De Havilland chivinlari - de Havilland Mosquito - Wikipedia
| DH.98 chivin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mosquito B Mk IV ketma-ket DK338 etkazib berishdan oldin 105 otryad. Ushbu samolyot 1943 yil davomida 105 ta eskadroning past balandlikdagi kunduzgi bombardimon operatsiyalarida bir nechta ishlatilgan. | |
| Rol | |
| Milliy kelib chiqishi | Birlashgan Qirollik |
| Ishlab chiqaruvchi | de Havilland aviatsiya kompaniyasi |
| Birinchi parvoz | 1940 yil 25-noyabr[1] |
| Kirish | 1941 yil 15-noyabr[2] |
| Pensiya | 1963 |
| Holat | Pensiya |
| Asosiy foydalanuvchilar | Qirollik havo kuchlari |
| Ishlab chiqarilgan | 1940–1950 |
| Raqam qurilgan | 7,781[3] |
| Birlik narxi | £9,100 (1951) [4] |
The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito Britaniya egizak motorli, elka qanotli ko'p qirrali jangovar samolyotlar davomida kiritilgan Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Uning ramkasi asosan yog'ochdan yasalganligi bilan g'ayrioddiy bo'lib, unga "Yog'och mo''jizasi" laqabi berilgan,[5] yoki "Mossie".[6] Lord Beaverbrook, "Freeman's Fly" laqabli samolyot ishlab chiqarish vaziri, havo boshlig'i Marshal Sirga ishora qildi Uilfrid Freeman, kim himoya qildi Geoffrey de Havilland va uning dizayn kontseptsiyasi loyihani bekor qilish buyrug'iga qarshi.[7] 1941 yilda bu dunyodagi eng tezkor samolyotlardan biri edi.[8]
Dastlab qurolsiz sifatida o'ylab topilgan tezkor bombardimonchi, chivinlardan foydalanish urush paytida ko'plab rollarga, shu jumladan past va o'rta balandlikdagi kunduzgacha rivojlanib bordi taktik bombardimonchi, baland balandlik tungi bombardimonchi, yo'l qidiruvchisi, kun yoki tungi jangchi, qiruvchi-bombardimonchi, tajovuzkor, dengiz ish tashlashi va foto razvedka samolyot. Bundan tashqari, tomonidan ishlatilgan British Overseas Airways korporatsiyasi kichik va qimmatbaho yuklarni olib o'tish va olib o'tish uchun tezkor transport sifatida neytral mamlakatlar orqali dushman tomonidan boshqariladigan havo maydoni.[9] Ikki kishilik ekipaj, uchuvchi va navigator, yonma-yon o'tirishdi. Zarur bo'lganda bitta yo'lovchi samolyot bomba joyiga minishi mumkin edi.[10]
Mosquito FBVI ko'pincha maxsus reydlarda uchib ketardi, masalan Erixo operatsiyasi (1944 yil boshida Amiens qamoqxonasiga hujum) va harbiy razvedka, xavfsizlik va politsiya muassasalariga qarshi aniq hujumlar (masalan, Gestapo shtab). 1943 yil 30-yanvarda 10-yilligi Natsistlar "hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritish, ertalab Mosquito hujumi Berlinning asosiy eshittirish stantsiyasini nokaut qildi Hermann Göring gapirayotgan edi, nutqini havodan olib tashladi.
Mosquito uchib ketdi Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF) va boshqa havo kuchlari Evropa, O'rta er dengizi va Italyancha teatrlar. Mosquito, shuningdek, RAF tomonidan boshqarilgan Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo teatri va tomonidan Avstraliya qirollik havo kuchlari asoslangan Halmaheralar va Borneo davomida Tinch okeani urushi. 1950 yillar davomida RAF chivinni samolyotda ishlaydigan dvigatel bilan almashtirdi Inglizcha elektr kanberra.
Rivojlanish
30-yillarning boshidan o'rtalariga qadar, de Havilland bilan yuqori tezlikdagi innovatsion samolyotlar uchun obro'-e'tibor qozongan edi DH.88 kometa poygachi. Keyinchalik DH.91 Albatros samolyot Mosquito uchun ishlatiladigan kompozit yog'och qurilishiga kashshoflik qildi. 22 yo'lovchiga ega Albatros soatiga 210 mil tezlikda (340 km / soat) 11000 fut (3400 m) tezlikda yurishi mumkin, 160 milya (160 km / soat) ga nisbatan tezroq Handley sahifasi H.P.42 va uning o'rnini bosadigan boshqa biplanlar.[11][nb 1] Yog'och monokok qurilish nafaqat og'irlikni tejashga va uning past quvvatini qoplashga imkon beradi de Havilland Gipsy o'n ikki ushbu samolyot tomonidan ishlatiladigan dvigatellar, shuningdek, ishlab chiqarish soddalashtirilgan va qurilish muddati qisqartirilgan.[12]
Havo vazirligi bombardimonchi talablari va tushunchalari
1936 yil 8 sentyabrda Britaniya Havo vazirligi chiqargan Texnik xususiyatlari P.13 / 36, bu maksimal tezligi 275 milya (445 km / soat) bo'lgan 3000 mil (4800 km) ga 3000 funt (1400 kg) bomba yukini ko'tarishga qodir bo'lgan ikkita motorli, o'rta bombardimonchini chaqirdi. 15000 fut (4600 m); shuningdek, qisqa masofalar bo'ylab olib o'tilishi mumkin bo'lgan maksimal 8000 funt (3600 kg) yuk ko'taruvchisi aniqlandi.[13] Aviatsiya firmalari ishlab chiqarishga olib keladigan yangi kuchli dvigatellar va bir nechta mudofaa minoralari bilan og'ir dizaynlarga kirishdi Avro Manchester va Handley Page Halifax.[14]
1937 yil may oyida P.13 / 36 bilan taqqoslaganda, Jorj Volkert, bosh dizayner Xendli sahifasi, tezkor, qurolsiz bombardimonchi kontseptsiyasini ilgari surdi. 20 sahifada Volkert aerodinamik jihatdan toza, o'rtacha bombardimonchi 300 milya (485 km / soat) tezlikda 3000 funt (1400 kg) bomba tashiydigan qilib rejalashtirgan. Qo'llab-quvvatlash RAF va Havo vazirligida mavjud edi; 3-samolyot tadqiqot direktori, kapitan R N Liptrot, Volkertning dizaynini yuqori tezligi yangi tezliknikidan yuqori bo'lishini hisoblab, unga baho berdi. Supermarine Spitfire, ammo qarama-qarshi dalillarga ko'ra, bunday dizayn yaxshi natijalarga erishgan bo'lsa-da, bu uzoq vaqt davomida dushman jangchilaridan tezroq bo'lishi shart emas.[15] Vazirlik shuningdek, boshqastrategik 1938 yilda B.9 / 38 va the spetsifikatsiyasiga olib kelgan samolyot ishlab chiqarish uchun materiallar Armstrong Uitvort Albemarl asosan po'lat quvur ramkasiga bog'langan archa va kontrplakdan qurilgan o'rta bombardimonchi. Kichik va tezkor bombardimonchi g'oyasi ba'zan tan olinganidan ancha erta bosqichda qo'llab-quvvatlandi, ammo Havo vazirligi uni engil qotishma komponentlaridan foydalanishni nazarda tutgan bo'lsa kerak.[16]
De Havilland tezkor bombardimonchisining paydo bo'lishi
Albatros bilan ishlash tajribasiga asoslanib, Geoffrey de Havilland yaxshi aerodinamik dizaynga ega va terining minimal, silliq maydoniga ega bombardimonchi P.13 / 36 spetsifikatsiyasidan oshib ketishiga ishongan.[17] Bundan tashqari, Albatros tamoyillarini moslashtirish vaqtni tejashga imkon beradi. 1938 yil aprel oyida ish faoliyatini baholash egizak uchun ishlab chiqarilgan Rolls-Royce Merlin - DH.91 quvvatli, bilan Bristol Gerkules (lamel dvigatel ) va Napier Saber (H dvigatel ) muqobil sifatida.[13] 1938 yil 7-iyulda de Havilland yozgan Havo marshali Uilfrid Freeman, Havo Kengashining Tadqiqot va Loyihalash bo'yicha a'zosi, spetsifikatsiyani muhokama qildi va urushda alyuminiy va po'lat tanqisligi yuzaga kelishi mumkin, ammo yog'ochdan tayyorlangan buyumlar etkazib berish "etarli" edi.[nb 2] Garchi pastroq bo'lsa ham kuchlanish, vazn va kuch nisbati yog'och engil qotishmalarga yoki po'latlarga teng yoki undan yaxshiroqdir, shuning uchun bu yondashuvni amalga oshirish mumkin edi.[13][17]
27-iyul kuni Freemanga yuborilgan keyingi xatda P.13 / 36 spetsifikatsiyasini Merlinda ishlaydigan egizak samolyot bajara olmasligi va eng yuqori tezlikga qarab eng yuqori tezlik yoki yuk ko'tarish qobiliyati buzilishi aytilgan. Masalan, katta, sekinroq va minoralar bilan qurollangan samolyot 1500 funt (2400 km) masofaga ega bo'lib, 4000 funt bomba yukini ko'taradi, maksimal 260 milya (420 km / soat) 19000 fut (5800 metr) va sayohat tezligi soatiga 230 mil (370 km / soat) 18000 fut (5500 m). De Havilland murosaga kelish, shu jumladan ortiqcha uskunalarni yo'q qilish masalani yaxshilaydi deb ishongan.[13] 1938 yil 4-oktabrda de Havilland Albatros asosida ikkita Merlin Xs tomonidan boshqariladigan, uch kishilik ekipaj va olti yoki sakkizta oldinga otiladigan qurollar, shuningdek, qo'lda ishlaydigan bir yoki ikkita qurol va quyruq minorasi bilan ishlaydigan yana bir dizaynni namoyish etdi. . Jami yuklangan og'irligi 19000 funt (8,600 kg) ga asoslanib, uning maksimal tezligi 300 milya (480 km / soat) va 268 milya (431 km / soat) tezlikda 22,500 fut (6,900 metr) ga teng bo'ladi.[14]
Hali ham buni yaxshilashga ishonaman va Albatros va yangi metallarga asoslangan ko'proq kontseptsiyalarni o'rganib chiqqandan keyin DH.95 Flamingo, de Havilland aerodinamik jihatdan toza, yog'ochdan yasalgan va Merlin tomonidan boshqariladigan yangi samolyotni loyihalashga qaror qildi.[14] Yangi dizayn kutilayotgan dushmanga qaraganda tezroq bo'lar edi qiruvchi samolyotlar va mudofaa qurolidan voz kechishi mumkin edi, bu esa uni sekinlashtirishi va zenit qurollarini ushlashi yoki yo'qotishlari ehtimoli katta bo'lishi mumkin edi. Buning o'rniga, yuqori tezlik va yaxshi manevrlik qochib ketgan jangchilarni va yerdagi olovni osonlashtiradi.[14] Minora etishmasligi ishlab chiqarishni soddalashtirdi, tortishishni qisqartirdi va ishlab chiqarish vaqtini qisqartirdi, etkazib berish darajasi raqobatdosh dizaynlardan ancha oldinroq edi. Qurolsiz ekipaj uchuvchi va navigatorga aylantirilishi mumkin edi. Zamonaviy RAF dizayn falsafasi yaxshi qurollangan og'ir bombardimonchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa-da, ushbu dizayn uslubi nemis falsafasiga ko'proq o'xshash edi Shnellbomber.[20] 1938 yil oktyabr oyi boshida Geoffri de Havilland va Charlz Uoker (de Havillandning bosh muhandisi) bilan uchrashuvda Havo vazirligi ozgina qiziqish ko'rsatdi va buning o'rniga de Havillanddan subpudratchi sifatida boshqa bombardimonchilar uchun qanot yasashni iltimos qildi.[21]
1939 yil sentyabrga qadar de Havilland mudofaa qurollanishining ularning konstruktsiyalariga ta'siri haqida taxmin qilib, turli xil dvigatellardan foydalangan holda engil bombardimonchi samolyotlarning konstruktsiyalarining bir va ikkita motorli o'zgarishlarini dastlabki taxminlarini ishlab chiqdi.[22] Bitta dizayn 6 sentyabrda yakunlangan bo'lib, u 2000 ot kuchiga ega (1500 kVt) Napier Saber tomonidan ishlaydigan, qanotlari 47 fut (14 m) bo'lgan va 1000 funt (450 kg) bomba yukini 1500 ko'tarishga qodir samolyot uchun mo'ljallangan. mil (2400 km). 20 sentyabrda de Gavilland Uilfrid Frimanga yana bir maktubida "... Ikki motorli [d] bombardimonchi samolyot ishlab chiqarishimiz mumkin, u juda yaxshi ko'rsatkichga ega bo'lardi, shuning uchun ozgina mudofaa uskunalari kerak bo'ladi. "[22] 4-oktabrga kelib, Merlin yoki Griffon dvigatellari bilan ishlaydigan qanotlari 51 fut (16 m) bo'lgan ikkita motorli engil bombardimonchi samolyotga o'tdi, chunki Merlin bu imkoniyatni yaxshi ko'rdi.[22] 1939 yil 7 oktyabrda, urush boshlangan bir oy ichida, dizayn guruhining yadrosi Erik Bishop xavfsizligi va maxfiyligiga o'tdi Solsberi zali keyinchalik DH.98 deb nomlangan narsa ustida ishlash.[23][nb 3] Ko'p qirrali bo'lish uchun Bishop old tomonning yarmida 20 mm lik to'rtta to'pni taqdim etdi bomba joyi, kokpit ostida, fyuzelyaj ostidagi portlash trubkalari va truba orqali o'q uzmoqda.[25]
DH.98 og'ir bombardimonchi, razvedka va umumiy maqsaddagi rollarni birlashtirgan, shuningdek, torpedolarni olib yurishga qodir bo'lgan, og'ir qurollangan, ko'p qirrali samolyotni istagan vazirlik uchun juda radikal edi.[21] Urush boshlanishi bilan, vazirlik ko'proq qabul qila boshladi, ammo baribir qurolsiz bombardimonchi haqida shubha bilan qaradi. Nemislar kutilganidan tezroq jangchilar ishlab chiqaradi deb o'ylashdi.[26] va mudofaa uchun ikkita oldinga va ikkita orqadan o'q otadigan avtomatlarning qo'shilishini taklif qildi.[27] Vazirlik, shuningdek, kamida uchinchi ekipajning uzoq parvozlarda boshqalarning ishini kamaytirishini istab, ikki kishilik bombardimonchiga qarshi chiqdi.[25] Havo Kengashi qo'shimcha talablarni qo'shdi, masalan, masofadan turib boshqariladigan qurol, maksimal tezligi 275 milya (445 km / soat) 15000 fut dvigatelning uchdan ikki qismigacha kuchi va 3000 mil (4800 km) masofa 4000 funt sterling bilan. bomba yuk.[27] Vazirlikni tinchlantirish uchun de Havilland samolyot kabinasidan bir oz narida miltiq minorasi bilan maketlar qurdi, ammo bu murosadan tashqari de Havilland hech qanday o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirmadi.[25]
12-noyabr kuni de Havilland tomonidan ilgari surilgan tezkor bombardimonchilar g'oyalarini hisobga olgan holda yig'ilishda, Blackburn va Bristol, Air Marshal Freeman de Merill dvigatellari tomonidan quvvatlanadigan tezkor samolyotni ishlab chiqarishni de Havillandga yo'naltirdi, tobora kuchliroq dvigatellardan foydalanish imkoniyatlari bilan Rolls-Royce Griffon va Napier Saber. To'rt miltiqli quyruqli minora bilan qurollangan Griffonda ishlaydigan bir oz kattaroq samolyot uchun taxminlar taqdim etilgan bo'lsa-da, Freeman mudofaa qurollari talabini bekor qildi va talabga binoan yuqori tezlikda ishlaydigan, engil razvedkachi bombardimonchini chaqiradi. 400 milya (645 km / soat) 18000 fut.[28]
12 dekabr kuni Havo shtabi boshlig'ining o'rinbosari, Tadqiqot va rivojlantirish bosh direktori va Havo zobitining bosh qo'mondoni (AOC-in-C) ning RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi dizaynni yakunlash va uni RAF maqsadlariga moslashtirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish uchun uchrashdi. AOC-in-C qurolsiz bombardimonchi samolyotni qabul qilmasdi, ammo uning F8 yoki razvedka missiyalariga yaroqliligini talab qildi. F24 kameralar.[29] Kompaniya vakillari, vazirlik va RAFning tezkor qo'mondonliklari 1939 yil 29-dekabrda Xetfilddagi keng ko'lamli maketni tekshirgandan so'ng, loyiha qo'llab-quvvatlandi.[30] Bu 1940 yil 1-yanvarda Freeman Jeffri de Havilland, Jon Byukenen (samolyot ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha o'rinbosar) va Jon Konnoli (Byukenen shtabi boshlig'i) bilan uchrashuv o'tkazganida tasdiqlandi. De Havilland DH.98 ni "dunyodagi eng tezkor bombardimonchi ... foydali bo'lishi kerak" deb da'vo qildi. Freeman uni RAF xizmati uchun qo'llab-quvvatladi, qurolsiz bombardimonchi uchun B.1 / 40 / dh spetsifikatsiyasi bo'yicha bitta prototipni buyurtma qildi, u ikkita 1280 ot kuchiga ega (950 kVt) Rolls-Royce RM3SM (erta Merlin uchun belgilash 21) bilan kanalli radiatorlar, 1000 funt (450 kg) bomba yukini ko'tarishga qodir.[23][29] Samolyot 400 milya (640 km / soat) tezlikni 24000 fut (7300 m) va 325 milya (525 km / soat) tezlikni 2600 fut (8100 m) ga 1500 mil ( 2400 km) to'liq tanklarda 25000 fut (7600 m). Maksimal xizmat ko'rsatish balandligi 9800 metr (3200 fut) bo'lishi kerak edi.[29]
1940 yil 1 martda, Havo marshali Roderik tepaligi DH.98 ning 50 ta bombardimonchi-razvedka variantlari uchun B.1 / 40 spetsifikatsiyasi bo'yicha shartnoma tuzdi; ushbu shartnomada prototip berilgan edi zavod seriyali E-0234.[31][32] 1940 yil may oyida F.21 / 40 spetsifikatsiyasi berilib, to'rtta 20 mmli to'p va to'rtta .303 pulemyot bilan qurollangan uzoq masofali qiruvchi chaqirildi, shundan so'ng de Havillandga qiruvchi versiyasining prototipini yaratishga vakolat berildi. DH.98. Bahsdan so'ng, ushbu prototip berilgan harbiy seriya raqami W4052, olib borishga qaror qilindi havodan tutish (AI) Mk IV uskunalari kunduzgi va tungi jangchi sifatida.[nb 4] 1940 yil iyuniga qadar DH.98 "Mosquito" deb nomlandi.[30] Jangovar variantga ega bo'lish "Mosquito" loyihasini saqlab qoldi, chunki prototip o'z qobiliyatini namoyish etganidan keyin ham qurolsiz bombardimonchining foydaliligiga nisbatan hukumat va Havo vazirligi shubhalari saqlanib qoldi.[30]
