Yalang oyoq - Barefoot

Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Yalangoyoq (nomutanosib).
Oyoq izlarini qoldirib ketayotgan yalangoyoq odam.
Ayol yalangoyoq qiyofada
Hindiston madaniy to'pig'ini kiygan yalangoyoq ayol, ikkalasi ham uning oilaviy ahvolini anglatadi
Xans Toma Kinderreigen, 1872

Yalang oyoq hech qanday kiymaslik holati uchun eng keng tarqalgan atama poyabzal.

Oyoq kiyimlarini kiyish faqat insonga xos xususiyatdir, ammo odamlarga tegishli ba'zi hayvonlar, shuningdek, otlar va kamdan-kam hollarda itlar va mushuklar kabi poyabzal bilan ta'minlanadi. Yalang oyoq yurish bilan bog'liq sog'liq uchun foydalar va ba'zi xatarlar mavjud. Oyoq kiyimlari kesish, ishqalanish, ko'karishlar va erdagi narsalardan yoki er osti to'qimalarining ta'siridan, shuningdek, sovuq yoki issiqlik kuyadi va shunga o'xshash parazitlar ankilomit o'ta og'ir vaziyatlarda. Shu bilan birga, poyabzal oyoqning egiluvchanligi, kuchliligi va harakatchanligini cheklab qo'yishi va egiluvchan tekis oyoq, dumba, bolg'a barmog'i va Mortonning neyromasi. Yalang oyoq yurish va yugurish tabiiy yurishga olib keladi, bu esa oyoqning ko'proq tebranish harakatini ta'minlaydi, qattiq tovon urishini yo'q qiladi va shu sababli oyoq va pastki oyoqlarda kamroq to'qnashuv kuchini hosil qiladi.[1][2]

Yalang oyoqlarda bajariladigan ko'plab sport turlari mavjud, eng muhimi gimnastika va jang san'ati, Biroq shu bilan birga plyaj voleyboli, yalangoyoq yugurish, yalangoyoq yurish va suv chang'isi. Ba'zi holatlar odamlarni o'zlarining xohishlariga qarshi yalangoyoq bo'lishlarini asosan ehtiyotkorlik, identifikatsiya qilish yoki sabablarga ko'ra aniqlashi mumkin jazo, masalan paytida qamoqqa olish. Zamonaviy tilda aytganda, jamoat joylarida poyabzal kiymaslikka harakat qiladigan, yuqorida aytib o'tilgan sport turlari bilan shug'ullanadigan yoki diniy yoki jazo sabablari bilan odobsiz yuradigan odam yalangoyoq yoki boshqa tillardagi ekvivalentlar (masalan, nemischa "Barfüßer" yoki italyancha "skalzo").[3][4]

Tarixiy va diniy jihatlar

Shuningdek qarang: Oyoq kiyimlari
Qadimgi Olimpiya o'yinlari disk uloqtiruvchi
Buddist rohiblar Mahagandhayon monastiri (Amarapura, Myanma ). Monaxlar donorlar tomonidan taqdim etilgan kechki ovqatni qabul qilish uchun yalangoyoq saf tortadilar.

Qadimgi davrlarda odamlar, masalan Misrliklar, Hindular va Yunonlar tez-tez yalangoyoq yurar edi, chunki aholi yashaydigan joy asosan poyabzal uchun amaliy ehtiyojni talab qilmaydi.[iqtibos kerak ] Misrliklar va hindular bezak poyabzalidan, masalan, taglikdan biroz foydalanganlar sandal sifatida tanilgan Kleopatra, bu oyoq uchun hech qanday amaliy himoya bermadi. Sportchilar Qadimgi Olimpiya o'yinlari yalangoyoq va umuman kiyimsiz qatnashgan.[5] Hatto xudolar va qahramonlar asosan yalangoyoq tasvirlangan.

The Rimliklarga, oxir-oqibat yunonlarni zabt etgan va ularning madaniyatining ko'plab jihatlarini o'zlashtirgan, yunonlarning poyabzal va kiyim-kechak haqidagi tushunchasini qabul qilmagan. Rim kiyimlari aniq poyabzal, shu jumladan kuchning belgisi va madaniyatli dunyoda yashash zarurati sifatida qaraldi; shunga ko'ra qullar odatda yalangoyoq bo'lib turishlari kerak edi.[6] Oyoq kiyimlarida ko'plab poyafzallar mavjud Injil. Ushbu davrdagi to'ylarda otasi vakolatni topshirishni ramzi sifatida kuyoviga bir juft poyabzal berardi.[7]

O'rta asrlarda erkaklar ham, ayollar ham kiyinishgan pattens Evropada, odatda zamonaviyning o'tmishdoshi sifatida qaraladi baland poshnali poyabzal,[8] menyus darslarida, odatda, mavjud bo'lgan barcha materiallardan tayyorlangan qo'lbola poyabzal kiyib yurishgan. Yalangoyoq yurish qashshoqlik belgisi va eng past ijtimoiy qatlam, shuningdek, mahbusning belgisi sifatida qabul qilingan.[6] XV asrda, pirzola yilda yaratilgan kurka va odatda 7-8 dyuym (17,7-20,3 sm) balandlikda edi. Ushbu poyabzal mashhur bo'lib qoldi Venetsiya va butun Evropa bo'ylab holat belgisi boylik va ijtimoiy mavqeini ochib berish. Kabi XVI asr qirolligi davrida, masalan Ketrin de Medici va Angliyalik Meri I, hayotdan balandroq yoki kattaroq ko'rinish uchun baland poshnali poyabzal kiyishni boshladi. 1580 yilga kelib, hatto erkaklar ham ularni kiyib yurishgan va hokimiyat yoki boylikka ega bo'lgan odam ko'pincha "poshnali" deb nomlangan.[8]

Bu ibora yalangoyoq va homilador hozirda ayolning a sifatida an'anaviy rolini ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi uy bekasi va shuning uchun u bilan muloqot qilish yoki uydan tashqarida martaba qilish uchun imkoniyatlarning etishmasligi.[9] U birinchi marta 20-asrning boshlarida, ehtimol Artur E. Xertzler tomonidan ishlatilgan ("Kanzas ot-va-buggi shifokori" nomi bilan ham tanilgan),[10] gipotezani ilgari surish:[11]

Ayolni baxtli qilishning yagona usuli bu yalangoyoq va homilador bo'lishdir.

Yalang oyoq qiz Udaipur, Hindiston
Tantanali raqqosalarning yalang oyoqlari

Yalang'och oyoqlar beg'uborlik yoki bolalikni ramziy ma'noga ega bo'lib, hayotning talablaridan ozodlikni ulug'laydi. She'rda bolalik va beg'uborlik bilan bog'lanish hamda qishloq hayotining oddiy quvonchlari mujassam "Yalangoyoq bola "tomonidan John Greenleaf Whittier, 1855 yilda nashr etilgan.[12] Bundan tashqari, kitob Yalangoyoq raqsga tushish tomonidan Yulduzli trek: keyingi avlod aktyor Uil Uiton bolalikdan va yoshlikdan etuklik va o'zini o'zi qabul qilishgacha bo'lgan sayohatini aks ettiruvchi beshta qisqa hikoyalar mavjud.[13]

