Dayr-az-Zor kampaniyasi (2017–2019) - Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)

Dayr-az-Zor kampaniyasi (2017–2019)
Qismi Rojava-islomiy mojaro (2013 yildan hozirgi kungacha) va Amerika boshchiligidagi aralashuv ichida Suriya fuqarolar urushi
Vaziyat Dayr az-Zor, 2019 yil 23 mart holatiga ko'ra   Suriya Demokratik kuchlari nazorati   Suriya hukumati nazorati   Iroq va Shom Islom Davlati nazorati
Sana Birinchi bosqich: 2017 yil 8 sentyabr - 2018 yil 5 mart (5 oy, 3 hafta va 4 kun) Ikkinchi bosqich: 1 may - 4 avgust 2018 yil (3 oy va 3 kun) Uchinchi bosqich: 2018 yil 10 sentyabr - 2019 yil 23 mart (6 oy, 1 hafta va 6 kun)[7][8][9][10] Manzil Sharqiy Suriya Janubiy Al-Xasaka viloyati Sharqiy Dayr az-Zor gubernatorligi Natija Qat'iy SDF va ittifoqdosh g'alaba SDF 14.020 kvadrat kilometr hududni egallaydi (kamida 50 ming tinch aholini o'z ichiga oladi)[11][12] 2018 yil bahorida SDF Suriyaning sharqiy qismidan IShIDni to'liq tozalamasdan kampaniyani to'xtatib turadi, chunki Turkiya boshchiligidagi Afrin istilosi[13][14][15] SDF IShIDni Iroq va Suriya chegaralari 2018 yil 4-avgustda[16] SDF 2018 yil 14 dekabrda IShIDdan so'nggi yirik qal'a bo'lgan Xajinni egallab oldi[17][18][19][20] SDF IShIDning so'nggi tayanch punktini egallaydi, Baghuz Favqani, 2019 yil 13 fevralda, shaharning janubidagi IShID lageridan tashqari SDF 23 mart kuni IShIDni to'liq mag'lubiyatga uchratadi va Furot daryosining sharqiy qismida IShIDning hududiy nazoratini tugatadi
Urushayotganlar
Suriya Demokratik kuchlari Federal xavfsizlik kuchlari Xalqaro ozodlik batalyoni CJTF – OIR  Qo'shma Shtatlar  Birlashgan Qirollik[1]  Frantsiya[2]  Gollandiya[3]  Rossiya[4]  Iroq[5] (2018)	Iroq va Shom Islom davlati Shom viloyati al-Baraka tumani[6] al-Xayr tumani[6] al-Furot tumani[6]
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Ahmad Abu Xavla[21] (Dayr az-Zor harbiy kengashi qo'mondoni) Yassir ad-Dahla[22][23] (Dayr az-Zor harbiy kengashi, Baggara yoshlar qo'mondoni yig'ilishi) Rojda Kobanê[24] (YPJ qo'mondoni) Rojda Felat[25] (YPJ qo'mondoni) Ammar al-Salloum†[26] (Katta qo'mondon) Agid Ahmed[27] (Manbij harbiy kengashi qo'mondoni) Abjer Abjer[28] (MFS qo'mondoni) Robert Ichou[29] (Nattoreh qo'mondoni) Haydar al-Obodiy[5]	Abu Bakr al-Bag'dodiy[30] (IShID rahbari) Muhammad Mahmud al-Abadiy†[31] (Oliy martabali qo'mondon) Muhammad Obid al-Muhsin "Abu Xarja"[32] (Mintaqaviy katta qo'mondon) Saddam Omar Husayn al-Jamol(Asir)[33] Essam Abdel Qader al-Zobei(Asir)[33] (Katta komandir) Omar Shebab al-Karbouly(Asir)[33] (Katta komandir) Muhammad Xuseyn al-Qodir(Asir)[33] (Katta komandir) Solih Xalaf al-Ali(Asir)[34] (Mintaqaviy qo'mondon) Hisen Ayid el-Bilbil Ebu al-Valid†[35] Shayx Abu Anas al-Furati†[36] Abu Adham ash-Shami†[37] Abothan al-Jazihad†[38] Abd al-Rahmon Filippin†[39] Abd al Rahmon at-Tamimiy†[39] Aysh al-Dog'iston†[39] (Brigada komandiri) Abu Xattob al-Iroqiy†[40] (Rahbar IShIDning neft va gaz tarmog'i )
Jalb qilingan birliklar
Suriya Demokratik kuchlari[41] Dayr az-Zor harbiy kengashi[21] Yig'ish al-Baggara Yoshlik[42] Xabot ash-Shaiti batalyoni[43] Hojin bataloni[43] Xalqni himoya qilish bo'linmalari (YPG) YPG xalqaro[44] Ayollarni himoya qilish bo'linmalari (YPJ) Terrorizmga qarshi bo'linmalar[35] Al-Sanadid kuchlari[45] Manbij harbiy kengashi[27] Manbij inqilobchilar batalyoni[46] Shahid Abdo Dushka polki[47] Inqilobchilar armiyasi[48] Kurd fronti[48] Shimoliy Demokratik brigada[48] Suriya harbiy kengashi (MFS)[28] Maxsus kuchlar bo'limi[49] Nattoreh[29] Federal xavfsizlik kuchlari O'zini himoya qilish kuchlari[50] Asayish[51] Xalqaro ozodlik batalyoni TKP / ML TİKKO[52] Iroq xavfsizlik kuchlari Ommaviy safarbarlik kuchlari[53] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qurolli kuchlari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari[54] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari maxsus operatsiyalar kuchlari[54] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi (mahalliy hisobotlar bo'yicha qo'llab-quvvatlash roli)[55] Britaniya qurolli kuchlari SAS (rasmiylar tomonidan tasdiqlanmagan)[56][57] Frantsiya qurolli kuchlari Frantsuz SOF[58]	IShID harbiylari
Kuch
≈17,000[59]	4,000–6,000 (2018 yil avgust holatiga ko'ra)[60]
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
162 kishi o'ldirilgan, 416 kishi yaralangan (2017 yil; SDF bo'yicha)[61] 201 o'ldirilgan (2018 yil; SDF bo'yicha)[62] 256 kishi o'ldirilgan (2019; SDF bo'yicha)[63] 753 kishi o'ldirilgan, 35 kishi qo'lga olingan (10 sentyabr - 2019 yil 23 mart; SOHR bo'yicha)[64][65]	1345 kishi o'ldirilgan, 4000 kishi yaralangan, 64 kishi asirga olingan (2017 yil; SDF bo'yicha)[61] 298 kishi o'ldirilgan (2018 yil yanvar; SDF bo'yicha)[66] 1618 kishi o'ldirilgan, 9250 kishi asirga olingan (2018 yil 10 sentyabr - 2019 yil 23 mart; SOHR bo'yicha)[64][67]
634 tinch aholi halok bo'ldi (10 sentyabr - 2019 yil 23 mart), 720 dan ortiq IShID tomonidan qatl etilgan qochqinlar va mahbuslar, shu jumladan Yazidiy asirlari[64]

The Dayr-az-Zor kampaniyasi (2017–2019),^[68] kod nomini oldi al-Jazira bo'roni kampaniya,^[41] tomonidan boshlangan harbiy operatsiya edi Suriya Demokratik kuchlari (SDF) ga qarshi Iroq va Shom Islom davlati (IShID) Suriya "s Dayr az-Zor gubernatorligi 2017 yilda bo'lib o'tdi Rojava mojarosi ning Suriya fuqarolar urushi, Suriyaning sharqida, xususan sharqida va shimolida hududlarni egallash maqsadida Furot daryo.^[41] The AQSh boshchiligida Kombinatsiyalangan qo'shma maxsus guruh - Operatsion ajralmas echim (CJTF-OIR) IShIDga qarshi koalitsiya keng ko'lamli havo yordamini taqdim etdi, SDF xodimlari esa quruqlikdagi kuchlarning ko'p qismini tashkil etdi; Kampaniyaga CJTF-OIR maxsus kuchlari va artilleriya bo'linmalari ham jalb qilingan.^[69] Yer kampaniyasi to'xtab qoldi va 2018 yil boshida to'xtatib qo'yildi Turkiya boshchiligidagi Afrin istilosi, ammo 2018 yil 1 mayda IShIDga qarshi koalitsiya deb nomlangan yangi bosqich bilan davom ettirildi Yig'ilish operatsiyasi.^[70][5] Uchinchi bosqich 2018 yil 10-sentabrda boshlangan, ammo yana bir bor to'xtab qoldi Turk artilleriya hujumlari yaqinidagi SDF pozitsiyalarida Suriya-Turkiya chegarasi 31 oktyabrda. SDF va Koalitsiya 11-noyabrda hujumni qayta boshlashini e'lon qildi.^[71] IShIDni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng bir qator barqaror muvaffaqiyatlardan so'ng Xajin SDF va fuqarolarni evakuatsiya qilish uchun o'n kunlik pauza, SDF o'z faoliyatini boshladi yakuniy hujum O'rta qolgan qismida Furot River Valley (MERV) cho'ntagi 2019 yil 9 fevralda.^[72]

Kampaniyaning birinchi bosqichi boshqa SDF operatsiyasi bilan bir vaqtda bo'lib o'tdi Raqqa kampaniyasi qarshi o'tkazilgan Raqqa, IShIDning o'sha paytdagi poytaxti va Suriyadagi qal'asi, shuningdek Markaziy Suriya kampaniyasi, Sharqiy Suriya kampaniyasi, va Dayr az-Zor jangi, unda Suriya armiyasi (SAA) shuningdek, "Islomiy davlat" dan hududlarni egallab olgan; The Iroq armiyasi "s G'arbiy Iroq kampaniyasi IShIDga qarshi ham olib borilayotgan edi. SDFning barcha kampaniyasi ham Suriya armiyasi bilan bir vaqtda bo'lgan Suriya cho'lidagi kampaniya.