Mosquito loyihasi
DH.98 dizayni boshlangandan so'ng, eng batafsil Solsberi Xollda maketlar qurildi E-0234 keyinchalik qurilgan. Dastlab, kontseptsiya ekipaj a-ning orqasidagi fyuzelyajga joylashtirilgan edi shaffof burun (Bristol Blenxaymga o'xshash yoki Heinkel He 111 H), ammo bu odatiy soyabon bilan qattiqroq burunga tezda o'zgartirildi.[33]
Keyin yana ish bekor qilindi Dyunkerk jangi, qachon Lord Beaverbrook, kabi Aviatsiya ishlab chiqarish vaziri, DH.98 singari samolyotlar uchun hech qanday ishlab chiqarish quvvati qolmasligiga qaror qildi, u 1942 yil boshigacha xizmatda bo'lishi kutilmagan edi. Beaverbrook Air vitse-marshal Freemanga loyihada ishlash to'xtashi kerakligini aytdi, ammo u aniq ko'rsatma bermadi, va Freeman bu talabni e'tiborsiz qoldirdi.[34] Ammo 1940 yil iyun oyida Lord Biverbruk va Havo Xodimlari ishlab chiqarishni mavjud bo'lgan beshta turga, ya'ni Supermarine Spitfire, Hawker dovuli qiruvchi, Vikers Vellington, Armstrong-Uitvort Uitli va Bristol Blenxaym bombardimonchilar.[29] DH.98 prototipi ustida ishlash to'xtatildi. Ko'rinishidan, dizayn guruhi prototipi uchun materiallardan voz kechganda, loyiha yopilib qoldi.[35]
Mosquito 1940 yilning iyulida de Havillandning bosh menejeri L.C.L.dan keyin faqat ustuvor vazifa sifatida tiklandi. Myurrey, 1941 yil dekabrgacha Lord Beaverbrook-ga 50 ta chivinni va'da qildi. Bu faqat Beaverbrook pashsha ishlab chiqarish de Havillandning asosiy ishlab chiqarish ishiga to'sqinlik qilmasligiga ishonganidan keyingina. Yo'lbars kuya va Airspeed Oksford murabbiylar, ta'mirlash Bo'ronlar va Merlin dvigatellarini litsenziya asosida ishlab chiqarish.[35] 1941 yil oxiriga qadar Beaverbrook-ga bunday raqamni va'da qilayotganda, de Havilland qimor o'ynagan edi, chunki ular bunday cheklangan vaqt ichida bunyod etilishi dargumon edi. 1941 yilda faqat 20 ta samolyot ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lsa, qolgan 30 tasi 1942 yil mart o'rtalarida etkazib berildi.[36] Davomida Britaniya jangi, havo reydidan ogohlantirishlar tufayli ishlab chiqarishdagi uzilishlar de Havillandning zavod vaqtining deyarli uchdan bir qismini yo'qotishiga olib keldi.[37] Shunga qaramay, prototip ustida ishlash Solsberi Xollda o'sha paytdan boshlab tezda boshlandi E-0234 1940 yil noyabrgacha yakunlandi.[38]
Buyuk Britaniyadagi jangdan so'ng asl buyurtma 20 bombardimonchi variantiga va 30 qiruvchiga o'zgartirildi. Fighter versiyasi ikkita yoki bitta boshqaruvga ega bo'lishi kerakmi yoki minorani ko'tarishi kerakmi, hali ham noaniq edi, shuning uchun uchta prototip qurildi: W4052, W4053va W4073. Ikkinchi va uchinchisi, ikkala minorasi ham qurollanib, keyinchalik qurolsizlanib, T.III murabbiyining prototipiga aylandi.[39] Bu biroz kechikishlarga olib keldi, chunki zarur bo'lgan yuqori jangovar yuk uchun yarim qurilgan qanot qismlarini kuchaytirish kerak edi. Burun qismlarini dizayndan aniq bilan o'zgartirish kerak edi perspeks to'rtta .303 pulemyot va ularning o'q-dorilariga ega qattiq burunli bomba-nishon pozitsiyasi.[21]
Prototiplar va sinov parvozlari
1940 yil 3-noyabrda samolyot prototipi "sariq rang prototipi" bilan bo'yalgan va hanuzgacha kodlangan E-0234, demontaj qilingan, avtomobil yo'li bilan tashilgan Xetfild va kichik, portlashga bardoshli yig'ilish binosiga joylashtirilgan. Ikki Merlin 21 ikkita tezkor, bir bosqichli o'ta zaryadlangan dvigatellar o'rnatildi, ular uchta pichoqli de Havilland gidromatik doimiy tezlikda harakatlantirdilar. boshqariladigan baland pervaneler. Dvigatelning ishi 19-noyabrda amalga oshirildi.[40] 24-noyabr kuni taksi haydovchilari tomonidan sud jarayonlari o'tkazildi Geoffrey de Havilland Jr., de Havilland sinov uchuvchisi. 25-noyabr kuni samolyot birinchi parvozni boshlagan, uni de Havilland Jr boshqargan, dvigatellarni o'rnatish bo'yicha bosh dizayner Jon E. Uolker hamrohligida.[nb 5]
Ushbu birinchi parvoz uchun, E-0234, og'irligi 14150 funt (6420 kg), Xetfild maydonidagi o't o'tadigan yo'lakdan ko'tarildi. Samolyotning parvozi "to'g'ri va oson" deb e'lon qilindi va piyoda harakatlanish balandligi ko'tarilguncha tortib olinmadi.[41] Samolyot 220 milya / soat (355 km / soat) ga yetdi, faqat bitta muammo podshoh eshiklari edi - ular tomonidan boshqarilgan. bungee simlari asosiy piyoda oyoqlariga bog'langan - bu tezlikda taxminan 300 dyuym (300 mm) ochiq qoldi.[41] Ushbu muammo bir muncha vaqt davom etdi. Chap qanoti E-0234 shuningdek, bir oz portga sudrab borish istagi bor edi, shuning uchun a qalbakilashtirish sozlash, ya'ni qanot burchagidagi ozgina o'zgarish keyingi parvozlardan oldin amalga oshirildi.[40][nb 6]
1940 yil 5-dekabrda prototip, harbiy seriya raqami bilan W4050, 240 dan 255 milya (385 va 410 km / soat) gacha bo'lgan tezlikda dumaloq bufet. Uchuvchi buni boshqarish ustunida eng ko'p sezgan, chunki uni boshqarish qiyinlashmoqda. 10-dekabr kuni o'tkazilgan sinov paytida jun oqimi gumon qilinadigan joylarga havo oqimi yo'nalishini tekshirish uchun biriktirildi. Xulosa shuki, ichki dvigatelning orqa qismidan ajralib chiqadigan havo oqimi natsellar bezovtalanib, mahalliylashtirishga olib keldi tokcha buzilgan havo oqimi orqa samolyotga urilib, bufetga olib keldi. Havo oqimini yumshatish va uni orqaga qaytarib bo'lmaydigan tarzda orqa samolyotni urishdan qaytarish uyalar ichki dvigatel nayzellariga va orqa samolyotning etakchasiga o'rnatildi.[44] Radiator qabul qilish moslamasining old fyuzelyaji va etakchasiga o'rnatiluvchi bu teshiklar va qanotli trubalar bir necha tebranishni to'xtatdi, ammo orqa samolyot bufetini davolamadi.[45]
1941 yil fevral oyida qanotlarning orqa tomoniga uchburchak filetkalarni qo'shish va natsellarni cho'zish orqali bufetlash yo'q qilindi, uning orqa tomoni qanotning orqasida (250 mm) orqada 10 mm (250 mm) gacha bo'lgan fileto ichiga kirib bordi; bu degani qopqoq ichki va tashqi qismlarga bo'linishi kerak edi.[46][nb 7] Bufet muammolari asosan hal qilingan holda, Jon Kanningem uchib ketdi W4050 1941 yil 9 fevralda. Unga "boshqaruv elementlarining yengilligi va umuman yoqimli ishlov berish xususiyatlari" katta taassurot qoldirdi. Cunningham, turga sun'iy intellekt uskunalari o'rnatilganda, uning o'rnini bosishi mumkin degan xulosaga keldi Bristol Beaufighter tungi jangchi.[46]
1941 yil 16-yanvardagi sinovlar paytida W4050 Spitfire-dan 1800 metr tezlik bilan o'tib ketdi. Dastlabki taxminlarga ko'ra, Mosquito prototipi sirtining ikki baravariga va og'irligidan ikki baravar ortiq bo'lgan Spitfire Mk II Mosquito kuchidan ikki barobar ko'proq bo'lsa, 30 milya / soat tezroq bo'ladi. Keyingi bir necha oy ichida, W4050 sinovdan o'tkazishda Spitfire Mk II ni osonlikcha engib, ushbu bahodan oshib ketdi RAF Boscombe Down 1941 yil fevral oyida Spitfire uchun 19,500 fut (5900 m) da 360 milya (580 km / soat) tezlikka nisbatan 22000 fut (6700 m) balandlikda 392 milya (631 km / soat) tezlikka erishdi. .[1]
19 fevralda rasmiy sudlar boshlandi Samolyot va qurol-aslaha eksperimental tashkiloti (AAEE) asoslangan Boscombe Down, garchi de Havilland vakili sinovlarni boshlashning kechikishi bilan hayratda qoldi.[47] 24-fevral kuni W4050 qo'pol aerodrom bo'ylab taksida, dumaloq g'ildirak fyuzelyajning sinishiga olib bordi. Ta'mirlash ishlari foto-razvedka prototipi tanasining bir qismi yordamida mart oyining boshlarida amalga oshirildi W4051.[nb 8] Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsizlikka qaramay, 767. Boshlang'ich ishlov berish to'g'risidagi hisobot AAEE tomonidan chiqarilgan: "Samolyot uchish yoqimli ... aileron boshqaruvi engil va samarali ... "erishilgan maksimal tezlik 22000 fut (6700 m) da 388 milya (624 km / soat) ni tashkil etdi, taxminiy maksimal tavan 34000 fut (10.000 m) va ko'tarilishning maksimal tezligi 2.880 fut / min (880) m / min) 11,500 fut (3,500 m) da.[47]
W4050 chivinlar oilasi uchun eksperimental "ishchi ot" sifatida har xil sinov dasturlari uchun foydalanishda davom etdi.[48] 1941 yil oktyabr oyi oxirida zavodga jihozlash uchun qaytib keldi Merlin 61s, birinchi ishlab chiqarish Merlins ikki pog'onali, ikki pog'onali supercharger bilan jihozlangan. Yangi dvigatellar bilan birinchi parvoz 1942 yil 20 iyunda bo'lib o'tdi.[49] W4050 Maksimal tezligi 28800 fut (8700 m) da 428 milya (689 km / soat) qayd etdi (qor himoyachilari, dvigatellar FS uzatmalaridagi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri havo qabul qilish moslamalari bilan jihozlangan) va 437 milya (703 km / soat) 29,200 fut () 8.900 m) qor himoyachisiz.[50][nb 9] 1942 yil oktyabrda NF Mk XV-ni rivojlantirish ishlari bilan bog'liq holda, W4050 kengaytirilgan qanot uchlari bilan jihozlangan bo'lib, uzunligi 18 futdan 2 dyuymgacha (18.03 m) ko'tarilib, birinchi bo'lib ushbu konfiguratsiyada 8 dekabrda uchib o'tdi.[51] Ikki bosqichli va ikki bosqichli Merlin 77 rusumli balandliklarda jihozlangan, 1943 yil dekabr oyida 439 milya (707 km / soat) ga erishgan.[8] Ushbu parvozlardan ko'p o'tmay, W4050 erga tushirilgan va bekor qilinishi rejalashtirilgan, ammo buning o'rniga Xetfildda o'qituvchi samolyot vazifasini bajargan. 1958 yil sentyabrda, W4050 u qurilgan Solsberi Xoll angariga qaytarildi, asl konfiguratsiyasi tiklandi va asosiy eksponatlardan biriga aylandi. de Havilland aviatsiya merosi markazi.[52][53]
W4051u boshidanoq chivinlarning foto-razvedka versiyalari uchun prototip sifatida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, birinchi parvozini 1941 yil boshida amalga oshirishi kerak edi. Ammo samolyotning sinishi W4050 buni anglatardi W4051 fyuzelyaj o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida ishlatilgan; W4051 Keyinchalik ishlab chiqarish standarti fyuzelyaji yordamida qayta tiklandi va birinchi bo'lib 1941 yil 10-iyunda uchib ketdi. Ushbu prototip qisqa dvigatel nayzalarini, bitta qismli orqadagi chekka qopqoqlarni va (5,931 m) 19-sonli 5,5 dyuymli "№ 1" orqa samolyotidan foydalanishni davom ettirdi. tomonidan ishlatilgan W4050(16,51 m) qanotlarda ishlab chiqarish standarti 54 fut 2 bo'lgan va operativ ravishda uchadigan yagona chivin prototipi bo'lgan.[54]
Qiruvchi prototipini qurish, W4052, shuningdek, Solsberi Xoll maxfiy muassasasida amalga oshirildi. U 1460 ot kuchiga ega (1090 kVt) Merlin 21s quvvatiga ega va tekis, o'q o'tkazmaydigan shamolga ega soyabon konstruktsiyasiga ega edi; qattiq burun to'rtta .303 inglizchani o'rnatgan edi Braunlash avtomat qurollar va ularning o'q-dorilar qutilari, yon tomondan katta menteşeli paneli orqali o'tish mumkin.[55] To'rt 20 mm Hispano Mk II to'p kokpit polining ostidagi bo'linmada bomba joyiga chiqib turadigan shimlar bilan joylashtirildi va avtomat bomba eshiklari qo'lda boshqariladigan eshik eshiklari bilan almashtirildi, ularda patron ejektorli chutlar mavjud edi.[56]
Kecha va kunduz jangchisi sifatida prototip W4052 tashqi brauzerlar va qabul qiluvchi antennalar o'rtasida tashqi qanot uchlari orqali o'rnatilgan "o'q uchi" uzatish antennasi bilan to'ldirilgan AI Mk IV uskunalari bilan jihozlangan va u qora RDM2a "Maxsus tunda" pardoz bilan bo'yalgan.[57][nb 10] Bu shuningdek kengaytirilgan dvigatel natsellari bilan qurilgan birinchi prototip edi.[59] W4052 keyinchalik boshqa modifikatsiyalar bilan, shu jumladan bomba javonlari, tomchi tanklar, barajli balon qanotlarning etakchasida joylashgan simi kesgichlar, Xemilton havo vintlari va tormoz pervanlari va tik yondashuvlar va katta rul yorlig'ini ta'minlovchi eileron tizimlari osilgan. Prototip 1946 yil 28-yanvarda sinib ketguncha sinov mashinasi bo'lib xizmat qildi.[8] 4055 birinchi operatsion chivin parvozini 1941 yil 17 sentyabrda amalga oshirdi.[60]
Parvoz sinovlari paytida Mosquito prototiplari bir qator konfiguratsiyani sinab ko'rish uchun o'zgartirildi. W4050 Drag sinovlari uchun kokpit orqasida turret o'rnatilgan edi, shundan so'ng bu g'oyadan 1941 yil iyulida voz kechildi. W4052 ning birinchi versiyasiga ega edi Youngman Frill qiruvchi prototipiga o'rnatilgan havo tormozi. Plitka qanot orqasidagi fyuzelyaj atrofiga o'rnatildi va körükle ochildi venturi effekti ushlash paytida tezlikni pasayishini ta'minlash uchun va 1942 yil yanvar-avgust oylarida sinovdan o'tkazilgan, ammo pastki pog'onani tushirish paytida ham xuddi shunday ta'sir kamroq shaffoflash bilan topilgan.[60]
Ishlab chiqarish rejalari va Amerika qiziqishi
Havo vazirligi 1941 yil 21 iyunda ommaviy ishlab chiqarish rejalarini tasdiqladi, shu vaqtga qadar Mosquito dunyodagi eng tezkor samolyotlardan biriga aylandi.[8] 19 ta foto-razvedka (PR) modellari va 176 ta qiruvchi buyurtma bergan. Yana 50 tasi aniqlanmagan; 1941 yil iyulda bular qurolsiz tezkor bombardimonchilar ekanligi tasdiqlandi.[8] 1942 yil yanvar oyining oxiriga kelib barcha variantlardagi 1378 chivinlar, shu jumladan 20 ta T.III murabbiylari va 334 FB.VI bombardimonchilari uchun shartnomalar tuzildi. Yana 400 tasi qurilishi kerak edi de Havilland, Kanada.[61]
1941 yil 20 aprelda, W4050 Lord Beaverbrook-ga namoyish etildi Aviatsiya ishlab chiqarish vaziri. Mosquito bir qator parvozlarni amalga oshirdi, shu jumladan bitta dvigatelda bitta ko'tarilish. Shuningdek, AQSh generali ham ishtirok etdi Genri X. Arnold va uning yordamchisi Mayor Elwood Kuesada "Men ... chivinni birinchi marta uning ishlashidan hayratga tushganini eslayman va biz bundan xabardor edik. Bizga tez ko'rinadigan samolyotning ko'rinishi juda ta'sirli edi va chivin shunday edi, vaqt me'yorlariga ko'ra nihoyatda yaxshi aerodrom bo'lib, u juda qadrlangan va juda hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan. "[46][62]
Sinovlar Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasida kelajakdagi ishlab chiqarish rejalarini o'rnatdi, Avstraliya va Kanada. Olti kundan so'ng, Arnold Amerikaga ishlab chiqaruvchining to'liq rasmlari bilan qaytib keldi. Uning hisoboti natijasida beshta kompaniya (Beech, Kurtiss-Rayt, Fairchild, Fleetwings va Hughes) de Havilland ma'lumotlarini baholashni so'rashdi. Beech Aircraft hisobotida umumiy ko'rinish qisqacha bayon qilingan: "Bu samolyot samarali samolyotlar ishlab chiqarishga yaroqsiz bo'lgan qurilish materiallaridan foydalanishga urinishda xizmat qobiliyatini, konstruktiv kuchini, qurilish qulayligi va uchish xususiyatlarini qurbon qilganga o'xshaydi".[63] Amerikaliklar litsenziyalangan ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha taklifni ta'qib qilmadilar, chunki bu kelishuv Lockheed P-38 chaqmoq xuddi shu vazifalarni bajarishi mumkin edi. Biroq, Arnold uni chaqirdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari (USAAF) dizaynni ular qabul qilmasa ham baholash. 1941 yil 12-dekabrda Perl-Harborga hujum, shu maqsadda USAAF bitta samolyot kassasini so'radi.[60]
Loyihalash va ishlab chiqarish
Umumiy nuqtai
