Ed Marki - Ed Markey - Wikipedia

Ed Marki
Edvard Marki, rasmiy portret, 114-Kongress.jpg
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori
dan Massachusets shtati
Taxminan ofis
2013 yil 16-iyul
Bilan xizmat qilish Elizabeth Uorren
OldingiMo Kovan
Kafedra Uyning Energiya mustaqilligi qo'mitasi
Ofisda
2007 yil 8 mart - 2011 yil 3 yanvar
OldingiLavozim belgilandi
MuvaffaqiyatliLavozim bekor qilindi
A'zosi
AQSh Vakillar palatasi
dan Massachusets shtati
Ofisda
1976 yil 2 noyabr - 2013 yil 15 iyul
OldingiTorbert Makdonald
MuvaffaqiyatliKetrin Klark
Saylov okrugi7-tuman (1976–2013)
5-tuman (2013)
A'zosi Massachusets Vakillar palatasi
dan 26-Midlseks tuman
Ofisda
1973 yil 3 yanvar - 1976 yil 2 noyabr
OldingiUilyam R. Kallaxan
MuvaffaqiyatliJohn C. McNeil
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Edvard Jon Marki

(1946-07-11) 1946 yil 11-iyul (74 yosh)
Malden, Massachusets shtati, BIZ.
Siyosiy partiyaDemokratik
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
(m. 1988)​
Ta'limBoston kolleji (BA, JD )
Imzo
Veb-saytSenat veb-sayti
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi
 • Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining muhri.svg Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasining rezervi
Xizmat qilgan yillari1968–1973
RankArmiya-AQSh-OR-04b.svg To'rtinchi sinf mutaxassisi

Edvard Jon Marki (1946 yil 11-iyulda tug'ilgan) - xizmat qilgan amerikalik siyosatchi kichik Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Massachusets shtati 2013 yildan beri. a'zosi Demokratik partiya, u edi AQSh vakili uchun Massachusets shtatining 7-kongress okrugi 1976 yildan 2013 yilgacha. Uy va Senat o'rtasida Marki xizmat qilgan Kongress qirq yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida. U shuningdek, a'zosi bo'lgan Massachusets Vakillar palatasi 1973 yildan 1976 yilgacha.

Markey a progressiv kim e'tiborini qaratdi Iqlim o'zgarishi va energetika siyosati va kafedrasi edi Energiya mustaqilligi va global isish bo'yicha uylarni tanlash bo'yicha qo'mita 2007 yildan 2011 yilgacha. Marki Senatning muallifi Yashil yangi bitim.[1]

2013 yilda, keyin Jon Kerri tayinlandi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi, Marki a Kerri Senatining muvozanatini ta'minlash uchun saylandi 2013 yilgi navbatdan tashqari saylov. Markey mag'lub bo'ldi Stiven Linch Demokratik birlamchi va Respublika Gabriel E. Gomes umumiy saylovlarda. Marki Senatda to'liq muddatga saylandi 2014. Markey asosiy qiyinchilikni mag'lub etdi Jozef Kennedi III va edi 2020 yilda qayta tanlangan. U dekan Massachusets shtatidagi Kongress delegatsiyasi.

Dastlabki hayot, ta'lim va martaba

Shuningdek qarang: 1973–1974 yillarda Massachusets qonun chiqaruvchi organi va 1975–1976 yillarda Massachusets qonun chiqaruvchi organi

Markey 1946 yil 11-iyulda tug'ilgan Malden, Massachusets, Kristina M. (o'g'li Kortni) va Jon E. Markey o'g'li. Markining onasi o'rta maktabning valediktori bo'lgan, ammo kollejga bora olmagan, chunki onasi vafot etgan va u oilasiga g'amxo'rlik qilishi kerak edi.[2][3][4] Oila edi Irland katolik, va Markey Immaculate Concepts School-da ta'lim olgan va Malden katolik o'rta maktabi.

1965 yil yozidan boshlab Markey haydovchi va sotuvchi edi muzqaymoq yuk mashinasi yilda Leksington, Massachusets. U mahalla bolalariga "Eddi muzqaymoq odami" nomi bilan tanilgan va undan tushgan mablag'ni ishlatgan Qalpoqcha Boston kollejida o'qish to'lash uchun yo'nalish. 1960 yillarning oxirlarida Markey muzqaymoq yuk mashinasi borligini e'lon qilish uchun qo'ng'iroq chalishi uchun Leksington politsiyasi tomonidan keltirilgan. Iqtibosdan ko'p o'tmay, Leksingtonning selektivlari farmonni o'zgartirdilar va unga qo'ng'iroq qilishiga ruxsat berildi.[5]

Markey bitirgan Boston kolleji 1968 yilda a San'at bakalavri va dan Boston kolleji yuridik fakulteti 1972 yilda a Yuris doktori.[6] Bitirgandan so'ng, u xususiy amaliyotda advokat bo'lib ishlagan.