Diniy jihatlar

Ko'pgina dinlarda yalang oyoqlarga ta'sir qilish kamtarlik va itoatkorlik belgisi sifatida qabul qilinadi. Ba'zi diniy amaliyotchilar Xushxabarda qashshoqlik haqida va'da berishgan, ammo yalangoyoq yurish majburiy bo'lgan ba'zi konventsiyalar mavjud (Las Deskalzas Reallari monastiri, Bechora Klares, Kolettin Kambag'al Klares ). Vaziyatni namoyish qilish uchun poyafzaldan foydalanishga kelsak, dunyodagi ko'plab madaniyatlarning diniy va umumiy san'ati poyabzalsiz odamni o'ta qashshoqlik yoki asirlik va erkin xizmatning holatini anglatadi.[14] Yilda Tailand, Ustoz Jinshen, a Buddaviy rohib, kuniga 20 kilometr (12 milya) yurib, yalangoyoq yurish, moddiy hayotni himoya qilish va tashvishlanish uchun boshqalarga eslatish uchun. Ona tabiat. U buni buddistlik qoidalariga rioya qilish, odamlarni ezgulik yo'liga olib borish va buddistlik ruhini rivojlantirish uchun qilayotganini aytadi.[15] Yahudiylik va ba'zi nasroniy konfessiyalarda motam tutish paytida yalangoyoq yurish odat tusiga kirgan.[14] Ba'zi xristian cherkovlari yalangoyoqlik bilan shug'ullanadilar haj ko'tarilish kabi an'analar Croagh Patrik tunda yalangoyoq holda Irlandiyada (garchi tungi qism endi qo'llab-quvvatlanmasa ham).[16]

Ko'pgina dinlarda, muqaddas deb hisoblangan joyga kirganda poyabzallarni echib olish odatiy holdir. Masalan, Chiqish kitobi, Muso yonayotgan butaga yaqinlashmasdan oldin oyoq kiyimlarini echib olish buyurilgan:

Oyoqlaringdan tuflilaringni echib tashla, chunki sen turgan joy muqaddas zamindir.Chiqish 3: 5 ).

A ga kiradigan har kim masjid yoki a Hind ibodatxonasi, shu jumladan, mehmon, uning poyabzalini olib tashlashi kutilmoqda; poyafzal saqlash uchun tokchalar odatda kirish joyida ta'minlanadi.[17][18]

Oyoqlarni yuvish yoki boshqalarning oyoqlarini tantanali ravishda yuvish, nasroniylikda kamtarlik bilan bog'liq bo'lib, Iso Masih yozilgan Yangi Ahd davrida shogirdlariga xizmat qilish uchun shogirdlarining oyoqlarini yuvish kabi Oxirgi kechki ovqat. Bugungi kunda oyoq yuvish bilan shug'ullanadigan masihiylar ularni Isoga yaqinlashtirish va ularni kamtarlik va xizmat tuyg'usi bilan to'ldirish uchun qilishadi. Rim katoliklari uchun hurmat va kamtarlikni namoyish eting Papa oyoqlarini o'pib. Xuddi shu tarzda hindular a-ga muhabbat va hurmat ko'rsatadilar guru yalang oyoqlariga tegib (chaqirdi) pranam ). O'z hurmatini yalangoyoq yurish bilan ko'rsatish odat tusiga kiradi Raj Ghat, uchun yodgorlik Maxatma Gandi.[14] Ikkala AQSh Prezidenti Jorj V.Bush va Papa Ioann Pavel II unga bu sharafni berdi.[19] Davomida Imperial yapon davr, yuqori martabali odam huzurida o'z poyabzalini echib olish, o'z kamtarligini, bo'ysunishini va ularning mavqeiga hurmat ko'rsatganligining belgisi edi.[14]

Butunlay yalangoyoq yuradigan yoki sandal kiyib yuradigan erkaklar va ayollarning nasroniy jamoatlari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi Tortilgan, kabi Tortilgan karmelitlar (1568), Feletonlar (Tsisterlar, 1575), Trinitariyaliklar (1594), Mercedariyaliklar (1604) va Passionistlar.

Ning ko'plab filiallarida Rim madaniyati butun dunyoda ayollar uchun yalangoyoq raqsga tushish an`anaga aylangan.

Firewalking

Firewalking yalangoyoq issiq ko'mir ustida yurish odati. Bu dunyoning turli burchaklarida ko'plab odamlar va madaniyatlar tomonidan qo'llanilgan bo'lib, eng qadimgi ma'lumotnomadan kelib chiqqan Temir asri Hindiston - v. Miloddan avvalgi 1200 yil.[20] Bu ko'pincha a sifatida ishlatiladi o'tish marosimi, shaxsning kuchi va jasorati sinovi sifatida, yoki dinda, imonining sinovi sifatida. Bugungi kunda u korporativ va jamoaviy seminarlarda va o'z-o'ziga yordam berish bo'yicha seminarlarda ko'pincha ishonchni mustahkamlash mashqlari sifatida ishlatiladi. Firewalking, bu g'ayritabiiy kuch, kuchli imon yoki shaxsning "materiya ustidagi aql" ga e'tibor berish qobiliyatiga yordam berishini talab qiladi degan ishonchni anglatadi.[14] Zamonaviy fizika buni deyarli rad etdi, oyoqning er bilan aloqa qilish vaqti kuyish uchun etarli emasligini va shu bilan birga ko'mir juda yaxshi issiqlik o'tkazuvchisi emas.[20]

Mamlakatlar bo'yicha yalangoyoq urf-odatlar

Shotlandiya bolasi v. 1845 yil - Robert Adamson
Nyu-York, AQSh, Bryant Parkda yalangoyoq dam olayotgan ayol
Kutubxonada yalangoyoq ayol, AQSh

Avstraliya

Avstraliyaliklar, xususan, yoshlar jamoat joylarida, ayniqsa yoz paytida, yalangoyoq bo'lishlari odatiy holdir.[21] McDonald's 2012 yilda yozgi reklama e'lon qildi, u mijozga issiq avtoulov parki orqali restoranga yalangoyoq yugurib borgan.[22] Kabi ba'zi qishloq va chekka hududlarda Shimoliy hudud, G'arbiy NSW, mintaqaviy Kvinslend va ko'plab orollar, talabalar ko'pincha maktabga yalangoyoq borishadi. Yoqilgan Lord Xou oroli The Lord Xou orolining kengashi hukumat tomonidan boshqariladigan Lord Xau orolining markaziy maktabi o'quvchilariga "orol turmush tarzi" va "jamoat mulki" sifatida yalangoyoq maktabga borishga ruxsat berilganligi haqida ma'lumot berdi.[23]

"Topraklama" deb nomlanuvchi yalangoyoq yurish, Avstraliyaning kriket jamoasi tomonidan "erdan chiqadigan ijobiy energiyani olish" uchun ishlatilgan.[24]

Hindiston

Hindiston madaniyatida ko'p hollarda yalangoyoq bo'lish madaniy ahamiyatga ega. Masalan, uyga yoki ma'badga kirganda poyafzallarni olib tashlash odatiy holdir, chunki poyabzal nopok deb hisoblanadi. Hindistonliklar odatdagidek ovqat eyish paytida odatdagidek poyabzalni echishga olib keladigan ovqat stolidan farqli o'laroq erga o'tirishadi.[25][26]

Yangi Zelandiya

2010 yilda amerikalik ma'ruzachi gazetada yalangoyoq mahalliy aholini tanqid qilib, ishdan bo'shatildi.[27] Ma'ruzachi yalangoyoq mahalliy aholi "nafaqat qoloq va madaniyatsiz, balki xavfli gigiena talablariga javob bermaydigan va shimoliy amerikaliklar uchun jirkanch" deb yozgan edi, bu Texasda poyabzal yo'qligi va xizmat ko'rsatish siyosatini masxara qilgan maqolaga javoban. 2012 yilda sayohat uchun yozuvchi The New York Times yalangoyoq Yangi Zelandiyaliklar sonini jamoat joylarida, shu jumladan do'konlari "ajoyib" deb yozgan.[28] Yangi Zelandiyadagi ko'plab ekspatlar, har qanday irq va sinfdan bo'lgan ko'plab odamlar kunlik biznesni yalangoyoq olib yurishlariga hayron qolishdi.[29] 2014 yilda, Air New Zealand go'yoki xaridorni poyabzal kiyishga majburlaganidan keyin tanqidiy e'tiborga olingan.[30]