Yog'och qurilishi ba'zilar tomonidan eskirgan deb hisoblangan bo'lsa-da, de Havilland DH 91 Albatros uchun ishlatiladigan texnikalardagi muvaffaqiyatlari monokok-sendvich qobiq konstruktsiyasidan foydalangan holda tezkor va engil bombardimonchiga olib kelishi mumkinligini da'vo qildi.[64] Buning foydasiga argumentlarga prototip yaratish tezligi, tez rivojlanish, jig qurish vaqtini minimallashtirish va ishchi kuchining alohida toifasini jalb qilish kiradi. Qatlamli balsa-plyusli monokok fyuzelyaji va mato bilan qoplangan bir parcha qanotlari mukammal aerodinamik ko'rsatkich va og'irlik bilan mustahkamlik va qattiqlik bilan birlashtiriladi. Shu bilan birga, dizayn jamoasi konservativ havo vazirligining mudofaa qurollanishi haqidagi qarashlariga qarshi kurashishlari kerak edi. Vazirlik tomonidan ma'qullangan qurol va qurol minoralari, dizaynerlarning fikriga ko'ra, samolyotning aerodinamik xususiyatlarini pasaytiradi va tezlik va manevr qobiliyatini pasaytiradi. Ushbu dalillarni taqdim qilayotganda, Geoffrey de Havilland o'zining xususiy korxonasini juda kech bosqichga qadar moliyalashtirdi. Loyiha kutilganidan ham muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Dastlabki bombardimonchi va foto-razvedka versiyalari juda tez edi, ammo keyingi variantlarni qurollantirish birinchi navbatda tajovuzkor deb hisoblanishi mumkin edi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Eng ko'p ishlab chiqarilgan variant, belgilangan FB Mk VI (qiruvchi-bombardimonchi Mark 6), uchta pichoqli de Havilland gidromatik pervanelerini boshqaradigan ikkita Merlin Mk 23 yoki Mk 25 dvigatellari bilan jihozlangan. FB Mk VI uchun odatiy qurollanish to'rtta Browning .303 pulemyotlari va to'rtta 20 mm lik Hispano to'plari edi, hujum hujumi esa 2000 funtgacha (910 kg) bomba yoki sakkizta RP-3 boshqarilmaydigan raketalardan iborat edi.[65]
Ishlash
Dizayn yaxshi manevrni ta'minlaydigan engil va samarali boshqaruv sirtlari uchun qayd etilgan, ammo ruldan yuqori tezlikda agressiv foydalanilmasligini talab qilgan. Uchish va uchish paytida past tezlikda aileronning yomon nazorati tajribasiz ekipajlar uchun ham muammo bo'lgan.[66] Past tezlikda parvoz qilish uchun qopqoqlarni 15 ° ga o'rnatib, tezligini 200 milya (soatiga 320 km) ga kamaytirish kerak edi va rpm 2650 ga o'rnatildi. Tezlikni past tezlikda uchish uchun qabul qilinadigan 150 milya (240 km / soat) ga kamaytirish mumkin.[67] Kruiz uchun maksimal diapazonni olish uchun eng maqbul tezlik 17000 funt (7700 kg) og'irlikda 200 milya (320 km / soat) ni tashkil etdi.[67]
Mosquito past to'xtash tezligini 120 milya (soatiga 190 km) ga teng edi. Ikkalasi tushirilganda to'xtash tezligi 120 dan 100 milya (190 dan 160 km / soatgacha) kamaydi. Oddiy yaqinlashish burchagi va sharoitida to'xtash tezligi 100 dan 110 milya (160 dan 180 km / soat) gacha bo'lgan. Savdo rastasi bufet orqali ogohlantirildi va savdo rastasi yetguncha 12 milya (soatiga 19 km) tezlikda yuz berishi mumkin edi. Savdo shoxobchasi sharoitlari va ta'siri jiddiy emas edi. Tekshirish ustuni orqaga tortilmasa, qanot tushmadi. Burun muloyimlik bilan osildi va tiklanish oson kechdi.[67]
Chivinlarning ishlash muddati boshida ishlab chiqarish samolyotlarining chiqindilarini sovutish uchun qabul qilish kafanlari qizib ketgan. Olov o'chirgichlari tungi operatsiyalarda chiqadigan gazning oldini oldi, ammo ular ishlashga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Bir nechta ejektor va ochilgan egzoz stublari muammoni hal qilishga yordam berdi va PR.VIII, B.IX va B.XVI variantlarida ishlatilgan. Bu faqat B.IX tezlikni 10 dan 13 milya (16 dan 21 km / soatgacha) oshirdi.[8]
Fyuzelyaj
Oval kesimli fyuzelyaj - bu vertikal ravishda ikkita yarmida qurilgan ramkasiz monokok qobiq edi. maun yoki beton mog'or.[nb 11] Bosim bosim o'tkazildi tarmoqli qisqichlar. Qisqichbaqasimon sendvich terilari Ekvador yadrolari bilan uch qavatli qayinlardan tashkil topgan balza.[nb 12] Ko'pgina kichikroq, ammo hayotiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan sohalarda, masalan, teshiklar va biriktirma zonalarida, balzaning yadrosini kuchli yog'ochlar, shu jumladan samolyot sifatli archa o'rnini egalladi. Sandviç terisining asosiy joylari atigi 0,55 dyuym (14 mm) qalinlikda edi.[68] Yog'ochni mustahkamlashning turli shakllari bilan birga, ko'pincha laminatlangan qurilish, sendvich terisi katta qattiqlik va burilishga qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Alohida korpusning yarmi qurilishni tezlashtirdi va ish davom etar ekan, boshqalar bilan parallel ravishda ishlaydigan xodimlarga kirish huquqini berdi.[69]
Alohida yarim fyuzelyajlar ustida ishlash boshqaruv mexanizmlari va kabellarni o'rnatishni o'z ichiga olgan. Xizmatda stressga duchor bo'ladigan ichki terilarga vidalanadigan qo'shimchalar mato-bakelit kompozitsiyasidan yasalgan yumaloq qirqish plitalari yordamida mustahkamlandi.[70]
Transvers devorlar, shuningdek, bir necha turdagi yog'och, kontrplak va balzalar bilan qurilgan. Asosiy "boksni ko'tarish" operatsiyasidan oldin har bir shakllangan fyuzelyaj qobig'iga vertikal ravishda ikkiga bo'lingan bo'linmalar o'rnatildi. Ettinchi raqamli qalpoq ayniqsa kuchli qurilgan, chunki u jihozlarni ko'tarib, orqa samolyot va rul uchun aerodinamik yuklarni uzatgan.[71][nb 13] Fyuzelyaj katta ventral qismga ega bo'lib, kuchli mustahkamlangan bo'lib, fyuzelyajni yig'ilishning keyingi bosqichida qanotning markaziy qismiga tushirishga imkon berdi.[73]
Dastlabki ishlab chiqarish samolyotlari uchun konstruktiv yig'ish uchun yopishtiruvchi moddalar mavjud edi kazein asoslangan. Keyingi bosqichda uning o'rniga "Aerolit "sintetik karbamid-formaldegid turi ko'proq bardoshli edi.[74][nb 14] Fyuzelyaj yarmlari uchun chekka bo'g'inlarni ta'minlash uchun chig'anoqlarning tashqi qirralari yaqinidagi zonalarda balzam sendvich yadrolari qayin kontrplakining ancha kuchli ichki laminatsiyalari bilan almashtirildi. Ikkala yarmni bir-biriga bog'lab qo'yish uchun ("boks yuqoriga"), bu qirralarning bo'ylama kesmasi ishlov berildi. Ushbu kesmaning profili V-truba shaklidir. Yonlarni yopishtirish jarayonining bir qismi, shuningdek, chig'anoqlarning tashqi tomoniga uzunlamasına kontrplak lap chiziqlarini qo'shishni ham o'z ichiga olgan.[69][73] Har bir qobiqning yarim devorlari shunga o'xshash tarzda o'z juftlariga bog'langan. Ushbu murakkab yopishtirish ishlari davomida tayanchlarni ta'minlash uchun fyuzelyajning keyingi qismida ikkita laminatlangan yog'och qisqich ishlatilgan. Natijada paydo bo'lgan katta tarkibiy qismlar butunlay harakatsiz turishi va elim tuzalguncha to'g'ri muhitda saqlanishi kerak edi.[69][77]
Tugatish uchun doping qilingan madapollam (yupqa to'qilgan paxta) mato po'stlog'iga mahkam cho'zilib, bir necha qizil qatlam, so'ngra kumush doping qo'shilib, so'ngra oxirgi kamuflyaj bo'yog'i qo'shildi.[78]
Qanot
Yog'ochdan yasalgan qanot juftlari butun uzunlik bo'ylab bo'g'insiz, butun qanot bo'ylab bitta konstruktiv birlikdan iborat edi.[80] Buning o'rniga shparlar qanot uchidan qanot uchiga o'tdi. There was a single continuous main spar and another continuous rear spar. Because of the combination of dihedral with the forward sweep of the trailing edges of the wings, this rear spar was one of the most complex units to laminate and to finish machining after the bonding and curing. It had to produce the correct 3D tilt in each of two planes. Also, it was designed and made to taper from the wing roots towards the wingtips. Both principal spars were of ply box construction, using in general 0.25-in plywood webs with laminated spruce flanges, plus a number of additional reinforcements and special details.[iqtibos kerak ]
Spruce and plywood ribs were connected with gusset joints. Some heavy-duty ribs contained pieces of ash and walnut, as well as the special five ply that included veneers laid up at 45°. The upper skin construction was in two layers of 0.25-in five-ply birch, separated by Douglas fir stringers running in the span-wise direction.[81] The wings were covered with madapollam fabric and doped in a similar manner to the fuselage. The wing was installed into the roots by means of four large attachment points.[82][83] The engine radiators were fitted in the inner wing, just outboard of the fuselage on either side. These gave less drag. The radiators themselves were split into three sections: an oil cooler section outboard, the middle section forming the coolant radiator and the inboard section serving the cabin heater.[84]
The wing contained metal-framed and -skinned aileronlar, but the flaps were made of wood and were hydraulically controlled. The nacelles were mostly wood, although for strength, the engine mounts were all metal, as were the undercarriage parts.[85] Engine mounts of welded steel tube were added, along with simple landing gear oleos filled with rubber blocks. Wood was used to carry only in-plane loads, with metal fittings used for all triaxially loaded components such as landing gear, engine mounts, control-surface mounting brackets, and the wing-to-fuselage junction.[86] The outer leading wing edge had to be brought 22 inches (56 cm) further forward to accommodate this design.[84] The main tail unit was all wood built. The control surfaces, the rul va lift edi alyuminiy -framed and fabric-covered.[85] The total weight of metal castings and forgings used in the aircraft was only 280 lb (130 kg).[87]
In November 1944, several crashes occurred in the Uzoq Sharq. At first, these were thought to be a result of wing-structure failures. The casein glue, it was said, cracked when exposed to extreme heat and/or monsoon conditions. This caused the upper surfaces to "lift" from the main spar. An investigating team led by Major Hereward de Havilland travelled to India and produced a report in early December 1944 stating, "the accidents were not caused by the deterioration of the glue, but by shrinkage of the airframe during the wet monsoon season".[nb 15] However, a later inquiry by Cabot & Myers firmly attributed the accidents to faulty manufacture and this was confirmed by a further investigation team by the Ministry of Aircraft Production at Defford, which found faults in six Mosquito marks (all built at de Havilland's Hatfield and Leavesden plants). The defects were similar, and none of the aircraft had been exposed to monsoon conditions or termite attack.[iqtibos kerak ]
The investigators concluded that construction defects occurred at the two plants. They found that the "... standard of glueing...left much to be desired."[89][90] Records at the time showed that accidents caused by "loss of control" were three times more frequent on Mosquitos than on any other type of aircraft. The Air Ministry forestalled any loss of confidence in the Mosquito by holding to Major de Havilland's initial investigation in India that the accidents were caused "largely by climate"[91] To solve the problem of seepage into the interior, a strip of plywood was set along the span of the wing to seal the entire length of the skin joint.[89]
Tizimlar
The fuel systems gave the Mosquito good range and endurance, using up to nine fuel tanks. Two outer wing tanks each contained 58 imperial gallons (70 US gal; 260 L) of fuel.[92] These were complemented by two inner wing fuel tanks, each containing 143 imp gal (172 US gal; 650 L), located between the wing root and engine nacelle. In the central fuselage were twin fuel tanks mounted between bulkhead number two and three aft of the cockpit.[93] In the FB.VI, these tanks contained 25 imp gal (30 US gal; 110 L) each,[92] while in the B.IV and other unarmed Mosquitos each of the two centre tanks contained 68 imp gal (82 US gal; 310 L).[94][95] Both the inner wing, and fuselage tanks are listed as the "main tanks" and the total internal fuel load of 452 imp gal (545 US gal; 2,055 L) was initially deemed appropriate for the type.[92] In addition, the FB Mk VI could have larger fuselage tanks, increasing the capacity to 63 imp gal (76 US gal; 290 L). Drop tanks of 50 imp gal (60 US gal; 230 L) or 100 imp gal (120 US gal; 450 L) could be mounted under each wing, increasing the total fuel load to 615 or 715 imp gal (739 or 859 US gal; 2,800 or 3,250 L).[92]
The design of the Mark VI allowed for a provisional long-range fuel tank to increase range for action over enemy territory, for the installation of bomb release equipment specific to chuqurlikdagi zaryadlar for strikes against enemy shipping, or for the simultaneous use of rocket projectiles along with a 100 imp gal (120 US gal; 450 L) drop tank under each wing supplementing the main fuel cells.[96] The FB.VI had a wingspan of 54 ft 2 in (16.51 m), a length (over guns) of 41 ft 2 in (12.55 m). It had a maximum speed of 378 mph (608 km/h) at 13,200 ft (4,000 m). Maximum take-off weight was 22,300 pounds (10,100 kg) and the range of the aircraft was 1,120 miles (1,800 km) with a service ceiling of 26,000 feet (7,900 m).[97]
To reduce fuel vaporisation at the high altitudes of photographic reconnaissance variants, the central and inner wing tanks were pressurised. The pressure venting cock located behind the pilot's seat controlled the pressure valve. As the altitude increased, the valve increased the volume applied by a pump. This system was extended to include field modifications of the fuel tank system.[98]
The engine oil tanks were in the engine nacelles. Each nacelle contained a 15 imp gal (18 US gal; 68 l) oil tank, including a 2.5 imp gal (3.0 US gal; 11 l) air space. The oil tanks themselves had no separate coolant controlling systems. The coolant header tank was in the forward nacelle, behind the propeller. The remaining coolant systems were controlled by the coolant radiators shutters in the forward inner wing compartment, between the nacelle and the fuselage and behind the main engine cooling radiators, which were fitted in the leading edge. Electric-pneumatic operated radiator shutters directed and controlled airflow through the ducts and into the coolant valves, to predetermined temperatures.[99]
Electrical power came from a 24 volt DC generator on the starboard (No. 2) engine and an alternator on the port engine, which also supplied AC power for radios.[100] The radiator shutters, supercharger gear change, gun camera, bomb bay, bomb/rocket release and all the other crew controlled instruments were powered by a 24 V battery.[99] The radio communication devices included VHF and HF communications, GEE navigation va IFF and G.P. qurilmalar. The electric generators also powered the fire extinguishers. Located on the starboard side of the cockpit, the switches would operate automatically in the event of a crash. In flight, a warning light would flash to indicate a fire, should the pilot not already be aware of it. In later models, to save liquids and engine clean up time in case of belly landing, the fire extinguisher was changed to semi-automatic triggers.[101]
The main landing gear, housed in the nacelles behind the engines, were raised and lowered hydraulically. The main landing gear shock absorbers were de Havilland manufactured and used a system of rubber in compression, rather than hydraulic oleos, with twin pneumatic brakes for each wheel.[100] The Dunlop-Marstrand anti-shimmy tailwheel was also retractable.
