Diego Garsiya - Diego Garcia - Wikipedia

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Diego Garsiya

Diego Garsiyaning havodan surati
Diego Garsiya Diego Garsiya joylashgan joy
Geografiya
Koordinatalar	7 ° 18′48 ″ S 72 ° 24′40 ″ E / 7.31333 ° S 72.41111 ° E / -7.31333; 72.41111Koordinatalar: 7 ° 18′48 ″ S 72 ° 24′40 ″ E / 7.31333 ° S 72.41111 ° E / -7.31333; 72.41111
Arxipelag	Chagos arxipelagi
Qo'shni suv havzalari	Hind okeani
Maydon	30 km2 (12 kvadrat milya)
Ma'muriyat
Britaniya Hind okeanining hududi (Buyuk Britaniya )
Demografiya
Aholisi	4,239[1]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumot
Vaqt zonasi	UTC + 6
Ramsar botqoqligi
Belgilangan	4 iyul 2001 yil
Yo'q ma'lumotnoma.	1077[2]

Diego Garsiya orolidir Britaniya Hind okeanining hududi, Buyuk Britaniyaning xorijdagi hududi. Bu harbiylashtirilgan atoll ning janubida joylashgan ekvator markazda Hind okeani va eng kattasi 60 ta kichik orollar tarkibiga kiradi Chagos arxipelagi. Uni birinchi bo'lib evropaliklar kashf etgan va portugallar tomonidan nomlangan, 1790-yillarda frantsuzlar tomonidan joylashtirilgan va Buyuk Britaniyaning boshqaruviga o'tgan Napoleon urushlari. Bu Britaniya koloniyasining "qaramliklaridan" biri edi Mavrikiy Chagos orollari 1965 yilda yangi tashkil etilgan Britaniya hind okeani hududiga (BIOT) qo'shilish uchun ajratilgan paytgacha.

1966 yilda orol aholisi 924 kishini tashkil etdi.^{[3]:par 23} Bu odamlar asosan Chagos-Agalega kompaniyasiga tegishli kokos plantatsiyalarida pudrat xo'jaligi ishchilari sifatida ishlaganlar. Pensiya va nogironlarning orollarda qolishlariga va engil ish evaziga uy-joy va ratsion olishda davom etishlariga mahalliy plantatsiyalar rahbarlari odatiy hol bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, 12 yoshdan keyin bolalar ishlashga majbur edilar.^[3] 1964 yilda 963 kishidan atigi 3 kishi ishsiz edi.^[3] 1967 yil aprel oyida BIOT ma'muriyati Chagos-Agalegani 600 ming funt sterlingga sotib oldi va shu bilan BIOT-da yagona mulk egasi bo'ldi.^[4] Toj darhol Chagos-Agalega-ga mulkni ijaraga berdi, ammo kompaniya 1967 yil oxirida ijarani bekor qildi.^[3]

1968 yildan 1973 yilgacha, hozirda ishsiz fermer xo'jaliklari ishchilari Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan Diego Garsiyadan majburan chiqarib yuborilgan, shu sababli orolda AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyaning qo'shma harbiy bazasi tashkil etilishi mumkin edi.^[5] Ko'pchilik deportatsiya qilindi Mavrikiy va Seyshel orollari, shundan so'ng Qo'shma Shtatlar o'sha paytdan beri doimiy ravishda ishlaydigan yirik dengiz va harbiy bazasini qurdi.^[5] 2018 yil avgust holatiga ko'ra^[yangilash], Diego Garsiya - bu BIOTning yagona yashaydigan orolidir; aholi harbiy xizmatchilar va yordamchi pudratchilardan iborat. Bu AQShning ikkita muhim bombardimonchi bazalaridan biridir Osiyo Tinch okeani mintaqasi, bilan birga Andersen aviabazasi, Guam, tinch okeani.^[6]

Atoll 3535 km (2197 mil) sharqda joylashgan Tanzaniya qirg'og'i, janubiy uchidan janubi-g'arbiy qismida 1.796 km (1.116 mil) Hindiston (da Kanyakumari ) va g'arbiy-g'arbiy sohilidan 4.723 km (2.935 mil) Avstraliya (da Keyp Range milliy bog'i, G'arbiy Avstraliya ). Diego Garsiya eng janub tomonida joylashgan Chagos-Lakkadiv tizmasi, ulkan suv osti tog 'tizmasi^[7] dan iborat bo'lgan tepaliklar bilan marjon riflari, atolllar va orollardan iborat Lakshadweep, Maldiv orollari va Chagos arxipelagi. Mahalliy vaqt UTC + 6 yil davomida (va shu vaqtdan beri doimiy ravishda) DST ).^[8]

2017 yil 23-iyun kuni Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi (UNGA) Mauritius va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasidagi hududiy mojaroni ushbu davlatga murojaat qilish uchun ovoz berdi Xalqaro sud (ICJ) Hind okeanidagi Chagos orollari arxipelagining huquqiy holatini aniqlashtirish maqsadida. Ushbu taklif ko'pchilik ovoz bilan ma'qullandi, 94 kishi ovoz berdi va 15 kishi qarshi chiqdi.^[9][10]

2019 yil fevral oyida Xalqaro sud yilda Gaaga Birlashgan Qirollik orollarni 1965 yilda qonuniy ravishda ajratilmaganligi sababli Mavrikiyga topshirishi kerak degan qaror chiqardi. Ushbu qaror qonuniy kuchga ega emas.^[11] 2019 yil may oyida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi Xalqaro Adliya sudining qarorini tasdiqladi va Buyuk Britaniyadan mustamlaka ma'muriyatini orollardan olib chiqib ketishni va Mavritaniya fuqarolarini arxipelagga ko'chirishga ko'maklashish uchun hamkorlik qilishni talab qildi.^[12][13] AQSh hukumati yozma bayonotida na amerikaliklar va na inglizlar Diego Garsiya harbiy bazasidan foydalanishni to'xtatish rejalarida yo'qligini aytdi. Bayonotda izohda aytilishicha: "2016 yilda Buyuk Britaniya va Qo'shma Shtatlar o'rtasida qo'shma bazaning davomiy ahamiyati to'g'risida munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi. Ikkala tomon ham bekor qilish to'g'risida xabar bermadi va kelishuv 2036 yilgacha amal qiladi".^[14]

Mavritaniya rasmiysi Chagos arxipelagi ustidan suverenitetni tiklashga muvaffaq bo'lsa, 2020 yil iyun oyida Mauritsiya rasmiysi AQShga orolda o'z harbiy bazasini saqlab qolish uchun ruxsat berishni taklif qildi.^[15]

Tarix

Evropa kashfiyotidan oldin

Hindiston yong'og'i plantatsiyasi, Sharqiy nuqta (sobiq asosiy aholi punkti)

Janubiy Maldiv og'zaki an'analariga ko'ra, savdogarlar va baliqchilar vaqti-vaqti bilan dengizda adashib, Chagos orollaridan birida qolib ketishgan. Oxir-oqibat, ular qutqarilib, uylariga qaytarildi. Biroq, Chagosning turli xil atollarida Maldiv tilida alohida ismlar yo'q og'zaki an'ana.^[16]

Diego Garsiyaning Evropadan oldingi aloqa tarixida hech narsa ma'lum emas. Spekülasyonlar davomida tashriflarni o'z ichiga oladi Avstronesiyalik Milodning 700 yillari atrofida diaspora, chunki ba'zilar orollarning eski Maldiv nomi kelib chiqqan deb aytishadi Malagasiya. Arablar, kim yetdi Lakshadweep va Maldiv orollari Milodiy 900 yil atrofida Chagosga tashrif buyurgan bo'lishi mumkin.

Evropa kashfiyoti

Hech kim yashamaydigan orollar bo'lgan deb da'vo qilmoqda topilgan portugaliyalik sayyoh, kashfiyotchi va diplomat tomonidan Pedro Maskarenxas 1512 yilda Dom homiysi sharafiga birinchi bo'lib Dom Garsiya deb nomlangan Garsiya de Noronxa^[17][18] u bilan ajralib turganda Portugaliyalik Hindiston Armadas^[19] uning 1512-1513 yillardagi sayohati paytida. Ispaniyalik Andalusiyalik kashfiyotchi bilan boshqa portugal ekspeditsiyasi, Diego Garsiya de Moguer,^[20] 1544 yilda orolni qayta kashf etdi va uni o'z nomi bilan nomladi. Garsiya de Moguer o'sha yili Portugaliyaga qaytish safari chog'ida vafot etdi Hind okeani, Janubiy Afrika qirg'og'ida. Noto'g'ri "Diego" nomini inglizlar o'sha paytdan beri o'zlari bilmagan holda qilishlari mumkin edi, chunki ular Portugaliya xaritalarini nusxalashgan. Bu taxmin qilinmoqda^{[kim tomonidan? ]} orol birinchi ikkita kashfiyotchidan biri nomi bilan atalgan - biri Garsiya, ikkinchisi Diego nomi bilan. Shuningdek, a kakografiya so'zning Deo Gracias ("Xudoga shukur") atolni atribut qilish huquqiga ega. Garchi Cantino planisphere (1504) va Ruysch xaritasi (1507) Maldiv orollarini aniq belgilab qo'ying, ularga bir xil nomlarni bering, ular janubda Chagos arxipelagi deb atash mumkin bo'lgan orollarni ko'rsatmaydi.

