborini qaratish uchun to'xtatildi.[36]

1942 yil o'rtalarida NF Mk II tunda jangovar xizmatga kiritilgan birinchi tungi qiruvchi samolyot bo'lib, to'rtta 20 mm (.79 dyuym) Hispano to'plari fyuzelyaj qornida va to'rtta .303 dyuym (7,7 mm) Browning pulemyotlari burunga o'rnatilgan. U samolyotni ushlab turishni amalga oshirdi radar (AI) Mk IV / Mk V Buyuk Britaniya ustidan mudofaa tungi qiruvchisi sifatida ishlaganda, garchi o'sha paytda tungi "bosqinchilar" sifatida ishlaydigan Mk IIlardan chiqarib tashlangan bo'lsa-da, tunda Evropa bo'ylab roumingda aloqa liniyalarida maksimal uzilishlar bo'lishi mumkin edi. uchish operatsiyalari.[37] Ular bilan jihozlangan Serratli radar detektori nemis tungi jangchilarini o'zlarining chiqindilari bilan ta'qib qilishlariga imkon berish Lixtenshteyn B / C, C-1 yoki SN-2 radarlari, shuningdek kod nomi bilan jihozlangan qurilma Perfectos nemisdan chiqadigan chiqindilarni kuzatgan IFF tizimlar.

1942 yil 30-mayda NF Mk II o'zining birinchi qotilligini amalga oshirdi,[38] a Dornier Do 217 ning Kampfgeschwader 2.[39] Urushning oxiriga kelib, chivinlarning tungi jangchilari taxminan olti yuzta uchuvchisiz dushman samolyotlarini va shu kabi uchuvchisiz samolyotlarni da'vo qilishdi. V-1 uchar bomba. Ularning barchasi 68 ta bitta motorli Foke-Vulf Fw 190-lar edi.[40] Ushbu variant ham ishladi Maltada, Italiya, Sitsiliya va Shimoliy Afrika 1942 yil oxiridan boshlab. Mosquito NF XII yuqori samarali santimetrik radarni tashiydigan birinchi samolyot bo'ldi.

Chivinlarning tungi jangchilari urush oxirigacha Evropada kam sonli qurbonlar bilan ishlashda davom etishdi. Xaynkel He 219 - jihozlangan birliklar va Messerschmitt 262 reaktiv qiruvchi samolyotlari, tunda 10./NJG 11. uchuvchilar tomonidan uchirilgan. Ushbu qism qo'mondoni Oberleutnant Kurt Uelter "Me 262" samolyotini parvoz qilayotganda, ehtimol, tunda 25 ta chivin va kunduzi yana ikkita chivin otib tashlangan, deb da'vo qilmoqda, bu avvalgi ettita chivinni yuqori mahsuldorlikda o'ldirgan. Bf 109G-6 / AS yoki Fw 190 A-8 jangchilar. 1944 yil sentyabrdan 1945 yil maygacha bombardimon, nishonni belgilash, bosqinchi va tungi jangovar operatsiyalar bo'yicha barcha belgilarga ega bo'lgan 92 ta tunda uchadigan chivinlar yo'qoldi.[41] Ma'lum bo'lishicha, Mosquitos bo'yicha Me 262 da'volaridan uchtasi RAF yozuvlariga to'g'ri keladi.[42]

Qiruvchi-bombardimonchilarning operatsiyalari

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari de Havilland Mosquito FB Vikimedia Commons-da

Mosquito FB.VI ning 613 (Manchester Siti) otryad kiyishD kunlik chiziqlar ' da RAF Lasham 1944 yil iyun oyida
Erixo operatsiyasi - Amiens qamoqxonasining reyd paytida tushirilgan past darajadagi havo fotosuratida qor bilan qoplangan binolar va landshaft tasvirlangan. Yuqoridagi o'ngdagi qorong'i narsa - orqa korpus va fotosuratning to'liq tortib olinmagan pog'onasi.

Turli xil rollardagi operatsion tajriba tezda qiruvchi-bombardimonchining ko'p qirrali versiyasini ishlab chiqishga olib keldi; 1943 yil boshida xizmat ko'rsatishni boshlagan FB VI. Mark VI tashqi yuklarni ko'tarish uchun mustahkamlangan qanotga ega edi va standart qiruvchi qurol-yarog 'bilan birga bomba orqasida ikkita 250 funt (110 kg) bomba va ikkita 250 funt ko'tarilishi mumkin edi. (110 kg) qanotlar ostidagi bombalar yoki sakkizta qanotga o'rnatilgan raketalar. Keyinchalik yangi versiyalarda 500 funt (230 kg) bomba bo'lishi mumkin edi. FB VI kunduzgi bombardimonchi bilan jihozlangan Mosquito (2229 qurilgan) ning eng ko'p sonli versiyasiga aylandi 2 guruh, Fighter qo'mondonligining tajovuzkor otryadlari va 2-taktik havo kuchlari Variantni sakkizta qurollangan kuchli kemalarga qarshi samolyot sifatida ishlatgan Sohil qo'mondonligining zarba qanotlari "60 lb" raketalar.

Mosquito FB VI qiruvchi-bombardimonchi samolyotining yuqori xavfli foydalanish usullaridan biri 21 kv., 464 (RAAF) otryad va 487 (NZ) otryad ning 2-sonli guruh, 2-taktik havo kuchlari yilda Erixo operatsiyasi, devorlarni va soqchilar turar joylarini yo'q qilish vazifasi Amiens a'zolariga ruxsat berish uchun qamoqxona Frantsiya qarshilik qochmoq Operatsiyadan keyin Mosquito of Guruh kapitani Persi Pikard urib tushirildi.[43]

1944 yil 11 aprelda, so'rovdan keyin Gollandiyalik qarshilik ishchilar, oltita Mosquito FB VI № 613 (Manchester Siti) otryad uyingizda balandlikda aniq kunduzgi hujumni amalga oshirdi Kunstzaal Kleykamp San'at galereyasi Gaaga, Gollandiya tomonidan ishlatilgan Gestapo Gollandiyaning Markaziy aholini ro'yxatga olish kitobini saqlash uchun. Birinchi ikkita samolyot tushib ketdi yuqori portlovchi bomba, binoni "ochish" uchun, ularning bombalari eshik va derazadan kirib boradi. Keyin boshqa ekipajlar tushishdi otashin bomba va yozuvlar yo'q qilindi. Binoda bo'lganlargina o'ldirilgan - non navbatida turgan tinch aholi zarar ko'rmagan.[44][45]