Markey xizmat qilgan Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasining rezervi martabasiga erishgan holda 1968 yildan 1973 yilgacha To'rtinchi sinf mutaxassisi.[7] U kollejda kichik bo'lganida o'qishga kirgan va u o'qishni oladimi yoki yo'qligini bilishdan oldin yozilganligini aytgan Vetnam urushi qoralama xabarnoma.[7][a] Shuningdek, u urushga qarshi bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, induksion bildirishnomaga javob berib borgan bo'lardi Vetnam agar u zaxiradagi mavqeiga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, chaqirilgan bo'lsa.[7] Markining Janubiy Boston zaxira birligi kiritilgan Tomas P. O'Nil III, Stiv Grossman va Markining akalari Richard va Jon.[7][9]

Markey saylandi Massachusets Vakillar palatasi, qaerda u vakili 16-Midlseks tuman (Malden va Melrose ) va 26-Midlseks 1973 yildan 1976 yilgacha tuman.[10][11]

Markey fahriy yuridik doktori unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi Tufts universiteti 2019 yil may oyida.[12]

AQSh Vakillar palatasi

Saylovlar

Markey davomida 101-AQSh Kongressi (1989)

1976 yil 21 mayda amaldagi kongressmen Torbert Makdonald lavozimida vafot etdi.[13] Endigina shtat palatasida uchinchi muddatga saylangan Marki Demokratik partiyaning o'n ikki nomzodiga kirdi[14] uchun nima bo'lganligi uchun 7-tuman. Demokratik okrugda bo'lib o'tgan asosiy saylovda - Marki ko'pchilik ovoz bilan 22% ovoz bilan nominatsiyani qo'lga kiritdi.[15] 1976 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda u respublikachi Richard Deyli 77% -18% mag'lubiyatga uchratdi.[16] Ushbu saylov Makdonaldning 11-davri balansi uchun maxsus saylov va to'liq ikki yillik muddat uchun navbatdagi saylov sifatida ikki baravar oshdi va shu sababli Markey shu kuni kechqurun o'z lavozimiga kirishdi. Bu unga 1976 yilda birinchi marta saylangan boshqa vakillarga qaraganda katta martaba berdi.

Markeyga uch marta Demokratlar partiyasida boshlang'ich saylovlar o'tkazildi, birinchi bo'lib 1980 yilda 85% g'olib bo'lgan;[17] keyin 1984 yilda, u 54% yutganida;[18] va nihoyat 2002 yilda, u 85% ovoz to'plaganida.[19]

Markey shimoliy shahar atroflarining aksariyat qismini o'z ichiga olgan ushbu okrugdan yana 19 marta saylangan Boston. Uning eng past ovozi 1992 yilda uch tomonlama saylovlarda 62 foizni tashkil etgan. 1978, 1980, 1986, 1988, 1990, 2000, 2002 va 2006 yillarda qayta saylanish uchun sakkizta taklifida Marki respublikachilarning qarshiliklariga duch kelmagan.[20][21] Uning tumani 2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishdan so'ng 5-raqam bilan o'zgartirildi, unda Massachusets shtati bir okrugni yo'qotdi.

Egalik

Markey reytingning a'zosi sifatida Uy tabiiy resurslar qo'mitasi

Markey a'zosi edi Kongressning progressiv guruhi, va Milliy jurnal unga "Kompozit Liberal "89.2 ball.[22]

Atrof muhit va energiya

2007 yil dekabrda Marki AQShdan birinchi bo'lib foydalangan siyosatchi bo'ldi Ikkinchi hayot, bu orqali u delegatlarga murojaat qildi UNFCCC yilda Bali qismi sifatida OneClimate Virtual Bali voqeasi. Taxminlarga ko'ra karbonat angidrid u Baliga uchmasdan 5,5 tonnani tejab qoldi.[23] Markining bosimi sabab bo'ldi BP trubkadan yog 'chiqib ketishini ko'rsatadigan jonli suv osti videofilmini ta'minlash Deepwater Horizon neftining to'kilishi 2010 yilda.[24] Markey uzoq vaqtdan beri tanqid qilib kelgan Yadro nazorati bo'yicha komissiya (NRC) va taklif qilingan Westinghouse bo'yicha NRC qarorlarini tanqid qildi AP1000 reaktor dizayni va NRC ga javob Fukushima Daiichi yadroviy halokati.[25][26]

2011 yilda Markey tanqid qildi Respublikachilar va Choy partiyasi harakati, deyish bilan: "Rik Perri va bu boshqa bolalar ilmga alerjisi bor ... asosan choyshunoslar, asosan ilmga ishonmaydiganlar, Respublikachilar partiyasini nazorat qilmoqdalar. "[27] Javob sifatida Alyaska gubernatori Sara Peylin qanday qilib Amerika toza energiya va xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun (shuningdek, Waxman-Markey nomi bilan tanilgan, Markey va Genri Vaksman ) Alyaskaliklarga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin,[28] Markey Peynning harakatsizligini tanqid qilgan maqola yozdi Global isish va uning ekologik pozitsiyalari.[29]