A Chagossian tomonidan suratga olingan AQSh milliy geodeziya tadqiqotlari jamoasi 1969 yilda

The Sebastyan Kabot (Antverpen 1544) xaritasida janubda joylashgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan bir qator orollar ko'rsatilgan Maskarene orollari. Belgilaydigan va nomlaydigan birinchi xarita "Los Chagos"(taxminan to'g'ri pozitsiyada) bu Per Deselyers (Dieppe 1550 ), ammo Diego Garsiya nomi aytilmagan. "Don Garsiya" deb nomlangan orol paydo bo'ladi Teatrum Orbis Terrarum ning Ibrohim Ortelius (Antverpen 1570), "Dos Compagnos" bilan birgalikda biroz shimolga. Ehtimol, "Don Garsiya" Garsiya de Noronxaning nomi bilan atalgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo buni tasdiqlovchi dalillar mavjud emas.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Orolga "Don Garsiya" yorlig'i ham qo'yilgan Merkator "s Nova va Aucta Orbis Terrae Usum Navigatium Emendate tavsifi (Duysburg 1569). Biroq, Vera Totius Expeditionis Nauticae tavsifi Jodocus Hondius (London 1589), "Don Garsiya" o'z nomini sirli ravishda "I. de Dio Gratia" deb o'zgartiradi, "I. de Chiga" esa yaqinda paydo bo'ladi.

Orolni hozirgi nomi bilan belgilaydigan birinchi xarita - Diego Garsiya Jahon xaritasi ning Edvard Rayt (London 1599), ehtimol Dio (yoki shunchaki "D.") ni Diego, Gratia esa Garsiya singari noto'g'ri o'qish natijasida. The Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica ning Xendrik Xondius II (Antverpen 1630) Raytning ushbu ismdan foydalanganligini takrorlaydi, keyinchalik ushbu davrning barcha keyingi Gollandiyalik xaritalarida va hozirgi kungacha tarqaladi.

Orolning joylashishi

Diego Garsiya va boshqa Chagos orollarida 18-asr oxiriga qadar odamlar yashamagan. 1778 yilda Frantsiya gubernatori Mavrikiy Diye Dupuit de la Faye-ga Diego Garsiya oroli berildi va kokos va baliq yig'ish uchun frantsuzlarning vaqtincha tashriflari to'g'risida dalillar mavjud.^[21] "O'nlab kulbada" yashovchi bir necha frantsuzlar inglizlar bo'lganida Diego Garsiyani tark etishdi East India kompaniyasi 1786 yil aprelda u erda aholi punktini o'rnatishga urindi.^[21] 275 ko'chmanchining ta'minotini Britaniyaning Sharqiy Hindiston kemasi halokatidan omon qolgan 250 kishi bosib oldi Atlas may oyida, va oktyabr oyida koloniya muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.^[22] Inglizlar ketgandan so'ng, Mavrikiyadagi Frantsiya mustamlakasi marooningni boshladi moxovlar Diego Garsiyada,^[22] va 1793 yilda frantsuzlar a kokos yordamida plantatsiya qul mehnati, shuningdek, hindiston yong'og'i tolasidan tayyorlangan kordonni eksport qilgan va dengiz bodringlari, Sharqda noziklik sifatida tanilgan.^[23]

Diego Garsiya keyinchalik Buyuk Britaniyaning mustamlakasiga aylandi Napoleon urushlari qismi sifatida Parij shartnomasi (1814) va 1814 yildan 1965 yilgacha u boshqarilgan Mavrikiy.^[24] Diego Garsiyada asosiy plantatsiyalar atollning sharqiy chekkasidagi asosiy aholi punkti bo'lgan East Point-da joylashgan; Minni Minni, East Point-dan 4,5 km shimolda va Pointe Marianne, g'arbiy chekkada, barchasi atol qirrasining lagun tomonida joylashgan. Ishchilar ushbu joylarda va orol atrofida tarqalgan qishloqlarda yashar edilar.

1881 yildan 1888 yilgacha Diego Garsiya ikkitaning joylashgan joyi edi ko'mir stantsiyalari uchun paroxodlar Hind okeanidan o'tish.^[25]

1882 yilda Frantsiya tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan, Mavritiyada joylashgan Société Huilière de Diego et de Peros ("Diego va Perosning neft ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyasi") o'z nazorati ostida Chagosdagi barcha plantatsiyalarni birlashtirdi.^[25]

20-asr

Baraxoy Moris, Diego Garsiya

Catalina qirg'og'idagi halokat

1914 yilda orolga nemis yengil kreyseri tashrif buyurdi SMS Emden ning dastlabki oylarida savdo-sotiq kruizining yarmida Birinchi jahon urushi.^[26]

1942 yilda inglizlar RAF Station Diego Garcia-ni ochdilar va East Point Plantation-da rivojlangan uchuvchi qayiq bo'linmasini tashkil etishdi, u 205 va 240-sonli otryadlar tomonidan jihozlangan va jihozlangan, keyin Seylonda joylashgan. Ikkalasi ham Katalina va Sanderlend davomida samolyotlar parvoz qilingan Ikkinchi jahon urushi yapon va nemis suvosti kemalari va yer usti reydlarini qidirishda. Cannon Point-da,^[27] ikkita 6 dyuymli dengiz qurollari a tomonidan o'rnatildi Qirol dengiz piyodalari otryad. 1942 yil fevral oyida bu missiya orolda joylashgan kichik qirollik dengiz floti bazasini va qirollik havo kuchlari stantsiyasini yapon hujumidan himoya qilish edi.^[27] Keyinchalik ularni Mavritaniya va Hindiston qirg'oq artilleriyasi qo'shinlari boshqargan.^[28] Harbiy harakatlar tugagandan so'ng, stantsiya 1946 yil 30-aprelda yopildi.^[29]

1962 yilda Britaniyaning Seyshel orollari koloniyasining Chagos Agalega kompaniyasi Société Huilière de Diego et Perosni sotib oldi va kompaniyaning bosh qarorgohini Seyshel orollariga ko'chirdi.^[30]

1960-yillarning boshlarida Buyuk Britaniya edi harbiy mavjudligini qaytarib olish hind okeanidan, aerodromni hisobga olmaganda RAF Gan Diego Garsiya shimolida Maldiv orollari (1976 yilgacha ochiq bo'lgan) va Qo'shma Shtatlarga o'sha orol hududlaridan birida dengiz aloqa stantsiyasini yaratishga ruxsat berishga rozi bo'ldi. Qo'shma Shtatlar yangi mustaqil bo'lgan mamlakatlar bilan siyosiy qiyinchiliklarga duch kelmaslik uchun Buyuk Britaniyaga tegishli odamsiz orolni so'radi va oxir-oqibat Buyuk Britaniya va Qo'shma Shtatlar Diego Garsiya uchun qulay joy ekanligi to'g'risida kelishib oldilar.^[31]

Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan sotib olish

Sharqiy taqiqlangan zonadagi Diego Garsiyadagi asfaltlanmagan yo'l, avvalgi plantatsiyalar joylashgan

Buyuk Britaniya va AQShning o'zaro mudofaa strategiyasini amalga oshirish uchun 1965 yil noyabr oyida Buyuk Britaniya bu usulni sotib oldi Chagos arxipelagi, Diego Garsiyani o'z ichiga olgan, o'sha davrda o'zini o'zi boshqaradigan Mavrikiy koloniyasidan 3 million funt sterling evaziga yaratish uchun Britaniya Hind okeanining hududi (BIOT), oxir-oqibat, bu mintaqada Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy harakatlarini olib boradigan Britaniyaning yashamaydigan hududini ta'minlash uchun plantatsiyalarni yopish niyatida.^[31]

1966 yil aprel oyida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Chagos Agalega kompaniyasining BIOT-dagi barcha aktivlarini 600 ming funt sterling evaziga sotib oldi va ularni ma'muriy xarajatlarni to'lashning vaqtinchalik maqsadi bilan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tomonidan taklif etilayotgan ob'ektlarni moliyalashtirishni kutayotganda ularni davlat korxonasi sifatida boshqardi. yangi hudud.^[30] Biroq, plantatsiyalar, avvalgi xususiy mulkchilik davrida ham, hukumat ma'muriyati davrida ham, xalqaro bozorda yangi moy va moylash materiallari chiqarilishi hamda Sharqiy Hindiston va Filippinda ulkan kokos plantatsiyalari tashkil etilishi tufayli doimiy ravishda foydasiz bo'lib chiqdi.^[32]

1966 yil 30 dekabrda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasida Notes almashinuvi orqali kelishuv imzolandi, bu esa Qo'shma Shtatlarga 2016 yil dekabrgacha BIOTni mudofaa maqsadlarida 50 yil davomida ishlatishga ruxsat berdi, so'ngra 20 yilga uzaytirildi (2036 yilgacha) agar biron bir tomon ikki yillik darchada (2014 yil dekabr - 2016 yil dekabr) bekor qilinishi to'g'risida xabar bermagan bo'lsa va Buyuk Britaniya shartnomani qanday qo'shimcha shartlar bilan uzaytirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishi mumkin.^[33] Ushbu kelishuv yoki undan keyingi har qanday o'zgartirish doirasida AQShdan Buyuk Britaniyaga pul to'lovi amalga oshirilmadi. Aksincha, Buyuk Britaniya dengiz osti kemasini sotib olish uchun AQShdan 14 million AQSh dollari miqdorida chegirma oldi Polaris raketalari 1966 yilgi kelishuvga hozirda e'lon qilinmagan qo'shimchaga muvofiq.^[34]

AQSh dengiz flotining kelishi

Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun Diego Garsiya chet el harbiy bazasini yaratish uchun asosiy hudud edi. Stuart Barberning so'zlariga ko'ra - AQSh harbiy-dengiz flotida ishlaydigan oddiy fuqaro Pentagon —Diego Garsiya har qanday potentsial tahdidlardan yiroqda, mahalliy aholi kam bo'lgan va bu iqtisodiy manfaatdor bo'lmaganligi sababli boshqa mamlakatlar izlamagan orol edi. Barber uchun Diego Garsiya va boshqa sotib olingan orollar AQSh hukmronligini saqlab qolishda muhim rol o'ynaydi. Bu erda Barber strategik orol kontseptsiyasini ishlab chiqdi, bu erda AQSh harbiy maqsadlar uchun imkon qadar kamroq aholi orollarini oladi. Barberning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu chet el bazasi uchun xavfsizlikni ta'minlashning yagona usuli edi. Diego Garsiyani tanholigi uchun ko'pincha "Fantaziya oroli" deb atashadi.