1945 yil 21 martda xuddi shunday reyd, Karfagen operatsiyasi, yana 21 kv., 464 (RAAF) kv. va 487 (NZ) kv., Shell House-dagi Gestapo shtab-kvartirasiga juda past darajadagi bombardimon hujumini o'z ichiga olgan (Shellxus ) markaziga yaqin joylashgan Kopengagen, Daniya. Hujum a'zolari tomonidan bir necha bor so'ralgan Daniya qarshiligi, lekin dastlab RAF tomonidan juda xavfli deb topilgan. Uchta hujum to'lqiniga bo'lingan 20 ta chivin ishtirok etdi. Ularni 30 ta RAF kuzatib bordi Mustanglar. Gestapo shtab-kvartirasiga qilingan asosiy hujum 55 nafar nemis askarlari va Gestapo uchun ishlaydigan 47 daniyaliklarning o'limiga va shtabdagi Gestapo yozuvlarining yo'q qilinishiga olib keldi. Gestapo shahridagi sakkiz mahbus o'ldirilgan, 18 mahbus qochib ketgan. Hujumning birinchi to'lqinida uchayotgan chivin baland chiroq ustuniga urilib, yaqin atrofdagi katolik maktabiga (frantsuz maktabi) urilib ketdi. Uchinchi to'lqin chivinlari bu hududni xato bilan bombardimon qildi, 86 bola, 10 ta rohiba, 8 o'qituvchi va boshqa 21 tinch aholini o'ldirdi; asosiy hujum paytida tinch aholi halok bo'lmadi. To'rtta chivin yo'qoldi va to'qqiz nafar uchuvchi / ekipaj a'zolari vafot etdi.

Keyingi Chastise operatsiyasi (mashhur "Dambusters reydi"), guruh kapitani Leonard Cheshir, CO ning RAF 617 otryad (Dambusters), asosiy bombardimonchilarning balandlikdan zarba berishini kutib, nishonni belgilashning past darajadagi sho'ng'in-bomba usulini ishlab chiqdi.[46] Dastlab u otryad bilan tajriba o'tkazdi Lancaster bombardimonchilari Ammo keyinchalik u Mosquitos-dan Master Bomber tomonidan aniq nishonga olish uchun foydalanishni xohladi.

Suratga olish bo'linmalari

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland Mosquito PR Vikimedia Commons-da

Garchi RAF Birinchi Jahon urushi tugaganidan beri aerofotosuratlardan foydalanishni davom ettirgan bo'lsa-da, 1939 yilga kelib u xizmatning juda rivojlanmagan va e'tiborsiz qolgan qismiga aylandi.[47]Ikkinchi Jahon urushi arafasida, Sidney paxta Yaqin Sharq, Shimoliy Afrika va hatto Germaniya harbiy aerodromlari ustidan parvozlar paytida havo fotosuratlarini oldi. Lockheed 12A juftligidan foydalanish [nb 15] Londonning shimolida joylashgan Xeston shahrida joylashgan Paxta Germaniya va Italiya bo'ylab fotografik parvozlarning navbatdagi dasturini amalga oshirdi, bu esa kondensat muammolarini engib chiqqan iliq havoda ishlaydigan qurilma kabi kameralarni takomillashtirish bilan amalga oshirildi. Urush e'lon qilinganidan ikki hafta o'tgach, Paxtaning Gollandiya sohilidagi fotosuratlari nihoyat RAFning katta zobitlarini uning imkoniyatlariga ishontirish uchun ishlatildi. U 1939 yil 22 sentyabrda faxriy RAF otryadining etakchisi etib tayinlandi va yangi RAF 1 fotosuratlarni ishlab chiqish bo'limini boshqarish vazifasini topshirdi. Xeston aerodromi.[48] Paxta suratga olish imkoniyatlarini tezda yaxshilab, dastlab a Bristol Blenxaym (juda sekin), lekin tez orada ikkitasini sotib oladi Supermarine Spitfires tezda moslashtirildi. [nb 16]

Birtles [47] Mosquito-ning PR operatsiyalariga yaroqliligi uchun quyidagi sabablarni keltirib chiqaradi: Spitfire'dan ko'ra ko'proq kameralarni olib yurishi mumkin; uzoq tezlik yuqori tezlik bilan birlashtirilgan; ikkita dvigatelning xavfsizligi; uchuvchisi uchish (va kerak bo'lganda qochish) bilan shug'ullanganida, navigator maqsadlarni topishi va aniqlashi mumkin edi. Keyinchalik takomillashtirilgan variantlar joriy etilgandan so'ng, baland balandlik qobiliyati qo'shildi. 1941 yil 13-iyulda PR.1 W4051 LY-U 1 PRU ga etkazib berildi RAF Benson.[nb 17] Iyul va avgust oylarida yana ikkita samolyot etkazib berildi.

1 PRU ning PR Mk I tomonidan birinchi operatsion parvoz 1941 yil 17 sentyabrda W4055 da amalga oshirilgan. Ushbu parvoz paytida Frantsiyaning Biskay qirg'oqlarini qidirish paytida uchuvchi, otryad rahbari Klark [nb 18] uchtadan qochgan Messerschmitt Bf 109s 23000 fut (7000 m) balandlikda.[47][50] Oktyabr oyida uchta PR moskitosi ajratildi RAF Vik Norvegiya ustidan razvedka parvozlarini amalga oshirish. Klark Bensonga Vikdan 15-oktabr kuni 1 soat ichida qaytib keldi. 32 m. - rekord ko'rsatkich. 4 dekabr kuni Sqn Ldr Alastair Teylor DFC ikkita panjara va uning navigatori serjant. Sidney Xorsfol Trondxaym-Bergen hududida adashib, PRUning birinchi 1 talofati bo'ldi.[51]

1942 yil boshida Benson shahridagi 1 PRUda takomillashtirilgan uzoq masofali standart PR.Mk.I moskvitlari paydo bo'ldi. Bu, masalan, Polshaga uzoqroq razvedka missiyalarini amalga oshirishga imkon berdi. Shuningdek, o'sha kundan boshlab qidiruvlar va fotosuratlar mavjud edi RAF Leuchars nemis haqida Sharnhorst- sinf jangovar kemalari. 1942 yil 16-yanvarda Murmanskga ikki tomonlama parvoz Norvegiya fyordida yashirinadigan joyni tashkil etganda, ushbu qism yanada muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Tirpitz. [nb 19][47]

Mosquito PR markasi 1409 yil (Meteorologik) RAF reysi, IX 1944 yil

1942 yilda Benson aerodromiga yangi uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi berildi va №1 PRU kengaytirildi. Ostida joylashtirilgan RAF qirg'oq qo'mondonligi,[nb 20] 540 dan 544 gacha bo'lgan beshta yangi raqamlar bor edi. Ulardan Sqns. 540 va 544 chivinlarning PR operatsiyalari uchun eng muhim bo'lgan.[47][53]