Janubiy Afrika

Janubiy Afrikada jamoat joylarida yalangoyoq yurish asosan oq tanli afrikaliklar so'zlashadigan madaniyatning bir qismidir, ammo ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan odamlar ko'pincha jamoat joylarida, ayniqsa yoz oylarida va Keyptaun kabi shaharlarda yalangoyoq yurishadi. ixtiyoriy element[31] Yo'riqnoma loyihasida "O'quvchilar, ayniqsa quyi sinflarda, issiq havoda poyabzalsiz qatnashishga ruxsat berilishi kerak" deyilgan. Aksariyat bolalar maktabga yalangoyoq borishadi. Ko'pgina maktablarda kiyinish qoidalari bolalarni yalangoyoq maktabga borishga undaydi yoki bolalarni yalangoyoq maktabga borishni afzal ko'radi, ayniqsa yoz oylarida.Janubiy Afrikaning ba'zi maktablarida yalang oyoqlari majburiy bo'lgan sport formasi mavjud, masalan boshlang'ich maktab regbi. Bolalar uchun yalang oyoqlar majburiy bo'lgan yana bir sport turi - bu "tou trek" yoki arqon tortish. Odatda jamoat joylarida yalangoyoq bo'lishga yo'l qo'yiladi. Janubiy Afrikadagi savdo markazlarida, do'konlarda va tadbirlarda yalangoyoq kattalar, bolalar va ayniqsa o'spirinlar va yoshlarni ko'rish odatiy hol emas.

Birlashgan Qirollik

Jamoat joylarida yalangoyoq bo'lish issiqroq oylarda tez-tez uchraydi va ko'pincha ijtimoiy me'yor sifatida qabul qilinadi, ammo bu London kabi metropoliten shaharlarga taalluqli emas, aksariyat hollarda qishloq joylarida, yosh bolalar va o'spirinlarda ko'proq uchraydi. Ba'zi ingliz maktablari bolalarga iliqroq oylarda yalangoyoq maktabga borishga ruxsat berishadi va uni yopiq va ochiq jismoniy tarbiya mashg'ulotlariga da'vat etishadi. The Milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmati odamlarga "issiq havoda iloji boricha yalangoyoq yurish yoki oyoq barmoqlari bilan ochiq sandal kiyish ... oyoqlarini terlashi va hidlashini to'xtatish uchun yordam berish" ni tavsiya qildi.[32]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Qo'shma Shtatlarning ayrim qismlarida, qaerda taqiqlar yalangoyoq yurishga qarshi kuchli,[iqtibos kerak ] odamlar bir xil poyafzallarni yopiq va ochiq havoda kiyishlari, mehmonlar esa boshqalarning uylariga borganda oyoq kiyimlarini saqlashlari odatiy holdir.[iqtibos kerak ]Yangstaun (Ogayo shtati) aslida konstitutsiyaga zid deb topilguniga qadar yalangoyoq yurishni taqiqlovchi farmonga ega edi.[33] Biroq, 18-20-asrning boshlarida Amerikaning qishloq joylarida ko'plab bolalar qashshoqlik sababli ko'pincha yalangoyoq yurar edilar.[iqtibos kerak ] Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ko'plab do'konlarda, restoranlarda va boshqa jamoat joylarida ishlaydi kiyinish qoidalari yalang oyoqlarni taqiqlash.[iqtibos kerak ] Xususiy biznes egalari o'z siyosatini erkin belgilashga qodir bo'lsa-da, ko'pchilik turli xil sog'liqni saqlash qoidalarini keltirib chiqaradi, ammo odatda bunday bo'ladi mehnat xavfsizligi faqat xodimlarga tegishli talablar.[iqtibos kerak ]

Qamoq va qullik

Qismi bir qator kuni
Qullik
IJzeren voetring uchun gevangenen transparent background.png
Janubiy Amerikada yalangoyoq qul, egasi haqida xabar beruvchi bilakuzuklari
Tasvirlangan yalangoyoq qullar Devid Roberts ' Misr va Nubiya, 1845 yildan 1849 yilgacha chiqarilgan
Shimoliy Amerikadagi yalangoyoq qullar, 1780-yillar
Yalangoyoq qamoqxona mahbusi bo'ysundirdi tuzatish xodimlari, zamonaviy ayollar qamoqxonasi Birlashgan Qirollik
Yalang'och mahbus Uels,
19-asr (muzey eksponati)
Tomonidan yalangoyoq mahbuslarning tasviri Kornelis de Vael,
Qamoqqa olinganlarni ziyorat qilish, 1640-yillar
Ayollarda yalangoyoq mahbus jazoni ijro etish muassasasi, Shimoliy Amerika (taxminan 1890)
Zamonaviy qamoqxona mahbus,
yuqori xavfsizlik choralarida yalangoyoq

Asirga olingan kishidan poyabzalni olib tashlash va uni yalangoyoqni majburan majburlash - bu aniqlashning birinchi vositalaridan biri bo'lgan mahbuslar va boshqa erkin bo'lmagan shaxslar qullar aksariyat tsivilizatsiyalarda. Qadimgi tsivilizatsiyalar davridan buyon himoya va dekorativ poyabzal doimiy ravishda standart kiyim xususiyati bo'lib kelganligi sababli, yalang oyoqlarning juda kam uchraydigan qiyofasi odatiy jamoat ko'rinishidan farqli o'laroq ajralib turadi. Shunday qilib, odatda kuzatuvchida ma'lum bir e'tibor va qiziqish paydo bo'ladi, bu ko'pincha ma'lum shaxslarni erkin bo'lmagan deb belgilash uchun maqsadga muvofiq ravishda qo'llaniladi.

Yalang oyoqlarning tashqi shakli, ayniqsa to'liq tanib bo'lmaydigan barmoqlarning oyoq kiyimlarini oddiy poyabzaldan osonlik bilan ajratib olish mumkin, bu esa sochsiz odamning atrofidagi har xil tomondan. Shuning uchun yalangoyoqlik qoidasini joriy etish va tashqi ko'rinishning ushbu o'ziga xos shaklini tatbiq etish erta va ko'pgina zamonaviylarning asosiy xususiyati bo'lib kelgan qamoqxona kiyimlari shuningdek, erkin bo'lmagan yoki asirga olingan shaxslar uchun kiyimlarni tipifikatsiyalashning o'xshash ko'rinishlari. Masalan, 1940-yillarda fashistlar davrida bo'lgan Germaniya ayol mahbuslar bir qator turli xil ayollar muassasalarida qattiq yalangoyoq qoidalari ostida yashashlari kerak edi. Yalang'och oyoqlar ularning qamoq kiyimining majburiy elementi edi va ularni har qanday tarzda qoplash qamoqdagi ayollar uchun jazolanadigan jinoyat edi.[34][35][36][37] Mahbuslarni belgilash va aniqlash uchun ushbu hayotiy usul bugungi kunda ko'plab mamlakatlarning rasmiylari tomonidan qo'llanilmoqda.

Oyoq kiyimlarini tortib olish va shaxsni cheklash bilan yalangoyoq yurish, shuningdek, asirlarni sharoitga ko'ra mahbusning aniqlanadigan kiyimlari bilan jihozlash mumkin bo'lmagan holatlarda ham qo'llaniladi. Bunday hollarda, agar ularni osongina olinadigan va etarlicha aniq qilib belgilab qo'yish va ajratib ko'rsatish talab etilsa, tegishli odamlarni majburiy ravishda yalang oyoqlarida ushlab turish variant sifatida ishlatiladi.
Mahbuslarni to'liq yalangoyoq saqlash amaliyoti har qanday asirlikdan qochishga urinishlarga to'sqinlik qilish va ularni puchga chiqarish uchun ham qo'llaniladi. Bu holat, sezgir oyoqlar, ayniqsa zaif oyoq va oyoq barmoqlari, tegishli atrof-muhitning mumkin bo'lmagan salbiy sharoitlariga doimo duch kelinadi. Ko'pincha mahbuslar uchun oyoqlarini etarlicha himoya qilmasdan qochishning har qanday yo'lida yurish keskin qiyinlashadi. Agar hibsga olinganlar yoki asirlar faqat yalang oyoqlari bilan qochishga harakat qilsalar, bu ko'pincha potentsial ta'qibchilardan qochish uchun tez va doimiy harakatlanishga imkon bermaydi. Odatda ushbu omil to'g'risida o'z-o'zidan ravshan xabardor bo'lish orqali, beixtiyor yalangoyoq mahbuslarning qochish urinishlari ko'pincha umuman oldini olinadi.