Seyshel orollarining ingliz mustamlakachisi Ser Bryus Gritbatch nazorat qildi Chagos arxipelagidan Chagosiyaliklarning aholisini yo'q qilish.

Diego Garsiyani olishning asosiy komponenti bu orolda mahalliy aholining etishmasligi edi. 18-asr oxiriga qadar yashamaydigan Diego Garsiyada tub aholi yo'q edi. Uning yagona aholisi, asosan, Afrika, hind va malay ajdodlaridan bo'lgan sirtqi er egalari va shartnoma asosida ishchilar uchun kokos plantatsiyalarini boshqaradigan evropalik nozirlar edi. Chagosiyaliklar, bir necha avlodlar davomida plantatsiyalarda yashagan va ishlagan. Harbiy bazani tashkil etishdan oldin, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati orolga egalik qilgan Britaniya hukumati tomonidan Diego Garsiya yuzlab aholiga ega ekanligi haqida xabar bergan. Chagosiyaliklarning yakuniy soni 1000 atrofida edi.^[35]

Aholining sonidan qat'i nazar, Chagossiansni oroldan baza qurishdan oldin olib tashlash kerak edi. 1968 yilda Diego Garsiya aholisini kamaytirish bo'yicha birinchi taktikalar amalga oshirildi. Orolni tark etganlar - ta'tilga yoki davolanish uchun - orqaga qaytishga ruxsat berilmagan, qolganlar esa cheklangan oziq-ovqat va tibbiy buyumlarni olishlari mumkin edi. Ushbu taktika, qolganlar "xohish bilan" chiqib ketadi degan umidda edi.^[36] Amaldagi taktikalardan biri Chagossiyalik uy hayvonlarini o'ldirish edi.^[37]

1971 yil mart oyida AQSh dengiz kuchlari qurilish batalyonlari aloqa stantsiyasi va aerodrom qurilishini boshlash uchun Diego Garsiyaga etib keldi.^[38] Birlashgan Qirollik va Qo'shma Shtatlar o'rtasida yashamaydigan orol uchun kelishuv shartlarini qondirish uchun o'sha yilning oktyabr oyida Diego Garsiyadagi plantatsiya yopilgan edi.^[39] Plantatsiya ishchilari va ularning oilalari Peros Bahnos va Salomon atolllaridagi plantatsiyalarga shimoli-g'arbda ko'chirildi. O'sha paytda mustaqil bo'lgan Mavritaniya hukumati orolliklarni to'lovsiz qabul qilishdan bosh tortdi va 1974 yilda Buyuk Britaniya Mavritaniya hukumatiga orolliklarni ko'chirish uchun qo'shimcha 650 ming funt sterling berdi.^[40] 1971-1973 yillarda hali ham Diego Garsiya orolida qolganlar Mauritius va Seyshel orollariga yo'l olgan yuk kemalariga majburan olib ketildilar.

1973 yilga kelib, dengiz aloqa stantsiyasining (NAVCOMMSTA) qurilishi tugallandi.^[41] 1970-yillarning boshlarida Qo'shma Shtatlarning mintaqadagi harbiy salohiyati, shu jumladan Saygonning qulashi, g'alaba Kxmer-ruj yilda Kambodja, yopilishi Peshovar havo stantsiyasi tinglash posti Pokiston va Kagnew stantsiyasi yilda Eritreya, Mayaguez voqea va Sovet harbiy-dengiz kuchlarining tarkib topishi Adan va Berberadagi Sovet aviabazasi, Somali, Qo'shma Shtatlarning Diyego Garsiyada flot ankrajini va kattalashtirilgan aerodromni qurish uchun ruxsat so'rashini va Buyuk Britaniyani tasdiqlashini talab qildi,^[42] dengiz dengizlari esa ushbu inshootlarni qurayotgan ishchilar sonini ikki baravar oshirdi.^[42]

1982 yildagi ushbu fotosuratda orol bo'ylab keng tarqalgan maydalangan mercandan yasalgan asfaltlanmagan yo'l va Diego Garsiya dengizni qo'llab-quvvatlash muassasasidagi ofitserlarning ovqatlanish joyi ko'rsatilgan.

Ning qulashi ortidan Eron shohi va Eronda garovga olingan inqiroz 1979-1980 yillarda G'arb neft oqimini ta'minlash bilan shug'ullangan Fors ko'rfazi orqali Hormuz bo'g'ozi va Qo'shma Shtatlar Diego Garsiya bo'ylab ikkita parallel 12000 fut uzunlikdagi (3700 m) uchish-qo'nish yo'lagidan, og'ir bombardimonchilar uchun avtoturargohlar uchun avtoturargohlardan, lagundagi 20 ta yangi langarlardan tashkil topgan 400 million dollarlik harbiy ob'ektlarni kengaytirish uchun ruxsat oldi. chuqur suvli iskala, Amerika yoki Buyuk Britaniya flotidagi eng katta dengiz kemalari uchun port inshootlari, samolyot angarlari, texnik xizmat ko'rsatish binolari va aerovokzal, 1340.000 barrel (213000 m)³) yoqilg'ini saqlash maydoni va hisob-kitob qilish va minglab dengizchilar va yordamchi xodimlar uchun tartibsizliklar.^[42]

Chagos dengiz qo'riqlanadigan hududi

2010 yil 1 aprelda Chagos dengiz qo'riqlanadigan hududi (MPA) Chagos arxipelagi atrofidagi suvlarni qoplashi e'lon qilindi. Biroq, Mavrikiy e'tiroz bildirgan, bu uning qonuniy huquqlariga zid ekanligini bildirgan va 2015 yil 18 martda Doimiy Arbitraj sudi ostida Chagos dengiz qo'riqlanadigan hududi noqonuniy deb qaror qildi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Dengiz huquqi to'g'risidagi konvensiyasi chunki Mauritius Chagos arxipelagini o'rab turgan suvda baliq ovlash, Chagos arxipelagini oxirigacha qaytarish va qaytib kelguniga qadar Chagos arxipelagi yoki uning yonida topilgan har qanday foydali qazilmalarni yoki neftni saqlab qolish uchun qonuniy ravishda majburiy huquqlarga ega edi.^[43][44]

Aholi

Ispaniyalik kashfiyotchi tomonidan kashf etilganida Diego Garsiyaning doimiy aholisi yo'q edi Diego Garsiya de Moguer XVI asrda, keyin Portugaliyaning xizmatida bo'lgan va bu 1793 yilda Frantsiya mustamlakasi sifatida joylashguniga qadar shunday bo'lgan.^[25]

Frantsuz aholi punkti

1793-1971 yillar oralig'ida Diego Garsiya aholisining aksariyati plantatsiya ishchilari bo'lgan, shuningdek ular tarkibiga Franko-Mavritaniya menejerlari, Hind-Mavritan ma'murlari, Mavritaniya va Seychellois kontrakt xodimlari va 19-asr oxirida Xitoy va Somali ishchilari kirgan.

Deb nomlangan alohida kreol madaniyati Ilois, bu "orolliklar" degan ma'noni anglatadi Frantsuz kreol, ushbu ishchilardan kelib chiqqan. Ilois, endi Chagos Islanders yoki Chagosiyaliklar 1990-yillarning oxiridan boshlab birinchi avloddan kelib chiqqan qullar dan orolga olib kelingan Madagaskar 1793 va 1810 yillar orasida frantsuzlar tomonidan va Malaycha qullar bozoridan qullar Pulo Nyas, shimoli-g'arbiy sohilidagi orol Sumatra, taxminan 1820 yildan qul savdosi quyidagicha tugagunga qadar 1833 yildagi qullikni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[45] Ilois shuningdek, frantsuzlarga asoslangan holda rivojlandi Kreol lahjasi endi chaqirildi Chagossian kreol.