1943 yil bahorida № 1409 RAF parvozi (Meteorologik parvoz) bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligiga o'tkazildi va 8-guruhga joylashtirildi Pathfinder Force, birinchi navbatda RAF Oakington. Ushbu bosqichda u PR Mark IX chivinidan foydalangan, ammo 1944 yilda u ko'chib o'tgan RAF Vayton va bosim ostida yuqori balandlikdagi Mosquito PR XVIlarni qabul qildilar. Ikkisi doimiy kutish rejimida bo'lgan ekipaj maxsus razvedka vazifalarini bajargan. Ular orasida ob-havo sharoiti aks etgan fotosuratlarni o'z ichiga olgan qisqa muddatli meteorologik hisobot mavjud. Shuningdek, topikal intellektual ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan relyef va suv xususiyatlarining fotosuratlari.[54][55]

The Janubiy Afrika havo kuchlari (SAAF) PRU vazifalarida ham alohida xizmat qilgan.[56][47] 1943 yil fevral oyida 60 otryad Feldmarshalning tashabbusi bilan birinchi PR chivinlari II ni sotib oldi Bernard Montgomeri ular Shimoliy Afrikada xizmat qilayotganlarida.[nb 21]. 1943 yil may oyida otryad USAAFga yuborildi San-Severo Italiyada [nb 22] Ushbu harakat janubiy Evropa kampaniyasiga tayyorgarlik ko'rish edi; otryad qizil va oq rul chiziqlari bilan chivin PR XVI bilan jihozlangan. Ular Sitsiliya va boshqa eksa hududlari qismlarini keng miqyosda suratga olish ishlarini olib bordilar, oxir-oqibat Alp tog'lari bo'ylab va Avstriya va Germaniyaning tubigacha etib borishdi va u erda xavfli to'siqlar bilan uchrashishdi. Men 262 samolyotlar. [nb 23] 1944 yil 4 aprelda otryad samolyot tasodifan suratga tushganida fashistlarning genotsidlariga oid birinchi fotosuratlarni oldi Osvensim kontslageri, yaqin atrofdagi kauchuk plantatsiyalarini suratga olish niyatida. Fotosuratlar tahlil qilinganda, saf tortgan odamlar, shuningdek bacalar va o'lim lagerining barcha boshqa xususiyatlari aks etgan. Urush harakatlarining to'xtashi bilan 60 ta eskadron RAFga Gretsiyada o'tkazilgan fotosuratda, 1945 yil 22-avgustda Janubiy Afrikaning Zvartkop shahri AFSga qaytib kelgandan keyin operatsiyadan qaytarilishida yordam berdi.

1945 yilda RAF PR Mk XVI chivinlari Sharqiy havo qo'mondonligi Birmadagi aerodromlardan tashqarida ishlash bitta fotosurat kashfiyot missiyasida 2400 mil (3900 km) ni 8 soatu 50 daqiqada bosib o'tishda ikki dvigatelli rekord o'rnatdi.[57]

PR Mk 34 - bu Tinch okeanida uzoq masofali razvedka uchun mo'ljallangan Mosquito-ning urush davridagi so'nggi foto razvedka versiyasi edi. Uning assortimentini oshirish uchun unda hech qanday zirh yo'q edi va portlatilgan bomba joyida yonilg'i idishi bor edi, bu esa ichki yoqilg'i hajmini 1192 galon va kerak bo'lganda ikkita 200 litr tushirish tankini beradi. Quvvat 1635 ot kuchiga ega Merlin 25 ot kuchiga ega edi. To'liq yonilg'i yuki bilan uning diapazoni 300 milya tezlikda 3600 milni tashkil etdi. U 425 milya soatiga (684 km / soat) etib, uni Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi eng tezkor pistonli motorli samolyotlar qatoriga qo'shishi mumkin.[58]1945 yil aprel-may oylarida Buyuk Britaniyada sinovdan o'tkazilib, u Hindistonga uchib ketdi va parvoz uchun yangi rekord vaqtni o'rnatdi. Yaponlar taslim bo'lishidan oldin u Kokos orollaridan 38 marta parvoz qilib, Sumatra va Malaya (Malayziya) kabi yo'nalishlarga etib borgan.[59]

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari (USAAF) fotografik razvedka uchun 120 moskitosga buyurtma bergan, ammo atigi 40 tasiga AQSh F-8 nomi berilgan. Ular Kanadada qurilgan. Oltita B Mk VII va 34 B Mk XX edi. Ulardan atigi 16 tasi Evropaga etib bordi, u erda 11 tasi RAFga topshirildi va beshtasi Italiyaga jo'natildi. RAF shuningdek, Xetfild tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan PR Mk XVI rusumidagi 145 ta samolyotni taqdim etdi Sakkizinchi havo kuchlari 1944 yil fevraldan urush oxirigacha. Ular turli xil fotografik va tungi razvedka vazifalari uchun, shuningdek yashirin operatsiyalar uchun ishlatilgan.

USAAF

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland pashshasi USAAF xizmatida Vikimedia Commons-da

25-bombardimonchilar guruhi, 653-chi ob-havo razvedka otryadining chivinlari PR Mk XVI "Z" MM345. RAF Uotton, Angliya. Xetfildda ishlab chiqarilgan ushbu samolyot 1944 yil may oyida etkazib berildi.

Bir necha kundan keyin USAAF 25-bombardimon guruhi (razvedka) tuzildi Kun va da faollashtirilgan RAF Uotton 1944 yil avgustda ittifoqdosh qo'shinlar sharqqa surilganligi sababli materik Evropa ustidan fotografik va xaritalash vazifalarini bajarish uchun.[60] Ob-havoni prognoz qilish uchun ham, maqsadni aniqlash uchun ham foto-razvedka vazifalaridan tashqari, ular o'zlarining PR Mk XVI Mosquitos-larini ishlatishdi. Somon (qarshi choralar) dispenserlar va og'ir bombardimonchi kuchlarning skautlari sifatida. Ular "[Joan-Eleanor Project" loyihasini ham o'z zimmalariga oldilar[61]]" OSS deb nomlanuvchi "havo-er" radio tizimidan foydalanadigan vazifalar Joan-Eleanor tizim. Buning uchun razvedka xizmati lingvisti bilan agentlar bilan yerda suhbatlashish uchun orqa fyuzelyajga o'zgartirish kiritilishi kerak edi. VHF radio.[62] [nb 24]

Bundan tashqari, ba'zi samolyotlar sifatida ishlatilgan H2X Mikki platformalar.