Operatsion tarixi
The de Havilland Mosquito operated in many roles, performing o'rta bombardimonchi, razvedka, taktik zarba, dengiz ostiga qarshi urush and shipping attacks and tungi jangchi duties, until the end of the war.[102] In July 1941, the first production Mosquito W4051 (a production fuselage combined with some prototype flying surfaces – see Prototypes and test flights) was sent to No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (PRU), at RAF Benson.[103] The secret reconnaissance flights of this aircraft were the first operational missions of the Mosquito. In 1944, the journal Parvoz gave 19 September 1941 as date of the first PR mission, at an altitude "of some 20,000 ft".[104]
1941 yil 15-noyabrda, 105 otryad, RAF, took delivery at RAF Swanton Morley, Norfolk, of the first operational Mosquito Mk. B.IV bomber, serial no. W4064.[105] Throughout 1942, 105 Squadron, based next at RAF Horsham St. Faith, then from 29 September, RAF Marham, undertook daylight low-level and shallow dive attacks.[106][nb 16] Apart from the Oslo and Berlin raids, the strikes were mainly on industrial and infrastructure targets in occupied Netherlands and Norway, France and northern and western Germany.[107] The crews faced deadly flak and fighters, particularly Fok-Vulf Fw 190-yillar, ular chaqirdilar snapperlar. Germany still controlled continental airspace and the Fw 190s were often already airborne and at an advantageous altitude. Collisions within the formations also caused casualties. It was the Mosquito's excellent handling capabilities, rather than pure speed, that facilitated successful evasions.[108]
The Mosquito was first announced publicly on 26 September 1942 after the Oslo chivinlari bosqini of 25 September. Bu xususiyatli edi The Times on 28 September and the next day the newspaper published two captioned photographs illustrating the bomb strikes and damage.[109][110] On 6 December 1942, Mosquitos from Nos. 105 and 139 Squadrons made up part of the bomber force used in Oyster operatsiyasi, the large No. 2 Group raid against the Flibs da ishlaydi Eyndxoven.[iqtibos kerak ]
From mid-1942 to mid-1943, Mosquito bombers flew high-speed, medium and low-altitude daylight missions against factories, railways and other pinpoint targets in Germany and German-occupied Europe. From June 1943, Mosquito bombers were formed into the Light Night Striking Force hidoyat qilmoq RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi heavy bomber raids and as "nuisance" bombers, dropping Blockbuster bombs – 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) "cookies" – in high-altitude, high-speed raids that German night fighters were almost powerless to intercept.[iqtibos kerak ]
As a night fighter from mid-1942, the Mosquito intercepted Luftwaffe raids on Britain, notably those of Steinbock operatsiyasi in 1944. Starting in July 1942, Mosquito night-fighter units raided Luftwaffe aerodromlar. Qismi sifatida 100 Group, it was flown as a night fighter and as an intruder supporting Bomber Command heavy bombers that reduced losses during 1944 and 1945.[111][nb 17]
Chivin qiruvchi-bombardimonchi sifatida xizmat qilgan samolyotlarni urish ichida Ikkinchi taktik havo kuchlari (2TAF) from its inception on 1 June 1943.[112] The main objective was to prepare for the invasion of occupied Europe a year later. Yilda Overlord operatsiyasi three Mosquito FB VI wings flew close air support for the Allied armies in co-operation with other RAF units equipped with the Shimoliy Amerika B-25 Mitchell o'rta bombardimonchi. In the months between the foundation of 2TAF and its duties from Kun onwards, vital training was interspersed with attacks on V-1 uchar bomba saytlarni ishga tushirish.[113]
In another example of the daylight precision raids carried out by the Mosquitos of Nos. 105 and 139 Squadrons, on 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of the Natsistlar ' seizure of power, a morning Mosquito attack knocked out the main Berlin broadcasting station while Luftwaffe Boshliq Reyxsmarsxol Hermann Göring was speaking, putting his speech off the air. A second sortie in the afternoon inconvenienced another speech, by Propaganda Minister Jozef Gebbels.[114] Lecturing a group of German aircraft manufacturers, Göring said:
In 1940 I could at least fly as far as Glasgow in most of my aircraft, but not now! It makes me furious when I see the Mosquito. I turn green and yellow with envy. The British, who can afford aluminium better than we can, knock together a beautiful wooden aircraft that every piano factory over there is building, and they give it a speed which they have now increased yet again. What do you make of that? There is nothing the British do not have. They have the geniuses and we have the nincompoops. After the war is over I'm going to buy a British radio set – then at least I'll own something that has always worked.[115]
During this daylight-raiding phase, Nos. 105 and 139 Squadrons flew 139 combat operations and aircrew losses were high.[116] Even the losses incurred in the squadrons' dangerous Blenxaym era were exceeded in percentage terms. The Roll of Honour shows 51 aircrew deaths from the end of May 1942 to April 1943.[117] In the corresponding period, crews gained three Mentions in Despatches, two DFMs and three DFCs. The low-level daylight attacks finished on 27 May 1943 with strikes on the Schott glass and Zeiss instrument works, both in Jena. Subsequently, when low-level precision attacks required Mosquitos, they were allotted to squadrons operating the FB.IV version. Bunga misollar Aarhus air raid va Erixo operatsiyasi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Since the beginning of the year, the German fighter force had become seriously overstretched.[118] In April 1943, in response to "political humiliation" caused by the Mosquito, Göring ordered the formation of special Luftwaffe birliklar (Jagdgeschwader 25, buyrug'i bilan Oberstleutnant Gerbert Ixlefeld va Jagdgeschwader 50, ostida Mayor Hermann Graf ) to combat the Mosquito attacks, though these units, which were "little more than glorified squadrons", were unsuccessful against the elusive RAF aircraft.[119] Post-war German histories also indicate that there was a belief within the Luftwaffe that Mosquito aircraft "gave only a weak radar signal.".[120][nb 18]
The first Mosquito Squadron to be equipped with Oboe (navigatsiya) was No. 109, based at RAF Wyton, after working as an experimental unit at RAF Boscombe Down. They used Oboe in anger for the first time on 31 December 1942 and 1 January 1943, target marking for a force of heavy bombers attacking Düsseldorf.[123][nb 19]. On 1 June, the two pioneering Squadrons joined No. 109 Squadron in the re-formed № 8 guruh RAF (Bomber Command). Initially they were engaged in moderately high altitude (about 10,000 ft (3,000 m)) night bombing, with 67 trips during that summer, mainly to Berlin. Soon after, Nos. 105 and 139 Squadron bombers were widely used by the RAF Pathfinder Force, marking targets for the main night-time strategik bombardimon kuch.[iqtibos kerak ]
In what were, initially, diversionary "nuisance raids," Mosquito bombers dropped 4,000 lb Blockbuster bombs or "Cookies." Particularly after the introduction of H2S (radar) in some Mosquitos, these raids carrying larger bombs succeeded to the extent that they provided a significant additional form of attack to the large formations of "heavies."[124] Latterly in the war, there were a significant number of all-Mosquito raids on big German cities involving up to 100 or more aircraft. On the night of 20/21 February 1945, for example, Mosquitos of No. 8 Group mounted the first of 36 consecutive night raids on Berlin.[125]
From 1943, Mosquitos with RAF qirg'oq qo'mondonligi hujum qildi Kriegsmarine U-qayiqlar and intercepted transport ship concentrations. Keyin Overlord operatsiyasi, the U-boat threat in the Western Approaches decreased fairly quickly, but correspondingly the Norwegian and Danish waters posed greater dangers. Hence the RAF Coastal Command Mosquitos were moved to Scotland to counter this threat. The Strike Wing at Banff stood up in September 1944 and comprised Mosquito aircraft of No's 143, 144, 235 and 248 Squadrons Royal Air Force and No.333 Squadron Royal Norwegian Air Force. Despite an initially high loss rate, the Mosquito bomber variants ended the war with the lowest losses of any aircraft in RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi xizmat.[126]
The Mosquito also proved a very capable tungi jangchi. Some of the most successful RAF pilots flew these variants. Masalan, Qanot qo'mondoni Branse Burbridge claimed 21 kills, and Wing Commander John Cunningham claimed 19 of his 20 victories at night on Mosquitos.
Mosquitos 100-sonli RAF guruhi acted as night intruders operating at high level in support of the Bomber Command "heavies", to counter the enemy tactic of merging into the bomber stream, which, towards the end of 1943, was causing serious allied losses.[127] These RCM (radio countermeasures) aircraft were fitted with a device called "Serrat " to allow them to track down German night fighters from their Lichtenstein B/C (pastUHF -band) and Lixtenshteyn SN-2 (lower end of the VHF FM broadcast band) radar emissions, as well as a device named "Perfectos " that tracked German IFF signallari. These methods were responsible for the destruction of 257 German aircraft from December 1943 to April 1945. Mosquito fighters from all units accounted for 487 German aircraft during the war, the vast majority of which were night fighters.[128]
One Mosquito is listed as belonging to German secret operations unit Kampfgeschwader 200, which tested, evaluated and sometimes clandestinely operated captured enemy aircraft during the war. The aircraft was listed on the jang tartibi ning Versuchsverband OKL'lar, 2 xodimlar, Stab Gruppe on 10 November and 31 December 1944. However, on both lists, the Mosquito is listed as unserviceable.[129]
The Mosquito flew its last official European war mission on 21 May 1945, when Mosquitos of 143 Squadron and 248 Squadron RAF were ordered to continue to hunt German submarines that might be tempted to continue the fight; instead of submarines all the Mosquitos encountered were passive Elektron qayiqlar.[130]
The last operational RAF Mosquitos were the Mosquito TT.35's, which were finally retired from No. 3 Civilian Anti-Aircraft Co-Operation Unit (CAACU) in May 1963.[131]
In 1947–49, up to 180 Canadian surplus Mosquitoes flew many operations for the Nationalist Chinese under Chiang Qay-shek in the civil war against Communist forces. Pilots from three squadrons of Mosquitoes claimed to have sunk or damaged 500 ships during one invasion attempt. As the Communists assumed control, the remaining aircraft were evacuated to Formosa, where they flew missions against shipping.[132]
Variantlar
Until the end of 1942 the RAF always used Rim raqamlari (I, II, ...) for mark numbers; 1943–1948 yillarda yangi samolyotlar xizmat ko'rsatadigan o'tish davri bo'ldi Arab raqamlari (1, 2, ...) for mark numbers, but older aircraft retained their Roman numerals. 1948 yildan boshlab arab raqamlari faqat ishlatila boshlandi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Prototiplar
Three prototypes were built, each with a different configuration. The first to fly was W4050 on 25 November 1940, followed by the fighter W4052 on 15 May 1941 and the photo-reconnaissance prototype W4051 on 10 June 1941. W4051 later flew operationally with 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (1 PRU).[iqtibos kerak ]
Suratga olish
Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland Mosquito PR Vikimedia Commons-da
Jami 10 Mosquito PR Mk Is were built, four of them "long range" versions equipped with a 151 imperial gallons (690 L) overload fuel tank in the fuselage.[54] The contract called for 10 of the PR Mk I airframes to be converted to B Mk IV Series 1s.[133] All of the PR Mk Is, and the B Mk IV Series 1s, had the original short engine nacelles and short span (19 ft 5.5 in) tailplanes. Their engine cowlings incorporated the original pattern of integrated exhaust manifolds, which, after relatively brief flight time, had a troublesome habit of burning and blistering the cowling panels.[134] The first operational sortie by a Mosquito was made by a PR Mk I, W4055, on 17 September 1941; during this sortie the unarmed Mosquito PR.I evaded three Messerschmitt Bf 109s at 23,000 feet (7,000 m).[135] Powered by two Merlin 21s, the PR Mk I had a maximum speed of 382 miles per hour (615 km/h), a cruise speed of 255 miles per hour (410 km/h), a ceiling of 35,000 feet (11,000 m), a range of 2,180 nautical miles (4,040 km), and a climb rate of 2,850 feet (870 m) per minute.[136]
Over 30 Mosquito B Mk IV bombers were converted into the PR Mk IV photo-reconnaissance aircraft.[137] The first operational flight by a PR Mk IV was made by DK284 1942 yil aprel oyida.[138]
Chivin PR Mk VIII, built as a stopgap pending the introduction of the refined PR Mk IX, was the next photo-reconnaissance version. The five VIIIs were converted from B Mk IVs and became the first operational Mosquito version to be powered by two-stage, two-speed supercharged engines, using 1,565 hp (1,167 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 61 engines in place of Merlin 21/22s. The first PR Mk VIII, DK324 first flew on 20 October 1942.[139] The PR Mk VIII had a maximum speed of 436 mph (702 km/h), an economical cruise speed of 295 mph (475 km/h) at 20,000 ft, and 350 mph (560 km/h) at 30,000 ft,[140] a ceiling of 38,000 ft (12,000 m), a range of 2,550 nmi (4,720 km), and a climb rate of 2,500 ft per minute (760 m).[136]
Chivin PR Mk IX, 90 of which were built, was the first Mosquito variant with two-stage, two-speed engines to be produced in quantity; ulardan birinchisi, LR405, first flew in April 1943.[139] The PR Mk IX was based on the Mosquito B Mk IX bomber and was powered by two 1,680 hp (1,250 kW) Merlin 72/73 or 76/77 engines. It could carry either two 50 imperial gallons (230 L), two 100 imperial gallons (450 L) or two 200 imperial gallons (910 L) droppable fuel tanks.[138]
Chivin PR Mk XVI had a pressurised cockpit and, like the Mk IX, was powered by two Rolls-Royce Merlin 72/73 or 76/77 piston engines. This version was equipped with three overload fuel tanks, totalling 760 imperial gallons (3,500 L) in the bomb bay, and could also carry two 50 imperial gallons (230 L) or 100 imperial gallons (450 L) drop tanks.[141] A total of 435 of the PR Mk XVI were built.[138] The PR Mk XVI had a maximum speed of 415 mph (668 km/h), a cruise speed of 250 mph (400 km/h), ceiling of 38,500 ft (11,700 m), a range of 2,450 nmi (4,540 km), and a climb rate of 2,900 feet per minute (884 m).[136]
Chivin PR Mk 32 was a long-range, high-altitude, pressurised photo-reconnaissance version. It was powered by a pair of two-stage supercharged 1,690 hp (1,260 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 113 and Merlin 114 piston engines, the Merlin 113 on the starboard side and the Merlin 114 on the port. First flown in August 1944, only five were built and all were conversions from PR.XVIs.[142]
Chivin PR Mk 34 va PR Mk 34A was a very long-range unarmed high altitude photo-reconnaissance version. The fuel tank and cockpit protection armour were removed. Additional fuel was carried in a bulged bomb bay: 1,192 gallons—the equivalent of 5,419 miles (8,721 km). A further two 200-gallon (910-litre) drop tanks under the outer wings gave a range of 3,600 miles (5,800 km) cruising at 300 mph (480 km/h). Powered by two 1,690 hp (1,260 kW) Merlin 114s first used in the PR.32. The port Merlin 114 drove a Marshal cabin supercharger. A total of 181 were built, including 50 built by Percival aviatsiyasi Kompaniya Luton.[142] The PR.34's maximum speed (TAS) was 335 mph (539 km/h) at sea level, 405 mph (652 km/h) at 17,000 ft (5,200 m) and 425 mph (684 km/h) at 30,000 ft (9,100 m).[143]All PR.34s were installed with four split F52 vertical cameras, two forward, two aft of the fuselage tank and one F24 oblique camera. Sometimes a K-17 camera was used for air surveys. In August 1945, the PR.34A was the final photo-reconnaissance variant with one Merlin 113A and 114A each delivering 1,710 hp (1,280 kW).[144]
Colonel Roy M. Stanley II, USAF (RET) wrote: "I consider the Mosquito the best photo-reconnaissance aircraft of the war".[145]
Ikkinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan keyin Spartan Air Services used 10 ex-RAF Mosquitoes, mostly B.35's plus one of only six PR.35's built, for high-altitude photographic survey work in Canada.[146]
Bombardimonlar
Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland Mosquito B Vikimedia Commons-da
On 21 June 1941 the Air Ministry ordered that the last 10 Mosquitos, ordered as photo-reconnaissance aircraft, should be converted to bombers. These 10 aircraft were part of the original 1 March 1940 production order and became the B Mk IV Series 1. W4052 was to be the prototype and flew for the first time on 8 September 1941.[148]
The bomber prototype led to the B Mk IV, of which 273 were built: apart from the 10 Series 1s, all of the rest were built as Series 2s with extended nacelles, revised exhaust manifolds, with integrated flame dampers, and larger tailplanes.[149] Series 2 bombers also differed from the Series 1 in having an increased payload of four 500 lb (230 kg) bombs, instead of the four 250 pounds (110 kg) bombs of Series 1. This was made possible by kesish, or shortening the tail of the 500 pounds (230 kg) bomb so that these four heavier weapons could be carried (or a 2,000 lb (920;kg) total load).[149] The B Mk IV entered service in May 1942 with 105 otryad.[iqtibos kerak ]
In April 1943 it was decided to convert a B Mk IV to carry a 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) Blokbaster bombasi (nicknamed a Cookie). The conversion, including modified bomb bay suspension arrangements, bulged bomb bay doors and fairings, was relatively straightforward and 54 B.IVs were modified and distributed to squadrons of the Light Night Striking Force.[149][150] 27 B Mk IVs were later converted for special operations with the Geybol anti-shipping weapon, and were used by 618 Squadron, formed in April 1943 specifically to use this weapon.[151] A B Mk IV, DK290 was initially used as a trials aircraft for the bomb, followed by DZ471,530 and 533.[152] The B Mk IV had a maximum speed of 380 mph (610 km/h), a cruising speed of 265 mph (426 km/h), ceiling of 34,000 ft (10,000 m), a range of 2,040 nmi (3,780 km), and a climb rate of 2,500 ft per minute (762 m).[136]
Other bomber variants of the Mosquito included the Merlin 21 powered B Mk V high-altitude version. Trials with this configuration were made with W4057, which had strengthened wings and two additional fuel tanks, or alternatively, two 500 pounds (230 kg) bombs. This design was not produced in Britain, but formed the basic design of the Canadian-built B.VII. Faqat W4057 was built in prototype form.[153] The Merlin 31 powered B Mk VII was built by de Havilland Canada and first flown on 24 September 1942. It only saw service in Canada, 25 were built. Six were handed over to the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari.