Fon

2017 yil 25-avgust kuni 800 dan ortiq jangchi Suriyaning elita kuchlari SDF tomon yo'naltirilgan Dayr az-Zor harbiy kengashi. Xuddi shu kuni, Deyr az-Zor harbiy kengashi qo'mondoni Ahmad Abu Xavla shimoldan hujum boshlashini e'lon qildi. Dayr az-Zor bir necha hafta ichida.^[21] Hujum boshlanishidan sal oldin SDF AQSh boshchiligida katta miqdordagi yangi qurol-yarog 'va o'q-dorilarni oldi CJTF – OIR Koalitsiya.^[73]

Aksiya

Dastlabki bosqich

SDF aksiyani rasman e'lon qiladi, 2017 yil 9 sentyabr

SDF o'zining quruqlikdagi operatsiyasini 2017 yil 8 sentyabrda shimoliy Deyr-az-Zor qishloqlarida IShID nazoratidagi qishloqlarga hujum qilish orqali boshladi;^[74][75] ertasi kuni kampaniya rasman e'lon qilindi ash-Shaddodah tumani, belgilangan maqsadda IShIDni Furot daryosining shimoliy va sharqidagi barcha hududlaridan haydab chiqarish.^[41][76] Keyingi ikki kun davomida SDF jadal rivojlanib, ko'plab qishloqlarni egallab oldi.^[74][75][77] Pro-ga ko'raSuriya muxolifati ommaviy axborot vositalarida, bu tez sur'atdagi taraqqiyot IShID kuchlarining CJTF-OIR havo hujumlari paytida himoya qilish qiyin bo'lgan joylardan chekinishi tufayli sodir bo'ldi.^[78]

2017 yil 10-sentabrda SDF Deyr-az-Zor shahrining shimolida, yaqin atrofdagi qishloqlarni egallab olish paytida mustahkamlangan "Sanoat shaharchasi" ga yo'l oldi.^[79][80] 12 va 13 sentyabr kunlari SDF Dayr-az-Zorning shimoliy kirish qismida bir nechta joylarni egallab oldi (shu qatorda sobiq Brigada 113 va al-Niran batalyon bazalari, Sadkob stantsiyasi va qo'y bozorining bir qismi)^[81] shuningdek, sanoat shahridagi siloslar va paxta omborlari. IShIDga qarshi kuchlar Dayr-az-Zor shimolidagi cho'lda ham 60 km ilgarilab borgan.^[82][83][84] SDF uchun erishilgan ushbu muvaffaqiyatlarga qaramay, IShID qattiq qarshilik ko'rsatishni boshladi va qo'llab-quvvatlagan takroriy qarshi hujumlarni boshladi VBIEDlar hujumni to'xtatish va / yoki hududni qaytarib olish uchun.^[54]

Ayni paytda SDF rahbariyati ularning kuchlari Furotning g'arbiy qismida bir vaqtning o'zida IShIDga qarshi kurash olib borayotgan Suriya hukumat qo'shinlariga hujum qilmasligini bildirdi.^[85] 15 sentyabr kuni SDFning Deyr-az-Zor harbiy kengashi qo'mondoni Ahmad Abu Xavla, ammo Suriya hukumat kuchlarining Furotdan o'tishiga yo'l qo'ymasligini aytdi.^[86] Xabarlarga ko'ra, ertasi kuni Suriya yoki Rossiya samolyotlari Furotning sharqiy qirg'og'idagi SDF pozitsiyalarini bombardimon qilgan va SDFning olti jangchisini jarohatlagan.^[87] Bunga javoban CJTF-OIR, ular "IShIDni bizning umumiy dushmanimiz sifatida baham ko'rgan kuchlar o'rtasida ortiqcha eskalatsiyani oldini olishga bor kuch-g'ayratlarini sarf qilayotganlarida", "Koalitsiya kuchlari va sheriklari har doim o'zlarini himoya qilish huquqini saqlab qolishlarini" ta'kidladilar.^[88] Shu nuqtai nazardan, Urushni o'rganish instituti mutaxassis Kris Kozak ham buni aytmadi Rossiya na Qo'shma Shtatlar o'zaro mojaroni avj oldirishdan manfaatdor edilar. "Haqiqiy tahdid [buning o'rniga] sherik kuchlar - SAA va SDF - AQSh va Rossiya ularni susaytirmasdan oldin [qarama-qarshilikka] yaqinlashadi." Suriya hukumati va SDF bir-biriga raqib Dayr az-Zor gubernatorligi, chunki ikkala tomon ham mintaqaning tabiiy boyliklarini (eng muhimi uning neft konlari) egallashni xohlaydi.^[89] 17 sentyabrda SDF Dayr-az-Zor shahridan 7 km uzoqlikda joylashgan to'qimachilik fabrikasini va aylanma yo'lni egallab oldi.^[90]

Ikkinchi jabhaning ochilishi

20 sentyabrda SDF Dayr-az-Zorning sharqida IShIDga qarshi ikkinchi frontni ochdi chegara bilan Iroq,^[91] va M7 avtomagistrali yonidagi oltita qishloqni tezkor tartibda egallab, Deyr az-Zorning neftga boy sharqiy qishloq tomon yurishdi.^[92][93] 21-sentabr kuni Rossiya, agar provokatsiya qilinsa SDF jangchilariga hujum qilishini ogohlantirdi.^[94]

SDF yutuqlariga javoban IShID janubdagi SDF nazorati ostidagi hududlarga reydlar boshladi al-Xasaka viloyati, 21-da pistirma va bir necha SDF jangchilarini o'ldirgan^[95] va 24 sentyabr.^[96][97] IShIDning qarshi hujumlari SDF hujumiga xalaqit bermadi, ammo SDF Al-Izba va Konoko gaz konlari,^[98][99] Derro neft konlari va Al-Bazix tog 'zanjiri.^[100]

25 sentyabrda Rossiya samolyotlari, shuningdek, Suriya va Rossiya artilleriyasi, Konoko gaz konida SDF qo'shinlarini bombardimon qildi va bir nechta qurbonlarga olib keldi. SDF bunga javoban "Rossiya va rejim kuchlari bizning kuchlarimizga qarshi xiyonatkor hujum uyushtirdi" va ular "o'zimizni himoya qilish uchun qonuniy huquqimizdan foydalanamiz".^{[101][102][103]} Keyinchalik Rossiya bombardimonlari haqida 27 sentyabr kuni xabar berilgan edi, SOHR Marat shahrida, tinchlik qurbonlari soni 6 nafarini, Firat daryosining sharqida, Deyr az-Zor harbiy aviabazasi qarshisida.^[104] Eron 24 sentabr kuni viloyatning janubiy va sharqiy qismlarida IShIDga raketa zarbalari ham berilgan.^[105]

Rossiya-Suriya aviatsiyasi hujumlariga qaramay, SDF hujumni davom ettirdi va keyingi kunlarda IShIDni ko'plab qishloqlardan quvib chiqardi. Da al-Suvar ammo, SDF qo'shinlari 24 sentyabrda qattiq qarshilikka duch kelishdi va shiddatli jang boshlandi;^{[106][107][108][109]} olti kunlik kurashdan so'ng shahar nihoyat qulab tushdi. Keyin SDF al-Suvar atrofi bo'ylab harakatlanishga harakat qildi, IShID esa uni qaytarib olish uchun qarshi hujumlarni boshladi.^[110]

Ayni paytda, 28-sentabr kuni Yasser ad-Dahla Gathering of al-Baggara Yoshlar guruhi SDF tomonidan hibsga olingan harbiy politsiya hujumda samarali ishtirok etmaganlikda ayblash va "etishmaslik" harbiy intizom ". Yig'ilish al-Baggara Yoshlar bu ayblovlarni rad etishdi va ularni tanqid qilishdi Dayr az-Zor harbiy kengashi rad etish Furot qalqoni GFTga qo'shilish uchun SDF tomon yo'l olgan jangchilar. Xabar qilinishicha, Dahla o'z guruhining Dayr az-Zor hujumidagi ishtirokini to'xtatishi bilan tahdid qilgan.^[22]

30 sentyabrda SDF Jafra neft konlarini nazoratiga oldi,^[111] bu "eng" biri edi muhim daromad manbalari IS uchun ".^[112] 1 va 9 oktyabr kunlari SDF yana bir qancha qishloqlarni egallab oldi va IShIDning keyingi hujumlarini qaytarib berdi,^{[113][114][115][116][117]} chunki bu hududlarda IShID qarshiligi asosan engil. Bunga sabab IShIDning ko'p sonli qo'shinlarini Suriyadagi armiyani zabt etish uchun SDF bilan oldingi saflaridan ko'chirishi edi.^[118]

IShID harbiy asirlar hibsxonasida SDF 2017 yil oktyabr oyida kampaniya davomida taslim bo'lganidan keyin.

9-10 oktyabr kunlari SDF Furot daryosining sharqiy qirg'og'ida harakatlanayotganda to'rtta qishloqni egallab oldi.^[119] 12 oktyabrda IShID al-Jazra neft konini qaytarib olganidan keyin SDFning o'nga yaqin jangchilari qatl etildi.^[120] 15 oktyabrda IShID o'zlarining viloyat chegarasidagi pozitsiyalariga hujum qilganidan keyin ko'plab SDF jangchilari o'ldirildi va qatl etildi al-Hasaka va Dayr-az-Zor, o'rtasida joylashgan asosiy yo'l bo'ylab bir nechta nazorat-o'tkazish punktlari va postlariga kirib bordi As-Salxiya va Sor.^[121] 19-oktabr kuni Suriya harbiy hisobotlarida SDF va SAA IShIDning al-Omar gaz konini o'z nazoratiga olishga urinishlariga qaramay, Rossiya harbiy kuchlariga Konoko gaz koniga kirish va ularni nazorat qilib olishga ruxsat berganligi aytilgan.^[122] SDF vakili Leyla al-Abdulla 22 oktyabr kuni erta tongda harbiy operatsiyadan so'ng al-Omar neft konini qo'lga kiritganliklarini va qo'shni uy-joy majmuasida IShID jangarilari bilan to'qnashayotganlarini e'lon qildi. SOHR neft koniga IShID hujumi ortidan Suriyaparast hukumat kuchlari chiqib ketganidan keyin kirganini bildirdi.^[123]

SDF, oyning oxirida, oldinga siljishni boshladi Abu Kamol va neft konlaridan janubda egallab olingan joylar haqida xabar berilgan.^[124] IShID 29-oktabr kuni neft konini qaytarib olish maqsadida qarshi hujumga o'tdi va SDFning 6 nafar jangchisini o'ldirish paytida uning atrofidagi katta hududni egallab olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.^[125] 2017 yil noyabrga kelib SDF g'arbiy chekkasiga etib bordi Markada.^[126]

3-noyabr kuni SDF uch xil jabhada yurishda oltita qishloqni egallab oldi. Evfratning sharqiy qirg'og'idagi bitta qishloq, yaqinida qo'lga olindi Al-Busayra eksa, Dayr az-Zor shahridan taxminan 30 kilometr (19 milya) janubi-sharqda. Iroq bilan chegara yaqinida joylashgan shahardan 70 km (43 milya) shimoliy-sharqda joylashgan ikkita qishloq ham qo'lga kiritildi. Bundan tashqari, Dayr az-Zor shahridan 50 kilometr sharqda va qirg'og'ida joylashgan uchta qishloq Xabur daryo SDF tomonidan qo'lga olingan.^[127] 6-noyabr kuni SDF Xaburda IShIDning cho'ntagini tozalab, ikki SDF pinjeri daryoning ikki tomonida uchrashib, Deyr-az-Zor shahridan 35 kilometr sharqda olti qishloqni egallab oldi.^[128]

Kampaniyaning pasayishi

An IShID Asir bilan o'z-o'zidan jarohat. Sifatida tashkilotning harbiy Suriyaning sharqida chekinishni davom ettirdi, ortda qolish va qo'lga tushish uchun o'zlarini otib tashlagan jangchilar soni ko'paymoqda. SDF.