25-BG samolyoti 3246 marotaba parvoz qildi (shu jumladan B-17, B-24, B-25, B-26, A-26 va Mosquito parvozlari) va 29 ta PR Mk XVI samolyotlarini (shu jumladan, parvozlar paytida) yo'qotdi.

Urushning so'nggi qismida Italiyadagi 416-NFS Mosquito NF-dan foydalangan.

Neytral mamlakat reyslari va BOAC xizmati

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari BO Havo xizmatidagi De Havilland chivinlari Vikimedia Commons-da

Shvetsiya poytaxti Stokgolmdan tezkor yuk tashish xizmatida BOACning "tinchlangan" De Havilland Mosquito FB VI bomba joyida olib ketilgan yo'lovchi (o'ngda) kapitan Uilkins va uning navigatori bilan Leucharlar, Shotlandiya.

1943 yildan urushning oxirigacha Mosquitos transport vositasi sifatida muntazam marshrutda foydalanilgan Shimoliy dengiz o'rtasida Leucharlar yilda Shotlandiya va Stokgolm, neytral Shvetsiyada. Avvalroq, Lokid Gudons va Lodestarlar ishlatilgan, ammo bu sekinroq samolyotlar bu yo'nalishda faqat tunda yoki yomon ob-havo sharoitida uchib ketishi mumkin edi. Shimoliy yozning kunduzi uzoq vaqt davomida chivin xavfsizroq alternativ edi.

Parvozlar Shvetsiya reyslarini buzmasligini ta'minlash uchun betaraflik, samolyot fuqarolik belgilarini olib yurgan va nominal ravishda "fuqarolik ishchilari" bo'lgan ekipajlar tomonidan boshqarilgan British Overseas Airways korporatsiyasi (BOAC). Ular aniqlik kabi kichik, qimmatbaho yuklarni tashishgan rulmanlar va dastgoh po'lati, shuningdek, Diplomatik sumkalar. Muhim yo'lovchilar, shuningdek, bomba joylashtirilgan uy ichidagi "kabinada" olib ketilgan. Shunday e'tiborli yo'lovchilardan biri bu edi fizik Nil Bor, 1943 yilda Britaniyaning missiyasiga qo'shilish uchun Stokgolmdan evakuatsiya qilingan Manxetten loyihasi. Bor parvoz deyarli fojiali yakunlandi, chunki Bor ko'rsatmalarga muvofiq kislorod uskunalarini bermadi va hushidan ketdi. Bor uchuvchisiz, agar u interkom aloqasiga javob bermaganidan, u hushidan ketganini va parvozning qolgan qismida pastroq balandlikka tushganini bilganida edi, u o'lgan bo'lar edi. Borning izohi shundaki, u butun parvoz davomida go'dak kabi uxlagan.

SSSRda

Mosquitoslar Sovet Ittifoqida Kola yarim orolidagi Sovet bazalaridan Norvegiyadagi Luftwaffe faoliyatini nazorat qilish uchun razvedka vazifalarini bajargan. Sovetlar chivinni sotib olish to'g'risida ham iltimos qilishdi, shuning uchun B.IV (DK296) sinovdan o'tkazildi, ammo xabarlarga ko'ra, u yuqori uchish qobiliyatlarini talab qiladi va boshqa hech qanday xaridlar amalga oshirilmaydi.[63]

Sovet va Buyuk Britaniya hukumatlari o'rtasida, ba'zan VIP yo'lovchilarni tashiydigan pochta aloqasi ham saqlanib qoldi. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushining oxirlarida Mosquitos kuryerlik vazifalarini o'z zimmasiga oldi, ular tez-tez uchib yurar, ba'zan esa Shvetsiya kabi neytral mamlakatlarga tushar edilar. 1944 yilda RAF Bensondan kelgan chivin fotosurat uskunasidan mahrum qilindi va 4 soat ichida Moskvaga uchib keldi va bu erda kuryer vazifasini bajaradi. Moskva konferentsiyasi (1944). Natijada, RAF Bensondan Mosquito's-ga diplomatik pochta jo'natmalarini olib borish bo'yicha keyingi vazifalar topshirildi Yaltadagi konferentsiya va Potsdam konferentsiyasi, ikkalasi ham 1945 yilda.[64]

Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin

Mosquitos bilan uchish Isroil havo kuchlari 1956 yil davomida harakatlarni ko'rdi Suvaysh inqirozi. Garchi o'sha paytda chivin xizmatdan chiqarilgan bo'lsa-da, har xil markadagi 13 ta samolyot ombordan chiqarildi. Qo'shimcha 13 TR.33 sobiq Fleet Air Arm Mosquitos 1954 yilda Britaniyaning hurda sotuvchisidan sotib olingan va etkazib berilgan Blackbushe aeroporti 1955 yil boshida. Dominikan havo kuchlari 1948 yilda beshta sobiq RAF FB.6 ni qo'lga kiritdilar.[65]

Shvetsiya 1948 yilda J 30 belgisi ostida tungi jangchi sifatida foydalanish uchun 60 ta sobiq RAF Mk XIX Mosquitos sotib oldi. Samolyotga tayinlangan Vastmanland havo kuchlari qanoti (F 1), shu bilan Shvetsiya havo kuchlarining birinchi (va yagona) tungi qiruvchi bo'linmasiga aylandi. Uning Mosquitoslari o'rniga samolyot qiruvchilari, de Havilland Venom 1953 yilda Mk 51s (belgilangan J 33). J 30 larning uchdan bir qismi, asosan, rulda bo'lgan muammolar tufayli xizmat paytida qulab tushgan yoki buzilgan.[iqtibos kerak ] Shvetsiya havo kuchlari Umumiy Byyorn Byugren burilishga burkangan radar antennasidagi mexanik muammolar vayron qiluvchi tebranishlarni havoda bir yoki ikkita J 30ni parchalab tashlaganligini o'z xotiralarida yozgan.

Spartan Air Services kompaniyasining Mosquito B.35, Ottava, Ontario, Kanada, 1955 yilda balandlikdagi tadqiqotlar uchun modifikatsiyadan so'ng.