Chagos arxipelagi plantatsiyalari o'zlarining yozib qo'yilgan tarixi davomida taxminan 1000 kishidan iborat bo'lib, ularning uchdan ikki qismi Diego Garsiyada yashagan. 1953 yilda barcha orollarda 1142 kishilik eng yuqori aholi soni qayd etilgan.^[35]

Orolning mustamlakachilik davri mobaynida asosiy sanoat tashkil topgan kokos plantatsiyalar ishlab chiqarish kopra va / yoki kokos moyi,^[25] plantatsiyalar yopilgunga qadar va 1971 yil oktyabrda aholining ko'chib ketishiga qadar. 1880-yillarda qisqa muddat davomida u ko'mir stantsiyasi Hind okeanidan o'tuvchi paroxodlar uchun Suvaysh kanali ga Avstraliya.^[46]

1971 yil chiqarib yuborish

Diyego Garsiyaning barcha aholisi 1971 yilga kelib Chagos arxipelagi, Mavrikiy yoki Seyshel orollariga boshqa orollarga majburan ko'chirilib, 1966 yilda imzolangan Buyuk Britaniya / Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari notalar almashinuvi talabini qondirish uchun 1966 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bazasini qurganida orolni aholi punktidan bo'shatish uchun. u.^[47] Evakuatsiya qilinganlarning qanchasi Ilois bo'lish va shu tariqa ularni olib tashlash paytida mahalliy aholi bo'lish mezonlariga javob berganligi to'g'risida amaldagi kelishuv mavjud emas, ammo Buyuk Britaniya va Mavritaniya hukumatlari 1972 yilda 426 oila,^[48] 1 151 kishi,^[40] surgun qilingan Ilois sifatida kompensatsiya to'lashlari kerak edi. Mavritaniya hukumati Ilois Trast Fund kengashi tomonidan 1982 yilda Ilois sertifikatiga ega bo'lganlarning umumiy soni 1579 kishini tashkil etdi.^[49]

So'nggi haydab chiqarilganidan o'n besh yil o'tib, Chagosiyaliklar inglizlardan tovon puli olishdi, bir kishiga 6000 AQSh dollari; ba'zi chagosiyaliklar hech narsa olmadilar. Britaniyani chiqarib yuborish to'g'risidagi sud jarayoni 2016 yilgacha davom etmoqda^[yangilash].^[50][51] Bugungi kunda Chagosiyaliklar juda qashshoq bo'lib qolmoqdalar va Mauritius orolida va Seyshel orollarida "marginallashgan" begona odamlar sifatida yashashmoqda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1971 yildan keyin

1971 yildan 2001 yilgacha Diego Garsiyadagi yagona fuqarolar Buyuk Britaniya va AQSh harbiy xizmatchilari va ushbu mamlakatlarning fuqarolik xizmatchilari edi. Ular orasida kontrakt bo'yicha ishchilar bor edi Filippinlar va Mavrikiy, shu jumladan ba'zi Ilois.^[52] Atoldan jangovar harakatlar paytida Afg'onistonga qarshi (2001-2006) va Iroq (2003-2006), bir qator ittifoqdosh harbiylar orolda, shu jumladan Avstraliya,^[53] Yaponiya va Koreya Respublikasi.^[54] Devid Vaynning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Bugungi kunda, har qanday vaqtda, orolda 3000 dan 5000 gacha bo'lgan AQSh askarlari va fuqarolarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi xodimlar yashaydi".^[55] Bugungi kunda aholisi rizq uchun orolga va atrofdagi suvlarga ishonishmaydi. Iste'mol uchun ba'zi bir dam olish uchun baliq ovlashga ruxsat berilgan bo'lsa-da, qolgan barcha ovqatlar dengiz yoki havo orqali yuboriladi.^[56]

2004 yilda AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlarini yollash bo'yicha adabiyotlar Diego Garsiyani dunyodagi eng yaxshi sirlardan biri deb ta'riflagan, u ajoyib dam olish maskanlari, ajoyib tabiiy go'zalligi va ajoyib yashash sharoitlari bilan maqtanishgan.^[57]

Siyosat

Diego Garsiyaning batafsil xaritasi

Diego Garsiya - bu orolning yagona aholi orolidir Britaniya Hind okeanining hududi, an Buyuk Britaniyaning xorijdagi hududi, odatda "BIOT" deb qisqartiriladi. The BIOT hukumati dan iborat komissar tomonidan tayinlangan Qirolicha. Komissarga ma'mur va kichik xodimlar yordam berishadi va Londonda joylashgan va u erda istiqomat qiladilar Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi.

Dastlab frantsuzlar tomonidan mustamlaka qilingan Diego Garsiya Chagos arxipelagining qolgan qismi bilan birgalikda Buyuk Britaniyaga Parij shartnomasi (1814) Napoleon urushlarining bir qismi yakunida.^[25] Diego Garsiya va Chagos arxipelagi orolidagi mustamlaka hukumati tomonidan boshqarilgan Mavrikiy 1965 yilgacha Angliya ularni Mauritiusning o'zini o'zi boshqaradigan koloniyasidan 3 million funt sterling evaziga sotib olgan va ularni alohida deb e'lon qilgan paytgacha Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududi.^[58] BIOT ma'muriyati ko'chirildi Seyshel orollari 1968 yilda Mauritius mustaqilligini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, 1976 yilda Seyshel orollari mustaqillikka qadar,^[24] va stolga Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi yilda London beri.^[59]

Harbiy boshqaruv

Buyuk Britaniya ushbu hududni xalqaro miqyosda namoyish etadi. Odatda taxmin qilingan mahalliy hukumat mavjud emas.^[60] Aksincha, ma'muriyatni "Britaniyalik vakili" Diego Garsiya ustidan Britaniya kuchlariga qo'mondonlik qiluvchi zobit vakili qiladi. Qonunlar va qoidalar komissar tomonidan e'lon qilinadi va Brit rep tomonidan BIOTda qo'llaniladi.

BIOT ma'muriyatini jiddiy tashvishga solayotgan narsa - Diyego Garsiyada yashovchi Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy kuchlari bilan munosabatlar. Tegishli masalalarni hal qilish uchun Londondagi Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasida "Pol-Mil muzokaralari" ("siyosiy-harbiy" uchun) deb nomlangan yillik yig'ilish bo'lib o'tdi. Ushbu qarorlar "Notalar almashinuvi" yoki 2001 yildan beri "Xatlar almashinuvi" tomonidan rasmiylashtirildi.^[39]

AQSh ham, Buyuk Britaniya ham Diego Garsiyani unga bo'ysunuvchi deb tan olmaydi Afrika yadroviy qurolidan xoli hudud to'g'risidagi shartnoma, bunda BIOT ro'yxati shartnomada nazarda tutilgan.^[61][62][63] Yoki ochiqchasiga ma'lum emas yadro qurollari hech qachon orolda saqlangan.^[64] Noam Xomskiy va Piter Sand AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyaning pozitsiyasi shartnomani amalga oshirishga to'sqinlik qilayotganini kuzatgan va ta'kidlagan.^[65][66]

Transmilliy siyosiy masalalar

Buyuk Britaniya hukumati orqali Diego Garsiya va BIOTga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan ikkita transmilliy siyosiy muammolar mavjud.

• Birinchidan, Mavrikiy orol davlati Chagos arxipelagiga da'vo qilmoqda (bu BIOT bilan birgalikda), shu jumladan Diego Garsiya. Mavritaniyaning Buyuk Britaniya hukumatining 2010 yil 1 apreldagi BIOT - baliq ovlash va qazib olish sanoati (shu jumladan, neft va gaz qazib olish) taqiqlangan dengiz muhofazalangan hudud ekanligi to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyasiga qarshi Mavritaniyaning qarshi yordamchisi.^[67]
• Ikkinchidan, tovon puli va avvalgi aholini vataniga qaytarish masalasi, 1973 yildan beri surgun qilingan, sud jarayonini davom ettirmoqda va 2010 yil avgust oyidan boshlab bir guruh sobiq fuqarolar tomonidan Evropa sudiga topshirilgan.^[68] Biroz^{[JSSV? ]} guruhlar Diego Garsiya va uning dengiz suvlari (6 km) ga qadar bo'lgan dengiz kemalari 1971 yildan beri BIOT hukumatining ruxsatisiz jamoat foydalanish huquqiga chek qo'yilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.

Qamoqxona saytidagi ayblovlar

2015 yilda, AQSh davlat kotibi Kolin Pauell sobiq shtab boshlig'i, Lourens Uilkerson Diego Garsiya tomonidan ishlatilgan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi "yomon faoliyat" uchun. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, AQSh razvedkasining uchta manbasidan Diego Garsiya "odamlar vaqtincha joylashtirilgan, aytaylik, vaqti-vaqti bilan so'roq qilinadigan tranzit joyi" sifatida foydalanilganligi va "Men eshitgan narsalar ko'proq agar boshqa joylar to'lgan bo'lsa yoki boshqa joylar o'ta xavfli yoki xavfli deb topilsa yoki hozircha mavjud bo'lmasa, uni tranzit joy sifatida ishlatish ".^[69][70]

2004 yil iyun oyida inglizlar Tashqi ishlar vaziri Jek Straw Qo'shma Shtatlar ma'murlari bir necha bor hibsga olinganlarning Diyego Garsiya orqali tranzit o'tmaganligi yoki u erdan tushmaganligiga ishontirishganini ta'kidladi.^[71]

Diego Garsiya ushbu joylardan biri bo'lganligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi "s qora saytlar 2005 yilda.^[72] Xolid Shayx Muhammad biri "yuqori darajadagi hibsga olinganlar "Diyego Garsiyada saqlangan deb gumon qilinmoqda.^[73] 2007 yil oktyabr oyida Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha qo'mita Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti Diego Garsiyadagi qamoqxona lageriga oid davom etayotgan ayblovlar bo'yicha tergovni boshlashini e'lon qildi va u iste'fodagi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining generali tomonidan berilgan sharhlar bilan ikki marta tasdiqlanganini da'vo qildi. Barri Makkaffri.^[74] 2008 yil 31-iyulda ismini oshkor qilmagan Oq uyning sobiq amaldori, Qo'shma Shtatlar 2002 yilda va ehtimol 2003 yilda Diego Garsiyada kamida bitta gumonlanuvchini qamoqqa tashlagan va so'roq qilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[75]

Manfred Nowak, beshtasidan bittasi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining maxsus ma'ruzachisi kuni qiynoq Qora saytlar sifatida xizmat qiladigan kemalar Diego Garsiyani baza sifatida ishlatgan degan da'volarni tasdiqlovchi ishonchli dalillar mavjud.^[76] Inson huquqlari guruhi Qaytaring Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan boshqariladigan kemalar tashqi tomondan bog'langan deb da'vo qilmoqda hududiy suvlar Diego Garsiya mahbuslarni qamoqqa olish va qiynoqqa solish uchun ishlatilgan.^[77]