7-noyabr kuni SDF Xabur bo'ylab janubi-g'arbiy tomon yurishda bir qishloqni egallab oldi.^[129] SDF asosiy shaharni egallab oldi Markada 8-noyabr kuni.^[130] 12 noyabrda SDF qo'lga kiritdi Al-Busayra va shu bilan barcha qo'shni qishloqlar, shu bilan Furotdan sharqda IShIDning cho'ntagini butunlay yo'q qilishdi.^[131] SDF ertasi kuni Tanak neft konlarini egallab oldi.^[132] 14-noyabr kuni SDF daryo bo'ylab janubga qarab surilib, bir qishloqni egallab oldi va 11 IShID jangarisini o'ldirdi.^[133] Ertasi kuni ular Iroq bilan chegaraga 15 kilometr (9,3 milya) yaqinlashdilar Suriya Inson Huquqlari Observatoriyasi (SOHR).^[134] IShID mag'lub bo'lgandan keyin Al-Qaim va Abu Kamol, uchun Iroq va Suriya armiyasi navbati bilan IShID uni ko'chirdi amalda Suriyaning poytaxtiga Xajin, O'rta Furot vodiysida.^[30]

SDFning Deyr Ezzor harbiy kengashi 25-noyabr kuni shimoliy qishloq orqali Iroq chegarasiga etib bordi Albu Kamol, Suriya arab armiyasini shaharning shimolidagi chegara o'tish joylaridan samarali ravishda kesib tashlash.^[135] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vazirligi (AQSh DoD) 2018 yil fevral oyida IShIDning katta qo'mondoni Shayx Abu Anas al-Furati 27-noyabr kuni Xajinga qilingan havo hujumida o'ldirilganligini e'lon qildi.^[39] YPG 3 dekabr kuni Dayr Ezzor sharqiy qishloqlarini to'liq egallab olganligini e'lon qildi.^[136] SDF 9-dekabr kuni Deyr-Ezzor shahridan 70 kilometr janubda joylashgan uchta qishloqni egallab oldi. To'qnashuvlar paytida uni qishloqda bomba yuklangan avtomobil portlatib yuborgan, Amaq News Agency 15 SDF jangchining o'limi haqida xabar bergan. Ayni paytda ittifoqqa Rossiya havo hujumlari yordam berdi.^[137][138]

SDFning Deyr Ezzor harbiy kengashi 12-dekabr kuni ularning kuchlari Epuhratning sharqiy qirg'og'ida joylashgan Hosiyat, Jayshiya, Jadleh, Al-Bahrah va boshqa shaharlarni egallab olganliklari haqida xabar berdi. Garanij qisqa jangdan so'ng.^[139] IShIDning g'arbiy sohilida Suriya armiyasiga hujum qilishda to'planishidan foydalangan holda, SDF hafta davomida guruh nazoratidagi bir nechta shaharlarni egallab oldi. SDF rasmiy media qanoti Jurdi ash-Sharqi 13 dekabr kuni qisqa jangdan so'ng qo'lga olingani haqida xabar berdi.^[140] Shu bilan birga, SOHR sharqiy sohilda IShID nazorati ostidagi qishloqda AQSh boshchiligidagi koalitsiya tomonidan uyushtirilgan aviazarbalar natijasida 23 tinch aholi halok bo'lganligini bildirdi.^[141] AQSh DoD fevral oyida IShID harbiy qo'mondoni Abd al Raxman Filippini Xajin yaqinida o'sha kuni havo hujumlari tufayli o'ldirilganligini e'lon qildi.^[39]

16 dekabrda Deyr Ezzor harbiy kengashi boshchiligidagi SDF bir nechta joylarni, shu jumladan shaharlarni egallab oldi Abu Xardub va Hasiyat. Bu ularga Abu Xardubdan shimoli-sharqda joylashgan Murod neft koni ustidan to'liq nazoratni ta'minlashga imkon berdi va shu bilan qolgan aholi punktlarini Furotning sharqidagi IShIDdan xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun qoldirdi. Xajin, Iroq bilan chegaraga qarab, ma'muriy okrug doirasida Abu Kamol.^[142] IShID 22-dekabr kuni Al-Umar neft konlariga qarab orqaga qaytishga urinib, Furot bo'ylab SDF pozitsiyalariga qarshi hujum qildi. Hujumni oldini olgan va 21 IShID jangarisini o'ldirgan degan SDFni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ommaviy axborot vositalari.^[143] IShIDga aloqador ommaviy axborot vositalari 29-dekabr kuni Al-Bahrah qishlog'i yaqinidagi qarshi hujumda SDFga bomba yuklangan avtomashinada hujum qilganliklarini bildirishdi. Hozirgacha jangda 3 nafar SDF jangchisini o'ldirganligi va 7 nafarini yaralaganligi aytilgan.^[143]

Keyinchalik, 29 dekabr kuni, ikkala prokurorning fikriga ko'raSuriya muxolifati va kurdparast manbalar, 29 dekabrda SDF IShID qal'asining shimolidagi to'rtta shahar va qishloqlarni egallab oldi. Xayjan. Oldinga o'tish chetlab o'tdi Shaytat mintaqada IShIDni o'rab turgan qabilaviy mintaqa. SDF qishloqlarni egallab olish paytida 67 IShID jangarisini o'ldirganini aytdi.^[144][145] Qo'lga olingan to'rtta aholi punkti Al-Bahrah, Al-Kaxavi, Al-Jabal va Kushkiya edi.^[146][147] Ertasi kuni SOHR sharqiy sohillarda ikkala guruh o'rtasida og'ir janglar bo'lganini va IShID qo'lga olishga muvaffaq bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi Abu Hamam.^[148] Keyinchalik o'sha kuni SDF Xara'ij shahri va Al-Marsama Garbi qishlog'ini egallab oldi. U Abu Hamamga ham kirdi.^[149]

IShID 31-dekabr kuni al-Bahrada germaniyalik jihodchi tomonidan uyushtirilgan avtomashinani portlatish natijasida 20 nafar SDF jangchisi va yana 50 kishi jarohat olganini bildirdi.^[150] 2018 yil 1-yanvar kuni YPG / YPJ ning ekanligi e'lon qilindi Terrorizmga qarshi bo'linmalar IShID qo'mondoni Hisen Ayid el-Bilbil Ebu al-Validni o'ldirgan Iyul 2016 Qamishli portlashlari, al-Busayrahda.^[35] SOHR shu kuni IShID nazorati ostidagi Susa qishlog'iga uyushtirilgan aviazarbalar natijasida 12 tinch aholi halok bo'lganligini bildirdi.^[151] Ayni paytda, kurd manbalari SDF as-Sabha shahrini egallab olganini aytdi.^[152]

Garanij va IShID hujumlari

Kurdparastlar va koalitsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi manbalar 2 yanvar kuni SDF shaharlarni egallab olgani haqida xabar berishdi Abu Xardub va kamida 17 IShID jangarisini o'ldirgan.^[153] AQSh DoD fevral oyida IShID harbiy qo'mondoni Abd al Raxmon al Tamimi o'sha kuni Xajin yaqinidagi havo hujumlarida o'ldirilganligini e'lon qildi.^[39] Ertasi kuni SDF Muhamida, 'Ard az-Zir va Al-Majid shaharlarini egallab olganligini e'lon qildi.^[154] Ular Abu Hamam va Xojin ustidan nazorat qilish uchun og'ir to'qnashuvlarga ham kirishgan.^[155] 4-yanvar kuni ular IShIDning qal'asini egallab olganliklari haqida xabar berildi Garanij.^[156] AQSh DoD fevral oyida Xaytam al Jazayri va Xasan al Jazzari, IShIDning immigratsion logistika guruhining bir qismi, 6 yanvar kuni Xara'ij va Abu Hammam yaqinidagi havo hujumlarida o'ldirilganligini e'lon qildi.^[39]

IShIDning 7-yanvar kuni Al-Bahraga qarshi hujumi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.^[157] IShID rasmiy ommaviy axborot vositalari 20 yanvar jangarilarini o'ldirish bilan bir qatorda 9 yanvar kuni Garanijni qaytarib olishganini ma'lum qilishdi.^[158] SOHR 10 yanvar kuni SDF Deyr Ezzorda 400 dan ortiq suriyalik IShID a'zolarini ozod qilgani haqida xabar berdi. Qo'shimcha qilinishicha, 400 nafar 120 nafari sobiq IShID jangarilari SDF safiga qo'shilgan.^[159] AQSh boshchiligidagi IShIDga qarshi koalitsiya, keyinchalik 15 yanvar kuni SDF sobiq IShID jangarilarini yollaganligi haqidagi ayblovlarni rad etdi.^[160]

IShIDga aloqador OAV 10 yanvar kuni tunda o'zbek xudkush-terrorchi 20 SDF jangchisini o'ldirgan yoki jarohat etkazganini aytdi.^[161] AQSh DoD fevral oyida IShID brigadasi qo'mondoni Aysh al Dog'istoniy 12 yanvar kuni Kashmax yaqinidagi havo hujumida o'ldirilganligini e'lon qildi.^[39] IShID uch hafta ichida uchinchi marta Garanijni SDFdan 13 yanvarda qarshi hujumdan so'ng qo'lga kiritdi. Ayni paytda, kurdparastlar va koalitsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi manbalar shahar uchun umumiy jang paytida 100 nafar IShID jangchisi o'ldirilganligini, IShID esa jangda 50-70 SDF jangchisi o'ldirilganligini aytdi.^[162] 16 yanvarda Garanijdagi VBIED hujumi SDFni shaharning ba'zi qismlaridan orqaga chekinishga majbur qildi, garchi ularning yarmi o'z nazoratini saqlab qoldi.^[163] IShID tarafdori Wafa Media sobiq nemis reperi 18 yanvar kuni e'lon qildi Denis Kuspert Garanijdagi jang paytida havo hujumi natijasida o'ldirilgan. Kuspert IShID uchun kurashuvchi, yollovchi va targ'ibotchi bo'lgan.^[164] Unda 17 yanvar kuni vafot etganligi to'g'risida jasadning suratlari e'lon qilindi.^[165]

Keyinchalik koalitsiya AQShning IShID yaqinidagi shtab-kvartirasiga bergan aviazarbalari natijasida 145-150 jangari yo'q qilinganligini bildirdi al-Shofah o'sha kuni.^[166]

O'rta Furot vodiysiga kirish

Kampaniya davomida frantsuz artilleriyasi IShID pozitsiyalarini o'qqa tutmoqda

Garanijni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, SDF fevral oyida o'z nazorati ikki marta o'zgargan Al-Bahra ustidan to'liq nazoratni ta'minlashga e'tiborini qaratdi.^[167]

Qo'lga olish Aleksanda Kotey va El Shafee Elsheikh, "deb nomlangan IShID uyasi a'zolariBitlz ", deya xabar berilgan edi fevral oyida. Ikki kishi bir oy oldin Firfrat vodiysidagi Dayr az-Zor yaqinida qo'lga olingan.^[168] IShID al-Bahrahdagi SDF pozitsiyalariga 10-fevral kuni VBIEDlar bilan ikki marta hujum qildi, natijada ularning safida o'nlab o'liklar va yaradorlar bor edi.^[169] Amaq 11 fevral kuni Iroq bilan chegaradosh as-Sosa hududida IShID bilan to'qnashuvlar paytida SDF koalitsiya tomonidan tasodifan bombardimon qilinganligini aytdi.^[170]