B Mk IX (54 built) was powered by the Merlin 72,73, 76 or 77. The two-stage Merlin variant was based on the PR.IX. Prototip DK 324 was converted from a PR.VIII and first flew on 24 March 1943.[154] In October 1943 it was decided that all B Mk IVs and all B Mk IXs then in service would be converted to carry the 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) "Cookie", and all B Mk IXs built after that date were designed to allow them to be converted to carry the weapon.[155] The B Mk IX had a maximum speed of 408 mph (657 km/h), an economical cruise speed of 295 mph (475 km/h) at 20,000 ft, and 350 mph (560 km/h) at 30,000 ft,[140] ceiling of 36,000 ft (11,000 m), a range of 2,450 nmi (4,540 km), and a climb rate of 2,850 feet per minute (869 m). The IX could carry a maximum load of 2,000–4,000 lb (910–1,810 kg) of bombs.[136] A Mosquito B Mk IX holds the record for the most combat operations flown by an Allied bomber in the Second World War. LR503, known as "F for Freddie" (from its squadron code letters, GB*F), first served with № 109 va keyinchalik, № 105 RAF squadrons. It flew 213 sorties during the war, only to crash at Calgary airport during the Eighth Victory Loan Bond Drive on 10 May 1945, two days after Evropadagi g'alaba kuni, killing both the pilot, Flt. Lt. Maurice Briggs, DSO, DFC, DFM and navigator Fl. O'chirilgan. John Baker, DFC and Bar.[156]
The B Mk XVI was powered by the same variations as the B.IX. All B Mk XVIs were capable of being converted to carry the 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) "Cookie".[155] The two-stage powerplants were added along with a pressurised cabin. DZ540 first flew on 1 January 1944. The prototype was converted from a IV (402 built). Keyingi variant B Mk XX, was powered by Packard Merlins 31 and 33s. It was the Canadian version of the IV. Altogether, 245 were built. The B Mk XVI had a maximum speed of 408 mph (657 km/h), an economical cruise speed of 295 mph (475 km/h) at 20,000 ft, and 350 mph (560 km/h) at 30,000 ft,[140] ceiling of 37,000 ft (11,000 m), a range of 1,485 nmi (2,750 km), and a climb rate of 2,800 ft per minute (853 m). The type could carry 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of bombs.[136]
The B.35 was powered by Merlin 113 and 114As. Some were converted to TT.35s (Target Tugs) and others were used as PR.35s (photo-reconnaissance).[154] The B.35 had a maximum speed of 422 mph (679 km/h), a cruising speed of 276 mph (444 km/h), ceiling of 42,000 ft (13,000 m), a range of 1,750 nmi (3,240 km), and a climb rate of 2,700 ft per minute (823 m).[157] A total of 174 B.35s were delivered up to the end of 1945. [nb 20] A further 100 were delivered from 1946 for a grand total of 274, 65 of which were built by Airspeed Ltd.[nb 21][144]
Jangchilar
Developed during 1940, the first prototype of the Mosquito F Mk II was completed on 15 May 1941. These Mosquitos were fitted with four 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano cannon in the fuselage belly and four .303 (7.7 mm) Browning pulemyotlari burunga o'rnatilgan. On production Mk IIs the machine guns and ammunition tanks were accessed via two centrally hinged, sideways opening doors in the upper nose section. To arm and service the cannon the bomb bay doors were replaced by manually operated bay doors: the F and NF Mk IIs could not carry bombs.[56] The type was also fitted with a qurol kamerasi in a compartment above the machine guns in the nose and was fitted with exhaust flame dampers to reduce the glare from the Merlin XXs.[160]
In the summer of 1942, Britain experienced day-time incursions of the high-altitude reconnaissance bomber, the Junkers Ju 86P.[161] Although the Ju 86P only carried a light bomb load, it overflew sensitive areas, including Bristol, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire. Bombs were dropped on Luton and elsewhere, and this particular aircraft was seen from the main de Havilland offices and factory at Hatfield. An attempt to intercept it with a Spitfire from RAF Manston was unsuccessful. As a result of the potential threat, a decision was quickly taken to develop a high-altitude Mosquito interceptor, using the MP469 prototip.[iqtibos kerak ]
MP469 entered the experimental shop on 7 September and made its initial flight on 14 September, piloted by John de Havilland. The bomber nose was altered using a normal fighter nose, armed with four standard .303 (7.7 mm) Browning pulemyotlari. The low pressure cabin retained a bomber canopy structure and a two-piece windscreen. The control wheel was replaced with a fighter control stick. The wingspan was increased to 59 ft (18 m). The airframe was lightened by removing armour plating, some fuel tanks and other fitments. Smaller-diameter main wheels were fitted after the first few flights. At a loaded weight of 16,200 lb (7,300 kg) this HA Mk XV was 2,300 lb (1,000 kg) lighter than a standard Mk II. For this first conversion, the engines were a pair of Merlin 61s. On 15 September, John de Havilland reached an altitude of 43,000 feet (13,000 m) in this version. The aircraft was delivered to a High Altitude Flight which had been formed at RAF Northolt. However, the high-level German daylight intruders were no longer to be seen. It was subsequently revealed that only five Ju 86P aircraft had been built and they had only flown 12 sorties. Nevertheless, the general need for high altitude interceptors was recognised – but now the emphasis was to be upon night fighters.[iqtibos kerak ]
The A&AEE tested the climb and speed of night fighter conversion of MP469 in January 1943 for the Ministry of Aircraft Production.[162] Wingspan had been increased to 62 ft (19 m), the Brownings had been moved to a fairing below the fuselage. According to Birtles, an AI radar was mounted in the nose and the Merlins were upgraded to Mk76 type, although Boscombe Down reported Merlin 61s. In addition to MP469, four more B Mk IVs were converted into NF MK XVs.[161][163] The Fighterni ushlab qolish bo'limi at RAF Ford carried out service trials, March 1943, and then these five aircraft went to 85 Squadron, Hunsdon, where they were flown from April until August of that year. The greatest height reached in service was 44,600 feet (13,600 m).[iqtibos kerak ]
Apart from the F Mk XV, all Mosquito fighters and fighter bombers featured a modified canopy structure incorporating a flat, single piece armoured windscreen, and the crew entry/exit door was moved from the bottom of the forward fuselage to the right side of the nose, just forward of the wing leading edge.[164]
Kecha jangchilari
Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland Mosquito NF Vikimedia Commons-da
At the end of 1940, the Air Staff's preferred turret-equipped night fighter design to Operational Requirement O.R. 95 was the Gloster F.18/40 (derived from their F.9/37 ). However, although in agreement as to the quality of the Gloster company's design, the Ministry of Aircraft Production was concerned that Gloster would not be able to work on the F.18/40 and also the jet fighter design, considered the greater priority. Consequently, in mid-1941 the Air Staff and MAP agreed that the Gloster aircraft would be dropped and the Mosquito, when fitted with a turret would be considered for the night fighter requirement.[165]
Birinchi ishlab chiqarish tungi jangchi Mosquitos – minus turrets – were designated NF Mk II. A total of 466 were built with the first entering service with № 157 otryad in January 1942, replacing the Duglas Havoc. These aircraft were similar to the F Mk II, but were fitted with the AI Mk IV metrik to'lqin uzunligi radar. The herring-bone uzatish antenna was mounted on the nose and the dipole qabul qilish antennae were carried under the outer wings.[166] A number of NF IIs had their radar equipment removed and additional fuel tanks installed in the bay behind the cannon for use as night intruders. Belgilangan ushbu samolyotlar NF II (Special) were first used by 23 otryad in operations over Europe in 1942.[167] 23 Squadron was then deployed to Malta on 20 December 1942, and operated against targets in Italy.[168]
Ninety-seven NF Mk IIs were upgraded with 3.3 GHz frequency, low-SHF -band AI Mk VIII radar and these were designated NF Mk XII. The NF Mk XIII, of which 270 were built, was the production equivalent of the Mk XII conversions. These "centimetric" radar sets were mounted in a solid "thimble" (Mk XII / XIII) or universal "bull nose" (Mk XVII / XIX) radome, which required the machine guns to be dispensed with.
Four F Mk XVs were converted to the NF Mk XV. These were fitted with AI Mk VIII in a "thimble" radome, and the .303 Brownings were moved into a gun pack fitted under the forward fuselage.[169]
NF Mk XVII was the designation for 99 NF Mk II conversions, with single-stage Merlin 21, 22, or 23 engines, but British AI.X (US SCR-720) radar.[iqtibos kerak ]
The NF Mk XIX was an improved version of the NF XIII. It could be fitted with American or British AI radars; 220 were built.[iqtibos kerak ]
The NF Mk 30 was the final wartime variant and was a high-altitude version, powered by two 1,710 hp (1,280 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 76s. The NF Mk 30 had a maximum speed of 424 mph (682 km/h) at 26,500 ft (8,100 m).[170] It also carried early elektron qarshi choralar uskunalar. 526 were built.[iqtibos kerak ]
Other Mosquito night fighter variants planned but never built included the NF Mk X va NF Mk XIV (the latter based on the NF Mk XIII), both of which were to have two-stage Merlins. The NF Mk 31 was a variant of the NF Mk 30, but powered by Packard Merlins.[171]
After the war, two more night fighter versions were developed:The NF Mk 36 was similar to the Mosquito NF Mk 30, but fitted with the American-built AI.Mk X radar. Powered by two 1,690 hp (1,260 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 113/114 piston engines; 266 ta qurilgan. Max level speeds (TAS) with flame dampers fitted were 305 mph (491 km/h) at sea level, 380 mph (610 km/h) at 17,000 ft (5,200 m), and 405 mph (652 km/h) at 30,000 ft (9,100 m).[143]
The NF Mk 38, 101 of which were built, was also similar to the Mosquito NF Mk 30, but fitted with the British-built AI Mk IX radar. This variant suffered from stability problems and did not enter RAF service: 60 were eventually sold to Yugoslavia.[172] According to the Pilot's Notes and Air Ministry 'Special Flying Instruction TF/487', which posted limits on the Mosquito's maximum speeds, the NF Mk 38 had a VNE of 370 knots (425 mph), without under-wing stores, and within the altitude range of sea level to 10,000 ft (3,000 m). However, from 10,000 to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) the maximum speed was 348 knots (400 mph). As the height increased other recorded speeds were; 15,000 to 20,000 ft (6,100 m) 320 knots (368 mph); 20,000 to 25,000 ft (7,600 m), 295 knots (339 mph); 25,000 to 30,000 ft (9,100 m), 260 knots (299 mph); 30,000 to 35,000 ft (11,000 m), 235 knots (270 mph). With two added 100-gallon fuel tanks this performance fell; between sea level and 15,000 feet 330 knots (379 mph); between 15,000 and 20,000 ft (6,100 m) 320 knots (368 mph); 20,000 to 25,000 ft (7,600 m), 295 knots (339 mph); 25,000 to 30,000 ft (9,100 m), 260 knots (299 mph); 30,000 to 35,000 ft (11,000 m), 235 knots (270 mph). Little difference was noted above 15,000 ft (4,600 m).[173]
Strike ("fighter-bomber") variants
Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari De Havilland Mosquito FB Vikimedia Commons-da
The FB Mk VIbirinchi bo'lib 1942 yil 1 iyunda uchgan, ikkita, bir bosqichli ikki tezlikda, 1460 ot kuchiga (1,090 kVt) Merlin 21 yoki 1,635 ot kuchiga (1,219 kVt) Merlin 25 quvvat bilan ishlagan va qayta stressli va kuchaytirilgan "asosiy" 250 yoki 500 funt (110 yoki 230 kg) bombalarni har bir qanot ostidagi soddalashtirilgan shpilkalarda joylashgan tokchalarda yoki sakkiztagacha ko'tarishga qodir qanot tuzilishi RP-3 25lb yoki 60 lb raketalar. Bundan tashqari, har bir qanot ostida bitta 50 imp gal (230 l) yoki 100 imp gal (450 l) tomchi tanklarni olib yurish uchun yonilg'i liniyalari qo'shildi.[138][174] Odatiy sobit qurol 20 mm to'rtta edi Hispano Mk.II to'pi va to'rt .303 (7,7 mm) Browning pulemyotlari Bomba joyida 250 yoki 500 funt (110 yoki 230 kg) ikkita bomba tashilishi mumkin edi.[nb 22]
F Mk II-dan farqli o'laroq, ventral bay eshiklari ikkita juftga bo'lingan, oldinga juftlik esa to'pga kirish uchun ishlatilgan, orqa juft bomba eshiklari vazifasini bajargan.[175] Maksimal yonilg'i yuki 453 imperator galon (2060 l) ichki yonilg'i baklari o'rtasida taqsimlangan 719,5 imperator galonini (3271 l) tashkil etdi, shuningdek har biri 66,5 imperator galon (302 l) quvvatga ega ikkita ortiqcha yuk tanklari, ular bomba maydoniga joylashtirilishi mumkin edi. va ikkita 100 gallon (450 l) tomchi tank.[174] Har xil darajadagi tez-tez tez-tez 368 milya (592 km / soat) deb baholanadi, ammo bu tezlik saksof gazlari bilan jihozlangan samolyotlarga tegishli. Sinov samolyoti (HJ679) stub egzozlari bilan jihozlanganligi kutilganidan pastroq ishlashi aniqlandi. U Xatfilddagi de Havillandga xizmat ko'rsatgan joyiga qaytarilgan. Keyin uning eng yuqori tezligi sinovdan o'tkazildi va kutilgan natijalarga muvofiq 384 milya (618 km / soat) ekanligi aniqlandi.[176] 2298 ta FB Mk VI qurildi, bu chivin ishlab chiqarishning deyarli uchdan bir qismi.[138] Ikkalasi TR.33 ga aylantirildi tashuvchidan yuklangan, dengiz ish tashlash prototiplari.[138]
FB Mk VI o'zini himoya qilishga qodirligini isbotladi qiruvchi samolyotlar, zarba berish / bombardimon qilish rollaridan tashqari. Masalan, 1945 yil 15-yanvarda Mosquito FB Mk VIs 143 otryad 30 bilan shug'ullangan Fok-Vulf Fw 190-yillar dan Jagdgeschwader 5: Mosquitos qurolli trawler va ikkita savdo kemasini cho'ktirdi, ammo beshta Mosquitos yo'qoldi (ikkitasi flakka)[177] beshta Fw 190 ni urib tushirayotganda.[178]
Boshqa qiruvchi-bombardimonchi variant bu edi Mosquito FB Mk XVIII (ba'zan. nomi bilan ham tanilgan Tseze ) ulardan bittasi prototip sifatida xizmat qilish uchun FB Mk VI dan o'zgartirilgan va 17 tasi maxsus ishlab chiqarilgan. Mk XVIII molinlar "6 pog'onali sinf M" to'pi bilan qurollangan edi: bu o'zgartirilgan QF 6 poundli (57 mm) tankga qarshi qurol an bilan jihozlangan avtomatik yuklovchi ikkala yarim yoki to'liq avtomatik olovga ruxsat berish.[nb 23] 25 ta tur o'tkazildi, butun o'rnatish og'irligi 1580 funt (720 kg).[142] Bundan tashqari, dvigatellar va ekipajni og'ir qurollangan U-qayiqlardan himoya qilish uchun dvigatel kovaklarida, burun atrofida va kokpit tagida 900 lb (410 kg) zirh qo'shildi, bu XVIII Mk.[179] Ikki yoki to'rtta .303 (7,7 mm) Browning pulemyotlari burnida ushlanib, asosiy qurolni nishonga "ko'rish" uchun ishlatilgan.[142]
The Havo vazirligi dastlab ushbu variant ishlamaydi deb gumon qilgan, ammo testlar aksini isbotlagan. Garchi qurol Mosquito-ga kemalarga qarshi foydalanish uchun ko'proq yuk tashishga qarshi quvvatni taqdim etgan bo'lsa-da, qurolni nishonga olish va o'qqa tutish uchun barqaror yondashuvni talab qildi, shiddatli zenitga qarshi uning yog'och konstruktsiyasi yanada katta mas'uliyat kasb etdi. olov. Qurolning tumshug'i tezligi 2,950 fut / s (900 m / s) bo'lgan[142] 1800–1500 yard (1600–1400 metr) oralig'idagi ajoyib masofa. Bu yo'l harakati uchun sezgir edi; hujum uchun 1500 ° dan 30 ° burchak ostida sho'ng'in kerak edi bank ko'rsatkichi markazda. Sho'ng'in paytida harakat qilish qurolni siqib qo'yishi mumkin.[180] Prototip HJ732 FB.VI-dan o'zgartirilgan va birinchi marta 1943 yil 8-iyun kuni parvoz qilingan.[142]
Yangi qurolning ta'siri 1944 yil 10 martda Mk XVIII asrdan boshlab namoyish etildi 248 otryad (to'rt Mk VIs eskorti bilan) 10 ta qo'riqlanadigan bitta U-qayiq va to'rtta esminetsdan iborat nemis kolonnasini jalb qildi Ju 88s. Ju 88-lardan uchtasi urib tushirilgan. Uchuvchi Toni Fillips to'rtta snaryad bilan bitta Ju 88 ni yo'q qildi, ulardan biri dvigatelni Ju 88 dan yirtib tashladi. U-qayiq shikastlangan. 25 mart kuni, U-976 Molinlar bilan jihozlangan Mosquitos tomonidan cho'ktirildi.[181] 10 iyun kuni, U-821 248-sonli otryadning kuchli havo hujumi oldida tashlab ketilgan va keyinchalik a Ozod qiluvchi 206-sonli otryad.[182] 1945 yil 5-aprelda chivinlar molinlar bilan Germaniyaning beshta yer usti kemalariga hujum qilishdi Kattegat va yana barchasini olovga solib, cho'ktirish orqali o'zlarining qadr-qimmatini namoyish etdi.[183][184] Nemis Sperrbrecher ("minalar maydonini buzuvchi") barcha qo'llar bilan yo'qolgan, 200 ga yaqin jasadlar olib chiqilgan Shved kemalar.[183] Hammasi bo'lib 900 ga yaqin nemis askarlari vafot etdi.[183] 9 aprel kuni Germaniyaning U-qayiqlari U-804, U-843 va U-1065 yo'nalishida aniqlandi Norvegiya. Hammasi raketalar bilan cho'ktirildi.[183][185] U-251 va U-2359 1945 yil 19 aprel va 2 may kunlari ham raketalar bilan cho'kib ketgan.[186]
Raketalarning afzalligiga qaramay, katta qurol g'oyasini yanada rivojlantirish 96 mm kalibrli undan ham kattaroq yordamida amalga oshirildi QF 32 asosli, asoslangan qurol QF 3,7 dyuymli AA qurol tankni ishlatish uchun mo'ljallangan, yangi shakli yordamida havodagi versiyasi tumshug'i tormoz. Mosquito-da bunday katta qurolni ishlatish maqsadga muvofiqligini isbotlash uchun ishlab chiqilgan ushbu o'rnatish urush tugaguniga qadar tugatilmadi, u uchib ketganda va bitta samolyotda muammosiz o'qqa tutilgandan so'ng, keyin yo'q qilindi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Mk VI asosidagi dizaynlar quyidagilar edi FB Mk 26, Kanadada qurilgan va FB Mk 40tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan, Avstraliyada qurilgan Packard Merlins. FB.26 1620 ot kuchi (1210 kVt) bir bosqichli Packard Merlin 225s yordamida FB.21 dan yaxshilandi. 300 ga yaqin qurilgan, yana 37 tasi T.29 standartiga o'tkazilgan.[142] 212 FB.40s de Havilland Australia tomonidan qurilgan. Oltitasi PR.40 ga o'tkazildi; 28 dan PR.41 gacha, bittasi FB.42 ga va 22 dan T.43 gacha bo'lgan murabbiylarga. Ularning aksariyati Packard tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Merlin 31 yoki 33s tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.[144]
Murabbiylar
Mosquito shuningdek sifatida qurilgan Mosquito T Mk III ikki o'rindiqli murabbiy. Ikkita Rolls-Royce Merlin 21 rusumli avtomashinada ishlaydigan ushbu versiya qurolsiz edi va ikkita boshqaruv mexanizmlari bilan jihozlangan o'zgartirilgan kokpitiga ega edi. Jami 348 ta T Mk III RAF uchun qurilgan va Fleet Air Arm. de Havilland, Avstraliya qurilgan 11 T Mk 43 Mk III ga o'xshash murabbiylar.[iqtibos kerak ]
Torpedo-bombardimonchilar
Spetsifikatsiyani bajarish uchun N.15 / 44 uchun dengiz pashshasi uchun Qirollik floti torpedo bombardimonchisi sifatida foydalanish, de Havilland ishlab chiqarilgan tashuvchidan yuklangan variant. Mosquito FB.VI prototipi sifatida o'zgartirilgan Dengiz pashshalari TR Mk 33 buklanadigan qanotlari, tutqichli ilgagi, uchqunli burunli radomi, to'rtta pichoqli pervanellari bo'lgan Merlin 25 dvigatellari va siqib chiqarishda standart rezina emas, balki yangi oleo-pnevmatik qo'nish moslamalari. Dengiz pashshasining dastlabki tashuvchisi sinovlari tomonidan amalga oshirildi Erik "Vinkl" Braun bortda HMS Tinimsiz, birinchi qo'nish 1944 yil 25 martda bo'lib o'tdi. 100 TR.33 uchun buyurtma berildi, garchi Leavesdenda atigi 50 dona qurilgan. Qurol 20 mm uzunlikdagi to'rtta to'p, bomba joyidagi ikkita 500 funtli bomba (yana ikkitasi qanot ostiga o'rnatilishi mumkin), sakkizta 60 funt sterling raketa (har bir qanot ostida to'rttadan) va korpus ostidagi standart torpedo edi. Birinchi ishlab chiqarish TR.33 1945 yil 10-noyabrda uchgan. Ushbu ketma-ket oltitadan keyin Dengiz pashshalari TR Mk 37TR.33 ning AN / APS-6 o'rniga ASV Mk XIII radariga ega bo'lganligi bilan ajralib turadigan s.[iqtibos kerak ]
Maqsadli tortmalar
RAF-ning maqsadli tortish versiyasi bu edi Mosquito TT Mk 35Ekzeterda 3-sonli CAACU bilan ekspluatatsion xizmatda qolgan so'nggi samolyot bo'lib, nihoyat 1963 yilda iste'foga chiqarildi. Ushbu samolyotlar keyinchalik filmda namoyish etildi 633 otryad.[iqtibos kerak ]Bir qator B Mk XVI bombardimonchi samolyotlari TT Mk 39 nishonni tortish vositalariga aylantirildi. Qirollik dengiz floti ham operatsiya qildi Mosquito TT Mk 39 Ikki sobiq RAF FB.6-da TT.6 standartiga o'tkazildi Manchester (Ringway) aeroporti tomonidan Fairey Aviation 1953-1954 yillarda va etkazib berildi Belgiya havo kuchlari dan samolyotlarni tortib olish uchun foydalanish uchun Silt otish maydonlari.[iqtibos kerak ]
Kanadada qurilgan
Jami 1032[188] (urush vaqti + 2dan keyin) Mosquitos Kanadaning De Havilland tomonidan qurilgan Downsview aerodromi Downsview Ontario-da (hozir Downsview Park Toronto Ontarioda).