Rendition parvoziga yonilg'i quyish uchun kirish

Bir nechta guruhlar Diego Garsiyadagi harbiy bazani Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati tomonidan tortishuvlarga aloqador mahbuslarni tashish uchun ishlatgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. g'ayrioddiy ijro dastur, da'vo rasmiy ravishda xabar qilingan Evropa Kengashi 2007 yil iyun oyida.^[78] 2008 yil 21 fevralda Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri Devid Miliband Qo'shma Shtatlarning 2002 yilda amalga oshirilgan favqulodda reyslari Diego Garsiyaga yonilg'i quyilganini tan oldi va bundan oldin rad etishlar tuzatilishi kerakligi uchun "juda afsuslandi".^[79]

WikiLeaks CableGate-ning oshkor etilishi (2010)

Wikileaks CableGate hujjatlariga ko'ra (ma'lumotnoma identifikatori "09LONDON1156 "), 2009 yilda rejalashtirilgan hisoblangan harakat bilan Buyuk Britaniya, sobiq aholining orollarga qaytishini oldini olish maqsadida BIOTni" dengiz zahirasi "ga aylantirishni taklif qildi. Diplomatik kabelning qisqacha mazmuni quyidagicha:^[80]

HMG Buyuk Britaniyaning Hind okeani hududi (BIOT) riflari va suvlarini atrof-muhitni har tomonlama muhofaza qilishni ta'minlaydigan "dengiz parki" yoki "qo'riqxonasini" tashkil etishni xohlamoqda, deya xabar beradi 12 may kuni Polcounsga tashqi ishlar va hamdo'stlik idorasining (FCO) yuqori lavozimli vakili. Rasmiy dunyodagi eng katta dengiz parkini barpo etish hech qanday tarzda USG tomonidan BIOT-dan, shu jumladan Diego Garsiyadan harbiy maqsadlarda foydalanishga to'sqinlik qilmasligini ta'kidladi. U Buyuk Britaniya va Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz zahiralari tafsilotlarini diqqat bilan muzokara qilib, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining manfaatlari himoya qilinishini va BIOTning strategik qiymati ta'minlanishini ta'minlashga kelishib oldi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, BIOTning sobiq aholisi, agar butun Chagos arxipelagi dengiz qo'riqxonasi bo'lsa, orollarga ko'chirish to'g'risidagi da'vosini bajarish qiyin, hatto imkonsizdir.

Bundan tashqari, Diyego Garsiya Buyuk Britaniyaning parlament nazoratidan qochish uchun AQSh klasterli bombalarini saqlash bo'limi sifatida ishlatilgan.^[81]

Tabiiy tarix

O'simliklar, qushlar, amfibiyalar, sudralib yuruvchilar, mollyuskalar, qisqichbaqasimonlar va sutemizuvchilarning biron bir turi mavjud emas endemik Diego Garsiyada yoki atrofdagi suvlarda. Bir qancha endemik baliqlar va suvda umurtqasizlar mavjud. Barcha o'simliklar, yovvoyi tabiat va suv turlari u yoki bu darajada muhofaza qilinadi. Bundan tashqari, lagun suvlarining katta qismi belgilanganidek botqoqli hududlar bilan himoyalangan Ramsar sayti va orolning katta qismlari tabiat qo'riqxonalaridir.^[82]

2004 yilda, Buyuk Britaniya, Diego Garsiyaning lagunasi va boshqa suvlari uchun Ramsar maydonidagi botqoq erlarni saqlash maqomiga murojaat qildi va oldi.^[83]

Geografiya

Diego Garsiyaning joylashuv xaritasi

Diego Garsiya - Chagos arxipelagidagi eng katta quruqlik massasi (tarkibiga kiradi) Peros Banhos, Salomon orollari, Uch aka-uka, Egmont orollari, va Buyuk Chagos banki ), taxminan 174 kvadrat kilometrni (67 kv. mil) egallagan atoll bo'lib, shundan 27,19 kvadrat kilometrini (10 kv. mil) quruqlik tashkil etadi.^[84] Atol chetining uzluksiz qismi bir chetidan ikkinchisiga 64 km (40 milya) cho'zilib, uzunligi 21 km (13 mil) va eni 11 km (7 mil) gacha bo'lgan lagunani o'rab oladi, 6 km (4 mil) shimoldan ochiladigan yo'l. Uchta kichik orol dovonda joylashgan.^[85]

Orol dunyodagi barcha atollarning eng yirik uzluksiz quruq maydonlaridan iborat. Quruq erlarning kengligi bir necha yuz metrdan 2,4 km gacha o'zgarib turadi. Odatda marjon atollari, okean qirg'og'idagi ba'zi tepaliklarda maksimal balandligi past suvdan o'rtacha 9 m (30 fut) balandlikka ega. Jant taxminan 19 km (12 milya) va 8 km (5,0 milya) kenglikdagi lagunani o'rab oladi. Atoll lagunaning deyarli 90% atrofini qamrab olgan qirralarni tashkil qiladi perimetri, faqat shimolda ochilish bilan. Asosiy orol - Chagos arxipelagini tashkil etuvchi 60 ga yaqin orolning eng kattasi. Asosiy oroldan tashqari uchta kichik adacıklar lagunaning og'zida joylashgan: G'arbiy orol (3,4 ga (8,4 akr)), O'rta orol (6 ga (15 akr)) va Sharqiy orol (11,75 ga (29,0 akr)). To'rtinchi, Yubiley oroli, 1 km (1100 hovlilar ) O'rta orolning janubi-g'arbida, sun'iy yo'ldosh tasvirlarida shunchaki qum bargi kabi ko'rinadi. O'rta orol va Yubiley orollari ham Spur Reef kompleksining bir qismidir.^[85]

Atolning umumiy maydoni taxminan 170 km² (66 kvadrat milya) Lagunaning maydoni taxminan 120 km² (46 kvadrat milya) chuqurlik bilan taxminan 25 metrgacha (82 fut) qadar. Umumiy er maydoni (periferik riflardan tashqari) 30 km atrofida² (12 kvadrat milya) Atolning dengiz qirg'og'ini o'rab turgan mercan rifi odatda keng, tekis va sayoz bo'lib, ko'p joylarda dengiz sathidan o'rtacha 1 m (3,3 fut) atrofida va kengligi 100 dan 200 m gacha (330 dan 660 fut) gacha. Ushbu dengiz qirg'og'ining qirg'og'i 35,2 km atrofida maydonni o'z ichiga oladi² (14 kvadrat milya) Rif tokchasining tashqi chetida pastki qismi chuqur suvga juda qiya kiradi, ba'zi joylarda qirg'oqdan 1 km (0,62 mil) masofada 450 m dan oshiqroqqa tushadi.^[85]

Lagunada ko'plab marjon boshlari navigatsiya uchun xavf tug'diradi. Okean bo'yidagi orolni o'rab turgan sayoz rif tokchasida okean tomoniga hech qanday langar yo'q. Lagunning shimoliy yarmidagi kanal va ankraj joylari chuqurlashtirilgan, 1971 yilgacha bo'lgan kema bilan birga burilish havzasi. Muhim sho'r suvli botqoq erlar deb nomlangan baraxoylar lagunaning janubiy yarmida mavjud. Asosiy lagundan uzoqda joylashgan bu kichik lagunlar to'ldirilgan dengiz suvi yuqori oqimda va past oqimda quriting. 1996 va 2006 yillarda o'tkazilgan ilmiy ekspeditsiyalar Chagos arxipelagining qolgan qismi bilan birga Diego Garsiyaning laguni va atrofidagi suvlarni "nihoyatda ifloslanmagan" va "toza" deb ta'rifladilar.^[86]

Diego Garsiya tez-tez kelib chiqadigan zilzilalarga duchor bo'ladi tektonik plita bo'ylab harakatlanish Carlsberg tizmasi orolning g'arbida joylashgan. Ulardan biri 1812 yilda qayd etilgan; Rixter shkalasi bo'yicha 7.6 o'lchovli 1983 yil 30-noyabr kuni mahalliy vaqt bilan soat 23:46 da urilgan va 72 soniya davom etgan, natijada orolning janubiy uchining 50 metrlik qismida to'lqin shikastlanishi, shu jumladan, 2-dekabrda. 2002 yil, soat 12:21 da orolda Rixter shkalasi bo'yicha 4,6 balli zilzila sodir bo'ldi.^[87]

2004 yil dekabrda, Indoneziya yaqinida paydo bo'lgan tsunami Barton Point (Diego Garsiya atollining shimoli-sharqiy nuqtasi) da kichik qirg'oq eroziyasini keltirib chiqardi.^[88]

Okeanografiya

Diego Garsiya joriy yil davomida Janubiy Ekvatorial ta'sirida. Hind okeanining sirt oqimlari ham Osiyo musson shamol rejimi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan musson rejimiga ega. Dengiz sathining harorati yil davomida 80-84 ° F (27-29 ° C) oralig'ida.^[89]

Toza suv ta'minoti

Diego Garsiya - bu mercan atollining suv osti qirrasi Golotsen taxminan 36 m (118 fut) chuqurlikgacha bo'lgan marjon molozlari va qumlari Pleystotsen ohaktosh o'sha paytdagi dengiz sathida joylashgan dengiz tubi Hind okeanining tubidan taxminan 1800 m (5900 fut) ko'tarilgan. Golotsen cho'kindilari gözeneklidir va dengiz suvi bilan to'liq to'yingan. Suv sathiga tushgan har qanday yomg'ir tezda er usti qumidan o'tib ketadi va ostidagi sho'r suvga duch keladi. Diego Garsiya to'lqinlarning o'zgarishini minimallashtirish uchun etarli kenglikka ega suv qatlami va yog'ingarchilik (o'rtacha yiliga 102,5 dyuym / 260 sm dan ortiq)^[90] miqdori va davriyligi bo'yicha chuchuk suv bir qator qavariq, chuchuk suv hosil qilishi uchun etarli, Ghyben-Herzberg linzalari to'yingan cho'kindilarda og'irroq sho'r suvda suzuvchi.^[91][92]

The horizontal structure of each lens is influenced by variations in the type and porosity of the subsurface deposits, which on Diego Garcia are minor. At depth, the lens is globular; near the surface, it generally conforms to the shape of the island.^[93] When a Ghyben-Herzberg lens is fully formed, its floating nature will push a freshwater head yuqorida o'rtacha dengiz sathi, and if the island is wide enough, the depth of the lens below mean sea level will be 40 times the height of the water table above sea level. On Diego Garcia, this equates to a maximum depth of 20 m. However, the actual size and depth of each lens is dependent on the width and shape of the island at that point, the permeability of the aquifer, and the equilibrium between recharging rainfall and losses to evaporation to the atmosphere, transpiration by plants, tidal advection, and human use.