Yalang oyoq bilan yurish tabiiy ravishda odamni jismonan zaiflashtiradi, shuningdek, uning atrof-muhitidan kelib chiqqan holda og'riq va boshqa har qanday noqulayliklarga sezilarli darajada moyil bo'ladi. Shuning uchun poyafzalsiz shaxs uchun har qanday harakatlanish radiusi va uning shaxsiy erkinligi ko'plab kundalik holatlarda cheklangan, bu odatda har qanday shod odam uchun muammosizdir. Natijada, o'z xohishiga ko'ra poyabzal kiyish imkoniyatidan mahrum bo'lgan, zo'rlik bilan yalangoyoq odam, ataylab jismoniy holatga qo'yiladi va qo'rqitish yo'li bilan, shuningdek, ko'p jihatlarda kiyingan odamga nisbatan psixologik nuqsonga ega bo'ladi. To'liq kiyingan erkaklar va ayollar o'zlarining poyafzallaridan qanchalik ko'p himoya qilsalar, shunchaki yalangoyoq odamning darhol kamchiliklari shunchalik hal qiluvchi bo'lib chiqadi. Ushbu jihat ko'pincha qasddan politsiya va tuzatishlar tomonidan qo'llaniladi, bu erda ularning xodimlari odatda juda funktsional himoya vositalari bilan ta'minlanadi. Odamdan poyabzalni olib tashlash va shu bilan uni yalangoyoq qolishga majbur qilish huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari tomonidan muntazam ravishda qo'llaniladi. Bunday holat, hibsga olingan har qanday vaziyatda shaxsni ushlab turish va boshqarish uchun darhol va osonlikcha kirish imkoniyatini taqdim etadi. Aksariyat hollarda nazoratni jismoniy kuch ishlatmasdan amalga oshirish mumkin, chunki hibsga olingan shaxsning oyoqlari yalang'och holda saqlanmoqda. Shunday qilib, hibsga olingan shaxs to'liq jihozlangan qamoqxona yoki politsiya xodimlariga ko'proq mos keladi, chunki u deyarli har doim ushbu zaiflikni biladi va shu bilan odatda bo'ysunishga majbur qiladi. Mahbusni yalangoyoq saqlash usuli, odatda, uning harakat radiusini cheklash uchun boshqa vositalarni to'ldiradi va ko'pincha cheklovlar bilan birgalikda qo'llaniladi. kishan va oyoq Bilagi zo'r kishanlar.

Himoyaning yo'qligi sababli, yalangoyoq odam, odatda, uni himoya vositalarini kiygan odamga qarshi jismoniy qarama-qarshiliklar ko'rinishida, ayniqsa, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlari kiyadigan botinka yoki boshqa turdagi poyabzal kabi yopiq poyabzallarga qarshi jismoniy to'qnashuv namoyon bo'lishida, uni juda yomon ahvolda qoldiradi. . Yalang oyoqli odamdan farqli o'laroq, qattiqroq jarohatlar oyoq kiyim kiyib tepgan odam tomonidan kelib chiqishi mumkin. Bu shunday bo'ladi, chunki harakatdagi zarba beruvchi oyoqqa shikast etkazish uchun deyarli hech qanday xavf tug'dirmasdan, shod zarbasi harakatlariga mumkin bo'lgan maksimal kuchni kiritish mumkin.[38] Shu sababli poyabzal xavfli qurol hisoblanadi jazo qonunlari turli mamlakatlarda. Bir misol Germaniya.[39][40][41] Bunday usulda yaralanishga olib keladigan poyafzallardan foydalanish mumkinligi sababli, qamoqqa olinganlarga umuman poyabzal bermaslik, aksincha ularni butun vaqt davomida yoki ma'lum vaqt davomida yalangoyoq saqlash ham bir qator mamlakatlarda ehtiyot chorasi hisoblanadi. Odatda mahbuslarga poyabzal kiyishga ruxsat berilgan mamlakatlarda, potentsial xavfli vaziyatlarda va shuningdek, qabul qilish jarayonida mahbuslarning poyafzallarini tortib olish odatiy holdir. Ruhiy jihatdan beqaror yoki hisoblab bo'lmaydigan mahbuslar odatda yalangoyoq qolishga majbur bo'lishadi. Bu, hibsga olingan xodimlarni ko'pincha butun tanasi bilan, ayniqsa oyoqlari va oyoqlari bilan kurashayotgan qarshilik ko'rsatuvchi odamdan jarohatlar olishdan himoya qilish uchun qilingan.

Boshqa tomondan, yalang oyoqlar qarama-qarshilik holatlarida kuch ishlatish uchun odatiy maqsaddir, chunki ular umuman og'riqni sezgir va odatda raqibga osonlikcha etib boradilar. Bundan tashqari, himoyalanmagan barmoqlarning o'ziga xos zaifligi ularni yalangoyoq odam ustidan jismoniy nazoratni amalga oshirish uchun qulay maqsadga aylantiradi. Ushbu afzalliklar, odatda, hibsga olinganlarga yoki mahbuslarga qarshilik ko'rsatadigan vaziyatlarda tuzatish yoki politsiya xodimlari tomonidan talab qilinadi. Kabi huquqni muhofaza qilish texnikasi og'riq muvofiqligi usullarida yalang oyoqlarda foydalanish mumkin oyoq barmoqlari yoki oyoq barmoqlarining og'riqli egilishi. Bundan tashqari, odamning yalang oyoqlarining himoyalanmagan tagliklariga yuqori sezgirlikni ko'rsatadigan keskin bosim o'tkazib, qarshilikka bo'ysundirish mumkin. Oyoqlarning tonozlari juda qattiq to'planish tufayli og'riqlarga ayniqsa sezgir asab to'qima. Shunday qilib, yalang oyoqlarning pastki qismlari hibsga olingan ofitser tomonidan kuch ishlatilishi uchun ko'p joylarni beradi. Ikkala oyoqning katta barmoqlarini ushlab, mahkam ushlagan holda, itoatsiz mahbus amalda immobilizatsiya qilinishi va zararsizlantirilishi mumkin. Odatda bu hibsga olingan odam uchun og'riqli bo'ladi, agar u bu barmoq bilan qulflangan holda kurashishda davom etsa. Ushbu majburiy texnikalar yordamida xavfli vaziyat odatda jarohatlarsiz og'irlashtirilishi mumkin.[42]

Mahbusni yalangoyoq saqlashning yana bir asosiy maqsadi mumkin bo'lgan urinishlarning oldini olish va ularga qarshi kurashishdan iborat qamoqdan qochish. Odatda poyabzal ta'minlaydigan atrof-muhitga qarshi samarali himoya qilinmasdan, tashqi ko'rinishning aksariyat qismida sochsiz odamning harakatlanishi qiyinroq. Shunday qilib, qochoq mahbusni ko'p hollarda qidirib topish osonroq bo'ladi. Hibsga olinganlar ko'pincha ushbu choralar bilan qochishga urinishdan xalos bo'lishadi.[43]

Yalangoyoq odam kundalik hayot sharoitida ma'lum bir noqulaylikni boshdan kechiradi. Erning odatdagi noqulayliklaridan, asosan qo'pol to'qimalar yoki salbiy harorat tufayli himoyalanish istagi odamlarni poyabzaldan foydalanishga undadi. qadimiy tarix. Aytgancha, tsivilizatsiyalashgan jamiyatlarning an'anaviy vizual ko'rinishi, shu jumladan poyabzal majburiy xususiyat sifatida o'rnatildi. Poyafzalning qulayligi va tashqi ko'rinishidan majburan chiqarib yuborish odatda himoyasiz bo'lish to'g'risida tushuncha hosil qiladi, shuning uchun u ko'pincha odamga qo'rqinchli ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Mahbuslarni yoki boshqa asirlarni yalangoyoq yurishga majbur qilish, doimiy ravishda bo'ysunish ongini keltirib chiqaradi, chunki ular ko'pincha bu noxush holatni o'zlari bartaraf eta olmaydilar.[44] Yalang oyoqlar ham jismoniy jazo usullari uchun maqsad bo'lib xizmat qilsa, qo'rqitish samarasi yanada kuchayadi. bastinado, bu mahbuslar muntazam ravishda yalangoyoq qolishga majbur qilinadigan bir qator mamlakatlarda uchraydi.