- Mosquito B Mk VII : Mosquito B Mk V bombardimonchi samolyotga asoslangan Kanada versiyasi. Ikki 1.418 ot kuchiga ega (1057 kVt) Packard Merlin 31 pistonli dvigatellari bilan ishlaydi; 25 qurilgan.
- Mosquito B Mk XX : Mosquito B Mk IV bombardimonchi samolyotining Kanadadagi versiyasi; 145 qurildi, shundan 40 tasiga aylantirildi F-8 uchun foto-razvedka samolyoti USAAF.
- Mosquito FB Mk 21 : Mosquito FB Mk VI qiruvchi-bombardimonchi samolyotining Kanadadagi versiyasi. Ikki 1460 ot kuchiga ega (1.090 kVt) Rolls-Royce Merlin 31 pistonli dvigatellari, uchta ishlab chiqarilgan.
- Mosquito T Mk 22 : Mosquito T Mk III o'quv samolyotining Kanadadagi versiyasi.
- Mosquito B Mk 23 : Bombardimonchi variantining foydalanilmaydigan belgilanishi.
- Mosquito FB Mk 24 : Kanadalik qiruvchi-bombardimonchi versiyasi. Ikki 1620 ot kuchiga ega (1210 kVt) Rolls-Royce Merlin 301 pistonli dvigatellari; ikkitasi qurilgan.
- Mosquito B Mk 25 : Mosquito B Mk XX Bomber samolyotining takomillashtirilgan versiyasi. Ikki 1620 ot kuchiga ega (1210 kVt) Packard Merlin 225 pistonli dvigatellari; 400 qurilgan.
- Mosquito FB Mk 26 : Mosquito FB Mk 21 qiruvchi-bombardimonchi samolyotining takomillashtirilgan versiyasi. Ikki 1620 ot kuchiga ega (1210 kVt) Packard Merlin 225 pistonli dvigatellari; 338 ta qurilgan.
- Mosquito T Mk 27 : Kanadada ishlab chiqarilgan o'quv samolyotlari.
- Mosquito T Mk 29 : Bir qator FB Mk 26 jangchilari T Mk 29 murabbiylariga aylantirildi.
Avstraliyada qurilgan
- Mosquito FB Mk 40 : Ikki o'rindiqli qiruvchi-bombardimonchi versiyasi RAAF. Ikki 1460 ot kuchiga ega (1.090 kVt) Rolls-Royce Merlin 31 pistonli dvigatellari. Hammasi bo'lib Avstraliyada qurilgan 178 ta.
- Mosquito PR Mk 40 : Ushbu belgi oltita FB Mk 40-ga berilgan bo'lib, ular foto-razvedka samolyotlariga aylantirildi.
- Mosquito FB Mk 41 : RAAF uchun ikkita o'rindiqli qiruvchi-bombardimonchi versiyasi. Hammasi bo'lib 11 Avstraliyada qurilgan.
- Mosquito PR Mk 41 : RAAF uchun ikki o'rindiqli fotosurat versiyasi. Jami 17 ta Avstraliyada qurilgan.
- Mosquito FB Mk 42 : Ikki o'rindiqli qiruvchi-bombardimonchi versiyasi. Ikkita Rolls-Royce Merlin 69 pistonli dvigatellari bilan ishlaydi. Bitta FB Mk 40 samolyoti Mosquito FB Mk 42 ga aylantirildi.
- Mosquito T Mk 43 : RAAF uchun ikki o'ringa mo'ljallangan o'quv versiyasi. Jami 11 ta FB Mk 40s Mosquito T Mk 43-ga aylantirildi.
Geybol
Bir qator chivinlar tomonidan o'zgartirilgan Vikers-Armstronglar Highball olib borish "sakrab chiqayotgan bombalar "va Vikersning raqamlari ajratilgan:
- 463 turi - Mosquito IV prototipi Highball konversiyasi DZ741.[iqtibos kerak ]
- 465-toifa - Highball-ni ko'tarish uchun 33 ta chivin IVni aylantirish.[iqtibos kerak ]
Ishlab chiqarish
Qurilgan 7781 ta chivinlarning 5000 ga yaqini yog'ochdan yasalgan asosiy tarkibiy qismlarga ega edi Yuqori Uikom, Bukingemshir, Angliya.[190] Fyuzelyajlar, qanotlar va orqa samolyotlar Ronson, E. Gomme, Parker Knoll, Austinsuite and Styles & Mealing. Qanotli shpallar J. B. Xit va Dancer & Hearne tomonidan tayyorlangan. Boshqa ko'plab qismlar, shu jumladan qopqoqlar, qopqoq kafanlari, pervazlar, etakchi yig'ilishlar va bomba eshiklari Bukingemshir shahrida ham ishlab chiqarilgan. Dancer & Hearne yog'ochlarning katta qismini boshidan oxirigacha qayta ishladilar, yog'ochlarni qabul qildilar va uni Xay Vikomning chekkasidagi Penn ko'chasidagi fabrikasida tayyor qanot shparlariga aylantirdilar.[iqtibos kerak ]
Dastlab ixtisoslashgan sariq qayinning katta qismi yog'och qoplamasi Prototiplar va dastlabki ishlab chiqarish samolyotlari uchun ishlatilgan va tayyor kontrplak AQShning Viskonsin shtatidagi firmalardan jo'natildi.[18] Ushbu rolda taniqli bo'lgan Roddis kontrplak va Veneer Manufacturing Marshfild. USDA bilan birgalikda O'rmon mahsulotlari laboratoriyasi, Hamilton Roddis yangi kontrplak yopishtiruvchi va issiq presslash texnologiyasini ishlab chiqardi.[191] [nb 25]
Kanada
1941 yil iyulda DH Kanada Ontario shtatining Downsvyu shahrida Mosquitoslarni qurishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. Bu Germaniya Buyuk Britaniyani bosib olgan taqdirda ham davom etishi kerak edi.[192] Litsenziya asosida ishlab chiqarilgan Packard Merlin dvigatellari avgustga qadar sinovdan o'tkazildi va dastlabki ikkita samolyot sentyabrda ishlab chiqarildi. 1942 yil boshida ishlab chiqarish oyiga elliktaga ko'payishi kerak edi. Dastlab Kanada ishlab chiqaruvchisi bombardimonchilar uchun mo'ljallangan edi; keyinchalik qiruvchi, qiruvchi-bombardimonchi va o'quv samolyotlari ham ishlab chiqarilgan.[nb 26] Avval DHning ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha muhandisi Garri Povi yuborildi, so'ngra V. D. Xanter uzoq muddatli yashash uchun ketib, materiallar va ehtiyot qismlar etkazib beruvchilar bilan aloqa o'rnatdi. Buyuk Britaniyada dastlabki ishlab chiqarishda bo'lgani kabi, Tego bilan bog'langan kontrplak va qayin qoplamasi Viskonsin shtatidagi firmalardan, asosan Roddis Kontrplak va Veneer Manufacturing (Marshfield) dan olingan.[193] Dushman harakati jig va qoliplarni etkazib berishni kechiktirdi va ularni mahalliy sharoitda qurishga qaror qilindi.[nb 27] 1942 yil davomida subpudratchilar va etkazib beruvchilar tashkil topganligi sababli ishlab chiqarish oyiga 80 dan ortiq mashinalarga yaxshilandi. Qisman avtomobil qurish usullariga asoslangan mexanizatsiyalashgan ishlab chiqarish liniyasi 1944 yilda boshlangan.[194] Parvoz sinovlari endi ushlab turolmagach, bu London, Ontario, Central Aircraft Company aerodromiga ko'chirildi, u erda tasdiqlangan Mosquitos foydalanishga topshirish va keyinchalik paromni Evropaga ko'chirish uchun jo'nab ketdi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Mosquitos va boshqa ko'plab Ikkinchi jahon urushi samolyotlarining Kanadadan Evropaga parvozi xavfli bo'lib, odamlar va mashinalarning halok bo'lishiga olib keldi, ammo urush sharoitida bu ikki dvigatelli va ko'p motorli samolyotlar uchun eng yaxshi variant sifatida qaraldi. Kunning tili bilan aytganda, RAF xodimlari orasida "bu hech qanday pirojnoe bo'lmagan".[195][196][nb 28] Kanada de Havilland tomonidan dvigatel va moy tizimlari bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qilish uchun katta sa'y-harakatlar amalga oshirildi va parom parvozidan oldin qo'shimcha besh soatlik parvoz sinovlari o'tkazildi, ammo ba'zi yo'qotishlarning haqiqiy sababi noma'lum edi. Shunga qaramay, urush oxiriga kelib, 500 ga yaqin chivin bombardimonchilari va qiruvchi-bombardimonchilar Kanada operatsiyasi bilan muvaffaqiyatli parvoz qildilar.[197]
DH Kanada Kanada chivinlari uchun tashkil etilgandan so'ng, Sidneydagi DH Avstraliyada keyingi ishlab chiqarish yo'lga qo'yildi. U erda sayohat qilgan DH xodimlaridan biri taniqli sinov uchuvchisi edi, Pat Fillingxem. Ushbu ishlab chiqarish liniyalari jami 1133 kishini tashkil etdi[198] Kanadadan turli xil turdagi samolyotlar va Avstraliyadan 212 samolyotlar.[nb 29]
Eksport
Hammasi bo'lib, urush paytida ham, undan keyin ham Havilland 46 ta FB.VI va 29 ta PR eksport qildi. XVIlar Avstraliyaga; ikki FB.VI va 18 NF.30s gacha Belgiya; taxminan 250 FB.26, T.29 va T.27s Kanadadan Millatchi Xitoy. Sayohatning yomonlashishi va xitoylik uchuvchilarning mashg'ulotlari paytida avariyalar tufayli juda ko'p sonli xizmat hech qachon foydalanilmadi; ammo, beshta Xalq ozodlik armiyasi davomida Xitoy fuqarolar urushi;[200] 19 FB.VIgacha Chexoslovakiya 1948 yilda; 6 FB.VIgacha Dominika; bir nechta B.IV, 57 FB.VI, 29 PR.XVI va 23 NF.XXX gacha Frantsiya. Ayrim T.III lar eksport qilingan Isroil 60 ta FB.VI va kamida beshta PR.XVI va 14 ta dengiz versiyalari bilan birga. To'rt T.III, 76 FB.VI, bitta FB.40 va to'rtta T.43 eksport qilindi Yangi Zelandiya. Uchta T.III eksport qilindi Norvegiya va 18 ta FB.VI, keyinchalik ular tungi qiruvchi standartiga o'tkazildi. Janubiy Afrika ikkita F.II va 14 PR.XVI / XI va Shvetsiya 60 NF.XIX oldi. kurka 96 FB.VI va bir nechta T.III olgan va Yugoslaviya 60 NF.38s, 80 FB.VI va uchta T.III etkazib berildi.[3]
Saytlar
Chivinlarning umumiy ishlab chiqarilishi 7781 tani tashkil etdi, shundan 6710 tasi urush davrida qurilgan.
| Ishlab chiqaruvchi va sayt | Raqam qurilgan |
|---|---|
| de Havilland Xetfild, Hertfordshir | 3,326 |
| de Havilland Leavesden, Xertfordshir | 1,476 |
| Standard Motor Company (Canley ), Koventri | 1,066 |
| Percival aviatsiya kompaniyasi, Luton | 245 |
| Airspeed Aircraft, Portsmut | 122 |
| de Havilland Hawarden, Chester[nb 30] | 96 |
| de Havilland, Kanada, Toronto | 1,076 |
| de Havilland, Avstraliya, Sidney | 212 |
Fuqarolik baxtsiz hodisalari va hodisalari
Fuqaro aviakompaniyasi xizmatida bir qator moskitoslar yo'qoldi, asosan British Overseas Airways korporatsiyasi Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida.
- 1943 yil 17-avgustda G-AGGF yaqinida qulab tushdi Glenshei, Pertshir.[10]
- 1943 yil 25 oktyabrda G-AGGG yaqinida qulab tushdi RAF Leuchars.[10]
- 1944 yil 3-yanvarda Gavilland Mosquito G-AGGD qo'nish vaqtida to'xtab qoldi Såtenäs, Shvetsiya va hisobdan chiqarildi.[10]
- 1944 yil 19-avgustda Gavilland Mosquito G-AGKP Shimoliy dengiz yopiq Leucharlar, Fife. Samolyot bortidagi barcha uch kishi halok bo'ldi.[10]
- 1944 yil 29 avgustda de Havilland Mosquito G-AGKR samolyotda parvozda g'oyib bo'ldi Gyoteborg, Shvetsiya, RAF Leuchars-ga ikkala ekipaj a'zolarini yo'qotish bilan.[10]
- 1945 yil 21 martda de Havilland Mosquito G-AGKR maydonni bombardimon qildi Institut Jeanne d'Arc, Daniya, Kopengagen markazidagi Frederiksberg tumanidagi 74-sonli Frederiksberg Alle-da joylashgan frantsuz tilidagi Rim-katolik maktabi, 86 bola va 18 kattalarning o'limiga sabab bo'ldi.[10]
So'nggi paytlarda chivinlarga eng katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan voqea 1996 yil 21-iyulda sodir bo'lgan edi, de Havilland Mosquito G-ASKH, RR299 belgilarini kiyib, Manchester Barton aeroportidan 1 mil g'arbda qulab tushdi. Uchuvchi Kevin Murxaus va muhandis Stiv Uotson ikkalasi ham halokatda halok bo'lishdi.[201] O'sha paytda, bu so'nggi uchish mosketi T.III edi.
Operatorlar
Omon qolgan samolyot
Dunyo bo'ylab taxminan 30 ta uchmaydigan Mosquitos mavjud, ularning uchtasi AQShda, bittasi Kanadada. Mosquitoslarning eng katta to'plami de Havilland aviatsiya merosi markazi birinchi prototipni o'z ichiga olgan uchta samolyotga ega bo'lgan Buyuk Britaniyada, W4050, Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Britaniya samolyotlari dizaynining yagona dastlabki prototipi XXI asrda ham mavjud.[202]
Texnik xususiyatlari (B Mk.XVI)
Ma'lumotlar Jeynning Ikkinchi Jahon urushi jangovar samolyoti,[203] Ikkinchi jahon urushi urush qushlari[204]
Umumiy xususiyatlar
- Ekipaj: 2: uchuvchi, bombardimonchi / navigator
- Uzunlik: 13,56 m masofada 44 fut 6 dyuym
- Qanotlari: 16,51 m masofada 54 fut 2
- Balandligi: 17,3 fut (5,31 m)
- Qanot maydoni: 454 kvadrat fut (42,2 m.)2)
- Havo plyonkasi: RAF 34 (o'zgartirilgan)[205]
- Bo'sh vazn: 14,300 funt (6,486 kg)
- Brutto vazni: 18,100 funt (8,210 kg)
- Maksimal parvoz og'irligi: 25000 funt (11,340 kg)
- Elektr stansiyasi: 1 × Rolls-Royce Merlin 76 V-12 suyuq sovutgichli pistonli dvigatel, 1,710 ot kuchiga (1280 kVt) LHS o'rnatilgan
- Elektr stansiyasi: 1 × Rolls-Royce Merlin 77 V-12 suyuq sovutgichli pistonli dvigatel, 1,710 ot kuchiga ega (1280 kVt) RHS, idishni bosimi uchun puflagich bilan jihozlangan
- Pervaneler: 3 pichoqli doimiy tezlikli vintlardek
Ishlash
- Maksimal tezlik: 4100 milya (668 km / soat, 361 kn) 28000 fut (8500 metr)
- Qator: 1300 mil (2100 km, 1100 nmi)
- Xizmat tavanı: 37000 fut (11000 m)
- Toqqa chiqish darajasi: 2,850 fut / min (14,5 m / s)
- Qanotni yuklash: 39,9 lb / kv.m (195 kg / m)2)
- Quvvat / massa: 0.189 ot kuchiga / lb (0.311 kVt / kg)
Qurollanish
- Bomba: 4000 funt (1800 kg)
Avionika
Ommaviy axborot vositalarida taniqli namoyishlar
Shuningdek qarang
Chivinlarning muhim vazifalari
Bilan bog'liq rivojlanish
Taqqoslanadigan roli, konfiguratsiyasi va davridagi samolyotlar
- Bristol Beaufighter
- Lioré va Olivier LeO 45
- Duglas A-26 Invader
- Foke-Vulf Ta 154 Moskito, butunlay o'tinli urush (1943–44) ikki motorli nemis og'ir qiruvchi dizayni
- Xaynkel He 219
- Yunkers Ju 88
- Kavasaki Ki-102
- Messerschmitt Me 410
- Nakajima J1N
- Saab 18
Tegishli ro'yxatlar
- Ikkinchi Jahon urushi samolyotlari ro'yxati
- Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi Buyuk Britaniya samolyotlari ro'yxati
- Qiruvchi samolyotlarning ro'yxati
- Bombardimonchi samolyotlar ro'yxati
Izohlar
- ^ Maqolaning 2-qismi 1990 yil iyul oyining jildida.