In the plantation period, shallow wells, supplemented by rainwater collected in cisterns, provided sufficient water for the pastoral lifestyle of the small population. On Diego Garcia today, the military base uses over 100 shallow "horizontal" wells to produce over 560,000 l per day from the "Cantonment" lens on the northwest arm of the island—sufficient water for western-style usage for a population of 3,500. This 3.7 km² lens holds an estimated 19 million m³ of fresh water and has an average daily recharge from rainfall over 10,000 m³, of which 40% remains in the lens and 60% is lost through evapotranspiration.^[94]

Extracting fresh water from a lens for human consumption requires careful calculation of the sustainable yield of the lens by season because each lens is susceptible to corruption by saltwater intrusion caused by overuse or drought. In addition, overwash by tsunamis and tropical storms has corrupted lenses in the Maldives and several Pacific islands. Vertical wells can cause salt upcoming into the lens, and overextraction will reduce freshwater pressure resulting in lateral intrusion by seawater. Because the porosity of the surface soil results in virtually zero runoff, lenses are easily polluted by fecal waste, burials, and chemical spills. Corruption of a lens can take years to "flush out" and reform, depending on the ratio of recharge to losses.^[91]

A few natural depressions on the atoll rim capture the abundant rainfall to form areas of freshwater wetlands.^[95] Two are of significance to island wildlife and to recharge their respective freshwater lenses. One of these is centred on the northwest point of the atoll; another is found near the Point Marianne Cemetery on the southeast end of the airfield. Other, smaller freshwater wetlands are found along the east side of the runway, and in the vicinity of the receiver antenna field on the northwest arm of the atoll.^[96]

Also, several man-made freshwater ponds resulted from excavations made during construction of the airfield and road on the western half of the atoll rim. These fill from rainfall and from extending into the Ghyben-Herzberg lenses found on this island.^[97]

Iqlim

Tutilish nuqtasi

Hammasi yog'ingarchilik kabi tushadi yomg'ir, characterised by air mass-type showers. Annual rainfall averages 2,603.5 mm (102.50 in), with the heaviest precipitation from September to April. January is the wettest month with 353 mm (13.9 in) of mean monthly precipitation, and August the driest month, averaging 106.5 mm (4.19 in) of mean monthly precipitation.^[98]

The surrounding sea surface temperature is the primary climatic control, and temperatures are generally uniform throughout the year, with an average maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) by day during March and April, and 29 °C (84 °F) from July to September. Diurnal variation is roughly 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F), falling to the low 27 °C (81 °F) by night.^[98] Humidity is high throughout the year. The almost constant breeze keeps conditions reasonably comfortable.

From December through March, winds are generally westerly around 6 knots (11 km/h). During April and May, winds are light and variable, ultimately backing to an east-southeasterly direction. From June through September, the influence of the Southeast trades is felt, with speeds of 10–15 knots. During October and November, winds again go through a period of light and variable conditions veering to a westerly direction with the onset of summer in the Southern Hemisphere.^[98]

Momaqaldiroq activity is generally noticed during the afternoon and evenings during the summer months (December through March) and when the Intertropik konvergentsiya zonasi is in the vicinity of the island.^[98]

Diego Garcia is at minimum risk from tropik siklonlar ga yaqinligi sababli ekvator qaerda koriolis parametri required to organise circulation of the yuqori atmosfera minimal. Low-intensity storms have hit the island, including one in 1901, which blew over 1,500 coconut trees;^[99] one on 16 September 1944,^[100] which caused the wreck of a Royal Air Force PBY Catalina; one in September 1990 which demolished the tent city then being constructed for United States Air Force bomber crews during Operation Desert Storm;^[87] and one on 22 July 2007, when winds exceeded 60 kn (110 km/h) and over 250 mm (9.8 in) of rain fell in 24 hours.^[87]

Sunset at Cannon Point

The island was somewhat affected by the tsunami sabab bo'lgan 2004 yil Hind okeanidagi zilzila. Service personnel on the western arm of the island reported only a minor increase in wave activity. The island was protected to a large degree by its favourable okean relyefi. About 80 km (50 mi) east of the atoll lies the 650-km-long (400-mile) Chagos Trench, an underwater canyon plunging more than 4,900 m (16,100 ft). The depth of the trench and its grade to the atoll's slope and shelf shore makes it more difficult for substantial tsunami waves to build before passing the atoll from the east. In addition, near-shore marjon riflari and an algal platform may have dissipated much of the waves' impact.^[101][102] A biological survey conducted in early 2005 indicated erosional effects of the tsunami wave on Diego Garcia and other islands of the Chagos Archipelago. One 200-to-300 m (220-to-330 yd ) stretch of shoreline was found to have been breached by the tsunami wave, representing about 10% of the eastern arm. A biological survey by the Chagos Conservation Trust reported that the resulting inundation additionally washed away shoreline shrubs and small to medium-sized coconut palms.^[102]

O'simliklar

A mixed-species freshwater wetland on Diego Garcia

Birinchi botanika observations of the island were made by Hume in 1883, when the coconut plantations had been in operation for a full century. Subsequent studies and collections during the plantation era were made in 1885, 1905, 1939, and 1967.^[105] Thus, very little of the nature of the precontact vegetation is known.

The 1967 survey, published by the Smithsonian^[106] is used as the most authoritative baseline for more recent research. These studies indicate the vegetation of the island may be changing rapidly. For example, J. M. W. Topp collected data annually between 1993 and 2003 and found that on the average three new plant species arrived each year, mainly on Diego Garcia. His research added fully a third more species to Stoddart.^[107] Topp and Martin Hamilton of Kew bog'lari compiled the most recent checklist of vegetation in 2009.^[108]

A thick forest of coconuts on Diego Garcia

In 1967, Stoddart described the land area of Diego Garcia as having a qirg'oq to'siq ning Scaevola takkada, while inland, Cocos nucifera (coconut) was the most dominant tree, covering most of the island. The substory was either managed and park-like, with understory less than 0.5 m in height, or consisted of what he called "Cocos Bon-Dieu" – an intermediate story of juvenile trees and a luxuriant ground layer of self-sown seedlings – causing those areas to be relatively impenetrable.^[109]

Also, areas of remnant tropical hardwood forest are at the sites of the plantation-era villages, as well as Casuarina equisetifolia (iron wood pines) woodlands.^[95]

In 1997, the United States Navy contracted a vegetation survey that identified about 280 species of terrestrial qon tomir o'simliklar on Diego Garcia.^[110] None of these was endemik, and another survey in 2005 identified just 36 species as "native", meaning arriving without the assistance of humans, and found elsewhere in the world.^[111] Yo'q quruqlikdagi o'simlik species are of any conservation-related concern at present.^[112]

A Ernandiya-dominated forest on Diego Garcia

Of the 36 native vascular plants on Diego Garcia, 12 are trees, five are butalar, ettitasi ikkilamchi herbs, three are grasses, four are uzumzorlar va beshta ferns.^[113]

The 12 tree species are: Barringtonia asiatica (fish-poison tree), Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel), Cocos nucifera, Cordia subcordata, Guettarda speciosa, Intsia bijuga, Ernandiya sonora, Morinda tsitrifoliya, Neisosperma oppositifolium,^[114] Pisonia grandis, Terminalia catappa va Heliotropium foertherianum. Another three tree species are common, and may be native, but they may also have been introduced by humans: Casuarina equisetifolia, Hibiscus tiliaceus va Pipturus argenteus.

The five native shrubs are: Caesalpinia bonduc, Pemfis kislotasi, Premna serratifolia, Scaevola takkada (often mispronounced "Scaveola"), and Suriana maritima.