Markey 2010 yilning avgustida kinoya bilan buni taklif qildi global isishni rad etuvchilar aysbergda o'z mamlakatlarini shakllantirish: "Manxetten kattaligidan to'rt baravar katta bo'lgan aysberg Grenlandiyani buzib tashladi va global isishni inkor etuvchilarga o'z mamlakatlarini boshlashlari uchun juda ko'p joylar yaratdi." Markey, o'sha paytda 2010 yil eng issiq yil bo'lganini va "olimlar Arktika muzlari iqlim to'g'risida aniq ogohlantirish beradigan ko'mir konidagi kanareyka ekanligiga qo'shilishadi" deb aytdi.[30][31] Markey respublikachilarning global isish haqidagi pozitsiyasini istehzo bilan tingladi: "Men jismonan ko'tarilmayman, chunki respublikachilar bizni xona atrofida suzib yurib, tortishish qonunini bekor qilishidan xavotirdaman".[32]

2011 yil yanvar oyida Vakillar respublikachilari Energiya mustaqilligi va global isish bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang, qaysi Nensi Pelosi 2006 yilda yaratilgan va Marki rahbarlik qilgan.[33]

Ichki muammolar

Markey Palataning 31 a'zosidan biri bo'lib, ovozlarni hisoblamaslikka ovoz berdi saylovchilarning ovozlari dan Ogayo shtati ichida 2004 yilgi prezident saylovi. Ogayo shtatining saylovchilar ovozi bo'lmagan taqdirda, saylovlar AQSh Vakillar palatasi tomonidan qaror qilingan bo'lar edi, har bir shtat bir ovozga muvofiq Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasiga o'n ikkinchi o'zgartirish.[34]

Markey muddatini o'zgartirish uchun qonunchilikni joriy qildi Yozgi vaqtni tejash[35] Internet orqali bolalar ustidan maxfiylik nazoratini kuchaytirish.[36]

Marki qonunchilikni joriy etish to'g'risidagi taklifi bilan ba'zi tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi[37] inson tanasiga ko'proq G-bosim o'tkazadigan yangi, tezroq sayr qilish ruhiy va jismoniy jihatdan xavfli ekanligiga ishonib, o'yin parklari rollerlari bilan shug'ullanadi, ammo bu da'volarni tasdiqlovchi aniq dalillar yo'qligiga qaramay,[38] va umuman roliklar xavfsizligini tasdiqlagan tadqiqotlarga zid.[39]

2009 yilda Markey homiylik qildi Internet erkinligini saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun ning tamoyillarini qabul qilish aniq betaraflik.[40] Tavsiya etilgan qonunchilik bir necha o'nlab homiylar va jamoat manfaatlari tashkilotlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi, ammo oxir-oqibat qonun qabul qilinmasdan oldin qo'mitada vafot etdi.[41]

Markey (R) bilan Xitoy temir yo'llari vaziri Lyu Tszijun (L) va AQSh palatasi spikeri Nensi Pelosi (C) 2009 yil may oyida. Ularning ortida a Hexie Hao poezdda Pekin-Tyantszin shaharlararo temir yo'l.

Milliy mudofaa

2003 yilda Markey tijorat yo'lovchi samolyotlariga joylashtirilgan havo yuklari xavfsizligi yo'qligiga e'tibor qaratdi va agar yo'lovchilar bagaji portlovchi qurilmalar uchun tekshirilgan bo'lsa, samolyotdagi yuklar ham bo'lishi kerak.[42] 2007 yilda u 100 foiz havo yuklarini skrining talabini qonunda imzolashga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[43] 11 sentyabr voqealari komissiyasining tavsiyalarini kodlashtirgan qonunda Markey yo'lovchilar samolyotidagi barcha yuklarni tekshirishni talab qiluvchi mandatni yozgan.[44]

Qo'mita topshiriqlari

AQSh Senati

2004 yilda Markey unga da'vogar hisoblangan Jon Kerri o'rindiq Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati agar Kerri saylanadigan bo'lsa Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti.[45] U shuningdek etakchi da'vogar hisoblangan 2010 yilgi navbatdan tashqari saylov kechni almashtirish Ted Kennedi, ammo 2009 yil 12 sentyabrda u nomzodini qo'ymaslik to'g'risidagi qarorini e'lon qildi va o'rtoq kongressmenni ma'qulladi Maykl Kapuano, kim Demokratik boshlang'ich mag'lubiyatga uchradi Marta Kukli.[46]

Saylovlar

2013 yilgi navbatdan tashqari saylov
Asosiy maqola: 2013 yil Massachusets shtatidagi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatining maxsus saylovi