Iroqdagi manbaga ko'ra Ommabop safarbarlik bo'linmalari (PMU) 12-fevral kuni ularning kuchlari IShID tomonidan o'rab olingan 11 nafar SDF jangchisini qutqarishdi Iroq-Suriya chegarasi.^[171] SDF 18 fevral kuni Sjoerd Heeger, a Golland ularning a'zosi, 12 fevralda IShIDga qarshi kurashda o'ldirilgan.^[172] Suriyaning davlat axborot agentligi SANA AQShning havo hujumlari natijasida 19-fevral kuni Al-Bahrahda 16 kishi va 21-fevralda Xajinda 12 kishi halok bo'ldi.^[173]

SOHRning ta'kidlashicha, 26-fevral kuni Ash-Shaafahga AQSh havo hujumlarida 25 tinch aholi o'lgan.^[174] Pentagon deb tan olgan 5 mart kuni Turkiyaning Afrindagi harbiy amaliyoti hujumda "operatsion pauza" ga olib kelgan edi. Maykl Adrian Rankine-Gallowayning vakili, SDF jangchilarining O'rta Evfrat vodiysidagi hujumni boshqa joyda jang qilish uchun tark etishganini ko'rganliklarini aytdi.^[13] 6 mart kuni SDF 1700 a'zoni O'rta Furot vodiysidagi frontdan Afringa ko'chirganligini e'lon qildi.^[175]

Aksiya qayta boshlanadi

AQSh dengiz piyodalari Yong'in minomyotlari o'rtada IShIDning ma'lum bo'lgan pozitsiyasida Furot Vodiy 2018 yil oktyabr oyida

2018 yil 1-may kuni SDF tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan AQSh boshchiligidagi koalitsiya va bilan muvofiqlashtirilganda Iroq qurolli kuchlari, koalitsiya deb atagan Iroq-Suriya chegarasi va O'rta Furot daryosi vodiysini IShID qoldiqlaridan tozalash uchun hujumni qayta boshlashini e'lon qildi. Yig'ilish operatsiyasi.^[70][5] 3 may kuni Suriya harbiy kengashi va SDF vakili Kino Gabriel SDF kuchlari Furot daryosi vodiysi yaqinidagi Iroq chegarasi bo'ylab al-Bug'uz o'qi bo'ylab IShID hududiga 8 kilometr (4,97 mil.) ilgarilab ketganligini bildirdi.^[176] 8 may kuni YPG-ning rasmiy akkauntida SDF kuchlari minalarga chidamli pistirmadan himoyalangan transport vositalaridan foydalangan holda rasmlar joylashtirildiMRAPlar ) IShID saflarida hujumda qatnashish. Avtotransport vositasini ilgari SDF kuchlari bilan ta'minlash uchun ruxsatsiz bo'lgan; Pentagon vakili dengiz mayori Adrian Rankin-Gallouey buni tasdiqladi Military Times AQSh taqdim etayotgan narsa MRAPlar uchun Suriya Arab koalitsiyasi, uni "SDFning muhim tarkibiy qismi" deb atagan.^[177]

10 may kuni koalitsiya kuchlari SDF va Iroq kuchlari bilan qo'shma chegara reydida besh nafar IShID qo'mondonlari qo'lga olingani haqida e'lon qildi, buni koalitsiya rasmiylari IShIDga "muhim zarba" deb atashdi. Ushbu xabar AQSh prezidentini turtki berdi Donald Tramp e'lon qilish Twitter: "IShIDning eng ko'p qidirilayotgan beshta etakchisi qo'lga olindi!"^[178]

Ushlash Suriya-Iroq chegarasi

Media-ni ijro etish

Aktsiya paytida chegara shaharchasini bosib olish haqida video

Xabar qilinishicha, 13 mayga qadar SDF Furotning sharqiy qirg'og'ida IShIDning Iroq chegarasiga kirishini rasman kesib, al-Baghuz Taxtani qishlog'ini - cho'l hujumi qayta boshlangandan beri IShID tomonidan tortib olingan birinchi aholi punktini qamal qildi va to'liq nazorat o'rnatdi. daryo bo'yida.^[179][180] 14 mayga qadar SDF al-Baghuz Taxtonida minalar va tunnellarni tozalash ishlarini olib borgan, chunki ular IShIDdan jami 64 kilometrlik hududni egallab olishgan.^[181] SOHR shuningdek, daryo bo'yidagi shimol tomonda joylashgan Al-Bahrah shahrida koalitsiya tomonidan uyushtirilgan havo hujumlarida 18 nafar IShID jangarisi o'ldirilgani haqida xabar berdi.^[182] Xuddi shu kuni, USCENTCOM qo'mondon Jozef Votel, Koalitsiya qo'mondoni Pol E. Funk II va AQShning boshqa xodimlari SDF rahbarlari bilan "O'rta Furot daryosi vodiysida Daeshga qarshi kurashni yaxshiroq tushunish uchun" uchrashuv o'tkazdilar.^[183]

17 may kuni, bir necha hafta davom etgan to'qnashuvlardan so'ng, SDF yaqinidagi bir qancha chegara postlarini egallab oldi Abu Kamol, SDF kuchlari va Suriya armiyasi kuchlari o'rtasida IShIDning O'rta Furot vodiysi cho'ntagini to'liq qamal qildi.^[184] 20 iyulga qadar, bir necha oylik to'qnashuvlardan so'ng, SDF IShIDni janubi-sharqiy al-Xasaka qishlog'idan to'liq tozalab, IShIDning chegara hududini sharqiy Deyr-az-Zor viloyatiga qadar kamaytirdi.^[185] 4 avgust kuni SDF IShIDning sharqiy Dayr az-Zor qishloq joyidagi Iroq-Suriya chegara cho'ntagini to'liq qo'lga kiritdi va IShIDning hududiy nazoratini O'rta Evfrat vodiysidagi bitta cho'ntagiga qadar kamaytirdi. Xajin va Abu Kamol.^[16] Keyinchalik SDF operatsiyaning uchinchi va oxirgi bosqichiga tayyorgarlikni boshladi, IShID al-Malh neft qudug'i hududida qarshi hujumlarni boshladi.^[186] Mutaxassislar buni ehtimol deb hisoblashdi Abu Bakr al-Bag'dodiy bu so'nggi cho'ntagida yashiringan edi.^[187]

Uchinchi bosqich

A qum bo'roni Iroq-Suriya chegarasi yaqinida 2018 yil 13 iyun. "Islomiy davlat" tez-tez qumli bo'ronlardan va ob-havoning yomon sharoitlaridan foydalanib, erga hujum qilish uchun foydalangan.

10 sentyabrda SDF 4 xil jabhadan IShID tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan hududlar - Xajin, al-Susa, al-Shofa va Evfrat daryosining sharqiy qirg'og'ida joylashgan qo'shni qishloqlar joylashgan cho'ntakka qarab yurishni boshladi. Ertasi kuni, 11 sentyabr kuni, operatsiyaning uchinchi va oxirgi bosqichi rasman boshlandi kod nomi ning "Terrorizm jangni mag'lub etdi".^[188] SDF ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, IShIDning birinchi mudofaa liniyalari 13 sentyabr kuni buzilgan.^[189]

20 sentyabrda SDF to'liq qo'lga kiritildi Al-Bag'uz Favqoniy va vayron qilingan ko'prikni al-Bukamalga olib keldi.^[190] O'sha kuni IShID Al-Bag'uz Favqoniydagi SDFga qarshi qarshi hujumni boshladi; qarshi hujumda IShID Suriya Demokratik kuchlarining 20 nafar jangchisini o'ldirganligini bildirdi.^[191] 25 sentyabr kuni SDF Al-Bog'uz Favqoniyning shimolidagi Ash Shojila qishlog'ini egallab oldi.^[192] Ertasi kuni IShID bir necha marotaba o'tkazdi SVBIED Al-Baghuz Favqoniydagi SDF pozitsiyalariga qilingan hujumlar, SDFga aloqador ko'plab kurd jangchilarini o'ldirgani va jarohat olgani, shaharda IShID va Amerika qo'llab-quvvatlagan kurd kuchlari o'rtasida ko'p o'tmay kuchli otishma sodir bo'lganligi xabar qilingan.^[193] Kuchli qarshilikka qaramay SDF Al-Bag'uz Favqoniydan shimol tomon yurishni davom ettirdi va uning ayrim qismlarini egallab oldi al-Marashidah janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan qishloq al-Susa.^[194]

IShIDning buzilishi

SDF o'rtalarida Islomiy Davlat qarshi hujumlaridan oldin eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi Furot Daryo vodiysi, 2018 yil 25 oktyabr.

10-oktabr kuni IShID katta qum bo'roni ostida katta qarshi hujumni boshladi, natijada frantsuz YPG ko'ngillisi o'ldi, ular esa qo'lga olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi MRAP - Bog'uz Favqani shahri yaqinidagi Suriya Demokratik kuchlari uslubidagi transport vositasi.^[195] 12 oktyabrda IShID qarshi hujumni davom ettirdi, natijada kamida 45 nafar SDF jangchisi o'ldirildi va qo'lga olindi, shuningdek bir nechta pozitsiyalar qaytarib olindi.^[196] Xabar qilinishicha, 19 oktyabr kuni IShID Evfrat cho'ntagini mustahkamlash uchun Suriya hukumat kuchlari va ularning ittifoqchilari egallagan joylarga kirib, kesib o'tgan. Suriya sahrosi.^[197] 20 oktyabr kuni The Suriya Inson Huquqlari Observatoriyasi Xalqaro koalitsiya al-Susada havo hujumlari orqali ikkita "qirg'in" o'tkazganini, natijada 58 kishining, shu jumladan 41 tinch fuqaroning o'limiga sabab bo'lganini, IShID zarbalarda faqat 11–17 talafot ko'rganligini ta'kidladi; 10 bola ham o'ldirilganligi haqida xabar berilgan.^[198]