The Belgiya havo kuchlari 1949-1956 yillarda 24 ta Mosquito NF 30-ni boshqargan. Ularni 1 qanotli 10 Smaldeel boshqargan. Beauvechain aviabazasi ular tomonidan tungi qiruvchi rolida almashtirilgunga qadar Meteor metrosi NF 11s. MB-24 Bryusseldagi aviatsiya muzeyida namoyish qilinmoqda. 1954 yilda Belgiya Havo Kuchlari, shuningdek, maqsadli tortish roliga o'tkazilgan uchta Mosquito FB 6 samolyotini oldilar.[66]

150 dan 200 gacha (manbalar farq qiladi) Kanadada ishlab chiqarilgan Mosquitos va ehtiyot dvigatellari tomonidan sotib olingan Xitoy Respublikasi havo kuchlari 1947 yilda. Ushbu samolyotlarning katta qismi 1947-49 yillarda kommunistik kuchlarga qarshi fuqarolar urushi paytida jangovar harakatlarni ko'rgan.

Spartan Air Services kompaniyasi Ottava Ontario 1955 yilda o'n ikki sobiq qirollik havo kuchlari chivinlari B.35 samolyotlarini sotib oldi. Ular Derbi (Burnaston) aeroportida Derby Aviation tomonidan balandlikdagi havoni o'rganish uchun o'zgartirilgan. Atlantika okeanida parom bilan parvoz qilgandan so'ng, ular 1960-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar butun Amerika qit'asida tijorat bilan ishladilar.