2012 yil 27 dekabrda Marki birinchi bo'lib Kerrining o'rnini egallash uchun maxsus saylovlarda qatnashishini e'lon qildi. Barak Obama uni nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi.[47] Kerrini ham o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta siyosatchilar Senatni Kerrini tasdiqlashidan oldin ham Markini qo'llab-quvvatladilar.[48] 2013 yil 30 aprelda Marki boshqa kongressmenni mag'lubiyatga uchratib, demokratlar nominatsiyasida g'olib bo'ldi Stiven Linch birlamchi saylovda.[49] U respublikachi raqibini mag'lub etdi Gabriel E. Gomes 25 iyun kuni bo'lib o'tgan umumiy maxsus saylovlarda va Kerrining qolgan 17 oylik muddatini yakunladi.[50][51]

Marki 36 yildan ortiq staji bilan Senat tarkibiga saylangan eng uzoq umr ko'rgan a'zodir. Frederik H. Gillett, 1925 yilda yuqori palataga o'tishdan oldin 32 yil davomida uyda xizmat qilgan.[52][53] U 17-tuzatish qabul qilinganidan beri AQSh Senatining 170 dan ortiq erkak va ayol orasida g'olib bo'lgan 11-eng keksa nomzod.[54]

2014 yilgi saylov
Shuningdek qarang: Massachusets shtatidagi 2014 yilgi AQSh Senatiga saylov

Markey 2014 yilda to'liq olti yillik muddatga intildi. U respublikachini mag'lub etdi Xopkinton tanlovchi Brayan Xer 62 foiz ovoz bilan.

2020 yilgi saylov
Shuningdek qarang: 2020 yil Massachusets shtatidagi AQSh Senatiga saylov

In 2020 yilgi Demokratik partiyaning prezidentlik saylovlari Markey Massachusets shtatidagi senatorni ma'qulladi Elizabeth Uorren.[55] Uorren 2020 yil boshida iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, u tasdiqladi Jo Bayden.[56]

Bir necha Massachusets demokratlari 2020 yil 1 sentyabrdagi saylovlarda Markeyga asosiy muammolarni e'lon qilishdi,[57] lekin hamma lekin 4-tuman Vakil Djo Kennedi III tashlab, Kennedini yagona raqib sifatida qoldirdi.[58] 2019 yil 13 sentyabrda vakili Iskandariya Okasio-Kortez, Markey u bilan hamkorlik qilgan taklif qilingan Yashil yangi bitim, Markeyni ma'qulladi.[59][60]

Markey Kennedini 54% ovoz bilan mag'lubiyatga uchratdi, Boston va uning atrofidagi shahar atroflarida, shu jumladan Kennedining Nyutonida va G'arbiy Massachusets shtatidagi kollejlarda katta farq bilan. Ko'pchilik asosiy irqni Kennedi vakili bo'lgan Demokratik tuzilma va uning yangi va tobora o'sib borayotgan progressiv qanoti o'rtasida Markey mujassam etgan deb hisoblashdi.[61] Qaramay Demokratik Kongressning tashviqot qo'mitasi Demokratik birlamchi da'vogarlarga qarshi uzoq yillik muxolifat, uy spikeri Nensi Pelosi Kennedini qo'llab-quvvatladi, uning mablag 'yig'ish va saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borishi 2018 oraliq saylovlarida uyni Demokratik nazoratga qaytarish uchun ishongan.[62] Ayni paytda Markey Senat ozchiliklar etakchisini qo'llab-quvvatladi Chak Shumer, Senator Elizabeth Uorren, Ocasio-Cortez va yoshlar boshchiligida Quyosh chiqishi harakati 2017 yilda Green New Deal-ni echim sifatida targ'ib qilish uchun tashkil etilgan iqlim inqirozi.[62][63][64][65]

Marki umumiy saylovlarda respublikachi Kevin O'Konnordan ustun keldi.

Egalik

Senator Marki Buyuk Boston Mehnat Kengashining 2015 yilda Bostondagi har kuni bo'lib o'tgan Mehnat kuni nonushtaida qatnashmoqda.

Markey 2013 yil 15 iyulda o'z uyidagi lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi va 16 iyulda Senatda qasamyod qildi.[66] Garchi u Massachusets shtati delegatsiyasining dekani bo'lsa-da, u shtatning kichik senatoridir Elizabeth Uorren u olti oy oldin lavozimini egallagan.

Marki o'zining veb-saytida joylashtirgan ommaviy xatlarning "qor bo'roni" bilan tanilgan va o'zining maqbul masalalariga e'tiborni jalb qilish uchun matbuotga yuboradi.[67]

Qo'mita topshiriqlari

Siyosiy lavozimlar

Abort

Markining ta'kidlashicha, u abort haqidagi diniy e'tiqodlarini boshqalarga yuklamasligi kerak. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "ayolning reproduktiv salomatligi to'g'risida qarorlar ayol, uning oilasi, shifokori va e'tiqodi o'rtasida qoldirilishi kerak".[69]