22 oktyabrda SDF al-Susadagi IShID pozitsiyalariga yangi hujumni boshladi, natijada shaharning yarmi qo'lga olindi va al-Marashida kesildi.^[199] Xabarlarga ko'ra, ular haydovchini o'ldirish bilan ISIL SVBIED-ni nogiron qilib qo'yishgan.^[200] 23-oktabr kuni SDF to'qnashuvlar tuni bilan davom etgandan keyin o'z harakatlarini davom ettirdi. IShID qarshi hujumga o'tishga urinib ko'rdi va Syuzadagi SDF pozitsiyalarida 4 ta SVBIED ishlatgan. Kuchli havo va artilleriya ko'magi ostida SDF hujumni qaytarib, hujumni qayta boshladi. Ertalab ular Susa shahri bilan qo'shni bo'lgan Xavi al-Susa qishlog'ini oldilar. Xajinda ikki tomon o'rtasida vaqti-vaqti bilan to'qnashuvlar davom etdi.^[201][202] 24 oktyabrda Susada janglar hali ham shiddatli edi. Kechasi IShID jangarilar bo'lgan Marashidah atrofini yorib o'tish va o'z pozitsiyalarini mustahkamlashdan oldin SDFni orqaga qaytarish uchun zirhli mashinalar va SVBIEDlardan foydalangan holda bir nechta hujumlarni uyushtirdi. Og'ir artilleriya bombardimonlari ostida ular vaqtincha yo'lak ochishdi, bu ularning ayrim qismlarining qochib ketishiga imkon berdi. SDF 10 nafar jangchining o'zini o'ldirgani, shuningdek, transport vositasini va SVBIEDni yo'q qilganini bildirgan, koalitsiya esa havo hujumlari va artilleriya bilan yana 41 nafar IShID jangarisini yo'q qilgan.^[203] O'sha kuni koalitsiya Twitterda IShID jangovar pozitsiya sifatida foydalanayotgan Susadagi masjidni bombardimon qilganini bildirdi.^[204]

Furot cho'ntagi 2018 yil 31 oktyabrga qadar, IShIDning qarshi hujumlaridan so'ng SDF hududiy yo'qotilishini ko'rsatmoqda

27-oktabr kuni IShID qumli bo'ron ostida katta qarshi hujum uyushtirdi va al-Susaning ayrim qismlarini qaytarib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va ular al-Bag'uz Favqoniyning chekkalariga etib borishdi.^[205] SDFning Deyr-az-Zor harbiy kengashi katta yo'qotishlarga duch keldi va frontni barqarorlashtirish maqsadida YPG birliklari frontga ko'chirildi. Keyinchalik ham muvaffaqiyatsizliklardan so'ng SDF 28-oktabr kuni Xajinning cho'ntagidagi barcha qo'lga kiritilgan pozitsiyalardan orqaga chekinib, etti haftalik hujumlarini hech qanday yutuqlarsiz yakunladi.^[206] IShID 29-oktabr kuni Marshidah, Mouzan, Safafinah, Shajlah va Baghuz al-Favqani shaharlari hamda SDFdan As-Susa ustidan nazoratni qayta qo'lga kiritib, qarshi hujumni davom ettirdi va kurdlarni g'arq bo'lganidan keyin chekinishga majbur qildi.^[207] Iroq-Suriya chegarasida IShIDning muvaffaqiyatli qarshi hujumiga javoban, Ommaviy safarbarlik kuchlari chegaradagi Iroq tomoni bo'ylab joylashtirilgan Anbar viloyati, IShIDning transchegaraviy infiltratsiyasidan qo'rqib. Yoqilgan Twitter, Jabal al-Baguz shahridagi rasmlarda shaharda IShID bayroqlari ko'tarilgani aks etgan.^[208][209] Koalitsiya vakili polkovnik Shon Rayanning ta'kidlashicha, koalitsiya elementlari SDFni kuchaytirishni va tezlashtirishni "tezlashtirishda" yordam beryapti va IShID "So'ngi jang "cho'ntagida.^[210]

Keyin to'qnashuvlar o'rtasida Turkiya qurolli kuchlari va kurd elementlari Kobani va Abyadga ayting, SDF yana bir bor IShIDga qarshi hujumni to'xtatdi.^[8][9] Asosiy hujum to'xtatilganiga qaramay, 6-noyabr kuni SDF Matbuot idorasi "Islomiy davlat" Xajin jabhasida oldingi 24 soat ichida qaytarilgan hujumlarni boshlaganidan keyin 49 nafar IShID jangarisi o'ldirilganligini e'lon qildi; uchta tunnel, 10 ta birikma va "bomba yuklangan transport vositasi" SDF tomonidan yo'q qilindi. Bundan tashqari, Koalitsiya 27 ta nishonni bombardimon qildi.^[211] Xuddi shu kuni Iroqlik Al Mada gazetasining xabar berishicha PMU Suriya hududiga o'tib, 26 oktyabr kuni IShIDning qarshi hujumi tufayli SDF tomonidan tashlab qo'yilgan hududlarda 30 ta mustahkamlangan chegara postlarini egallab olgan.^[212]

A AQSh qo'mondoni ishga tushirishga tayyorlanmoqda RQ-20 Puma skaut uchuvchisiz samolyot yaqin Xajin, 19 noyabr

11-noyabr kuni SDF hujumni qayta boshlaganligini e'lon qildi.^[213][214] To'xtatilgan quruqlik operatsiyalari oralig'ida koalitsiya IShIDning jangovar pozitsiyalari, tunnellari, minomyotlari, joylashtirilgan joylari va qurol-yarog 'omborlarini nishonga olgan holda kuchli bombardimon kampaniyasini davom ettirdi.^[215] IShID qo'mondonlarining alohida uylari josuslar tomonidan berilayotgani, shuningdek qurol-yarog 'saqlanadigan joylar berilganligi va IShID josuslikda ayblanib bir fuqaroni qatl etganligi xabar qilingan edi, ammo bu hech qanday rasmiy manbada tasdiqlanmagan.

23-24 noyabr kunlari 500 ga yaqin IShID jangarilari tumanli, kam ko'rinadigan ob-havodan foydalanib, a qutilib chiqishga urinmoq; tarqamoq Xojinning shimolida Al-Bahrah tomon "keng" qarshi hujumni uyushtirish orqali Garanij va al-Tanak neft koni, kamida 47 SDF askarini o'ldirgan - faqat shanba kuni 29 kishi - hujumda; o'z navbatida, IShIDning 39 jangarisi ham quruqlikdagi to'qnashuvlarda, ham koalitsiyaning havo hujumlarida o'ldirilgan. Xabarlarga ko'ra, al-Bahrah qishlog'i IShID tomonidan egallab olingan, qolgan ikki hujum esa qaytarilgan.^[216] SOHR qo'shni havo hujumlari natijasida to'qnashuvlar paytida 17 tinch aholi, shu jumladan beshta bola halok bo'lgan.^[217] Koalitsiya vakili Shon Rayan tinch aholi orasida qurbonlar bo'lganligi haqidagi xabarlarni rad etdi yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi yomon ob-havo tufayli "juda cheklangan" edi.^[218] Furthermore, ISIL stated to have captured at least 10 SDF fighters – including a commander – during the counterattack, with the group subsequently releasing images and video to corroborate the statement.^[219] By 26 November, as ISIL fighters had largely retreated back to their previous positions after Coalition-supported SDF push back, the fighting had reportedly killed over 200 people as more bodies were recovered on the 25th. SOHR reported 51 civilians had been killed and 92 SDF fighters were killed in the weekend fighting, the "largest number of SDF fighters killed (by IS) in a single battle since it was founded".^[220]

Battle of Hajin

Media-ni ijro etish

CJTF-OIR Koalitsiya ISR drone footage of an ISIL gunman shooting from within the Hajin hospital, 9 December 2018

On 3 December, local activist sources reported that SDF forces had advanced on ISIL's de facto capital of Xajin and had broken into the town after overrunning ISIL defenses on its northwestern flank from al-Bahrah.^{[221][222][223]} By 4 December, SDF forces had reportedly advanced into the northern sector of Hajin, capturing the local hospital and the al-Hawamah neighborhood and market area.^[224] On 6 December, Redur Khalil, an SDF commander, confirmed their forces had pushed into Hajin and had taken portions of the town, including some neighborhoods and a mosque, but not the kasalxona, amidst ongoing heavy clashes. By 7 December the SDF had taken about half of the town and had also opened a humanitarian corridor for Hajin, allowing over 1,000 civilians – mostly women and children – to flee ISIL's embattled capital.^[225] The Coalition stepped up airstrikes to support the SDF's advance, with a 5 December press release^[226] detailing multiple strikes conducted near Hajin targeting ISIL supply routes, tunnels, fighting positions and trucks. Syrian state media stated a Coalition airstrike in Hajin on 7 December completely destroyed the local hospital along with killing eight civilians, all from the same family. The Coalition denied civilian casualties in their airstrikes and disputed that the hospital was destroyed.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} On 11 December, Coalition spokesman Col. Sean Ryan confirmed to Talk Media yangiliklari that the Hajin hospital was not bombed on 7 December and that SDF units began receiving small arms fire from ISIL elements on the second and third floors of the facility on 8 December as it was being used as a "buyruq va boshqarish node" by the terror group due to its strategic location. The next day an explosion occurred at the building, to which the Coalition stated was the result of rigged explosives placed by ISIL; when SDF units captured the hospital on 10 December, they reported the building was "heavily mined with IEDs" in the remaining structure.^[227][228]

On 11 December, the SDF, along with reversing some of ISIL's recent gains and making fresh advancements in Hajin,^[229] managed to recapture the border town of al-Baghuz Tahtani, securing the entire Syrian-Iraqi border once again and regaining much of the lost territory from the October ISIL counterattacks.^[230] By 12 December, the Coalition estimated there were still 2,500 of the "most hardened" ISIL fighters in the Hajin holdout.^[231] US Special Presidential Envoy to the anti-ISIL Coalition Brett H. McGurk said "We've gotten to a point where almost every ISIS fighter is wearing a suicide vest, the extent of IEDs and placements, it's very, very difficult fighting and so it's taking some time."^[232] Since the initial break-in of western Hajin, recent SDF front line advances in the town had been modest and methodical as ISIL reportedly had placed many mines and IEDs in residential areas, dug an extensive tunnel network, and had snipers placed in taller buildings – along with reportedly using stranded civilians as human shields, according to SDF fighters on the ground. Furthermore, 2,500 civilians had by now fled towards SDF territory as the SDF reported to have killed 55 ISIL militants since entering Hajin.^[233] By 13 December heavy clashes continued in the town center as Coalition airstrikes continued to bombard ISIL positions.^[234] As the SDF advanced, capturing two more hospitals in the process, ISIL detonated 5 booby trapped vehicles in an attempt to hinder SDF progress, but the traps failed.^[235] Later in the day, SOHR and local unofficial sources reported that Islamic State defenses in Hajin had collapsed and the jihadist forces were fleeing to the stronghold's eastern outskirts; Kurdish Twitter accounts showed the SDF flag perched atop the main bozor, signaling the SDF had indeed captured the town center.^[236][237]

By dawn on 14 December, SDF forces – spearheaded by the Kurdish YPG – fully captured Hajin as ISIL defenses collapsed, due to an intensified ground push supported by increased Coalition airstrikes. The capture of Hajin town proper deprived the Islamic State of a significant command and control hub, and the terror network's last chunk of significant urban territory; ISIL's battered militants, aided by tunnel networks, withdrew south to the rural village areas east of the Euphrates river and west of SDF positions along the Iraqi border.^[238] SDF spokesman Mustafa Bali confirmed that sporadic pockets of ISIL elements were still harassing and counterattacking Hajin post-capture in the surrounding fields and outskirts and that the fight for the town was "difficult" as the entrenched ISIL fighters the SDF besieged were hardened veterans from Iraq and Syria "fighting to the death", putting up stubborn resistance and stiff defenses.^[239] Europe-based Suriya muxolifati activist Omar Abu Layla stated that disagreements among ISIL ranks over hierarchy between Iraqi and Syrian fighters helped "speed up the collapse" of the extremist group's defenses in the town.^[240] SOHR added that since the launch of the third phase of the Deir ez-Zor campaign on 10 September, 922 ISIL gunmen, 539 SDF fighters, and 324 civilians – of which were 113 children and 72 women – had died in the deadly fighting for the enclave. SOHR continued that the majority of the civilian casualties were from international Coalition airstrikes.^[241]