A Premna-dominated scrub land on Diego Garcia

Also, 134 species of plants are classified as "weedy" or "naturalised alien species", being those unintentionally introduced by man, or intentionally introduced as ornamentals or crop plants which have now "gone native", including 32 new species recorded since 1995, indicating a very rapid rate of introduction.^[115] The remainder of the species list consists of cultivated food or ornamental species, grown in restricted environments such as a planter's pot.^[116]

A freshwater marsh composed entirely of cattails located on the eastern edge of the bomber ramp on Diego Garcia

A typical oceanside littoral hedge with Kasuarina chekka

In 2004, 10 o'simlik jamoalari were recognized on the atoll rim:^[85]

• Kalofillum forest, dominated by Calophyllum inophyllum, with trunks that can grow in excess of 2 m in diameter: This forest often contains other species such as Ernandiya sonora, Cocos nuciferava Guettarda speciosa bilan Premna obtusifolia chekka. When found on the beaches, Kalofillum often extends over the lagoon water and supports nesting red-footed boobies, as does Barringtonia asiatica found mostly on the eastern arm of the atoll.
• Cocos forest, essentially monotypic (Cocos bon Dieu), with the understory consisting of coconut seedlings
• Cocos-Hernandia forest, dominated by two canopy species—C. nucifera va H. sonora
• Cocos-Guettarda forest, dominated by the canopy species C. nucifera va G. speciosa: The understory consists of a mix of Neisosperma oppositifolium, bilan Scaevola takkada va Tournefortia argentea on the beach edge.
• Ernandiya forest, dominated at the canopy level by H. sonora: The most representative areas of this forest type are on the eastern, undeveloped part of the atoll. Calophyllum inophyllum va C. nucifera are often present. Understory species in this forest are often Morinda tsitrifoliya, Cocos seedlings, and Asplenium nidus (bird's nest fern), and occasionally, N. oppositifolium va G. speciosa.
• Premna shrubland, occurring generally between marshy areas and forested areas: The most conspicuous vegetation is primarily P. obtusifolia, bilan Casuarina equisetifolia va Scaevola takkada on the margins. The dense groundcover consists of species such as Fimbristylis cymosa, Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory) and Triumfetta procumbens. Premna shrubland appears mostly adjacent to the developed areas of the atoll, particularly in the well fields.
• Littoral scrub lines almost the entire seashore and lagoon shore of the island. Bu ustunlik qiladi S. taccada, but it also contains scattered coconut trees, G. speciosa va Pisonia grandis. On the seaward side, it also contains Tournefortia argentea va Suriana maritima. On the lagoon side, it may also contain Lepturus repenslari, Triumfetta procumbens va Cyperus ligularis. Large pockets of Barringtonia asiatica are also on the eastern edge of the lagoon.
• Maintained areas of grasses and sedges routinely mowed: Aerial photographs of the island clearly display large areas of grasslands and park-like savanna upon which the United States military has constructed large outdoor facilities such as antenna fields and the airport.^[117]
• Mixed native forest, with no dominant canopy species
• Marshes are divided into three different types: cattail (Typha domingensis ), wetland, and mixed species. Cattail marshes contained almost entirely cattails. These areas are often man-made reservoirs or drainages that have been almost entirely monotypic. Wetlands were based upon vegetation that occurred in the area with fresh water. Mixed-species marshes were highly variable and usually had no standing water.

Yovvoyi tabiat

Hindiston yong'og'i qisqichbaqalari are protected on Diego Garcia.

All the terrestrial and aquatic fauna of Diego Garcia are protected, with the exception of certain game fish, rats, and cats; hefty fines are levied against violators.^[118]

Qisqichbaqasimonlar

The island is a haven for several types of qisqichbaqasimon; "warrior crabs" (Kardisoma karnifi ) overrun the jungle at night. The extremely large 4-kilogram (8.8 lb) kokos yong'og'i or robber crab (Birgus latro) is found here in large numbers. Because of the protections provided the species on this atoll, and the isolation of the east rim of the atoll, the species is recorded in greater densities there than anywhere else in its range (339 crabs/ha).^[119]

Sutemizuvchilar

Yo'q sutemizuvchi species are native on Diego Garcia, with no record of ko'rshapalaklar.^[120] Other than rats (Rattus rattus ), all "wild" mammal species are feral descendants of domesticated species. During the plantation era, Diego Garcia was home to large herds of Sicilian donkeys (Equus asinus ), dozens of horses (Equus caballus ), hundreds of dogs (Kanis tanish ), and house cats (Felis mushuki ). In 1971, the BIOT Commissioner ordered the extermination of feral dogs following the departure of the last plantation workers, and the program continued through 1975, when the last feral dog was observed and shot.^[121] Donkeys, which numbered over 400 in 1972, were down to just 20 individuals in 2005.^[122] The last horse was observed in 1995,^[122] and by 2005, just two cats were thought to have survived an island-wide eradication program.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Native birds

Several pairs of qizil dumli tropikbird nest near the cantonment area.

The total bird list for the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia, consists of 91 species, with large breeding populations of 16 species. Although no birds are endemic, internationally important seabird colonies exist. Diego Garcia's seabird community includes thriving populations of species which are rapidly declining in other parts of the Indian Ocean. Large nesting colonies of brown noddies (Anous stolidous ), bridled terns (Sterna anaethetus ), the lesser noddy (Anous tenuirostris ), red-footed booby (Sula sula ) and lesser frigate birds (Fregata ariel ), exist on Diego Garcia.

Other nesting native birds include red-tailed tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda ), wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus ), Audubon's shearwater (Puffinus iherminierii ), black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana ), white (or fairy) terns (Gygis alba ), striated herons (Butorides striatus ), and white-breasted waterhens (Amaurornis phoenicurus ).^[123] The 680-hectare Barton Point Nature Reserve sifatida aniqlandi Qushlarning muhim maydoni for its large breeding colony of red-footed boobies.^[124]

Introduced birds

The island hosts introduced bird species from many regions, including cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis ), Indian barred ground dove, also called the zebra dove (Geopelia striata ), turtle dove (Nesoenas picturata ), Indian mynah (Acridotheres tristis ), Madagascar fody (Foudia madagascariensis ), and chickens (Gallus gallus ).^[125]

Terrestrial reptiles and freshwater amphibians

Currently, three lizards and one toad are known to inhabit Diego Garcia, and possibly one snake. All are believed to have been introduced by human activity. The house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus ), the mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris ), the garden lizard (an agamid) (Turli xil kalotalar ), and the cane toad (Bufo marinus ).^[126] A viable population of a type of blind snake from the family Typhlopidae may be present, probably the brahminy blind snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus ). This snake feeds on the larvae, eggs, and pupae of chumolilar va termitlar, and is about the size of a large earthworm.

Dengiz toshbaqalari

Diego Garcia provides suitable foraging and nesting habitat for both the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata ) and the green turtle (Chelonia mydas ). Juvenile hawksbills are quite common in the lagoon and at Barachois Sylvane (also known as Turtle Cove) in the southern part of the lagoon. Adult hawksbills and greens are common in the surrounding seas and nest regularly on the ocean-side beaches of the atoll. Hawksbills have been observed nesting during June and July, and from November to March. Greens have been observed nesting in every month; the average female lays three clutches per season, each having an average clutch size of 113 eggs. Diurnal nesting is common in both species. An estimated 300–700 hawksbills and 400–800 greens nest in the Chagos.^[127]

Yo'qolib borayotgan turlari

Four reptiles and six cetaceans are endangered and may or may not be found on or around Diego Garcia:^[128]Hawksbill toshbaqasi (Eretmocheyls imbricata ) – known; leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea ) – possible; green turtle (Chelonia mydas ) – known; olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys oliveacea ) – possible; sperm whale (Fizeter makrosefali ) – possible; sei whale (Balaeonoptera borealis ) – possible;finback whale (Balaeonoptera physalus ) – possible; Brydning kiti (Balaeonoptera edeni ) – possible; blue whale (Balaeonoptera musculus ) – possible; humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae ) – possible; southern right whale (Eubalaena australis ) – possible.^[129]

United Kingdom military activities

British Forces British Indian Ocean Territories (BFBIOT) is the official name for the Britaniya qurolli kuchlari deployment at the Permanent Joint Operating Base (PJOB) on Diego Garcia, in the British Indian Ocean Territory.^[130] While the naval and airbase facilities on Diego Garcia are leased to the United States, in practice, it operates as a joint UK-US base, with the UK retaining full and continual access.^[131] Diego Garcia is strategically located, offering access to East Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. The base serves as a staging area for the buildup or resupply of military forces prior to an operation. There are approximately 40–50 British military personnel posted on Diego Garcia, most of them from Naval Party 1002 (NP1002). NP1002 forms the island's civil administration.^[132]

United States military activities

A map of military installations on Diego Garcia in 2002

Davomida Sovuq urush era, following the British withdrawal from East of Suez, the United States was keen to establish a military base in the Indian Ocean to counter Soviet influence and establish American dominance in the region and protect its sea-lanes for oil transportation from the Middle East. The United States saw the atoll as the "Malta of the Indian Ocean" equidistant from all points.^[133] The value has been proven many times, with the island providing an "botib bo'lmaydigan samolyot tashuvchisi " for the United States during the Eron inqilobi, Iroqning Quvaytga bosqini, "Desert Fox" operatsiyasi, Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi va Iroq ozodligi operatsiyasi. In the contemporary era, the atoll continues to play a key role in America's approach to the Indian Ocean as a flexible forward military hub that can facilitate a range of offensive activities.^[134][135]

The United States military facilities on Diego Garcia have been known informally as Lager adliya^{[136][137][138]} and, after renaming in July 2006, as Kamp Thunder Cove.^[139] Formally, the base is known as Dengizni qo'llab-quvvatlash vositasi Diego Garsiya (the US activity) or Permanent Joint Operating Base (PJOB) Diego Garcia (the UK's term).^[140]

United States military activities in Diego Garcia have caused friction between India and the United States in the past.^[141] Political party CPI(m) in India has^[142] repeatedly called for the military base to be dismantled, as they saw the United States naval presence in Diego Garcia as a hindrance to peace in the Indian Ocean.^[142] In recent years, relations between India and the United States have improved dramatically. Diego Garcia was the site of several naval exercises between the United States and Hind navies held between 2001 and 2004.^[143][144]

Dengizni qo'llab-quvvatlash vositasi Diego Garsiya

B-1B Lancer bombers on Diego Garcia in November 2001 during the Afg'oniston bombardimon kampaniyasi

B-2 bombardimonchi take off, B-52 bombardimonchilari on tarmac on Diego Garcia

Dengizni qo'llab-quvvatlash vositasi Diego Garsiya provides Base Operating Services to tenant commands located on the island. The command's mission is "To provide logistic support to operational forces forward deployed to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf AORs in support of national policy objectives."^[145]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari units based on Diego Garcia

• 36 MSG, Pacific Air Force
• Det 1, 730th Air Mobility Squadron, Havo harakatlanish qo'mondonligi
• Det 1, 21-kosmik operatsiyalar guruhi, an Havo kuchlarining yo'ldoshlarini boshqarish tarmog'i Remote Tracking Station, Kosmik operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi
• Det 2, a GEODSS qulaylik, Kosmik operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi

United States pre-positioned vessels

Camp Justice on Diego Garcia

The atoll shelters the ships of the United States Marine Pre-positioning Squadron Two. These ships carry equipment and supplies to support a major armed force with tanks, armoured personnel carriers, munitions, fuel, spare parts and even a mobile field hospital. This equipment was used during the Fors ko'rfazi urushi, when the squadron transported equipment to Saudiya Arabistoni.