Monopoliyaga qarshi kurash, raqobat va korporativ tartibga solish

2019 yil iyun oyida Marki boshchiligidagi oltita demokratlardan biri edi Emi Klobuchar Federal Savdo Komissiyasiga (FTC) va Adliya vazirligiga ularning ko'plari "FTC va Adliya vazirligini ushbu bozorlardagi raqobatbardosh potentsial faoliyatni tekshirishga chaqirdi, xususan chet elliklar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan muhim ijro harakatlaridan so'ng" shu kompaniyalarga qarshi raqobat tartibotlari "va har bir idoradan kompaniyalarning har biriga qarshi antitrestli tekshiruvlar ochilganligini tasdiqlashini va bunday tergov natijalarini jamoat oldida e'lon qilishga va'da berishini so'rash.[70]

Bolalarni parvarish qilish

2019 yilda Markey va boshqa 34 senator 770 mingta yangi bolalarni parvarishlash bo'yicha ish o'rinlari yaratilishini va davlatning o'rtacha daromadining 75 foizidan kamini tashkil etadigan oilalarni bolalarni parvarish qilish uchun to'lamasligini ta'minlaydigan "Ishlayotgan oilalarga bolalarni parvarish qilish to'g'risida" gi qonunni taqdim etdi. yuqori daromadli oilalar "farzandlarining sonidan qat'i nazar, g'amxo'rlik uchun o'zlarining adolatli ulushini" to'lashlari kerak. Qonunchilik, shuningdek, barcha 3 va 4 yoshli bolalar uchun yuqori sifatli maktabgacha ta'lim dasturlaridan universal foydalanishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va bolalarni parvarish qilish uchun kompensatsiya va ta'limni o'zgartiradi.[71]

Bolalar uchun dasturlash

2019 yilda Federal Aloqa Komissiyasi 1990 yildagi "Bolalar televideniesi to'g'risida" gi qonunga o'zgartirishlar kiritganidan so'ng, Markey va boshqa sakkiz nafar demokrat senator FCC raisiga xat imzoladilar Ajit Pay taklif qilingan o'zgartirishlar "bolalar uchun mavjud bo'lgan ta'lim mazmunini cheklashi va kam ta'minlangan va ozchiliklar jamoalarida yoshlarga alohida zararli ta'sir ko'rsatishi" dan xavotir bildirgan va yangi qoidalar haddan ziyod qimmatli ta'lim mazmuniga kirishni kamaytiradi deb ta'kidlagan. havo xizmatlari.[72]

Iqlim o'zgarishi

Senator Markey a Yashil yangi bitim 2019 yil fevral oyida Kapitoliy binosi oldida

2018 yil noyabr oyida Marki iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha hukumatlararo hay'at hisoboti va milliy iqlimni baholash natijalariga javoban rezolyutsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlagan 25 demokrat senatorlardan biri edi. Qarorda senatorlar xulosalarni qabul qilishlari va iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi dadil harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini tasdiqladilar.[73] 2019 yilda Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi atrof-muhitni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi nomzodlarni saylash uchun ishlaydigan Markeyni ma'qulladi.[74]

Markey Senatning muallifi Yashil yangi bitim.[75] 2019 yil fevral oyida Markey va Vakil Iskandariya Okasio-Kortez ularning 14 betlik xulosasini chiqardi Yashil yangi bitim iqlim o'zgarishini hal qilishni rejalashtirish. "Ni amalga oshirishni talab qiladiuglerodning ijtimoiy qiymati "bu Obama ma'muriyatining iqlim o'zgarishi va Qo'shma Shtatlarni 100% qayta tiklanadigan, emissiyasiz energiya manbalari, chiqindilarni chiqaradigan transport vositalari va tezyurar temir yo'l tizimlariga o'tish masalalarini hal qilish bo'yicha rejalarining bir qismi edi. Shuningdek, u yangi ish o'rinlari bilan ta'minlash va engillashtirmoqchi qashshoqlik.[76] Demokratlar "kaskadyor" deb atagan 26 mart kuni respublikachilar muhokamalarga va ekspertlarning ko'rsatmalariga yo'l qo'ymasdan muddatidan oldin ovoz berishga chaqirdilar. Markining aytishicha, respublikachilar "Green New Deal" munozarasini "masxara qilishga" harakat qilmoqda va ovoz berishni "yolg'on" deb atadi. Bunga norozilik sifatida demokratlar, jumladan Marki, "hozir" yoki qonun loyihasiga qarshi ovoz berishdi, natijada Senat binosida 57-0 mag'lubiyatga uchradi.[77][78]

2019 yil mart oyida Marki 2019 yil Iqlim xavfsizligi to'g'risidagi qonuni, Davlat departamenti tarkibida iqlim fanlari va ma'lumotlarni milliy xavfsizlik operatsiyalariga qo'shish strategiyasini ishlab chiqish hamda yangi lavozimni tiklash bo'yicha yangi guruh tuzish uchun homiylik qilgan 11 senatordan biri edi. Arktika bo'yicha maxsus vakili, Prezident Tramp 2017 yilda tarqatib yuborgan guruh. Elchi prezident va ma'muriyatga iqlimning milliy xavfsizlikka ta'sir qilishi to'g'risida maslahat beradi va federal ilm-fan va xavfsizlik idoralari o'rtasidagi barcha idoralararo aloqalarni osonlashtirish uchun javobgardir.[79]