Clearing the Euphrates pocket

With the capture of the Hajin stronghold – the Islamic State's last de facto capital – on 14 December, ISIL fighters retreated to the remaining rural villages still under their grasp within the pocket. SDF commander-in-chief Mazlum Kobane said that at least 5,000 ISIL fighters were still in the remaining pocket. He said about 2,000 are foreign members, mostly Arabs and Europeans with their families.^[19] The U.S. estimated there were still a diehard contingent of 2,500 ISIL fighters entrenched within the remaining enclave as the Islamic State still controlled the villages of Al-Susa, Al-Marashidah, Ash-Shaafah, al-Baghuz Favqoniy, al-Shajla and surrounding settlements.^[242] It was reported that more than 700 prisoners including deserters were executed by ISIL since it lost Hajin.^[243]

An SDF-U.S. checkpoint, 23 December 2018

On 14 December, SDF forces reportedly advanced south of Hajin, pushing towards the towns of Abu Hassan and Abu Al-Khatir amidst ongoing clashes. It was also reported that ISIL was attempting to break through SDF defenses and retake Baghuz Tahtani, in the southern sector of the pocket, on the Iraqi border.^[244] By 21 December, after capturing the al-Qal'ah area southwest of Hajin, SDF troops reportedly made a major advancement in the town of Abu al-Khatir, as Coalition airstrikes pounded ISIL units and forced them to fall back to the town center. Local sources also reported that ISIL had made Al-Susa its new headquarters.^[245] On 25 December, local sources confirmed the SDF had taken the key town of Abu al-Khatir after days of clashes, with the help of continued Coalition airstrikes, securing an adequate buffer zone around Hajin; subsequent clashes were reported in Abu Hassan as the SDF continued its advance southward, down the Euphrates.^[246] The SOHR reported that the SDF had rounded up 262 ISIL militants trying to flee among the civilian exodus from the region by 25 December; 5,500 civilians had so far reportedly fled the pocket since the announcement of the withdrawal of US troops from Syria on 19 December.^[247] Local activist sources reported on the 28th that the SDF had captured half of Al-Kashmah with ISIL still occupying the southern half; capturing Al-Kashmah would put the SDF within adequate striking distance of Ash-Shaafah birinchi marta.^[248] The SDF made limited advances on the Al-Kashmah front and the al-Susah axis against ISIL forces by 30 December, with SDF contact lines reportedly reaching near the immediate eastern outskirts of al-Susah, while the SDF controlled around 70 percent of Al-Kashmah, with fierce clashes raging.^[249][250] By 31 December, the SDF had fully captured Al-Kashmah and were fighting for control of Ash-Shaafah, the last major town from the northern approach before ISIL's Al-Susah.^[251]

On 5 January 2019, two British maxsus kuchlar soldiers (presumably from the Maxsus havo xizmati ) were injured in an attack carried out by ISIL; one Kurd also died. US troops evacuated the two soldiers.^[252] On 7 January, the SOHR reported that ISIL units took advantage of bad weather and launched a counteroffensive against the SDF in the pocket, killing 23 and wounding others, while ISIL suffered 9 casualties. By the next day, the SDF had repelled the offensive and had gained more ground from ISIL near the Iraqi border. On the same day, Coalition warplanes and artillery continued to bombard the town of Al-Shaafah, as the SDF continued its approach towards Al-Susah.^[253] On 9 January the SDF released images of eight foreign ISIL fighters their units had captured during a recent "special operation". The captured included Russian, German, Uzbek, Tajik, Ukrainian and Kazakh nationals, as well as an American teenager.^[254] On 10 January the SDF reportedly fully captured Al-Shaafah after expelling ISIL fighters in a counterattack. The SDF continued to advance on the Abu Badran area.^[255] With continued US and French airstrikes in support, SDF forces reportedly captured most of Abu Badran after overrunning ISIL defenses in the northern portion of the village on 13 January.^[256] After the recent gains in the pocket against ISIL and ramping up their attacks in the previous two days, SDF spokesman Mustafa Bali told Reuters that ISIL "are living the final moments and realize that this battle is the battle to eliminate them."^[257]

On 15 January, the SDF's Deir ez-Zor Military Council, the spearheading fighting force during the campaign, launched a final major push south to storm al-Susah, after capturing Abu Badran and the al-Ulay'at region from ISIL forces. At the time, it was believed that ISIL's central command was headquartered at al-Susah and that their leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi may also potentially be held up there.^[258] On the same day, reports emerged – particularly from the SOHR – that the SDF had already pushed ISIL out of al-Susah, but this was not confirmed by the SDF or the Coalition.^[259] Frontline reports confirmed the SDF had fully taken al-Susah by 17 January, with ISIL combatants ultimately retreating further southward to avoid being overrun. The loss of al-Susah was a heavy blow against the Islamic State, as the terrorist organization's territorial control in the pocket had dwindled to four key towns: Al-Marashidah, Mozan, al-Shajlah, and as-Safafinah (though clashes still continued at Al-Baghuz Fawqani). Following the capture of al-Susah, reports emerged of shelling in al-Marashidah and of ISIL targeting SDF units in al-Susah with VBIEDs.^[260] On the next day, the SDF's media center released a report detailing their recent engagements. Under near-constant Coalition air support, SDF fighters advanced 1.5 km, capturing 32 new points on a secondary front line of the Al-Susah axis, leading to separate heavy clashes with ISIL, in which SDF troops seized ammo and weapons from slain ISIL fighters, including SDF troops detonating four ISIL motorbikes loaded with explosives. Afterward, ISIL once again took advantage of bad weather and launched raids on SDF frontline positions, but were repelled. The SDF reported that 88 ISIL fighters had been killed, while they lost 10 of their own fighters with an additional 30 wounded.^[261] On 20 January, the SOHR reported that Coalition airstrikes on Al-Bag'uz Favqoniy had killed six civilians, including four children, as well as killing 10 ISIL militants. Coalition airstrikes reportedly intensified after the ISIL-claimed Manbijdagi bombardimon that claimed the lives of four Americans.^[262]

SDF fighters near Hajin, 22 January 2019

By 22 January, the SDF had managed to capture 75 percent of as-Safafinah, after capturing the Mozan rural area, confining ISIL to just two remaining villages – al-Shajlah and al-Marashidah – along the Euphrates River.^[263] Heavy clashes continued on the outskirts of al-Shajlah and the al-Baghuz Favqoniy old,^[264] with half of the latter town under SDF control.^[265] As ISIL's territorial control was being squeezed out due to the string of recent losses, a massive influx of fleeing civilians ensued, with hundreds leaving the increasingly-small pocket on 22 January, most of them family members of ISIL militants.^[266] The civilian exodus continued, as SDF and Kurdish social media accounts posted pictures reportedly showing the relatives of Islamic State fighters fleeing; many of them included nationals from France, Pakistan, Iraq, and Turkey.^[267] Morale among remaining jihadist fighters hit an all-time low, with the fighters surrendering in the dozens (as per ANHA ) to hundreds (as per SOHR) with reportedly over 60 fighters – 50 of them foreign – surrendering to the SDF in recent days.^[268] SOHR reported that 4,900 people – including 470 surrendered ISIL fighters – had fled the enclave since 21 January, 3,500 on 22 January alone. Meanwhile, the whereabouts and fate of ISIL's elusive leader Abu Bakr al-Bag'dodiy were still unknown.^[269] The SOHR also reported that the new wave of departures meant that a total of 27,000 people had by now fled the enclave since early December 2018.^[270] Zana Amedia, an SDF spokesman, attributed their ground momentum in recent weeks to a change of sarmoya tactics after their frontlines collapsed in late October 2018, due to an aggressive ISIL counterattack during a sandstorm. “After that, the leadership took a decision to change tactics, and moved us to attacking on two — or even three — axes so that the small force that ISIS has cannot counter,” said Amedia. “Right now, the operation is going on two axes — from the north, we are attacking the village of Al-Marashidah, and from the south, the village of Baghuz.”^[271]

The SDF fully overran and recaptured al-Baghuz Fawqani on 23 January, after weeks of desperate ISIL resistance there ended with the collapse of their forces; the SDF promptly began mine-clearing and sweeping operations in the surrounding farms and communities, to find any hiding enemy militants. The capture of Baghuz Fawqani prompted the SOHR to proclaim the imminent defeat of ISIL in Deir ez-Zor, with the jihadist group only possessing 10 square km of remaining territory in the Middle Euphrates Pocket, and the remainder of their die-hard combatants holed up in scattered homesteads among the irrigated fields and orchards on the north bank of the valley.^[272] The US-led Coalition declined to say when it expected the SDF to capture the last chunk of ISIL territory, with spokesman Sean Ryan instead emphasizing that the bigger goal of the operation was to minimize and degrade ISIL's insurgency and terror capabilities by depriving them of physical space to operate. "We try to stay away from timelines as it is more about degrading the enemy's capabilities," Ryan said.^[267] On the same day, the villages of as-Safafinah and al-Shajlah were also reported to have been overrun by the SDF backed by heavy French and American shelling, leaving al-Marashidah as the last stronghold in ISIL's grip – merely 0.01 percent of the territory its self-proclaimed xalifalik once held.^[273]

ISIL's last stand

On 24 January, SDF forces began swiftly crossing the northern bridge into al-Marashidah – ISIL's then-final stronghold – forcing ISIL to withdraw towards the center of the town. In response, ISIL launched a counterattack and regained parts of al-Shajlah before the attack was repelled.^[274] By the next day, another counterattack allowed ISIL to regain parts of western Baghuz Fawqani, to the south of the area, with ISIL attempting to break the SDF's siege with suicide attacks.^[275] During ISIL's attempted breakout, Suriya Arab armiyasi units that had deployed across the river targeted the Islamic State's poorly established positions at the town as well, indirectly assisting the Kurds.^[276] 35 ISIL fighters were killed and another 21 captured during the failed breakout attempt; in turn, 16 SDF fighters were killed and at least 30 were injured.^[277] At this point, SDF commander Mazloum Kobani predicted that the SDF would complete their campaign and end ISIL's military presence within a "month", only declaring victory after establishing control over the captured lands.^[278][279] On 25 January, ANHA reported that 150 ISIL fighters surrendered to the SDF in al-Baghuz Fawqani, with most of them being foreign fighters.^[280] The front lines at Baghuz Fawqani remained fluid on the 26th as Coalition bombardment continued on the village with ISIL continuing stiff resistance in south Marashidah as units from the Suriya ozod armiyasi 's Kurdish-aligned Shimoliy Demokratik brigada reportedly clashed with ISIL in northern Marashidah.^[281][282] Reports also emerged that an ISIL commander named Bashar Al-Mughbel was killed in Coalition airstrikes in Baghuz Fawqani^[283] as SOHR reported that Coalition air raids and short-range missile strikes on hamlets and other civilian areas had killed 42 people in the pocket in recent days, including 13 civilians consisting of seven Syrians linked to ISIL – including three children from the same family – and six Iraqi non-combatants.^[284]