The ship composition of MPSRON TWO is dynamic. During August 2010 it was composed of the following:

• MV Kapitan Stiven L. Bennet
• USNS SGT William R. Button (T-AK-3012),^[146]
• MV SSG Edward A. Carter, Jr. (T-AK-4544),^[147]
• MV Mayor Bernard F. Fisher
• USNS Lawrence H. Gianella
• USNS SGT Matej Kocak (T-AK-3005),^[148]
• USNS 1st LT Baldomero Lopez (T-AK-3010),^[149]
• MV LTC John U. D. Page^[150]
• USNS GYSGT Fred W. Stockham

Five of these vessels carry supplies for the AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari sufficient to support a Dengiz havosidagi maxsus guruh for 30 days: USNS Tugma, USNS Kocak, USNS Lopez, USNS Stokxemva USNS Fisher.

Prior to 2001, COMPSRON 2 consisted of up to 20 ships, including four Combat Force Ships which provided rapid-response delivery of equipment to ground troops in the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi. Uchtasi kemalarda engilroq (LASH) which carry barges called zajigalka that contain Army ammunition to be ferried ashore: MV Amerika kormoranti, SS Yashil Makon, (LASH), SS Yashil vodiy, (LASH), MV Jeb Styuart, (LASH). There were logistics vessels to service the rapid delivery requirements of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari va Mudofaa logistika agentligi. Bularga kiritilgan konteyner kemalari for Air Force munitions, missiles and spare parts; a 500-bed shifoxona kemasi va floating storage and offloading units tayinlangan Harbiy Sealift qo'mondonligi supporting the Defense Logistics Agency, and an offshore petroleum discharge system (OPDS) tanker. Examples of ships are MV Buffalo Soldier, MV Yashil tizma, pre-position tanker USNS Genri J. Kayzer, and tanker USNS Potomac (T-AO-181).

HF global station

The United States Air Force operates a High Frequency Global Communications System transceiver site located on the south end of the atoll near the GEODSS station. The transceiver is operated remotely from Endryus aviabazasi va Grand Forks havo kuchlari bazasi and is locally maintained by NCTS FE personnel.^[151][152]

Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Far East Detachment Diego Garcia

Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Far East Detachment Diego Garcia operates a detachment in Diego Garcia. This detachment provides base telephone communications, base network services (Local Network Services Center), pier connectivity services, and an AN/GSC-39C SHF satellite terminal, operates the Hydroacoustic Data Acquisition System, and performs on-site maintenance for the remotely operated Air Force HF-GCS Terminal.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Naval Security Group Detachment Diego Garcia

Dengiz xavfsizligi guruhi detachment Diego Garcia was disestablished on 30 September 2005.^[153] Remaining essential operations were transferred to a contractor. The large AN/AX-16 High Frequency Radio yo'nalishini aniqlash Circularly Disposed Antenna Array has been demolished, but the four satellite antenna radomalar around the site remain as of 2010^[yangilash].^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

ETOPS emergency landing site

Diego Garcia may be identified as an ETOPS (Extended Range Twin Engine Operations) emergency landing site (en route alternate) for flight planning purposes of commercial airliners. This allows twin-engine commercial aircraft (such as the Airbus A330, Boeing 767 yoki Boeing 777 ) to make theoretical nonstop flights between city pairs such as Pert va Dubay (9,013.61 km or 5,600.80 mi), Gonkong va Yoxannesburg (10,658 km or 6,623 mi) or Singapur va San-Paulu (15,985.41 km or 9,932.87 mi), all while maintaining a suitable diversion airport within 180 minutes' flying time with one engine inoperable.^[154]

Space Shuttle

The island was one of 33 favqulodda qo'nish sites worldwide uchun NASA Space Shuttle.^[155] None of these facilities was ever used throughout the life of the shuttle program, but were used during the Apollo Program.

Cargo service

2004 yildan 2009 yilgacha, MV Baffin bo'g'ozi transited between Singapur and Diego Garcia once a month.

All consumable food and equipment are brought to Diego Garcia by sea or air, and all non-biodegradable waste is shipped off the island as well. From 1971 to 1973, United States Navy LSTs provided this service. Beginning in 1973, civilian ships were contracted to provide these services. From 2004 to 2009, the US-flagged konteyner kemasi MV Baffin bo'g'ozi, often referred to as the "DGAR shuttle," delivered 250 containers every month from Singapur to Diego Garcia.^[156] The ship delivered "more than 200,000 tons of cargo to the island each year."^[156] On the return trip to Singapore, it carried recyclable metals.^[157]

2004 yilda, TransAtlantik chiziqlar haddan tashqari Sealift Incorporated for the transport contract between Singapore and Diego Garcia.^[158] The route had previously been serviced by Sealift Inc.'s MV Sagamore, manned by members of Amerika dengiz xizmatlari va Dengizchilar xalqaro uyushmasi.^[158] TransAtlantic Lines reportedly won the contract by approximately 10 percent, representing a price difference of about US$2.7 million.^[158] The Baffin Straits charter ran from 10 January 2005, to 30 September 2008, at a daily rate of US$12,550.

Shuningdek qarang

• Jeyms Xorsburg
• Britaniya armiyasi inshootlari ro'yxati
• Robert Moresbi
• Bir millatni o'g'irlash

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

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• Xutson, A. M. (1975). Diego Garsiya, Chagos arxipelagi qushlari va boshqa umurtqali hayvonlar haqida yozuvlar bilan kuzatuvlar (PDF). Atoll tadqiqot byulleteni. 175. Vashington Kolumbiyasi: Smitson instituti.
• Ladvig III, Valter S, Endryu S. Erikson va Jastin D. Mikolay, "Diego Garsiya va Hind okeanidagi Amerika xavfsizligi" Karnes Lord va Endryu Eriksonda AQSh kuchlarini muvozanatlashtirish: Osiyo Tinch okeanida asos va oldinga mavjudlik Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2014, 131-180 betlar.
• Ladvig III, Valter S, "Hind okeaniga oid neo-nikson doktrinasi: davlatlarga o'zlariga yordam berish" (PDF). Strategik tahlil. 2012 yil may.
• Urish, Daniel V., Marjon, kopra va beton: Diego Garsiya Atollining tasvirlangan xotirasi (2015).
• AQSh dengiz kuchlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash vositasi Diego Garsiya "Tabiiy resurslarni boshqarish bo'yicha kompleks reja", 2005 yil sentyabr.
• Vinchester, Simon, Chet el postlari: Britaniya imperiyasining omon qolgan yodgorliklariga sayohatlar (2004).
• Pilger, Jon, "Ozodlik keyingi safar (2007).

Tashqi havolalar

• Chagos orollari mahalliy aholini qo'llab-quvvatlash Internet-sayti
• BBC News surgunlari imtiyozlar ustidan shikoyatni yo'qotadi 02/11/07
• Chagos Conservation Trust
• Chagos atrof-muhit tarmog'i
• CIA World Factbook: Britaniyaning Hind okeanidagi hududi
• Qora va sharmandali sayt tomonidan Jonathan Freedland yilda Nyu-York kitoblarining sharhi
• Erikson, Endryu S., Valter C. Ladvig III va Jastin D. Mikolay,"Diego Garsiya va AQShning rivojlanayotgan Hind okeanidagi strategiyasi" Osiyo xavfsizligi, Vol. 6, № 3 (Kuz 2010), 214–237 betlar.
• Diego Garsiya "Kamp adliya", GlobalSecurity.org
• Diego Garsiya Onlayn: Diego Garsiya aholisi uchun ma'lumot.
• Orol 1960-yillarda Uilyam Russo tomonidan yozilgan Garsiya Diyegodagi voqealar mavzusida radioda efirga uzatilgan va efirga uzatilgan jaz operasi, so'zlari Adrian Mitchell Kleo Leyn va Denis Kvillilar tomonidan ijro etilgan Russo orkestri tomonidan ijro etilgan.
• Dengizni oldindan belgilab beradigan kema otryadining ikkinchi qismi, Diego Garsiya (rasmiy sayt)
• Dengizni qo'llab-quvvatlash vositasi, Diego Garsiya (rasmiy sayt)
• Ko'zdan quvilganidan qaytishmi? Chagosiyaliklar va ularning kurashi dan Xalqaro inson huquqlari bo'yicha shimoli-g'arbiy jurnal
• Diego Garsiya doimiy qo'shma operatsion bazasida Buyuk Britaniya MOD veb-sayti.
• Diego Garsiya Diego Garican History Timeline, 1770-2008, History Commons-ni e'lon qildi
• AQSh / Buyuk Britaniya BIOT mudofaa shartnomalari, 1966–1982, AQSh sudi arizasi
• Jeyms Rojers va Luis Simon. Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo davlatlarning harbiy ob'ektlarining holati va joylashuvi va ularning Evropa xavfsizlik va mudofaa siyosatidagi potentsial roli (ESDP). Bryussel: Evropa Parlamenti, 2009. 25 bet.