Tabiiy ofatlarni bartaraf etish

2018 yilning aprelida Marki Demokratik senatorlardan biri bo'lib, FEMA ma'muriga xat imzoladi Brok Long bilan kelishuv tuzish uchun FEMA-ni chaqirish Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining uy-joy va shaharsozlik vazirligi "Mariya" to'foni oqibatida Puerto-Rikodan evakuatsiya qilinganlarning "Tabiiy ofatlarga uy-joy qurishda ko'maklashish dasturining o'rnini bosadigan va o'rta va uzoq muddatli uy-joy ehtiyojlarini hal qiladigan". Senatorlar "FEMA ushbu tirik qolganlarga yordam berish uchun o'z ixtiyoridagi vositalarni, shu jumladan DHAPni ishlatishdan bosh tortishi hayratlanarli va chuqur tashvishga solayotgani" ni ta'kidladilar va yuzlab bo'ronlardan tirik qolganlar, FEMA va HUD davom etmagan taqdirda uysiz qolishga moyil edilar. birgalikda ishlash.[80][81]

Giyohvandlik siyosati

2016 yil dekabr oyida Marki saylangan prezident Trampga "ushbu maqsadga erishish uchun chora-tadbirlarni ilgari surishga" tayyor ekanliklarini aytib, retseptsiz beriladigan dori-darmonlarning narxini pasaytirish bo'yicha kampaniyada va'dasini bajarishni iltimos qilgan maktubni imzolagan 17 senatordan biri edi. Trump haqida "jasur ma'muriy va qonunchilik harakatlari bilan retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarning yuqori narxini hal qilish uchun mazmunli choralar ko'rish uchun respublikachilar va demokratlar bilan hamkorlik qilish."[82]

2018 yilning dekabrida Marki maktub imzolagan 21 senatordan biri edi Oziq-ovqat va giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha komissar Skott Gotlib ning harakatlarini ma'qullashlarini bildirish Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish yoshlarning elektron sigaretlardan foydalanishiga to'sqinlik qilish va FDAni "yoshlar orasida elektron sigaretdan foydalanishning oldini olish va kamaytirish uchun qo'shimcha, kuchliroq choralar ko'rishga" chaqirish.[83]

Iqtisodiyot

2019 yil fevral oyida Marki sakkiz senatordan biri bo'lib, Federal aloqa komissiyasi va Adliya vazirligiga regulyatorlar o'rtasida 26 milliard dollarlik birlashishni taqiqlashni iltimos qilgan xatni imzoladi. T-Mobile va Sprint chunki amerikalik ijrochilar so'nggi 30 yil ichida "telekommunikatsiya bozorlaridagi kuchli raqobatni kuchaytirish har bir amerikalikni yuqori sifatli, zamonaviy aloqa vositalariga maqbul narxlarda foydalanishni ta'minlashning eng yaxshi usuli" ekanligini tushunib etishdi va birlashish qaytishga olib keladi. "qattiq konsolidatsiyalangan bozorlarning qora kunlariga va kamroq raqobatga, natijada barcha zararlar bilan."[84]

2019 yil mart oyida Markey senatorga maktubni imzolagan olti senatordan biri edi Federal savdo komissiyasi "iqtisodiyotimizni ishchilarga qarshi kurashda raqobatbardosh bo'lmagan qoidalar balosiga qarshi kurashish uchun boshqa vositalar bilan bir qatorda qonunni buzuvchi vakolatlaridan foydalanishni" iltimos qilish va to'liq bo'lmagan bandlar "ishchilarga muqobil ish topish qobiliyatini cheklash orqali zarar etkazishi, bu esa ishdan bo'shashga olib keladi" yaqin ish beruvchisi bilan yaxshi ish haqi yoki ish sharoitlari to'g'risida savdolashish uchun ozgina kaldıraçla. " Maktubda FTC iste'molchilarni ham, ishchilarni ham himoya qilish mas'uliyati borligi va "iqtisodiyotdagi raqobatdosh bo'lmaganlarning ko'payishidan kelib chiqqan jiddiy raqobatbardosh zararlar" bilan bog'liq muammolarini hal qilish uchun "qat'iyatli harakat qilishlari" kerakligi qo'shimcha qilingan.[85]

Tashqi siyosat

2017 yil oktyabr oyida Markey buni qoraladi genotsid ning Rohinja musulmoni ozchilik Myanma.[86]

2018 yilda Markey Xitoy hukumati va Kommunistik partiyaning siyosiy ta'siriga qarshi operatsiyalar to'g'risidagi qonunning homiysi bo'lgan. Marko Rubio va Ketrin Kortez Masto bu AQSh davlat kotibi va Milliy razvedka direktoriga (DNI) Xitoyning AQSh va asosiy ittifoqchilariga ta'sir o'tkazishga urinishlarini o'rganish maqsadida idoralararo ishchi guruh tuzish vakolatini beradi.[87]