Overnight clashes between the 26th and 27th killed 19 ISIL and 11 SDF fighters, SOHR reported, adding that the aerial bombardment was some of the fiercest in two weeks. Additionally, 4 SVBIEDs targeted SDF positions when ISIL mounted another counterattack to break the siege.^[285] By 27 January it became clear that Kurdish and US officials did not believe ISIL's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was still holed up in the pocket. “He would have to be stupid to stay in the last pocket until the end,” SDF spokesman Zana Amedi said. “He would have escaped a long time ago before the situation deteriorated for them so much. He’s not dead, and he’s not in these villages, either.”^[286][287] On 28 January the SDF managed to capture parts of northern Al-Marashidah and besieged ISIL within a space of only 4 square kilometers of land, boxing them up against the Euphrates.^[288]As clashes continued, SDF commander Heval Roni commented, "Geographically speaking, there are only four square kilometres left under IS control, stretching from Baghouz to the Iraqi border". He also stated that the dwindling number of remaining ISIL officers and commanders were mostly Iraqi.^[289] Meanwhile, SOHR reported some 2,000 people, including 300 ISIL gunmen, had fled the area since the 27th; among the commotion, the SDF captured a local ISIL commander and a body guard.^[290]

Civilian exodus

By 28 January, ISIL was reported to have parts of al-Marashidah, al-Arqoub, Safafinah, and Baghuz Fawqani villages still under their control, as well as some orchards in the town of Al-Susah.^[287] On 29 January, SDF spokesman Mustafa Bali told Reuters that instead of an all-out storming of the last bastion of ISIL territory, the SDF's advance had slowed due to the large presence of civilians, many of whom were wives or children of ISIL fighters. Bali added that they were conducting "precise operations", which took more time.^[291] He added that the SDF had also refused an offer from the jihadists via mediators to surrender the territory in return for safe passage out. The Xalqaro qutqaruv qo'mitasi charity organization said it was helping tend to a sudden influx of more than 10,000 people, almost all of whom were women, children, and elderly people, who had arrived at an ichki ko'chirilganlar qarorgoh Al-Xol in northeastern Syria, since the previous week. The IRC said most of them were exhausted, extremely hungry, and thirsty as they fled ISIL territory, with many arriving yalangoyoq.^[292] Meanwhile, acting U.S. Defense Secretary Patrik M. Shanaxon stated that the remaining territory will be taken in a few weeks.^[293]

On 30 January, it was reported that a Coalition air raid over Marashidah killed Mohammed Mahmoud al-Abadi (Abu Osama al-Qurashi), a senior ISIL figure that held several positions in the Islamic State, including commander of the “Islamic Police”, Minister of Oil, and senior security commander.^[31][294] Meanwhile, the Kurdistan Region's Special Office for Yezidi Abductees Affairs reported that SDF units had freed three Yazidiy prisoners from ISIL – aged 12, 30, and 40 – during their ongoing conquest against ISIL. Islamic State jihadists reportedly abducted these women when they entered the Sinjar region in 2014.^[295] On 15 January an Iraqi official stated that ISIL elements were still trafficking Yazidi women across Iraq and Syria despite the collapse of their "caliphate".^[296] On 31 January, the SDF made limited advances between Safafinah and Baghuz Fawqani while also advancing on Arqoub (western Marashidah), a strategically important sector for ISIL as they've used the bridge there to cross the river to escape to their refuge in the Suriya sahrosi. Later, the SDF pulled back from some areas of Baghuz Fawqani to avoid harming civilians. More than 150 people were rescued. By the end of the month, ISIL reportedly still controlled Baghuz Tahtani on the Iraqi border as well after an SDF tactical retreat.^[297]

With the large number of civilians fleeing the war zone, the SDF had significantly slowed down their advance by February 1, in fear of ISIL using non-combatants as human shields. SDF-ISIL clashes in the pocket also decreased in intensity as ISIL tried to negotiate for a safe passage to evacuate towards the Turkish border. The SDF and the Coalition rejected this, instead demanding a full surrender from the remaining jihadists and their commanders.^[298] Meanwhile, it was reported that after the previous ISIL commander was killed, a Saudi named al-Jazrawi was in command of the remaining pocket.^[299][300] During this lull in ground clashes, civilians continued to leave ISIL areas in droves with SDF and American SOF soldiers handing out water, nappies and MRE to the families of ISIL members and other civilians at makeshift screening centers set up to help process the outflow of people; among the often haggard, famished, and dust-covered ID-lar, males were screened separately in search of fleeing ISIL militants, who were known to be mixing in with the innocent civilians.^[301] In the early morning of 5 February, 5 Turkish families surrendered themselves along with other women and children.^[302] On February 6, 12 Iraqi families, 14 Syrian families, four Azerbaijani families, and two Canadian women surrendered themselves to the SDF.^[303] Five ISIL askar bolalar aged between 14 and 15 also surrendered.^[304] Meanwhile, the Coalition carried out two airstrikes on Baghuz Fawqani after an Iraqi drone was shot down, in the first airstrikes in days.

Media-ni ijro etish

Amerika Ovozi report on the Al-Xol refugee camp, 7 February 2019

On 6 February, US President Donald Tramp, while at a summit of 79 foreign ministers and officials that have partaken in the global coalition against ISIL, predicted a formal announcement of a final victory against ISIL as early as the upcoming week despite front line advances recently being halted. "Remnants - that's all they have, remnants - but remnants can be very dangerous," Trump said in regards to ISIL. "Rest assured, we'll do what it takes to defeat every ounce and every last person within the ISIS madness".^[305] In regards to captured militants, SDF spokesman Mustafa Bali said that the SDF is detaining foreign ISIL fighters on a "daily basis." Suspected militants captured by the SDF are usually eager to be sent home, something the Kurdish administration also wants. Human Rights Watch tashkiloti has warned that any transfers of suspected foreign militants and their relatives out of Syria should be a transparent process.^[306]

On 7 February, the SDF captured Al-Marashidah and its western district of Arqoub, as well as other areas nearby, completely besieging the remaining ISIL fighters in the town of Al-Bag'uz Favqoniy, to the south of Al-Marashidah.^[307] Later on the same day, SDF commander Adel Cudi stated that the SDF controlled 80% of Baghuz Fawqani and were advancing slowly against the last ISIL-held positions.^[308] Late on 8 February, Mustafa Bali said that the SDF would launch a final assault on the remainder of the enclave once civilians had been completely evacuated. "There is of course a safe corridor and civilians are coming out daily, and this reduces their number in Baghouz until we can be sure the town is free of civilians," Bali said. "We will launch an attack to end the Daesh presence or they will turn themselves in. There are no other options for them. We confirm there are no negotiations and no intention to have negotiations," he added.^[309]

Final assault

The SDF's conquest of the ISIL enclave from 30 November 2018 to 23 March 2019

On the evening of 9 February, the Syrian Democratic Forces announced that they were launching the final "decisive" battle, after nearly ten days of evacuating 20,000 civilians,^[310] most of whom were ISIL family members. Redur Kalil, the SDF's senior public relations officer, told The Times newspaper that a number of foreign hostages were possibly being held in the enclave.^[311] The operation began with a heavy preemptive bombardment during the afternoon, from the SDF missile and mortar teams and Coalition warplanes. The Coalition estimated ISIL still had around 1,000–1,500 of its most loyal jihadist fighters still fighting within the enclave, though the SDF and SOHR estimated that ISIL still had around 3,000 fighters within the enclave.^[312]

Between 9–10 February, the SDF was able to capture a total of 2 square kilometers and seized control of 41 tactical points.^[313] The SDF reported the deaths of 37 ISIL members, along with the destruction of 19 locations, one enemy motorbike, four roads, one mortar, and one weapons cache in the preemptive airstrikes leading up to the assault, while only losing two of their own.^[314] The Syrian government stated the recent airstrikes had killed several civilians, including four people near a makeshift refugee camp near Baghuz.^[315] On the morning of 11 February, the SDF repelled another ISIL counterattack, as another 1,500 civilians fled the area in a column of 17 trucks filled with men, women, and children, some identifying as Iraqi. The SDF advance was gradual and precise, as hundreds of civilians continued to stream out of the war zone into SDF-Coalition screening centers, set up to filter out fleeing jihadists.^[316] On 12 February, SDF spokesman Mustafa Bali announced that ISIL had only control over 1 square kilometer of territory, and that all those remaining in the area were ISIL militants and their families.^[317]

On 16 February, one week into the battle, SDF commander Jiya Furat stated that the besieged pocket was reduced to an encircled 700 square meters and that a declaration of victory against ISIL in the pocket was soon to come.^[318] The battle had stalled into a standoff by late February, as the SDF chose to wait until every possible civilian fled the remaining territory before storming it, delaying declaration of victory and extending the battle into a protracted siege. Ovqatlanish became a larger factor as the surrounded jihadists were letting their families, other hostages, and more expendable fighters leave due to dwindling food resources from the SDF's encirclement, with hundreds of civilians and dozens of surrendering militants regularly flowing out of the enclave.^[319] The evacuees included shattered families that lost loved ones and wounded, exhausted and hungry men, women, and children. A number of the fleeing wives were interviewed by international media, giving accounts of their journey to and conditions under ISIL's "caliphate", some describing how they lived in dug-up holes with hoisted tents to protect against airstrikes. While some were more critical, others proclaimed their continuing devotion to the idea of the Islamic State, even after surrender. "We weren't going to leave, but the Caliph said women should leave," said one mother, referring to ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Bag'dodiy reportedly ordering women and children to leave. "I wanted to stay. It is an Islamic State. Bu islom o'lkasi ", - deya qo'shimcha qildi u.^[320] SDF rasmiylari IShID bilan muzokaralar olib borayotganlarini rad etishdi, ammo koalitsiya vakili Shon Rayan 6 mart kuni muzokaralar olib borilayotganini tasdiqladi, bu orqali SDF IShID tomonidan garovga olinganlarning barchasi to'g'risida ma'lumot topishga harakat qildi.^[321]