Taniqli uchuvchilar

Yilda alphabetical order of surname, some notable Mosquito pilots were:-

  • Havo vitse-marshali Robert Bateson CB, DSO & Bar, DFC (10 June 1912 – 6 March 1986) – During WWII he flew low-level raids against precision targets in occupied Europe. Tug'ilgan Uotford; attended the local grammar school. Joined RAF in July 1936 on a short service commission. First active service in № 113 otryad RAF, uchib Hawker Hind. In the Middle East, converted to the Bristol Blenxaym; keyin buyruq berdi 211-sonli RAF Uzoq Sharqda. From February 1944, commanded № 613 (Manchester Siti) otryadining RAF, with Mosquito FB.VI's. One of several squadrons in № 2 guruh RAF that made low-level precision attacks. These included Gestapo Headquarters in The Hague, Central Records Registry, 11 April 1944; Kopengagen Karfagen operatsiyasi, 'Shell House', 21 March 1945; Odense, Fyn, Denmark, 17 April 1945. Awarded a bar to his DSO for leading these attacks, the citation includes the words: - the highest standard of skill as the target was small and well defended… the attack was pressed home with a determination and accuracy which ensured success. (Also) In April, 1945 (Odense attack) … In spite of opposition from the ground defences the attack was vigorously and accurately pressed home… brilliant leadership … played an important part in the success of these notable sorties. [67] Post-war he became a senior RAF officer and on retirement he had held a total of seven commands.
  • Don Bennet - Air Vice Marshal Donald Clifford Tyndall Bennett, CB, CBE, DSO. Began flying as a cadet in the Royal Australian Air Force, 16 July 1930. Short-service commission in the Royal Air Force 11 August 1931. From July 1940 flying superintendent, Atlantic Ferry service. Re-joined RAF on 25 September 1941 - acting Wing Commander. Promoted 1943 with upgrading of PFF to Group status - Air Commodore, then in December to acting Air Vice Marshal — the youngest ever to hold that rank. In July 1942, acting Group Captain Bennett was directed by Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris to command the Pathfinder Force (PFF), Bomber Command. Previously only one in three of the heavy bombers was attaining strikes within five miles (8 km) of the target yet loss rates were appalling. Guiding main formations using radar and pyrotechnics, PFF greatly improved the accuracy and effectiveness. Bennett saw the potential of the underestimated Mosquito, and it was used in relatively small numbers in each raid as the leading aircraft flight. By May 1945 Bennett had eleven Mosquito squadrons doing this work and frequently, against regulations, he would fly one himself to observe the marking of targets during the attacks.[68]
  • Bob Brem, DSO & Two Bars, DFC & Two Bars, AFC, CD – The most decorated RAF fighter pilot of the Second World War and a top night fighter ace.
  • Havo marshali janob Ivor supurgi, KCB, CBE, DSO, AFC - He flew three tours of bomber operations, gaining the DSO for leading Mosquito raids over Berlin. First operations were in Bristol Blenheims. In 1941, flew from besieged Malta on shipping sweeps. In May 1943, became an instructor in No. 1655 Mosquito Training Unit, training No. 8 Pathfinder Group pilots. In May 1944 joined No. 571 Squadron, flying Mosquito XVI's in the Light Night Striking Force. His navigator was Flt. Lt. Tommy Broom and the pair were nicknamed "the flying brooms," with an emblem of crossed broomsticks on their aircraft. They carried 4000 lb "cookies" in numerous raids over Berlin (the "milk run"!). In autumn 1944, became acting Squadron Leader in No. 128 LNSF Mosquito squadron. In January 1945 made acting Wing Commander and C.O. of No. 163 LNSF squadron, Tommy Broom joining him as squadron navigation officer. At end of WWII, still aged only 24, had done 58 operational missions in Mosquitos, including 22 over Berlin; 103 operational sorties in total. Continued a distinguished RAF career until 1977.
  • Erik "Vinkl" Braun, CBE, DSC, AFC, Hon FRAeS, RN – Test pilot credited in the Guinness Book of Records as having flown 487 - the greatest number - of aircraft types in the world; performed deck landing trials of the Sea Mosquito, the heaviest aircraft yet flown from a British carrier. On 25 March 1944 he put it down on HMS Indefatigable. Previously, British carrier aircraft had only been single-engine and generally only about half the weight.
  • Branse Burbridge, DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar – The RAF's highest scoring Mosquito night fighter ace, mainly achieved whilst in No. 85 Squadron.
  • Leonard Cheshir, VC, OM, DSO**, DFC - Group Captain. As a Pathfinder flying RAF Lancasters, Cheshire requested and was given a Mosquito for personal use to perfect novel Pathfinding techniques whilst serving as 617 Squadron commander. (In 617 he had succeeded Guy Gibson); His 1944 VC cited his dive over Munich in a Mosquito, enduring "withering" fire for many minutes. The youngest Group Captain in the RAF at the time; a distinguished exponent of Pathfinder precision marking. From 1948, Cheshire devoted his life to the care of the disabled and terminally ill, founding the Cheshir uylari. In 1991 Cheshire was created a life peer.
  • Sidney paxta – Australian civilian photographic reconnaissance pioneer. Set up a PR unit at RAF Heston, London, flying the Lockheed 12a. Was given an officer rank by RAF, but became too unruly and left. Cotton also developed the flying suit bearing his name.[47]
  • Jon Kanningem (RAF xodimi) (Final Rank Group Captain), CBE, DSO & Two Bars, DFC & Bar, AE – John Cunningham tested the prototype W4050 on 9 February 1941 and was "greatly impressed by the lightness of the controls and generally pleasant handling characteristics". He travelled to Canada and onwards to Australia to set up the DH Mosquito works. Buyruq № 85 otryad RAF, he became a night fighter ace on several variants of Mosquito Night Fighter, including the pressurised H.A. turi. On 9 June 1944 he took off from RAF Uxbridge and overflew the British sector of Normandy in the DH Vampire (fuselage pod a timber sandwich shell like the Mosquito). On 1 December 1945 he resumed work as a Senior Test pilot for DH, flying types including the DH Vampire and the Comet jet airliner.
  • Geoffrey de Havilland Jr, – Son of the founder of DH and chief test pilot of the firm, flew the maiden flight of the Mosquito and that of the DH Vampire. Died on 27 September 1946 whilst carrying out high speed tests in the DH 108 TG306 which broke up over the Thames estuary.
  • Bill Edrich DFC – Squadron Leader. English international cricketer, who played against Miller. Graduated from Blenheims to Mosquitos.
  • Xyu Edvards (Final Rank, Honour and Decorations: Air Commodore Sir Hughie Idwal Edwards, VC, KCMG, CB, DSO, OBE, DFC (1 August 1914 – 5 August 1982) From 1 August 1942, (then) Wing Commander Xyu Edvards re-convened № 105 otryad RAF - the first squadron of Mosquito Mk.IV bombers. Edwards had won a Viktoriya xochi 1941 yil iyulda. [nb 25] Leading No. 105 Mosquito Squadron, on 6 December 1942, Edwards directed Mosquitos, Duglas Bostons va Lockheed Venturas in ‘Operation Oyster’, the daylight low-level raid on the Philips electrical works at Eyndxoven. Fourteen aircraft were downed, and the factory was substantially damaged. Civilian casualties were reduced by operating on a Sunday.[69] Whilst leading 105 Squadron Mosquitos, he also flew the first daylight attack on Berlin.
  • Havo bosh marshali ser Kristofer Nil Foksli-Norris GCB, DSO, OBE, FRSA Commissioned RAFVR December 1938. Flew all through WWII - Frantsiya jangi Army Co-operation, № 13 otryad RAF, Westland Lizanders; Britaniya jangi uchta Bo'ron squadrons—Nos. 111, 3, and 615 (County of Surrey); flying instructor in England and Canada; returned UK June 1943, subsequently on Beaufighter and Mosquito F.B. low-level anti-shipping operations at bases including RAF North Coates va RAF St. Eval. After brief spell in Middle East, appointed Acting Wing Commander 143-sonli RAF - qismi RAF Banff Strike Wing. Flying Mosquito FB VI's armed with RP's, they successfully attacked U Boats and surface shipping. His DSO citation says he "operated against a wide range of enemy targets … by his brilliant leadership, exceptional skill and determination … contributed in good measure to the successes obtained." Post-war, permanently commissioned and served in Singapore; Fighter Command (whilst still flying Javelins), Commander-in-Chief RAF Germany in the late 1960s and a series of other senior appointments, becoming Air Chief Marshall.[70]
  • Kerkorian, Kirk – Ferry pilot for Mosquitos from Canada to Britain and elsewhere during World War II. The North Atlantic route was dangerous; the pay was high — $1000 per trip. A section of the Las Vegas Review-Journal book, The Top 100, citing a 1974 biography by Dial Torgerson Kerkorian, An American Success Story.
  • Keyt Miller RAAF – Australian international cricketer, regarded by many as the greatest Australian all-rounder. In later life when asked how he dealt with pressure on the cricket field, Miller replied: "Pressure is a Messerschmitt up your arse, playing cricket is not."
  • Boleslav Orlińskiy DFC – famous Polish pilot who flew a Breguet 19 from Warsaw-Tokyo-Warsaw in 1926 and, with a PZL P.24, set a speed record on 28 June 1934. Commanding officer of Polish 305 Squadron, he flew a Mosquito in a mission against German prison camp in Lille and a large German fuel dump at Nomexy.
  • Wing Commander D. A. G. ("George") Parry RAFVR DSO, MBE, DFC, AE - A pioneer in introducing the very first Mosquito Mk.IV bombers in service, in RAF No. 105 Squadron. He was called up from RAFVR (London, 1938) at the onset of war, and sent to 10 FTS, then 13 OTU (RAF Bicester) as a trainee Blenheim Mk.IV pilot.[71] His first operational squadron was No. 110, at RAF Wattisham, flying Blenheim Mk.IV's. [73] Flying mainly by daylight, their targets included Channel ports, waterways and Axis airfields. Parry's first combat tour ended on 13 October 1940 and he was posted back to 13 OTU, Bicester, to train Blenheim pilots. But in October 1941 he was invited to re-join active operations in No. 105 Squadron, Swanton Morley, where the new Mosquito Mk.IV bombers were arriving.
  • Persi Charlz Pikard DSO and 2 bars, DFC – English Group Captain who starred in film Bu kecha uchun maqsad urush boshida. Later became Group Captain and was shot down and killed during Operation Jericho, the raid on Amiens Prison.
  • Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema RMWO, DFC – A Dutch resistance fighter, secret agent and RAF pilot. Became adjudant (assistant) to Queen Wilhelmina. Made Knight 4th class of the Military William Order. Flew 72 sorties for No. 139 Squadron RAF and wrote "Soldier of Orange".
  • Kennet Volstenxolme – Flight Lieutenant in No. 105 Squadron RAF. He later became the presenter and commentator on the BBC Match of the Day football programme. Spoke the widely repeated words "some people are on the pitch ... they think it's all over... it is now" as Geoff Hurst scored the fourth goal in England's 4-2 World Cup Final win over West Germany in 1966.
  • John Wooldridge DSO, DFC and Bar, DFM – Born in Yokohama, Japan. Nicknamed "Dim". Flew 97 Bomber Command missions. Led No. 105 Squadron. Wrote "Low Attack." Composer of film music. Studied under Sibelius and was a contemporary of William Walton. Died in car crash 27 Oct 1958 and is buried in St. Lawrence's churchyard, Cholesbury, Bucks.
  • Yeates, Flt Lt Gerald DFC & Bar - "Harvested" a German ship's mast in the nose of his Mosquito during raid on shipping in the Kattegat. Pressed home the attack and with flak damage to tail, flew home 400 miles with irreparable damage.