2018 yil oktyabr oyida Marki xat imzolagan sakkiz senatordan biri edi Milliy razvedka direktori Dan Coats Amerika razvedka jamoatchiligi AQShda joylashgan tahdidlar to'g'risida nimalarni bilganligi to'g'risida maxfiy brifingni so'rash Saudiya Arabistoni jurnalist Jamol Xashogi senatorlar Kongress a'zolari sifatida "nazorat majburiyatini" bajarishlari uchun.[88] 2019 yil mart oyida Marki xat yozgan to'qqizta demokrat senatordan biri edi Saudiya Arabistonining Salmoni inson huquqlari bo'yicha advokat Valid Abu al-Xayr va yozuvchi Raif Badaviy, ayollar huquqlari faollari Lujayn al-Xatloul va Samar Badaviy va doktor Valid Fitayxning ozod qilinishini so'rab. Senatorlar "Nufuzli xalqaro tashkilotlar nafaqat tinchlikparvar faollar va muxolifatchilarni o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olishlarini uzoq vaqt davomida sudsiz hibsga olishlari haqida batafsil ma'lumot berishgan, balki ayollarni, diniy ozchiliklarni va mehnat muhojirlariga nisbatan yomon munosabatlarni muntazam ravishda kamsitishi ham yaxshi hujjatlashtirilgan" deb yozishgan.[89]

2018 yil noyabr oyida Marki senatorlar safiga qo'shildi Kris Kons, Elizabeth Uorren va Tramp ma'muriyatiga bu haqda tashvish tug'diradigan xat yuborishda ikki partiyali qonun chiqaruvchilar guruhi Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi noo'rin ta'sir ommaviy axborot vositalari va akademik muassasalar Qo'shma Shtatlarda. Ular shunday yozishgan: "Amerika yangiliklar nashrlarida Pekin KXP haqidagi salbiy ma'lumotni bostirish uchun moliyaviy aloqalardan foydalangan ... Pekin shuningdek, jamoat nutqini shakllantirish uchun Amerika akademik institutlari va talabalar guruhlari bilan aloqalardan foydalanishga intildi."[90]

Oldidan 2019 yil fevralida 2019 yil Shimoliy Koreya - AQShning Xanoy sammiti, Markining aytishicha, "bu juda aniq" Kim u Trump bilan shaxsiy uchrashuvini o'tkazishni istaydi, aslida u prezident Trampdan imtiyozlarni qo'lga kiritishi mumkin, agar bu shunchaki bizning diplomatlarimiz birma-bir "gaplashganda va AQSh xavf tug'dirishi mumkin bo'lsa, boshqacha qilib bo'lmaydi. Kimga AQSh va uning rejimidan evaziga oladigan real imtiyozlar bilan birga kelmaydigan imtiyozlar berilishi ". Markey Trampni evaziga majburiyatlarni qabul qilishdan oldin Kim Chen Indan yadrosizlantirish bo'yicha majburiyatlarni olishga chaqirdi.[91]

2019 yil aprel oyida Marki prezident Trampga "o'z ma'muriyatingiz a'zolarini tinglash va bizning milliy xavfsizligimizga zarar etkazadigan va Markaziy Amerika ichidagi sharoitni og'irlashtiradigan qarorni bekor qilishga" da'vat etgan maktubni imzolagan 34 senatordan biri bo'lgan. Prezident bo'lganidan beri "AQShning tashqi yordami to'g'risida nuqsonli tushunchani doimiy ravishda ifoda etdi" va u 2018 yilgi moliyaviy yil milliy xavfsizligini moliyalashtirishdan foydalanishni oldini olish orqali "AQShning milliy xavfsizligi va iqtisodiy farovonligini oshirish bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarni shaxsan buzayotganini" bildirdi. Senatorlarning ta'kidlashicha, Markaziy Amerika mamlakatlariga tashqi yordam ushbu mamlakatlarda sharoitlarni yaxshilashga yordam berish orqali AQShga kamroq migratsiya yaratgan.[92]

2020 yil oktyabr oyida Markey aybladi kurka, a NATO ittifoqchi, o'rtasida urush qo'zg'atish Armaniston va Ozarbayjon munozarali mintaqa ustidan Tog'li Qorabog ' va Tramp ma'muriyatini darhol to'xtatishga chaqirdi AQShning harbiy yordami Ozarbayjonga[93] orqali yuborilgan Pentagon Ning "qurilish sheriklariga yordam dasturi".[94][95] Tanqidchilarning fikriga ko'ra, yordamdan foydalanish mumkin Tog'li Qorabog 'mojarosi.[94][96] U davlat kotibiga yozilgan xatga birgalikda imzo chekdi Mayk Pompeo u erda: "Agar Turkiya mojaroda faol ishtirok etishdan qaytishni istamasa, u holda Davlat departamenti zudlik bilan Anqaraga harbiy texnika sotish va uzatishni to'xtatishi kerak".[93]