Lager Al-Bag'uz Favqoniy tunda qamal ostida, 2019 yil 12 mart

9 martga qadar, uzoq davom etgan jang / to'qnashuvlardan bir oy o'tib, ko'plab evakuatsiya qilingan IShID jangarilari va ularning oilalari tavba qilmay, "xalifalik" ga sodiq qolishdi. Suhbatlangan yigirmaga yaqin evakuatsiya qilinganlar qamaldagi lagerdagi so'nggi kunlarini va IShIDning qanday yashashlarini tasvirlab berishdi Hisbah diniy politsiya SDF-koalitsiyasi qurshovida lagerda tartib va ​​diniy tartibni saqlashni davom ettirdi. Hisbah, SDFning evakuatsiya urinishlarini ularning uzoq umr ko'rishiga yordam berishini ko'rib, IShID oxiridan fuqarolarni evakuatsiya qilishni nazorat qildi.^[321] OAV xabarlariga ko'ra, evakuatsiya qilinganlarning ba'zilari ba'zan evakuatsiya joylarida muxbirlar va fotosuratchilarni bezovta qilib, ta'qib qilishgan. Boshqalar o'zlarining holatlari haqida gaplashdilar; ko'pchilik hanuzgacha IShIDga bag'ishlangan va kelajakdagi "fathlar" ga umid bog'lagan, ba'zilari esa ko'proq ikkilangan. Ular xalifalikning qulashini jazo sifatida ko'rdilar Xudo korruptsiya tufayli IShID rahbariyati va rasmiylari.^[322] 17-mart kuni SDF 9-yanvardan beri o'tkazilgan operatsiya bo'yicha o'zlarining raqamlarini e'lon qildi: 34,000 tinch aholi evakuatsiya qilindi, 29,600 IShID jangarilari va ularning oila a'zolari taslim bo'ldi, shu jumladan 5000 dan ortiq jangchilar, 1306 IShID jangarilari o'ldirildi va 520 ta operatsiya davomida asirga olindi. O'z navbatida, ular o'z qurbonlarini 11 nafar o'lik va 61 nafar jarohat olganlar deb hisoblashdi.^[323]

23 martda SDF Bag'dod Favqoniy jangini yakunlab, kampaniyani to'xtatib, IShID anklavi to'liq ozod qilinganligini e'lon qildi. IShID etakchisining joylashgan joyi Abu Bakr al-Bag'dodiy SDF isyonga qarshi operatsiyalarga o'tishi bilan noma'lum bo'lib qoldi.^[324]

SDF-hukumat to'qnashuvi

2018 yil 7 fevralga o'tar kechasi AQSh qurolli kuchlari SDF bilan chegarada hukumatni qo'llab-quvvatlaganidan keyin Suriyaga yaqin hukumat kuchlarining pozitsiyalariga havo hujumlari bilan hujum qildi va bu SDF shtab-kvartirasini amerikalik kuzatuvchilar bilan o'zini o'zi himoya qilishdan iborat ekanligini bildirdi. Xusham. AQSh rasmiylarining hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, hukumatga yaqin kuchlarning 100 dan ortiq a'zosi o'ldirilgan.^[325] Rossiya Mudofaa vazirligi ammo hukumatni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi kuchlar IShIDga qarshi razvedka missiyalarini olib borishgan. Shikastlangan hukumat tarafdori qiruvchi, shuningdek, SDF kuchlari Tabiya viloyatidagi havo hujumlari paytida kirib kelgan, ammo ularni qaytarib olishgan.^[326] Shuningdek, muxolifatni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi manbalar SDF va SAA va ittifoqdosh hukumatni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi kuchlar o'rtasida to'qnashuvlar sodir bo'lganligi haqida xabarlar mavjud.^[327] Hukumat tarafdorlari Al-Masdar yangiliklari bu bayonotlarni ahamiyatsiz qoldirdi va ular muxolifat ommaviy axborot vositalari boshchiligidagi qo'rqitish kampaniyasi bo'lishi mumkinligini taxmin qildi.^[328]

2018 yil 29 aprelda Suriya armiyasi Furot daryosining sharqiy qismida SDF tomonidan nazorat qilingan to'rtta qishloqqa hujum uyushtirdi va dastlab ularni qo'lga oldi.^[329] Ga ko'ra Suriya Inson Huquqlari Observatoriyasi (SOHR) to'qnashuvlarda to'qqizta hukumat tarafdori va SDFga aloqador oltita jangchi o'ldirilgan.^[330] SDF matbuot kotibi Kino Gabrielning ta'kidlashicha, to'qnashuvlar "terrorizmni qo'llab-quvvatlash va terrorizmga qarshi urushga to'sqinlik qilishga urinish".^[331] Bir necha soatdan keyin SDF yo'qolgan barcha qishloqlarni qaytarib olganligini aytdi,^[329][332] Ba'zi mahalliy manbalar buni ta'kidladilar AQSh boshchiligidagi koalitsiya reaktivlar SDFga hujum qilayotgan hukumatparast kuchlarni urdi,^[333][334] bo'lsa-da Pentagon ular faqat ogohlantiruvchi havo hujumlarini uyushtirganliklarini va hukumatparast qo'shinlarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri zarba bermaganliklarini ta'kidladilar.^[335]

Natijada

IShID qo'zg'oloni

2018 yil 5-noyabr kuni Qo'shma Shtatlarning Mudofaa bosh inspektori bo'limi IShID Iroqda ham Suriyada ham asosan er ostida ishlaydigan "samarali yashirin" qo'zg'olon kuchiga aylanganini aniqladi, chunki u Iroqdagi barcha hududlarni yo'qotdi va o'sha paytda Suriya hududining atigi 1 foiziga egalik qildi.^[336]

Ko'pchilikni tashkil etuvchi kurdlar - Suriya Demokratik kuchlari, Suriya hukumati va Iroq hukumati tomonidan "Islomiy davlat" dan hududlarni bosqichma-bosqich tortib olish bo'yicha olib borilgan keng ko'lamli kampaniyalar terrorchilik guruhining qobiliyatini pasaytirdi. quvvat proektsiyasi resurslar va ishchi kuchidan foydalanish bir necha yil avvalgi imkoniyatlardan foydalangan.^[337] Iroqda ham, Suriyada ham IShID tobora ko'proq hududlarini yo'qotib qo'ygan va bu kabi hududlarning kichik cho'ntaklarida o'ralgan al-Safo ichida Suriya sahrosi va Hojin-Furot cho'ntagida guruhning faxriysi qoldiqlari, partizan urushining taktikasi va strategiyasidan foydalanadigan ko'plab tashkilotlar bilan ko'rinib turibdiki, avvalgi katta hujumlarga emas, balki qo'zg'olonchilar strategiyasiga tobora ko'proq qaram bo'lib qolishdi.^[338] Targ'ibot ishlarini kuchaytirish bilan bir qatorda,^[223] ko'p tarqalgan IShID jangarilari va sodiqlari shpal hujayralari mahalliy xalqqa singib ketdi va terroristik bombardimonlar va hujumlarni davom ettirdi, bu esa qo'zg'olonchilarga qarshi yirik operatsiyalarni boshlab yubordi.^[339]

2019 yil 17 yanvarda SDF - deyarli barcha IShIDning Furot cho'ntagini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, "(AQSh boshchiligidagi) koalitsiya yordamida biz Daish qoldiqlarini yo'q qilish va ularning shpal hujayralarini ta'qib qilish uchun harbiy harakatlarimizni kuchaytiramiz" dedi. "Islomiy davlat" kampaniyasidan keyingi aksiyalarga qarshi qo'zg'olon operatsiyalarini o'tkazishga tayyorligini bildirdi.^[340] 29 yanvar kuni AQSh Milliy razvedka direktori Dan Coats IShID "mintaqaviy va g'arbiy dushmanlarga, shu jumladan AQShga qarshi Iroq va Suriyadan tashqi hujumlarni davom ettirishini" ta'kidlab, butun dunyo bo'ylab tahdidlarni baholashini e'lon qildi. Terroristik guruhning jismoniy hududini yo'qotishi bilan "IShID sunniylarning shikoyatlaridan, ijtimoiy beqarorlikdan foydalanishga intiladi va uzoq vaqt davomida Iroq va Suriyadagi hududlarni qaytarib olish uchun xavfsizlik kuchlarini kengaytiradi", "o'z partizanlik urushi ildizlariga" qaytib, hujumlarni rejalashtirishni davom ettiradi. va uning tarafdorlarini butun dunyoga yo'naltiring ". Baholashda Assad hukumati IShIDni Suriyadan AQSh chiqib ketgandan keyin tozalashga e'tibor qaratishini kutmaganligi qo'shimcha qilingan.^[341]

IShID gumondorlari va hibsga olinganlar

2019 yil 21 fevralda Iroq rasmiysi SDF 150 nafar IShID jangarisini Iroq hukumatiga jami 502 ta shartnoma asosida topshirganini va shu tariqa IShID a'zolarini vataniga qaytarish bo'yicha yagona yirik davlatga aylanganini aytdi.^[342] 24 fevral kuni Iroq hukumati SDFdan yana 13 nafar IShID gumonlanuvchisini qabul qilganliklarini bildirdi. Iroqning ba'zi rasmiylari 13 nafarining ham frantsuz ekanliklarini ta'kidladilar.^[343]

Suriya Demokratik kuchlari 3 mart kuni IShID safida bo'lgan 283 suriyalikni ozod qildi. SDF ma'muriyati ozod etilganlarning "qo'llarida Suriyada qon yo'q" deb aytganliklari, ular hech qanday janglarda qatnashmaganliklarini bildirishgan. Bu harakat qabila boshliqlari va boshqa mahalliy amaldorlarning lobbilaridan so'ng amalga oshirildi.^[344]

20 aprelda, Kosovo Suriyadagi 110 nafar fuqarosini, shu jumladan 72 nafar bolalar, 32 nafar ayollar va IShID safida jang qilishda gumon qilingan to'rt nafar erkakni vataniga qaytargan. Erkaklar mamlakatga qaytib kelganlarida hibsga olingan. Politsiya ularni poytaxt yaqinidagi armiya barakiga olib borishdan oldin ular AQSh harbiylari yordamida qaytib uchib ketishdi, Priştina.^[345] Xuddi shu kuni, Bosniya IShID safida jang qilganlikda gumon qilingan Bosniya fuqarosini vataniga qaytargan va hibsga olganini e'lon qildi.^[346]

A Yaqin Sharq instituti 2020 yil oktyabr oyida Lobo institutining Erik Olerichi, Mik Myulroy va Liam Mxyu davlati "Xalqaro hamjamiyat IShID muammosini to'liq hal qilish uchun axloqiy, axloqiy va amaliy xavfsizlik majburiyatiga ega. Ular hibsxonalar va qochqinlar lagerlaridagi vaziyatga kompleks yondashuvni rejalashtirmoqdalar". Shuningdek, ular hech narsa qilinmasa IShIDning keyingi avlodi yaratilishi haqida ogohlantirmoqda. ^[347]

Shuningdek qarang

• Abu Bakr al-Bag'dodiyning o'limi
• Sharqiy Suriya kampaniyasi (2017 yil sentyabr - dekabr)
  • 2017 yil Furot kesib o'tishi tajovuzkor
  • 2017 Abu Kamolning hujumi
• Sirtdagi jang (2016)
• Derna jangi (2018)
• Mosul jangi (2016–17)
• Maravi jangi
• 2017 yil G'arbiy Iroq kampaniyasi

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