Amaliy samaralarga qiyinchiliksiz va xarajatsiz erishilganligi sababli, mahbuslarni saqlash, qullar yoki boshqa asirlarni yalangoyoq qadim zamonlardan beri madaniyatlararo madaniyat bilan shug'ullanishgan.[45]

Qul kodlari

Qadim zamonlardan buyon fuqarolik jamiyatlaridagi oddiy fuqarolar uchun poyabzal kiyish odatiy xususiyat bo'lib kelgan. Aksincha qul kodlari ko'pincha qullar yalangoyoq bo'lib qolishlari kerak edi. Masalan, Keyptaun qul kodida "Qullar yalangoyoq yurishlari kerak va paslarni olib yurishlari kerak" deb ko'rsatilgan.[46] Keyinchalik tarixda qullikni bekor qilgan aksariyat davlatlarda shunday bo'lgan, chunki tegishli tarixiy davrga oid aksariyat tasvirlarda qullar yalangoyoq bo'lishgan.[47] Rimer birodarning (1779) so'zlaridan iqtibos qilish uchun: "[qullar], hatto eng chiroyli kostyumida ham, yalangoyoq yurishga majburdirlar. Qullarga poyabzal kiyish taqiqlangan. Bu erkin va bog'langan o'rtasidagi farqning asosiy belgisi edi va istisnolar yo'q edi. ruxsat berildi. " [48]

Poyafzal insoniyatning dastlabki tarixidan buyon huquqni kuchaytirish belgisi va erkinlik nishonlari sifatida qabul qilingan. Boshqa tomondan, yalangoyoq yurish, juda kam ijtimoiy mavqeini namoyish etdi, ko'pincha erkin bo'lmagan odam. Obro'li obro'-e'tibor va obro'-e'tiborni namoyish qilish uchun poyabzal ma'nosidan foydalanib, odamlar ba'zida hatto tantanali ravishda poyabzal bilan ta'minlangan. Ushbu jihat Bibliyada keltirilgan Adashgan o'g'il haqidagi masal iqtiboslar: "Ammo ota xizmatkorlariga dedi:" Eng yaxshi libosni olib kelib, unga kiying; qo'liga uzuk va oyoqlariga tufli qo'ying (Luqo 15:22 )".
Shaxslarni poyabzallarini olib, oyoq kiyimlarini taqiqlash yoki taqiqlash orqali yalangoyoq yurishga majbur qilish teskari ma'noga ega. Tashqi ko'rinishning standart shakli odatda odatiy xususiyat sifatida poyabzalni o'z ichiga olsa, tasvirlar yoki yalang oyoqlar ko'pincha bo'ysunish, bo'ysunish yoki qaramlikni namoyish qilish uchun ishlatiladi, shuningdek, ba'zi sharoitlarda qurolsizlantiriladi yoki kuchsizlanadi.
Shu sababli, ushbu tafsilot hozirgi va o'tmishda qullik bilan shug'ullanadigan jamiyatlarda norasmiy va ba'zan rasmiy qonunga aylandi. Yalangoyoq odam shubhasiz erkin emas deb topilishi mumkin va shuning uchun u bir qarashda qul yoki mahbus bo'lgan eng past ijtimoiy maqomga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Natijada, yalangoyoqlarning jamoat joylarida paydo bo'lishiga oddiy fuqarolar qat'iyan yo'l qo'ymaslikdi.
Ko'pgina shtatlarda ushbu tushuncha hozirgi kungacha keng tarqalgan va poyabzal odatda shaxsiy joylarda taqib yurish paytida taqib yurishgan (qarang. yuqorida ).

Hali ham norasmiy ravishda qullik amalda bo'lgan jamiyatlarda ushbu qoida hozirgi kungacha amal qiladi. Masalan, Tuareg hanuzgacha qullik va qullarini yalangoyoq yurishga majbur qilishlari ma'lum.[49]

Qamoq

Dunyoning bir nechta mamlakatlarida mahbuslar odatda yalangoyoq qolishi kerak. Ushbu cheklash shubhasiz identifikatsiyalash maqsadiga xizmat qiladi va mahbuslarni o'zlarining qo'riqchilariga qarshi jismoniy noqulay ahvolga soladi. Hibsga olinganlarni yalang oyoq bilan ushlab turish, ularga samarali qarshilik ko'rsatishni va qamoqdan qochishni qiyinlashtiradi.

Qamoqdagi poyafzallarni olib ketish qadimgi tarixdan beri ko'plab shaharlashgan jamiyatlarda odatiy holdir. Bu shunday bo'ladi, chunki asirga olingan shaxslarni belgilash va nazoratni amalga oshirishning kerakli natijalariga deyarli qiyinchiliksiz erishiladi. Oyoq kiyimlarini kiyish uzoq vaqtdan beri kanonik standart sifatida o'rnatilgandek, yalang oyoqlarning namoyishi keng tarqalgan va shubhasiz ko'rsatkichdir. Natijada, yalangoyoq yurish ozodliksiz kishilarga xos odatiy xususiyatga aylandi, odatda mahbuslarni majburan majbur qiladi, lekin aksariyat vaqtlarda va joylarda o'ziga xos xususiyat sifatida keng tarqalgan qullik mavjud edi.

Ijtimoiy mavqei va mavqeini namoyish qilish uchun alohida poyabzal ishlatilgan O'rta asrlar kabi tarixiy davrlarda cheklov tufayli poyabzalsiz yurish tanazzulning og'ir shakli bo'lgan.[50] Asirlarni yalangoyoq yurishga majbur qilish, shu bilan mahbuslarni vizual tarzda belgilash uchun qamoqxona formasi, amaliyotning o'zi qadimgi paytlardan boshlab, poyabzal kiyish odatiy holga aylangan edi.

Bugungi kunda mahbuslarni yalangoyoq saqlash odatiy holdir Xitoy,[51] Zimbabve,[44][52][53] Tailand,[52][54][55] Uganda,[56][57][58] Eron,[59] Pokiston,[60] Hindiston,[61] Kongo,[62] Malavi,[63] Ruanda,[64] Kot-d'Ivuar (Fil suyagi sohili),[65] va Shimoliy Koreya[66] Boshqalar orasida.