- ^ "Adekvat" so'zining ishlatilishiga e'tibor bering. Konnor keltirgan 1941 yil 2 oktyabrdagi shifr[18] Buyuk Britaniyaning umidlari juda qisqa bo'lganligini ochib beradi: - "To'rtta havo kemalari ishlab chiqaradigan zavodlardan birida chetdan olib kelingan qoplamalar tugadi ... havo plyonkali faner uchun qoplamalar ... qurilish faqat dekabrgacha davom etishi mumkin ... Ta'minot vazirligi mutaxassislari va AQShga samolyot qoplamalarini etkazib beruvchilar kelasi uch oy davomida kerak bo'ladi, aks holda urushning muhim ishlab chiqarilishi yanada cheklanadi. " Bu tez-tez takrorlanadigan ma'lumotlarga yangi nurni ochib beradi, chunki yog'ochdan foydalanish kam materiallarga ishonishdan qochgan. Bitta to'g'ri da'vo shuki, ishchi kuchining boshqa sektori shug'ullangan. Bundan tashqari, o'sha paytda DHning tajribasi deyarli faqat yog'ochdan foydalangan.[19]
- ^ Bishop DH.88 kometasi va Albatrosda de Havillandning o'sha paytdagi bosh dizayneri A. E. Xag qo'l ostida ishlagan.[24]
- ^ Atama radar AQShda paydo bo'lgan, keyinchalik inglizlar tomonidan ishlatilmadi.
- ^ Ushbu birinchi parvoz batafsil loyihalash ishlari boshlanganidan atigi 11 oy o'tgach amalga oshirildi.[21]
- ^ E-0234 (15.90 m) ichida 52 fut 2 qanotlari bor edi va Xandli Peyj bilan qurilgan yagona chivin edi lamellar qanotlarning tashqi etakchi qirralarida. Sinov parvozlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, ular kerak emas va ular ajratilgan va dopingli mato bilan yarashtirilgan (bu tirgaklarni hali ham ko'rish mumkin W4050).[42]
- ^ Yoqilgan W4050, nacelle kengaytmalari chivin ishlab chiqarishga moslanganlari kabi uzoq bo'lmagan; aniq shakl va uzunlikdagi natsellar birinchi navbatda qiruvchi prototipiga o'rnatildi W4052. Kengaytirilgan natsellar va filetalar dastlabki to'qqizta PR Mk Isga o'rnatilmagan, ularning ba'zilari B Mk IV seriyali 1 bombardimonchilariga aylantirilgan.[43]
- ^ Ushbu baxtsiz hodisa dumaloq g'ildirak birligi qila olmaganligi sababli sodir bo'ldi quyma to'g'ri, muammo 1941 yil iyun-iyul oylarida a Dowty birlik.
- ^ Qor qorovullari karbürator havo qabul qilgichlari ochilishi oldida biriktirilgan po'lat meshlarning oval panjaralari edi. Ular samolyot sovuq havoda ishlaganda yoki yuqori balandlikda sovuq haroratda uchganida, qabul qilish moslamasida muz hosil bo'lishini to'xtatish uchun mo'ljallangan.
- ^ RDM2a qoplamasi taniqli qo'pol edi va uni saqlash qiyin edi; Keyinchalik sinovlar uning chivinning eng yuqori tezligini 26 milya (42 km / soat) ga qisqartirishi mumkinligini isbotladi va 1942 yil martiga kelib uning o'rnini qora rangdagi "Night Type S" (silliq) marshrut egalladi.[58]
- ^ Ikkala turdagi mog'orlar ma'lum vaqtlarda va turli xil fabrikalarda ishlatilgan.
- ^ Bu har bir kub uchun o'rtacha 9 funtga zichlik uchun maxsus baholandi. ft., chunki bu tur juda o'zgaruvchan va yadrolar umumiy vaznning sezilarli qismini tashkil etadi.
- ^ Bulkhead qurilishining to'liq tafsilotlari juda murakkab, faqat so'zlar bilan qisqacha tavsiflash mumkin emas; mukammal batafsil diagrammalar uchun "Aviatsiya" ma'lumotnomasiga qarang.[72] Bulkhead 7 45 ° qatlamli maxsus to'rt qavatli qayinni ishlatishni va hatto yong'oq yog'ochidan foydalangan holda qo'shimcha mustahkamlashni talab qildi.
- ^ Aerolitni Dr. Norman de Bryuyne da Aero Research Limited (ARL)[75] De Havilland kompaniyasi ham foydalanishga kashshof bo'lgan radio chastotali isitish yopishqoqni davolashni tezlashtirish uchun.[76]
- ^ Ko'pgina manbalar kazein yopishtiruvchidan karbamid formaldegid yopishtiruvchiga o'tish haqidagi hisobotni takrorlaydi. Ular deyarli har doim ham har ikkala turdagi ishlatilgan shaklda, "ramka yopishtirish" texnikasidan foydalangan holda, havo karkas qismlarini bir-biriga bog'lash uchun ishlatiladigan yopishtiruvchi yopishtiruvchi moddalar ekanligini tan olishmaydi. Boshqa tomondan, kontrplak ishlab chiqarishda "WBP - suv va qaynatishga qarshi" (eskirgan BSI atamasi) yoki ASTM ekvivalenti ishlatilgan. Tropik mintaqadagi yopishtiruvchi moddalarning aksariyat qismi suvning ichki bo'shliqlarga va balzalar tomirlariga kirib borishi, natijada velosipedning shishishi va qisqarishi bilan bog'liq edi. Samolyotlar hech qachon ochiq joylarda doimiy ravishda turmasligi kerakligi to'g'risida "ahamiyatli" narsalarga e'tibor berilmagan ogohlantirishlar mavjud edi. DH har doim kazein yig'ish uchun yopishtiruvchi moskitos Uzoq Sharq xizmatiga kirishi uchun yaroqsiz ekanligini tan olgan. Qo'shimcha qopqoq chiziqlarini ba'zi bir asosiy bo'g'inlar ustiga yopishtirish, masalan. Asosiy avtoulovlarga qanotlarning etakchi qirralari, DH Avstraliya tomonidan to'xtatilgan bo'shliq o'lchovidir.[88]
- ^ "Past hujum" ning asosiy muallifi Jon de L. Vuldrij 1943 yil mart oyida 105-sonli otryadning qanot qo'mondoni bo'ldi. 1944 yilda birinchi marta nashr etilgan bu kunduzgi yorug'lik darajasining past darajadagi, aniq reydlari haqidagi qimmatli zamonaviy ma'lumot. Mosquito operatsiyalari bosqichi. Kitobning asosiy qismi bu hududlarda hujumlar sodir bo'lgan o'n sakkizta shahar va shaharlarni aks ettiruvchi xaritadir - ularning bir nechtasiga otryadlar bir necha bor tashrif buyurgan. Unda havo bosh marshali ser Artur Xarris tomonidan Germaniya harbiy harakatlari uchun birinchi darajali nishonlarga qilingan hujumlarga ishora qilib, ekipajlarning mahorati va yuqori jasorati maqtovi keltirilgan. Bu tungi bombardimonchilarning ommaviy reydlari hali to'liq safarbar qilinmagan paytga to'g'ri keldi.
- ^ Mosquito nemislarning tungi jangchilaridagi yo'qotishlarini shu qadar ko'paytirdi, nemislar bitta yiqitgani uchun ikkita g'alabani qo'lga kiritishdi.[111]
- ^ Boogning "zaif radar signali" sharhi barcha chivinlarning rollariga, jumladan PR va tungi jangchilarga, shuningdek bombardimonchilarga tegishli. Adolf Galland[121][122] chivin faqat zaif radiolokatsion signal qoldirganligini yozgan. Ammo shuni yodda tutish kerakki, Gyoring o'sha paytgacha mantiqsiz va g'azablangan, yuqori lavozimli xodimlarning, shu jumladan Gallandning yomon xabarlariga ishonishdan bosh tortgan. Mosquito sinovlari haqidagi dastlabki ingliz manbalarida zaif radar aks etishi haqida hech qanday ma'lumot topilmadi. Bundan tashqari, har qanday mo''tadil effekt befoyda bo'lar edi - de Havillandning yog'ochdan foydalanish bo'yicha tushuntirishlariga qarang, u erda bu haqda aytilmagan. Bir nechta mualliflar Mosquito yashirin bombardimonchilar uchun kashfiyotchi bo'lgan, ammo texnik sabablarga ko'ra u tez va epchil bo'lsa ham, eng yaxshi "past darajadagi" samolyot bo'lishi mumkin edi!
- ^ Bir muncha vaqt RAF 109 eskadroni Anson va Vellington samolyotlaridan foydalangan holda radar va radio qarshi choralar bo'yicha sinovlarni o'tkazish uchun ilmiy-tadqiqot bo'limi sifatida ishlagan. 1942 yil aprel oyida Oboe-ni chivin bombardimonchilarida ishlatish uchun ishlab chiqarishga buyruq berildi. 1942 yil avgustda sinovlarni yakunlab, otryad ko'chib o'tdi RAF Vayton 8-sonli (Pathfinder Force) guruhining bir qismi sifatida uni ekspluatatsion xizmatga joriy etish. Dushman hududi bo'yicha kalibrlash saralashi 20/21 dekabrda bo'lib o'tdi, oltita moskitos yordamida Gollandiyadagi Lutterade elektr stantsiyasiga qarshi. 1943 yil 31-dekabr / 1-yanvar kuni 109-sonli otryad Dyusseldorfga hujum qilgan og'ir bombardimonchilar guruhi uchun Obo nishoniga kashshoflik qildi.[123]
- ^ RV seriyasi 4; TA seriyasi 82; TH / TJ seriyasi 60; va TK seriyasi 19.[158]
- ^ Yakuniy 100: RS seriyasi 25; TK seriyasi 35; VP seriyasi 25; va VR seriyali 15.[159]
- ^ FB Mk VI ikkita kichik seriyada qurilgan, hujumga yaroqli do'konlarning og'irligi bilan ajralib turishi mumkin: i seriyali samolyotlar atigi 250 funt (110 kg) bomba ko'tarishi mumkin, II seriyali esa 500 funt (230 kg) ko'tarishi mumkin edi. bomba.[174]
- ^ "Molinlar" xususan Molins kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan avtomatik yuklash mexanizmini nazarda tutadi.[142]
- ^ 1944 yil 27 martda 248 otryadning MK XVIII-lari 1945 yil yanvarigacha davom etgan "Maxsus otryad" bo'linmasiga aylantirildi.[187]
- ^ Mahalliy xotiralar - bu Buyuk Britaniyaga jo'natishdan oldin (odatdagidan ingichka) kuchli yog'och qoplamani dazmollaydigan yosh ayollar jamoalari."Marshfildlik ayollar osmon muhandislik mo''jizalarini yaratganini eslashadi"
- ^ Ushbu maqolaning "Variantlar" bo'limiga qarang
- ^ Natijada Kanadada Angliyada naqsh ishlab chiqaruvchilar tomonidan yasalgan yog'och tepaliklar o'rniga beton qobiq qoliplari boshidanoq foydalanilgan.
- ^ Kreditlash qiyin bo'lgan mish-mishlar tarqaldi, masalan, "avtomatik portlash" nazariyasi!
- ^ Ikkinchisi Yaponiyaga qarshi urushda foydalanish uchun qiruvchi-bombardimonchilarning variantlari, PR samolyotlari va murabbiylari edi. Avstraliya hududini tadqiq qilish PR-lar bilan 1953 yilgacha davom etdi.[199]
- ^ Sobiq Vikers-Armstrong soya zavodi
Adabiyotlar
Iqtiboslar
- ^ a b Bowman 2005, p. 8.
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 8-iyulda. Olingan 11 iyul 2015.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ a b v Bowman 2005, p. 163.
- ^ Xartli, Keyt (2014 yil 28-noyabr). Aerokosmik sanoatning siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: o'sish va xalqaro raqobatbardoshlikning asosiy omili?. Edvard Elgar nashriyoti. ISBN 978-1-78254-496-8.
- ^ Narx 2009, p. 3.
- ^ Xanson, Deyv. "deHavilland DH 98 Mosquito." warbirdalley.com.
- ^ Birtles 2017, ch. 3.
- ^ a b v d e f Bowman 2005, p. 21.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 338.
- ^ a b v d e f g "BOAC Special". Samolyot. № 2015 yil aprel. Stemford: Key Publishing. 26-49 betlar. ISSN 0143-7240.
- ^ Stroud 1990, p. 369.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 9.
- ^ a b v d Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 30.
- ^ a b v d Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 31.
- ^ Buttler 2004, 76-77 betlar.
- ^ Buttler 2004, bet 74, 77.
- ^ a b Birtles 2017, ch. 2018-04-02 121 2.
- ^ a b Connor-Medison 2007, 2-3 bet.
- ^ 1941 yil 2 oktyabrda Sifer: - Shimoliy Amerikadagi Buyuk Britaniyaning Ta'minot Kengashi. Kimdan - Ta'minot qo'mitasi. LONUS 13, Milliy arxiv. London.
- ^ Batchelor and Lowe 2008, p. 5.
- ^ a b v d Batchelor and Lowe 2008, p. 6.
- ^ a b v Buttler 2004, p. 78.
- ^ a b Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 34.
- ^ Bishop 1995,[sahifa kerak ]
- ^ a b v Bowman 2005, p. 11.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 31-32 betlar,
- ^ a b Bowman 2005, p. 10.
- ^ Buttler 2004, p. 79.
- ^ a b v d Bowman 2005, p. 12.
- ^ a b v Buttler 2004, p. 80.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 35.
- ^ Narx 2009, p. 51.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 18.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1995, 35, 38-betlar.
- ^ a b Jekson 2003, p. 7.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 35-36, 82-betlar.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 38.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 19.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 178.
- ^ a b Bowman 2005, p. 18.
- ^ a b Thirsk 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 33-bet, 269-bet.
- ^ a b Thirsk 2006, p. 31.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 27-29 betlar.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 28-29 betlar.
- ^ a b v Bowman 2005, p. 19.
- ^ a b Sharp va Bowyer 1971 yil, 44-45 betlar.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 15-16 betlar.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 47.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 34.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 35.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 36-38.
- ^ Qayta tiklash bo'yicha vaqtinchalik kadrlar W4050, 2011 yil 9-yanvar. Qabul qilingan: 2012 yil 3-yanvar.
- ^ a b Thirsk 2006, p. 269.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 125.
- ^ a b Thirsk 2006, pp.125, 134.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 124–127 betlar.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 134.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 126.
- ^ a b v Bowman 2005, p. 20.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 24.
- ^ "AQShning Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi pashsha filmi." youtube.com. Qabul qilingan: 2012 yil 3-yanvar.
- ^ Simons, Grem M. (2011). Mosquito original multi-rol samolyoti. Qalam va qilich aviatsiyasi. ISBN 9781844682607.
- ^ Birtles 2017, chs. 2, 3.
- ^ Batchelor and Lowe 2008, p. 17.
- ^ Havo vazirligi 1945, 28-29 betlar. (FB 6 eslatma)
- ^ a b v Havo vazirligi 1945, p. 29. (FB 6 ta eslatma).
- ^ Aviatsiya, 1944 yil may va iyun, jild. 43, 5 & 6-son, McGraw Hill, Nyu-York; Dizayn tahlili № 6, DeHavilland Mosquito, J.L.Makklelanning Onlayn PDF iltifoti, 2005, 2017 yil 23-avgustga kirish
- ^ a b v Bowman 2005, p. 15.
- ^ Aviatsiya, 1944 p. 8.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 378.
- ^ Aviatsiya, 1944 bet 6-8.
- ^ a b Aviatsiya, 1944 p. 6.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 43.
- ^ "De Bryuyne medali". Arxivlandi 2013 yil 19 oktyabrda Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Yopishtiruvchi va yopishtiruvchi jamiyat .
- ^ Mujumdar 1992, p. 131.
- ^ Jekson 2003, p. 8.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 42.
- ^ "De Havilland DH 98 Mosquito" AQSh havo kuchlari milliy muzeyi ™, 2015. Qabul qilingan: 2018 yil 4-may.
- ^ Aviatsiya, 1944 yil 11-13 betlar.
- ^ Aviatsiya, 1944 p. 12.
- ^ Batchelor, John va Malkolm Low. de Havilland chivinlari uchun qo'llanma (samolyot uchun zarur narsalar). Viktoriya, Avstraliya: Publishing Solutions, 2008 yil. ISBN 978-1-906589-00-4.
- ^ Batchelor and Lowe 2008, p. 7.
- ^ a b Jekson 2003, p. 87.
- ^ a b Jekson 2003, p. 9.
- ^ Mo''jiza va Donaldson 2001, p. 870.
- ^ "De Havilland pashshasining tarixi". RAAF muzeyi Point Cook, 2007. Qabul qilingan: 2009 yil 13-avgust.
- ^ Federal aviatsiya ma'muriyati, AC 43.13-1B konsultativ dumaloq. "Qabul qilinadigan usullar, usullar va amaliyotlar - samolyotlarni tekshirish va ta'mirlash" 1998 yil; 1-bob - Yog'och konstruktsiyasi "1-4-betlarda aytilgan: fenol-formaldegid yopishtiruvchi odatda samolyotga tegishli fanera ishlab chiqarishda ishlatiladi. Ushbu mahsulot yuqori harorat va bosim ostida davolanadi.
- ^ a b Bowman 2005, 15-16 betlar.
- ^ Bowman 2012, p. 306
- ^ Bowman 2012, p. 266
- ^ a b v d Havo vazirligi 1945, p. 11. (FB 6 ta eslatma).
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 22.
- ^ Havo vazirligi 1943, p. 6. (B IV yozuvlari).
- ^ Havo vazirligi 1944, p. 6. (PR VIII, PR IX, B IX, PR XVI, B XVI eslatmalari).
- ^ Havo vazirligi 1945, p. 11. (FB 6 ta eslatma)
- ^ Batchelor and Lowe 2008, 16-17 betlar.
- ^ Havo vazirligi 1945, 13-14 betlar. (FB 6 eslatma)
- ^ a b Havo vazirligi 1945, p. 14. (6-FB eslatmalar).
- ^ a b Bishop 1995, 1-ilova
- ^ Havo vazirligi 1945, p. 44. (FB 6 eslatmalari).
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 7.
- ^ AirRecce. (2004-2013). "RAF razvedka samolyoti 2-qism - fotosurat chivinlari". Internet. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 21 mayda. Olingan 16 dekabr 2013.
- ^ "Chivinlar genetikasi". Parvoz. 1944 yil 20-aprel. 423–427-betlar.
- ^ Scott 1999, p. 6.
- ^ Wooldridge 1993, Frontispiece.