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Maximum speed: 900 km/h (559 mph); Service ceiling: 11,450 m (37,565 ft)[3]
  2. ^ This is believed to be the first such case involving a Mosquito. Birtles gives general recognition to the story. MM273 PRXVI was transferred to the Royal Navy as 140/4/RN 728 and eventually crashed into the sea during a single-engine landing in Malta on 31 Oct. 1950 (authenticated by ORB records). The German-sourced version has a discrepancy of one day in the date of Shreiber's attack and describes damage to the airframe on landing in Italy.[4]
  3. ^ The main author of "Low Attack," John de L. Wooldridge, became Wing Commander of No. 105 Squadron in March 1943. First published in 1944, it is a valuable contemporary first-hand account of the daylight low-level, pinpoint raiding phase of the Mosquito operations. The book's frontispiece is a map showing eighteen towns and cities in whose regions the attacks took place - several of these had more than one visit by the squadrons. It contains a commendation of the skill and high courage of the aircrews by Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, referring to attacks on targets of first importance to the German war effort. This was at a time when the massed heavy night bomber raids were not yet fully mobilised.
  4. ^ Known as "Jamaica" Squadron to honour the island which subscribed to twelve Blenheims before 1941.
  5. ^ Bennett was quickly impressed with the performance of the Mosquito and test-flew it himself by day and night, defending its potential against skeptics in the Air Ministry who opposed its large-scale introduction in the role. shu erda, p. 203.
  6. ^ Xuddi shu vaqt ichida № 1409 RAF parvozi (Meteorological Flight) was transferred to Bomber Command, and placed under No. 8 Group. Bennett attached great importance to its services, and gives its crews special mention in his autobiography.[17] Because the duties were performed in PR marks of Mosquito, this is discussed in the section below on Photo Reconnaissance Units.
  7. ^ On 13 Jan 1943 Bennett was promoted to Air Commodore and No. 8 PFF Group became an autonomous command, formally № 8 guruh. At this stage, PFF operations had just started to include active service missions by 109 Sqn. Oboe-equipped Mosquito B.IV's.
  8. ^ By these gains in altitude and through technical improvements to the Oboe system itself, plus moving the transmitters forward into France after Kun, the usefulness of the accurate Oboe system was retained throughout the war.[21]
  9. ^ It was the Mosquitos from this squadron that Bennett was ordered by Harris, AOC-in-C, to give up, some time in April 1944, when No. 627 was detached to No. 5 Group and used alongside № 617 eskadron RAF for low-level marking. After the unique events of Chastise operatsiyasi, there was a serious difference of opinion between Bennett and Ralf Koxran over the feasibility and safety of the low-level marking techniques developed by Leonard Cheshir.[22]
  10. ^ Bomber Command Mosquitos, mainly those of No. 8 Group, flew over 28,000 operations, dropping 35,000 tons (31,751 tonnes) of bombs, and losing 193 aircraft in the process (an overall loss rate of 0.7%, compared with an overall 2.2% loss rate for the four-engined heavies).
  11. ^ Over the complete war, No. 139 Squadron flew more than 4000 operational sorties, active from first to last, starting with the Battle of France on 3 September 1939 when Flying Officer A. McPherson won a DFC for crossing the German frontier in Blenheim IV N6215 to reconnoitre and photograph the German Fleet, and ending on 3 May 1945 by bombing Kiel with a flight of 14 Mosquitos.[25]
  12. ^ No. 141 Squadron was already experienced in the use of Serrate, since they had flown intensive trials with it, mounted in Beaufighters da RAF Drem in May 1943. Changing to Mosquitos and using it in conjunction with AI, improved the success rate - the faster and more agile Mosquitos were better able to circle back behind the enemy fighters and make the attack.[31]
  13. ^ Some members of Bomber Command's Nos. 105 and 139 Squadrons provided the initial crews
  14. ^ Details of the modifications to 25 Mosquito B Mk IVs for this proposed action are to be found in the Article on 618 otryad
  15. ^ The Lockheed 12A was a widely used version of the Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior q.v.
  16. ^ The № 1 RAF fotografik razvedka bo'limi was the designation given to the first PRU on 14 November 1940 after several previous short-lived unit names for the RAF take-over from Cotton.
  17. ^ Benson was chosen once the decision had been taken to move from Hendon, since the former was close to RAF Medmenham where the photographic interpretation facility had been established.[49]
  18. ^ Some sources spell this surname Clerke.
  19. ^ Bu ma'lum bo'lgan Jumboq decrypts that the battleship had been moved from Wilhelmshaven to somewhere in Norway but previously poor weather conditions had prevented its location.[52]
  20. ^ The PRU's fell under the control of several different RAF Commands according to their types of operation.
  21. ^ The squadron was flying Martin Baltimor III's but were short of serviceable aircraft. The two Mosquitos had been sent to Castel Benito airfield for "tropical exposure trials" but somebody made the proposal, agreed by Montgomery, that they could better be employed as PR aircraft
  22. ^ Some of these 60 Sqn. reconnaissance missions were defended by accompanying USAAF P38 Lightnings from the same base.
  23. ^ Some SAAF pilots flew these missions together with RAF navigators who recounted some exploits. On 26 November 1944 an SAAF aircraft, NS649, was intercepted in the Salzburg - Innsbruck region and chased back over the Alps, flying to regain altitude with such difficulty that the engines were u.s. by the time they reached base.[47]
  24. ^ The OSS Joan-Eleanor project development began with the 25 BG Rcn at Watton in September 1944. HQ 8th AF forced OSS project transfer to 492nd BG, Harrington in March 1945. This history is detailed in Joan-Eleanor Log, RG226, National Archives II. College Park, MD. The JE project at Harrington resulted in a feud by OSS project personnel against the 492nd BG. The JE Log details claims of 492 BG incompetence involving Mosquito and A-26 maintenance and JE operations.
  25. ^ On 4 July 1941, in a Blenheim Mk.IV, Edwards had led a daylight attack on the Port of Bremen by № 2 guruh RAF mashinalar. U g'alaba qozondi Viktoriya xochi for this, becoming the most highly decorated Australian serviceman in the war. Twelve Blenheims attacked through telephone and high voltage power lines. Facing fierce anti-aircraft fire and barrage balloons, flak soon downed four aircraft but Edwards brought the remainder home - his own Blenheim hit over 20 times. Citations for facts concerning Edwards are in his Wikipedia page or links therefrom.