The IShID odatda asirlarni poyabzaldan mahrum qiladi, ehtimol ular botinka jangchilari qarshisida identifikatsiya qilish maqsadida, shuningdek qarshilik va qochishning oldini olish uchun.[67]

Tailandda, a sudlanuvchi sud jarayonida qat'iyan yalangoyoq bo'lishi kerak sud jarayoni.[68][69][70][71][72][73]

Yilda Germaniya bu odatdagi amaliyot edi Natsistlar davri ayol mahbuslarni yalangoyoq saqlash uchun. Ish lagerlarida ayollar, shuningdek, noqulay ob-havo sharoitida ham yalang oyoq bilan majburiy mehnatni bajarishlari kerak edi. Bu kiyim-kechak buyumlari narxini pasaytirish, shuningdek asirlarni ushlab qolish va qo'rqitish uchun qilingan.[14][35][74][75]

Ayollar qamoqxonalarida Sharqiy Germaniya ayniqsa siyosiy mahbuslar jazosini og'irlashtirishi uchun poyabzallarini olib qo'yish va yalangoyoq hibsga olishlari mumkin edi.[76]

Qo'shma Shtatlarning ayrim qismlarida 20-asrga qadar qamoqdagi ayol mahbuslarni oyoqlarida ushlab turish odat tusiga kirgan. Ayniqsa Texas ozodlikdan mahrum qilingan ayollar ijro etuvchi organlar tomonidan poyabzaldan mahrum bo'lgan va qamoq paytida yalangoyoq qolishlari kerak edi. Bu odatdagidek qattiq poyabzal bilan ta'minlangan erkaklar qamoqxonalariga nisbatan yuqori darajadagi davolanishga zid edi. Haqiqatni namoyish qilish uchun teng bo'lmagan muomala mashq qilindi ierarxiya hibsga olingan erkak va ayol o'rtasida. Ayollarning qamoqxonadagi aholisini yalangoyoq tutib, ularning keng tarqalgan patriarxik tuzumga bo'ysunishini hatto zamonaviy qamoqxonalarda ta'kidladilar. Ushbu chora, shuningdek, mahbuslar davlatning rasmiy qullari deb hisoblangan jinoiy sudlarning pozitsiyasiga mos keldi. Sudlangan ayollarni yalangoyoq ushlab turish bilan ularning mavqei odatdagidek qulashga majbur bo'lgan sobiq amaldagi qullarning darajasiga tenglashtirildi.[77] Qo'shma Shtatlarning ko'plab mintaqalarida poyabzalsiz yurish ijtimoiy taqiq bo'lgani uchun (yuqoriga qarang), yalangoyoq yurishga majbur qilish nafaqat xo'rlik va bezovtalik, balki qamoqdagi ayollar uchun keng ijtimoiy tanazzulga olib keldi. Qamoq paytida boshqa odamlar tomonidan yalangoyoq ko'rilganligi, ularning jazosidan tashqari jamiyatdagi obro'siga va obro'siga zarar etkazishi mumkin. Bu shu bilan o'ziga xos misol bo'ldi kamsitish ayollarga qarshi.[78][79][80]

Muqaddas Kitobda asirni yalang oyoq yurishga majbur qilish uchun xos bo'lgan xorlikni ko'rsatadigan bir nechta parchalar mavjud (masalan, Ishayo 20: 4). Shuning uchun marosim urf-odatlari sharmandali odamning poyabzalini ommaviy ravishda olib qo'yishdan iborat edi. Bu odamni har qanday ijtimoiy mavqeini yo'qotish bilan yakunlanadigan so'zma-so'z yalangoyoq sifatida tuhmat qilishga olib keldi. Boshqa tomondan, poyabzalni ixtiyoriy ravishda echib, yalang oyoqlarini ochish Muqaddas Kitobda bo'ysunish va kamtarlik belgisi sifatida qabul qilingan. Bunga diniy bo'ysunish va dunyoviy hokimiyat ostidagi itoatkorlik kiradi. Shuning uchun mahbuslar yoki asirlarni bo'ysunish belgisi sifatida yalangoyoq va yengil kiyimda saqlash shart degan xulosaga kelishdi.[45]

Inkvizitsiya va jodugarlar ustidan sud jarayoni

Enkvizitsiyaning yalangoyoq mahbusi Eduard Moyse L'inquisition

Katolik davrida Inkvizitsiya bu ayollarning go'yoki mashq qilayotganliklari sehrgarlik agar ular yalangoyoq bo'lsa, "yomon kuchlardan" foydalanish qobiliyatiga ega edi. Shuning uchun hibsga olingan ayollar birinchi navbatda oyoq kiyimlarini olib ketishdi va ular doimo yalangoyoq bo'lishlari ta'minlandi. Sharhlari tufayli Malleus Maleficarum Agar ayblanuvchi jodugarni yalang oyoq bilan ushlab turishmasa, u odamlarga faqat ularga qarab sehr yasashi mumkinligiga ishonishgan. Prokuratura har qanday xavf-xatarni oldini olishni xohlaganligi sababli, ayollarning yalang oyoqlari butun ko'rinishda qolishi ta'minlandi. So'roq paytida yoki sudda ayblanuvchi ayollar ko'pincha muqaddas joy chegarasida turishlari kerak edi, oyoqlari tagliklari doimo erning muqaddas qismi bilan aloqada bo'lishlari kerak edi. Bu ularning har qanday sehrli kuchlarini butunlay to'sib qo'yishiga ishonishgan. Shuning uchun, ayollarning oyoqlari joyida bo'lmaganida, hatto prokurorlarga qarashlariga to'sqinlik qilindi. Xavfsizlikni ta'minlash uchun ular ko'pincha sud majlislarida orqaga qarab yurishgan. Yalang oyoqlari chegaralangan joyda ko'rinadigan darajada joylashguncha ularga burilishga ruxsat berilmagan. Ayblanayotgan ayollar sehr-jodudan foydalana olmaganliklari sababli, bu taxmin qabul qilingan doktrinaga aylandi, shunga ko'ra, inkvizitsiya jarayonlari yoki shunga o'xshash holatlar haqidagi zamonaviy tasvirlarda sehrgarlikda ayblanayotgan ayollar deyarli har bir holatda yalangoyoq tasvirlangan.[81]

Jismoniy jazo

"Bastinado" namoyishi

The taglik yalangoyoq odam uchun ham aniq maqsad bo'lib xizmat qiladi jismoniy jazo, odatda "bastinado" deb nomlanadi (oyoq qamchilash ). Ushbu usul asosan jazoni ijro etish funktsiyalari kontekstida qo'llaniladi, qabul qiluvchi shaxs odatda qamoq yoki qamoqda saqlash sharoitida saqlanadi.

Oyoqlarni qamchilash amaliyoti hanuzgacha bir nechta rasmiylarda qo'llaniladi Yaqin Sharq atama bo'lgan millatlar falaka odatiy holdir. Bunday kaltaklash ko'pincha G'arb mamlakatlarida 20-asrning o'rtalariga qadar tez-tez qo'llanilib kelinmoqda, u erda u odatda "Bastonade" deb nomlanadi. Boshqalar qatorida bu keng tarqalgan edi Nemis oxirigacha ishlagan hududlar Natsistlar davri, asosan ichida islohotchi va qamoqxona tizim. Ba'zi ob'ektlarda u 1950 yillarga qadar ishlatilib kelingan.[82][83][84][85]

Kaltaklar odatda oyoq tonozlariga qaratilgan bo'lib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'plar va to'piqlarning suyak tuzilishiga urilmaydi. Qattiq klaster tufayli tonozlar og'riqni juda sezgir asab to'qimasi bu sohada.

Bastinado odatda qabul qilayotgan odam uchun juda ko'p azob chekadi ashyoviy dalillar ma'lum vaqtdan keyin asosan aniqlanmaydigan bo'lib qoladi, u ko'pincha ishlatiladi so'roq qilish ba'zi mamlakatlarda ham maqsadlar.[86]

San'at va ko'ngil ochish

Ko'plab qo'shiqchilar va raqqosalar sahnada yalangoyoq chiqish qilishadi. Ning klassik raqsi Kambodja ildizlari afsonaviy behayo qizlarning muqaddas raqslaridan kelib chiqqan (apsaralar ) qadimgi Kambodjaning qadimgi va davrida eng yuqori nuqtasiga erishgan Angkor davri hind dostonlarini talqin qilishda, ayniqsa Ramayana. Kambodja raqqosalari qirol haramida yaxshi tug'ilgan ayollar edi va oyoqlari tashqi tomonga burilib, oyoqlari tizzasiga ozgina egilib, tanasining yuqori qismidagi harakatlarini yumshatish uchun yalangoyoq raqsga tushishdi. Oyoqning to'siqsiz harakati san'at uchun juda zarur edi. Tailand tomonidan bosib olingan paytda, raqqoslar Tailand saroyiga olib borilgan, u erda ularning san'ati moslashtirilgan va gullab-yashnagan.[87][88]