- ^ Scott 1999, p. v - oldingi so'z Havo marshali ser Ivor supurgi
- ^ Scott, 1999, pp 25, 32-33, 37-38
- ^ Bizning aviatsiya bo'yicha muxbirimiz. (1942 yil 28-sentyabr). "Nashistlar" chivinlar tomonidan chaqqan'". Times [London, Angliya]. Times raqamli arxivi. Internet. 2013 yil 15-dekabr. Olingan 15 dekabr 2013.
- ^ Bizning aviatsiya bo'yicha muxbirimiz. (1942 yil 29 sentyabr). "Osloga R.A.F. reydi". Times [London, Angliya]. Times raqamli arxivi. Internet. 2013 yil 15-dekabr. Olingan 15 dekabr 2013.
- ^ a b Xastings 1979, p. 240.
- ^ "Overlord - 1944 yil - Bracknell Paper № 5 - Normandiya qo'nish bo'yicha simpozium; Qirollik havo kuchlari tarixiy jamiyati va qirollik havo kuchlari xodimlar kolleji, Bracknell; 1994 yil 25 mart ". (PDF). Olingan 1 aprel 2018.
- ^ Birtles 2017, ch. 13.
- ^ Simons 2011, p. 160.
- ^ Boog va boshq. 2006, p. 407.
- ^ Birtles 2017, ch. 10.
- ^ Scott, 1999, pp 197 - 200
- ^ Boog va boshq 2006, 160-166 betlar.
- ^ Kolduell va Myuller 2007, p. 79.
- ^ Boog va boshq 2006, p166
- ^ Birinchi va oxirgi (153-bet)
- ^ Galland, Adolf (1954), Birinchi va oxirgi: Germaniya qiruvchi kuchlarining ko'tarilishi va qulashi, 1938–1945, Nyu-York: Genri Xolt va Co
- ^ a b "Tarix - RAF shakllanishi - Tarixiy otryad - 109 otryad". Qirollik havo kuchlari. 3 oktyabr 2017. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2017 yil 4 oktyabrda. Olingan 3 oktyabr 2017.
- ^ Birtles 10-bob
- ^ Harris 1993, p. 43.
- ^ Brem, M. Spens, Xyu (tahrir). "DeHavilland chivinlari haqida ma'lumot varaqasi # 62". Kanada urushi muzeyining do'stlari. Olingan 28 yanvar 2019.
- ^ Harris 1993, p. 126.
- ^ Boiten 1997, 188-189 betlar.
- ^ Tomas va Ketli 2003, 178–179 betlar.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 119.
- ^ "Chivin bilan xayrlashuv". Flightglobal /Arxiv Xalqaro reys. 16 may 1963 yil. Olingan 25 iyun 2017.
- ^ "+1000 pashsha soati: Jorj Styuart" - www.youtube.com orqali.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 41-42, 423 betlar.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 60-bet, 269-270.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 27.
- ^ a b v d e f Bowman 2005, p. 25.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 268.
- ^ a b v d e f Bowman 2005, p. 164.
- ^ a b Thirsk 2006, p. 272.
- ^ a b v "D.H. 98 De Havilland Mosquito Mks VIII, IX va XVI - Operatsion ko'rsatkichlari". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 10 oktyabrda. Olingan 1 oktyabr 2014.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 274-275 betlar.
- ^ a b v d e f g h Bowman 2005, p. 165.
- ^ a b "Eng so'nggi chivinlar". Parvoz, 1946 yil 28-fevral orqali flightglobal.com. Qabul qilingan: 2010 yil 17-avgust.
- ^ a b v Bowman 2005, p. 166.
- ^ Stenli 2010, p. 35.
- ^ "P.R. chivinlari yana ishlaydi". Flightglobal /Arxiv. 1955 yil 4-noyabr. Olingan 25 iyun 2017.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971 yil, 197-198, 423 betlar.
- ^ Bowman 2005, 22-23 betlar.
- ^ a b v Jekson 2003, p. 15.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 306-307 betlar
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 74, 76-78 betlar.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 74-75 betlar.
- ^ Jekson 2003, p. 16.
- ^ a b Jekson 2003, p. 17.
- ^ a b Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 306
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 70.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 26.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971 yil, jadval p. 90.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971 yil, jadval p. 94.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 13.
- ^ a b Birtles 2017, ch. 6.
- ^ Samolyotlar va qurol-aslaha eksperimental muassasasi, Boscombe Down, Mosquito NF MkXV MP469, Qisqa ishlash va ishlash sinovlari, 1943 yil yanvar; Onlayn PDF, Nil Stirlingning izni bilan14 avgust 2017-ga kirish
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 63-67 betlar.
- ^ Scutts 1993, 4-5 betlar.
- ^ Tugmachani bosish 61-62
- ^ Scutts 1993, p. 7.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971 yil, 338-339 betlar.
- ^ Scutts 1993, p. 8.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 65-67 betlar.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 434.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, 396, 398 betlar.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 61.
- ^ Havo vazirligi 1945, 38-39 betlar. (NF 38 eslatma)
- ^ a b v Ko'chada 1981 yil, p. 177.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, 50, 208, 216 betlar.
- ^ "Mosquito FB. Mk. VI HJ.679 - Qisqa ishlash sinovlari, A. & A.E.E. Boscombe Down" orqali wwiiaircraftperformance.org. Qabul qilingan: 2010 yil 17-avgust.
- ^ Bird 2003, bet 94 - 98.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 112.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 271.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 105.
- ^ Bowman 2005, 106-106 betlar.
- ^ Bowman 2005, p. 108.
- ^ a b v d Bowman 2005, p. 115.
- ^ Bowman 1997, p. 77.
- ^ Bowman 1997, p. 78.
- ^ Bowman 2005, pp 117, 119.
- ^ Sharp va Bowyer 1971, p. 272.
- ^ Birtles 2017, III ilova
- ^ "de Haveland Aircraft Produiction, DH98 Mosquito". www.airhistory.org.uk. Olingan 19 aprel 2020.
- ^ Koul, Rojer. High Wycombe - Mahalliy tarixiy serial. Stroud, Gloucestershire, Buyuk Britaniya: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2001 yil. ISBN 0-7524-2290-1.
- ^ O'rmon tarixi, 2005 yil kuzi, 65-66 bet Arxivlandi 2013 yil 4 oktyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Qabul qilingan: 2013 yil 30-iyul.
- ^ Birtles 2017, ch. 8.
- ^ "Konnor-Medison, 11-bet."
- ^ Toronto havo va kosmik muzeyi, "Jamiyat xotiralari - pastga qarashda chivinli samolyotlar ishlab chiqarish",Kirish 11 sentyabr 2017 yil
- ^ Kristi, Karl A. (1995). Okean ko'prigi - RAF Ferry qo'mondonligi tarixi. Midland Publishing, Lester, Angliya. 245–277 betlar.
- ^ "Rozilik bo'yicha mamlakat - Ikkinchi Jahon urushi - Feribotlar buyrug'i, Karl A. Kristi tomonidan",Kirish 11 sentyabr 2017 yil
- ^ Hotson 1983, 77-87 betlar.
- ^ Thirsk 2006, p. 52.
- ^ "Birtles, 8. bob."
- ^ "Birtles" 8-bob
- ^ https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/18913
- ^ "2-jahon urushi pistonli dvigatel samolyoti - samolyotlar toifalari - de Havilland aviatsiya muzeyi". Olingan 25 noyabr 2020.
- ^ Bridgman 1946, bet 115–117.
- ^ La Bonne, Frans (2001 yil 9-fevral). "Havilland pashshasi". Ikkinchi jahon urushi urush qushlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 8 sentyabrda. Olingan 30 aprel 2019.
- ^ Ledniker, Devid. "Havo plyonkalarini ishlatish bo'yicha to'liq bo'lmagan qo'llanma". m -selig.ae.illillo.edu. Olingan 16 aprel 2019.
Manbalar
- Havo vazirligi. Chivin B IV uchun uchuvchilarning eslatmalari. London: 1943. A.P.2019D-PN.
- Havo vazirligi. Chivin uchun uchuvchilarning eslatmalari, VIII va IX belgilar, Mark XVI. London: 1944. A.P.2653A, B, F, H & J-PN.
- Havo vazirligi. Chivin FB uchun uchuvchilarning eslatmalari 6. London: 1945 yil. ISBN 978-0-85979-020-8.
- Havo vazirligi. 38-sonli chivin uchun uchuvchilarning eslatmalari. London: 1945 yil. ISBN 978-0-85979-075-8.
- Batchelor, John va Malkolm Low. de Havilland chivinlari uchun qo'llanma (Plane Essentials). Viktoriya, Avstraliya: Publishing Solutions, 2008 yil. ISBN 978-1-906589-00-4.
- Qush, Endryu. Alohida kichik urush. London, Buyuk Britaniya: Grub ko'chasi, 2003 yil. ISBN 1-904010-43-1.
- Birtles, Filipp. De Havilland chivinlari: Original ko'p qirrali jangovar samolyot. Stroud, England: Fonthill Media, 2017. ISBN 978-1-78155-494-4.
- Bishop, Edward. The Wooden Wonder. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 3rd edition 1995. ISBN 1-85310-708-5.
- Boiten, Theo. Nachtjagd: the night fighter versus bomber war over the Third Reich, 1939–45. Crowood Press Ltd, 1997 London. ISBN 978-1861260864
- Boog, Horst, Gerhard Krebs and Detlef Vogel. Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943-1944/5. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19822-889-9.
- Bowman, Martin. de Havilland chivinlari (Crowood Aviation seriyasi). Ramsbury, Marlboro, Uiltshir, Buyuk Britaniya: Krovud Press, 2005 yil. ISBN 1-86126-736-3.
- Bowman, Martin. Mosquito Bomber/Fighter-bomber Units 1942–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-85532-690-6.
- Bowman, Martin. 2-jahon urushi chivinlari qiruvchisi / qiruvchi-bombardimonchi birliklari. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-731-7.
- Bowman, Martin. 2-jahon urushi chivinlari foto-razvedka bo'linmalari. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-85532-891-7.
- Bovyer, Chaz. Mosquito at War. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 4th impression 1979. ISBN 0-7110-0474-9.
- Bowyer, Michael J.F., Bryan Philpott and Stuart Howe. Mosquito (Classic Aircraft No. 7: Their History and How to Model Them). Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1980. ISBN 0-85059-432-4.
- Bridgman, Leonard, tahrir. "The D.H.98 Mosquito." Jeynning Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Fighting Aircraft. London: Studiya, 1946 yil. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
- Buttler, Toni. Britaniya maxfiy loyihalari: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950. Xinkli, Buyuk Britaniya: Midland nashriyoti, 2004 y. ISBN 1-85780-179-2.
- Caldwell, Donald L. and Richard Muller. Germaniya ustidan Luftvaffe: Reyxni himoya qilish . London: Greenhill MBI Publishing Company, 2007. ISBN 1-85367-712-4
- Cole, Roger. High Wycombe – Local History Series. Stroud, Gloucestershire, Buyuk Britaniya: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2001 yil. ISBN 0-7524-2290-1.
- Connor, Sara Witter, Hamilton Roddis Memorial Lecture Series No. 11. Wisconsin Flying Trees: Wisconsin Plywood Industry’s Contribution to WWII. Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, Kemp Natural Resources Station, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison 31 January 2007. Orqaga qaytish mashinasi.
- Christie, Carl A. Ocean Bridge – The history of RAF Ferry Command Midland Publishing, Leicester, England, 1995. ISBN 1-85780-029-X.
- Harris, Sir Arthur T. et al. Despatch on War Operations – 23rd. February 1942 to 8th. 1945 yil may. Frank Cass, England, 1993. ISBN 0-7146-4692-X.
- Hotson, Fred. The De Havilland Canada Story. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1983 yil. ISBN 0-9690703-2-2.
- Malayney, Norman, The 25th Bomb Group (Rcn) History in WWII, Schiffer Publishers Ltd. 2011.ISBN 978-07643-3950-9.
- Miracle, Daniel B. and Steven L. Donaldson. ASM Handbook: Composites. Cleveland, Ohio: ASM International, 2001. ISBN 0-87170-703-9.
- Mujumdar, A. S. Drying '92: Proceedings of the 8th International Drying Symposium. Toronto: Elsevier, 1992. ISBN 0-444-89393-8.
- Rhodes, Tom. Stress Without Tears. Jacobs Publishing, 1st edition 1 December 2008. ISBN 978-1-4392-0717-8.
- Scott, Stuart R. "Mosquito Thunder: No. 105 Squadron RAF at war 1942-5." Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK, 1999. ISBN 0-7509-1800-4.
- Skutts, Jerri. Mosquito in Action, Part 2. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron / Signal Publications Inc., 1993 y. ISBN 0-89747-303-5.
- Sharp, C. Martin and Michael J.F. Bowyer. Chivin. London: Faber & Faber, 1971 yil. ISBN 0-571-04750-5.
- Sharp, C. Martin and Michael J.F. Bowyer. Mosquito (2nd ed.). Manchester, UK: Crécy Books Ltd, 1995. ISBN 0-947554-41-6.
- Simons, Graham M. Mosquito: The Original Multi-Role Combat Aircraft. Barnsley, Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword, 2011. ISBN 978-18488-442-61
- Streetly, Martin. "The Aircraft of 100 Group: Part 14. DH Mosquito, Internal Detail". Scale Models, Volume 12, Issue 139, April 1981.
- Stroud, Jon. "Wings of Peace:- de Havilland Albatross." Har oyda samolyot,, Volume 18, Issue 206, June 1990.
- Thirsk, Ian.de Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History Volume 2. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2006. ISBN 0-85979-115-7.
- Thomas, Geoffrey J. and Barry Ketely. KG 200: The Luftwaffe's Most Secret Unit. Tokyo: Hikoki Publications, 2003. ISBN 1-902109-33-3.
- Wooldridge, John de L. Low Attack – The story of two Mosquito squadrons, 1940–1943. Crecy Books, England, 1993. ISBN 0-947554-31-9.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Birtles, Philip. Mosquito: A Pictorial History of the DH98. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1980. ISBN 0-531-03714-2.
- Birtles, Philip. De Havilland Mosquito: The Original Multirole Combat Aircraft. Stroud, England: Fonthill Media, 2017. ISBN 978-1-78155-494-4.
- Gilman J.D. and J. Clive. KG 200. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978. ISBN 0-85177-819-4.
- Hardy, M.J. The de Havilland Mosquito. Devon, UK/New York: David & Charles (Publishers) Ltd./Arco Publishing, 1977. ISBN 0-7153-7367-6, (David & Charles) ISBN 0-668-04051-3 (Arco).
- Hinchcliffe, Peter. Boshqa jang: Luftwaffe Night Aces va boshqalar Bomber qo'mondoni. London: Zenith Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7603-0265-0.
- Holliday, Joe. Mosquito! The Wooden Wonder Aircraft of World War II. Toronto: Doubleday, 1970. ISBN 0-7701-0138-0.
- Howe, Stuart. Mosquito Portfolio. London: Yan Allan Ltd., 1984 yil. ISBN 0-7110-1406-X.
- Jekson, Robert. de Havilland chivinlari (Combat Legend). Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-358-X.
- Jones, R.C. de Havilland Mosquito: RAF Northern Europe 1936–45. London: Ducimus Books Ltd., 1970.
- Mason, Francis K. and Richard Ward. De Havilland Mosquito in RAF-FAA-RAAF-SAAF-RNZAF-RCAF-USAAF-French & Foreign Service. Canterbury, Kent, Buyuk Britaniya: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1972 yil. ISBN 0-85045-043-8.
- McKee, Alexander. The Mosquito Log. London: Souvenir Press Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-285-62838-0.
- Morgan, Hugh and John Weal. Germaniya Jet Aces 2-jahon urushi. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-634-5.
- Price, Nigel (ed.). "Mosquito: A Celebration of de Havilland's 'Wooden Wonder'." FlyPast Special. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 2009.
- Radinger, Will and Walter Schick. Me262 (German lang. ed.), Berlin: Avantic Verlag GmbH, 1996. ISBN 3-925505-21-0.
- Sasbye, Kjeld Mahler. Karfagen operatsiyasi. Copenhagen: Den Danske Luftfartsskole, 1994. ISBN 87-985141-0-5.
- Shoulfild, R.A. Manchester aeroporti. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-7509-1954-X.
- Skutts, Jerri. Mosquito in Action, Part 1. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron / Signal Publications Inc., 1993 y. ISBN 0-89747-285-3.
- Shacklady, Edward. De Havilland Mosquito (Classic WWII Aviation, Volume 6). Bristol, UK: Cerberus Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84145-108-8.
- Stanley, Colonel Roy M. II, USAF (Ret). V-Weapons Hunt: Defeating German Secret Weapons. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84884-259-5.
- Sweetman, Bill and Rikyu Watanabe. Chivin. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1981. ISBN 0-7106-0131-X.
Tashqi havolalar
- The Mosquito Page at Mossie.org
- de Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre a.k.a. Mosquito Aircraft Museum
- Calgary Mosquito Aircraft Preservation Association
- Victoria Air Maintenance Ltd. Restoring a Mosquito to flying condition
- The People's Mosquito Ltd. UK charity restoring Mosquito RL249 to flight. Website features WW2 colour film of the Mosquito
- de Havilland Mosquito magazine articles and publications
- Data at Warbirdregistry.org
- Mosquito restoration project New Zealand (633 Squadron theme) Retrieved: 3 January 2012.
- Wartime film of the construction of the Mosquito in Australia Retrieved: 3 January 2012.
- "Flying Plywood With A Sting": Ommabop fan article, December 1943
- A close-up picture of the nose of a Tsetse Mosquito FB Mk XVIII showing the Molins 57 mm gun muzzle
- A photograph of the Tsetse Mosquito FB Mk XVIII NT225
- "Mosquito Wars on U-Boats With 6-pound Shells.": Mashhur mexanika article, February 1945, p. 39.
- Wartime footage of Coastal Command 57mm cannon and 60lb rocket-armed Mosquitos
- Mosquito Pathfinders, Pathfinder Museum
- 627 Squadron RAF Mosquito Pathfinders Based at RAF Woodall Spa
- Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) report on the crash of T.III G-ASKH, 1996
- IWM Image of Mosquito PR34 RG241, which holds the twin piston-engine Atlantic crossing record.
- "America Reports On Aid To Allies etc. (1942)." Universal Newsreel
- "Mosquito Makes Base" a 1943 Parvoz article on a Mosquito Intruder's battle damage
- "'Pin-Point' Attack On One House by Mosquitoes" 1944 yil Parvoz reklama
- "The Magnificent Mosquito" 1969 yil Parvoz article by Air Commodore Allen Uiler
- Chivin from the IBCC Digital Archive at the University of Lincoln.
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