Iqtiboslar

  1. ^ Bowman 2005, p. 7.
  2. ^ Radinger & Schick 1996, p. 49
  3. ^ Radinger & Schick 1996, p. 110 based on original Messerschmitt data
  4. ^ Radinger and Schick 1996, p. 51.
  5. ^ Scott 1999, p. 6.
  6. ^ a b Wooldridge 1993, Frontispiece.
  7. ^ Bowman 2005, p. 34.
  8. ^ Bowman 1998, p. 13.
  9. ^ History of the de Havilland Mosquito RAAF muzeyi
  10. ^ Bowman 1997, p. 19
  11. ^ Bowman 2005, p. 37.
  12. ^ Boog va boshq. 2006, p. 407.
  13. ^ Bennett, Donald (2010). Pathfinder. ISIS, Oxford. 191-193 betlar.
  14. ^ "Bennett" pp=202-203, 210
  15. ^ "History- RAF Formations- Historic Squadrons- 109 Squadron". Qirollik havo kuchlari. 3 oktyabr 2017. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2017 yil 4 oktyabrda. Olingan 8 noyabr 2017.
  16. ^ "Bennett" pp=217-218
  17. ^ "Bennett" pp=263-264
  18. ^ Cherchill, Uinston Spenser (1951). Ikkinchi jahon urushi: uzukni yopish. Houghton Mifflin kompaniyasi, Boston. p. 643.
  19. ^ a b "Bennett" p. 236
  20. ^ a b Birtles Chapter 8
  21. ^ Birtles Chapter 10
  22. ^ "Bennett" pp 260 - 262
  23. ^ "Bennett" pp 348 - 349
  24. ^ Bennett, pp. 274-275
  25. ^ "R.A.F. Upwood Huntingdonshire""Menu - 139 (Jamaica) Squadron Pathfinders". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 13 sentyabrda. Olingan 6 noyabr 2017.
  26. ^ A.S. Jekson
  27. ^ "History : dehavillandmosquito". raf.mod.uk. Olingan 15 dekabr 2017.
  28. ^ "F-For-Freddie- Calgary's VE-Day Tragedy; Richard de Boer, Calgary, AB, Canada". Olingan 14 fevral 2018.
  29. ^ a b Birtles Chapter 12
  30. ^ Harris 1993, p. 43.
  31. ^ Delve, Ken (2007). Fighter Command 1936-1968: An Operational & Historical Record. Qalam va qilich. 78, 79-betlar.
  32. ^ Rickard, J. No. 85 Squadron (RAF): Second World War.28 January 2008.Accessed 26 Oct 2017
  33. ^ RAF 85 Squadron>Home >History >History RAF Formations >Historic Squadrons >85 Squadronhttps://www.raf.mod.uk/history/85squadron.cfm
  34. ^ Thirsk 2006, pp. 78–81.
  35. ^ "Sir Barnes Wallis - Bombs". sirbarneswallis.com. Olingan 15 dekabr 2017.
  36. ^ Buttler, Toni. Secret Projects: British Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950 (British Secret Projects 3). Lester, Buyuk Britaniya: Midland nashriyoti, 2004 y. ISBN  1-85780-179-2.
  37. ^ Sharp and Bowyer, 1971, pp. 338–339.
  38. ^ Sharp and Bowyer 1971, pp. 152, 454.
  39. ^ Bowman 2005, p. 173.
  40. ^ Bowman 2005, pp. 173–189.
  41. ^ Sharpe and Bowyer 1971
  42. ^ Hinchcliffe 1996
  43. ^ Bowan 2005, p. 78.
  44. ^ Scholefield 1998, pp. 50–51.
  45. ^ Geschiedenis, NL: V Pro.
  46. ^ Bricxill
  47. ^ a b v d e f g h Birtles, Chapter 11
  48. ^ Cotton 1969, p. 156.
  49. ^ Dowling, Taylor (2011). Spies in the Sky. Little Brown Hardbacks (A & C). 80-81 betlar. ISBN  9781408702802.
  50. ^ Bowman 2005, p. 27.
  51. ^ Horsfall
  52. ^ Shirin, Jon. 2004. Page 16. Tirpitz: Hunting the Beast. Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN  978-0-7509-3755-9.
  53. ^ "RAF Benson""RAF Benson - War Time - 1942 Runway Expansion". Olingan 23 noyabr 2017.
  54. ^ "Marcus Bicknell, transcription, 25 Sept 2013" "Not for Publication - A Very Unlikely Hero - Paying homage to John Custance Baker". Olingan 24-noyabr 2017.
  55. ^ Ogden, R. J. (2001 yil iyul). D kuniga olib boradigan meteorologik xizmatlar (PDF). 3-sonli meteorologik tarixga oid vaqti-vaqti bilan nashr etilgan hujjatlar. Qirol meteorologiya jamiyati. p. 11. ISBN  0-948090-17-0. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 27 avgustda. Olingan 24 iyul 2010.
  56. ^ "South African Air Force> Squadrons> Current> 60 Squadron". Olingan 6 dekabr 2017.
  57. ^ IBT Roundup, Far-Flying EAC Men Set Distance Record, Jild III, No. 30 (5 April 1945)
  58. ^ dhmosquito.com . De Havilland chivinlari. 2009 yil 23-mayda olingan.
  59. ^ "Rickard, J., 15 April 2007" "De Havilland Mosquito PR Mk 34". Olingan 24-noyabr 2017.
  60. ^ "Imperial War Museums- American Air Museum in Britain- 25th Bomb Group". Olingan 12 fevral 2018.
  61. ^ Joan-Eleanor Log, RG226, NARA II, College Park, MD
  62. ^ "Carpetbagger Aviation Museum- Harrington- Red Stocking and Joan-Eleanor Operations". Olingan 12 fevral 2018.
  63. ^ Gordon 2008, pp. 509–510.
  64. ^ RAF Benson - War Time. https://www.raf.mod.uk/RAFbenson/aboutus/wartime.cfm. Accessed 13 November 2017.
  65. ^ Shoulfild, 1998, p. 38
  66. ^ Scholefield 1998, p. 38
  67. ^ "No. 37142". London gazetasi (Qo'shimcha). 1945 yil 19-iyun. P. 3271.
  68. ^ "Biography Don Bennett""Bennett, Donald Clifford (Don) (1910–1986)-Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 17, (MUP), 2007, John McCarthy". Olingan 4 noyabr 2017.
  69. ^ "Operation Oyster""Dirkdeklein, Eindhoven, History, Philips, RAF, the Netherlands, World War 2". Olingan 2 noyabr 2017.
  70. ^ Humphrey Wynn, ‘Norris, Sir Christopher Neil Foxley (1917–2003)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2009;edition January 2009 accessed 21 Dec 2017
  71. ^ Imperial War Museums- Collections "Parry, Douglas Alfred George (Oral History)". Olingan 1 noyabr 2017.
  72. ^ "Bomber Command No. 110 Squadron""No. 110 Squadron". Olingan 2 noyabr 2017.
  73. ^ This squadron, named "Hyderabad," had been the first to raid Germany in WWII, bombing enemy warships near Wilhelmshaven.[72]

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