20-asrning boshlarida yalangoyoq raqs harakati qabul qilingan klassik raqs qonunlari va kengroq ijtimoiy bezak qonunlariga qarshi chiqdi. O'nlab yillar davomida yalangoyoq oyoq odobsiz deb qabul qilingan va yalangoyoq raqqoslar o'zlarining san'atlarini ma'naviy, badiiy, tarixiy va organik tushunchalarga asoslanib tasdiqlashga qanchalik qat'iy nazar, qat'iy nazar, yalangoyoq raqs jamoat ongida beadablik va shahvoniylik bilan chambarchas bog'liq edi. tabu. 1908 yilda, Mod Allan London teatr tomoshabinlarini yalangoyoq raqslari bilan hayratga soldi va hayratga soldi Salomeva janjalli o'lponlar uni shahvatning timsoliga aylantirdi. For many, barefoot dancing represented not only the freedom and horror of modern sexuality but the progress and decline of high culture.[89]

Raqqos Isadora Dunkan performing barefoot during her 1915–18 American tour

Kaliforniyalik Isadora Dunkan revolutionized dance in the Western world by jettisoning the tutu va pointe poyafzal klassik balet and scandalized audiences by performing works of her own choreography in flowing draperies and bare feet. She anticipated the modern ayollarning ozodlik harakati by urging women to rid themselves of corsets and matrimony.[90] Duncan divorced the bare foot from perceptions of obscenity and made a conscious effort to link barefoot dancing to ideals such as "nudity, childhood, the idyllic past, flowing lines, health, nobility, ease, freedom, simplicity, order, and harmony". She believed her utopian dance vision and program would ameliorate the perceived ills of modern life and restore the world to the imagined perfection of Ancient Greece.[89]

1954 yilgi film Yalangoyoq Contessa tells the fictional story of Maria Vargas (portrayed by Ava Gardner ), ispan kabare dancer of simple origins who frequently went barefoot. She was cast in a movie by writer and director Harry Dawes (portrayed by Xemfri Bogart ) and became a major star. 1978 yilda, Ina Garten purchased a specialty food store in Xemptonlar nomlangan Yalangoyoq Contessa, after the movie. She liked the name because it went well with her simple and elegant cooking style. She sold the store in 1999 and wrote her first book, Yalangoyoq Contessa oshpazligi, which became one of the best-selling cookbooks of the year. She would go on to write more cookbooks and, in 2002, started production of a television show on the Oziq-ovqat tarmog'i, shuningdek, Yalangoyoq Contessa, which continues to run.[91]

Ashulachi Joss Stone performing barefoot on stage

In the latter half of the 20th century, many singers, primarily females, have performed barefoot, a trend that continues in the early 21st century. One of the first singers to become well known for singing barefoot on stage was Sandi Shou, who became known as the "Barefoot Pop Princess of the 1960s."[92] Jimmi Baffet is known for performing barefoot at concerts, promoting an island/beach bum lifestyle.[93] Cesária Évora ning Kabo-Verde was known as the "Barefoot Diva" for her habit of performing without shoes.[94]

Sog'liqni saqlashga ta'siri

(Left–B) plaster cast of an adult foot that has never worn shoes displaying natural splayed toes (Right–A) cast of boy showing damage and inward-turned toes after wearing shoes for only a few weeks

There are risks and benefits associated with going barefoot. Footwear provides some protection from puncture wounds from glass, nails, rocks, or thorns as well as abrasions, bruises, heat burns, electrical shock, and muzlash —but studies of people who habitually walk barefoot have consistently found that these problems are minimal, with only about 0.89% of barefoot people having any kind of foot complaint linked to walking barefoot (including temporary conditions such as abrasions) or having the tops of the feet uncovered.[iqtibos kerak ] Feet that have never worn shoes rarely exhibit problems such as bunions, corns, and "yiqilgan kamarlar ",[95][96] are not prone to more than ordinary foot eversion on standing and walking due to the associated weakness or stiffness of the joints of the foot and weakness of the muscles controlling them,[97] as well as having a much reduced incidence of problems such as callouses.[98]

Walking barefoot results in a more natural gait. People who are used to walking barefoot tend to land less forcefully, eliminating the hard heel strike and generating much less collision force in the foot and lower leg.[99] A 2006 study found that shoes may increase stress on the knee and ankle, and suggested that adults who walked barefoot may have a lower rate of artroz,[100] although more study is required to elucidate the factors that distribute loads in shod and barefoot walking. A 2007 study examined 180 modern humans and compared their feet with 2,000-year-old skeletons. They concluded that, before the invention of shoes, humans overall had healthier feet.[99] A 1991 study found that children who wore shoes were three times more likely to have tekis oyoqlar than those who did not, and suggested that wearing shoes in early childhood can be detrimental to the longitudinal arch of the foot.[95] Children who habitually go barefoot were found to have stronger feet, with better flexibility and mobility, fewer deformities like flat feet or toes that curve inwards, and fewer complaints.[101] Walking barefoot enables a more natural gait, eliminating the hard heel strike and instead, allowing for a rocking motion of the foot from heel to toe.[99] Similarly, barefoot running usually involves an initial forefoot strike, instead of on the rear of the foot, generating smaller collision forces.[1]

Since there is no artificial protection of the bare foot, some of the possible issues include cuts, abrasions, bruises, or puncture wounds from glass, nails, rocks, or thorns, as well as poisonous plants, animals, or parazitlar that can enter the body through the cuts on an injured bare foot.[102] In people who are not habitually barefoot, sportchining oyog'i is spread by fungal spores coming into contact with skin that has been weakened and made moist. The fungus is known to only affect around 0.75% of habitually barefoot people in one study and can be prevented by reducing shoe use and keeping the feet dry, particularly after walking through a damp environment where people communally walk barefoot as the fungus only develops under the right conditions, such as when people fail to properly dry their feet after swimming or showering and then put on shoes. Wearing shoes such as flip flops or sandals in these areas can reduce the risk.[103] As such, the fungus is very unlikely to develop on a person who goes barefoot all the time.

The ankilomit parasite, found only in warm, moist climates where human najas contaminated with hookworm larvae has been left in places where it might come into contact with human skin, can burrow through a bare human foot (or any part of the body that comes into contact with it).[104] However, as the parasite tends to occur mainly in mud and cesspools, its spread cannot be stopped by most standard shoes[iqtibos kerak ] since the larvae can penetrate fabric and small holes. The parasite may spread through contaminated material coming into contact with any part of the body, such as through flecks of mud splashing on an ankle or leg.[105] The hookworm parasite is relatively mild, has few symptoms, and can pass completely unnoticed when the infestation level is low enough. Since the hookworm infection is very cheap and easy to treat, and since it requires infected feces to come into contact with human skin within a particular time period, eradicating hookworm is mainly a matter of hygiene (including the building of proper toilet and waste-disposal facilities) and mass-treatment. In very cold weather, shoes can provide thermal insulation, protecting against muzlash.

Issues that can develop as a result of someone who has always worn shoes going barefoot include calf pain or Axilles tendiniti yoki plantar fasiit due to shortening of the Achilles tendon and the foot being underdeveloped, due to regular use of shoes. A careful transition eases or remove symptoms, which quickly vanish as the foot adapts.[106][107] Blisters on the feet may occur in the first few weeks of going barefoot, until the skin has become more robust.[106] Jismoniy shaxslar diabet or other conditions that affect sensation in the feet are at greater risk of injury while barefoot. The Amerika diabet assotsiatsiyasi recommends that diabetics wear shoes and socks at all times.[108]

Qonunlar

In the United States, there have been myths that regulations require the wearing of footwear. In the United States, during the period of the 1960-yillarda kontr-madaniyat harakati, business establishments would deny admittance to barefoot hippilar arguing that health regulations required that shoes be worn.[109] This led to a belief by many in nonexistent OSHA or local health department regulations preventing people from going to stores, restaurants, and other establishments without shoes. However, those regulations that exist apply only to employees and not customers.[110] Specifically, the United States Mehnatni muhofaza qilish boshqarmasi requires employers to "ensure that each affected employee uses protective footwear" when there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, objects piercing the sole of an employee's foot, and where an employee's feet may be exposed to electrical hazards.[111] Additionally, employee footwear, where required by OSHA, must comply with one of the standards described in OSHA's regulations.[111] State and local laws may dictate when and where an employee must wear shoes.[111]

Some people speculate that driving barefoot increases the risk of an accident if bare feet slip off the pedals.[112] It is legal throughout the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom to drive barefoot.[112][113][114] However, in some US jurisdictions, police officers may ticket a driver for other things if the fact that they were driving barefoot or in sohil shippaklari /high heeled shoes hindered their driving and/or resulted in an accident.[115]

Sport va dam olish

A barefoot woman in a dance studio

There are several recreational activities one can participate in while barefoot. Those involved in suv sporti turlari kabi suzish va suv polosi almost always participate barefoot due to the difficulty of swimming with footwear.

Other common activities performed barefoot include yoga, pilates, piyoda yurish, running, driving, water skiing, regbiga teging, futbol, plyaj voleyboli, bemaqsad qilish, quvurlar, gimnastika, Sekinlashish va jang san'ati. Kurash can be done barefoot. Although most modern Yunon-rim va WWE wrestlers wear shoes, sumo kurashi, Yağlı güreş (oil or "Turkish" wrestling), and loy kurashi are commonly done while barefoot. Fijian kurashchi Jimmi "Superfly" Snuka of the WWE has wrestled barefoot as well.[116] Amerika futboli is not traditionally a barefoot sport, though several plasekikerlar have preferred to kick barefoot, including Toni Franklin ning Filadelfiya burgutlari va Boy Karlis ning Denver Bronkos.[117][118] The two schools of thought involved in barefoot placekicking were that the lack of a shoe provided the kicker with a better "feel" for the ball and greater control over its trajectory. The second theory is that shoes and socks absorbed kinetic energy, and kicking flesh-to-leather created more moment.[119]

Piyoda yurish

People of all ages all over the world can participate in barefoot hiking, gathering for walks through forest and hiking trails sans footwear. Barefoot hikers claim that they feel a sense of communion with the earth and enjoy the sheer pleasure of feeling more of the world with their feet.[120] There are several clubs throughout North America practicing regular barefoot hikes, including the Barefoot Hikers of Minnesota, Seattle Barefoot Hikers, East Bay Barefoot Hikers, the Barefoot Hikers and Grass Walkers of Greater Kansas City, and the Barefoot Hikers of Connecticut.[120][121][122] This is in part also undertaken to be reminiscent of former slaves, who were often forced to remain barefoot at all times (see above).[123][124] Two sisters, Lucy and Susan Letcher, hiked approximately two-thirds of the 2,175-mile (3,500 km) Appalachi izi barefoot from June 21, 2000, to October 3, 2001.[125][126] On November 12, 2010, 2,500 people in Mahabubnagar, Hindiston, participated in a barefoot walk, which was recognized by Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi dunyodagi eng katta sifatida.[127]

In European nations, including Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, there are barefoot parks or walks.[120][128][129] These parks are kept clean and maintained on a regular basis, so that barefoot hiking can be done in an environment suitable for people who are habitually shod. Barefoot parks usually include a lot of adventure stations, allowing visitors to experience the feeling of soil textures underfoot; to wade through rivers, mud, brooks, or ponds; and to exercise foot gymnastics, muvozanatlash, and climbing. The Barfusspfad (barefoot trail) at Bad Sobernheim in Germany attracts over 100,000 visitors annually and has seen approximately 1 million visitors since its inception in 1999.[130]

This concept was first developed in the 19th century by Sebastyan Kneyp, asoschilaridan biri Naturopatik tibbiyot harakat. He believed that applying your feet to a range of natural stimuli would have therapeutic benefits. This is related to the ancient practice of refleksoterapiya, practiced in China for thousands of years for relaxation and to promote longevity.[131]

Seul, South Korea, has 158 barefoot parks, allowing people to relax in a natural environment.[132]

Yugurish

Asosiy maqola: Yalangoyoq yugurmoqda

Many leisure and competitive runners have been known to run barefoot, including well-known athletes Zola Budd Janubiy Afrika va Abebe Bikila ning Efiopiya.[133] Todd Ragsdale, of Talent, Oregon, set the world record (pending confirmation by Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi ) for the longest distance run barefoot on June 5, 2010, as part of the Hayot uchun estafeta fundraiser for the Amerika saraton kasalligi jamiyati. He logged 102 miles (164 km), or 413 laps on the South Medford High School track, barefoot.[134] The fastest person to run 100 meters (325 feet) on muz while barefoot is Nico Surings of Eyndxoven, Netherlands, who ran that distance in 17.35 seconds on December 8, 2006.[135] Laboratory studies suggest that, due to the lack of extra weight on the feet, the energy cost of running barefoot is reduced by 4%, resulting in lower kislorod iste'mol.[133] There is evidence that wearing traditional shoes while running leads to heel strike yurish that, in turn, leads to higher impact as well as a greater risk of injury.[1] Barefoot running encourages the runner to switch to forefoot strike and may reduce the risk of knee damage.

Barefoot running can be dangerous, especially to runners who do not adequately prepare or give their feet time to adapt to the new style. Many injuries are possible, such as injuries to the Axilles tendoni yoki plantar fasyasi, yoki stress sinishi ichida metatarsal bones or lower leg. Barefoot runners who do not prepare their bodies could provide, "a stimulus plan for podiatrists, orthopedists, and physical therapists."[136]

The official position on barefoot running by the Amerika Podiatrik Tibbiy Uyushmasi states that there is not enough research on the immediate- and long-term benefits of the practice and that individuals should consult a podiatrist with a strong background in sports medicine to make an informed decision on all aspects of their running and training programs.[137]

One alternative to barefoot running is to wear thin-soled shoes with minimal padding, such as mokasinlar, plimsolls, yoki huarachelar, which result in similar gait to going barefoot but protect the skin and keep dirt and water off.[138] Some modern shoe manufacturers have recently designed footwear to maintain optimum flexibility while providing a minimum amount of protection. Such shoes include the shoes made by Vibram besh barmoqlari,[139][140] Vivobarefoot,[141] va Nike "s Nike Free poyabzal.[142] Sales of minimalist running shoes have grown into a AQSH$ 1.7 billion industry. Sales of Vibram FiveFingers alone grew from 450 000 AQSh dollari 2006 yilda 50 AQSh dollari million in 2011.[143]

Suv chang'isi

A barefoot skier
Asosiy maqola: Yalang oyoq chang'i

Barefoot skiing originated in Winter Haven, Florida, in 1947, when slalom skier A.G. Hancock tried to step off his ski.[144] Xuddi shu yili, yilda Sipar bog'lari, Florida, competitive skier Richard Downing Pope, Jr., became well known in the sport of barefoot skiing.[145] The first barefoot skiing competition was held three years later, at the 1950 Cypress Gardens Dixie Championships.[146] In 1978, skiers from ten nations competed in the first World Barefoot Championships in Kanberra, Avstraliya. The same year, the American Barefoot Club (ABC) was formed, which governs competitive barefoot skiing events in the United States.[144]

Skeytbord

Early skateboarders rode barefoot, preferring foot-to-board contact and emulating surfing moves.[147][148][149] Plastmassa qurush taxta is intended to be ridden barefoot, and Penny Skateboards have promoted the riding of the board barefoot by selling T-shirts and stickers.[150][151] They have also posted social media posts encouraging barefoot riding,[152][153] particularly in summer.[154] The Hamboard, a surfboard style board, is also intended to be ridden barefoot.Barefoot skateboarding has been witnessing a revival in recent times.[155] Many modern skateboarders skate barefoot, especially in summer and in warmer countries like Avstraliya, Janubiy Afrika va qismlari Janubiy Amerika.

Shuningdek qarang

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