Iroq urushi

2002 yil 10-oktabrda Markey ovoz beruvchilarga ovoz berdi Iroqning 2002 yildagi qaroriga qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatishga ruxsat, foydalanish huquqini beruvchi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qurolli kuchlari qarshi Saddam Xuseyn nima bo'lganida hukumat Iroq ozodligi operatsiyasi.[97] 2020 yil mart oyidan boshlab Markey avtorizatsiya uchun ovoz berish "xato" bo'lganligini va "Jorj Bush yolg'on gapirgani, Donald Ramsfeld yolg'on gapirgani, Dik Cheyni Amerika xalqiga Iroqda yadro quroli borligi to'g'risida yolg'on gapirgani uchun qilgani" ni aytdi. Men Amerika xalqining bu yolg'onidan hali ham g'azabdaman. "[98]

Hukumatning yopilishi

2019 yil mart oyida Marki va boshqa 38 senator mablag 'ajratish bo'yicha Qo'mitaga xat imzoladilar, pudratchilar va ularning oilalarini ko'paytirish orqali "hukumat yopilishi uchun ular hech qanday sabab bo'lmaganligi uchun jazolanmasligi kerak" degan qarorni imzoladilar va ikkala palatada ham qonun loyihalari borligini ta'kidladilar. Kongress, agar qabul qilingan bo'lsa, pudratchi ishchilarga yo'qolgan ish haqining o'rnini qoplash uchun to'lovlarni qaytarib beradi. Maktubda mablag 'ajratish bo'yicha Qo'mita "pudratchi xodimlar uchun ish haqini qaytarib berishni 2019 yil uchun yoki 2020 yil uchun odatiy ajratmalar jarayonining bir qismi sifatida qo'shimcha ajratmalar to'g'risidagi hisobotga qo'shishga" undaydi.[99]

Qurol to'g'risidagi qonun

Markey qo'llab-quvvatlaydi qurolni boshqarish jumladan, tekshiruvlarni takomillashtirish, qurol noqonuniy aylanishiga chek qo'yish va qurol sotib olishdagi bo'shliqlarni yopish.[100]2015 yilda u jihozlashga qaratilgan "aqlli qurol" qonun loyihasini taklif qildi qurol ularni faqat xaridor foydalanishi mumkin bo'lgan texnologiyalar bilan.[101]

2016 yil yanvar oyida Marki 18 senatorga maktub imzolashga rahbarlik qildi Thad Cochran va Barbara Mikulski Mehnat, sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim bo'yicha kichik qo'mitadan Kasalliklarni Nazorat qilish va Oldini Olish Markazi (CDC) tomonidan qurol zo'ravonligini o'rganishni moliyalashtirishga ruxsat berish yoki yo'qligi to'g'risida tinglov o'tkazilishini so'rab, "ba'zi odamlar buni oldini oladi deb talqin qilgan yillik to'lovlar chavandozi" soliq to'lovchilar bilan. . Senatorlar "qurol bilan zo'ravonlik bo'yicha tadqiqotlarni moliyalashtirish bo'yicha choralarni ko'rishni qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini ta'kidladilar, chunki faqat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati qurolni zo'ravonlik sabablarini tushunish va oldini olish bo'yicha eng samarali strategiyalarni aniqlash uchun sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha integral kun tartibini tuzishga qodir. . "[102]

Keyin Orlando tungi klubida otishma, Markey ko'proq qurol-yarog 'qoidalarini talab qildi va Faynshteyn tuzatilishini qo'llab-quvvatladi, bu terrorchilikda gumon qilinayotganlarning qurol sotib olishini noqonuniy holga keltirgan bo'lar edi. U ham qo'llab-quvvatlaydi universal fon tekshiruvlari.[103]

Ga javoban 2017 yil Las-Vegasdagi otishma, Markey: "Ushbu Kongress NRA ning Amerika siyosatida" endi ahamiyatsiz "degan ma'noni anglatishiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun javobgardir va biz ushbu bahsni hozir boshlashimiz kerak" dedi.[104] U taqiqlash taklifini hammualliflik qildi qimmatli qog'ozlar, qaysi qiladi yarim avtomatik qurol kabi harakat qilish avtomatik qurol.[105]

2017 yil noyabr oyida Marki "Harbiy maishiy zo'ravonlik to'g'risida hisobotni kuchaytirish to'g'risida" gi qonunning homiysi bo'lib, "Harbiy odil sudlovning yagona kodeksi" (UCMJ) bo'yicha oilaviy zo'ravonlik ayblovini yaratish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi va sudlanganlarni federal ma'lumotlar bazalariga xabar berib, suiiste'mol qiluvchilardan saqlanishlari kerak. uch kun ichida qurolni UCMJdagi bo'shliqni yopish uchun sotib olish, shu bilan sudlanganlar qurolni sotib olish imkoniyatini saqlab qolishadi.[106]

2019 yil yanvar oyida Marki barcha senatorlarni, shu jumladan litsenziyasiz sotuvchilarni sotish yoki topshirish uchun fon tekshiruvlarini talab qiladigan qonun loyihasini taqdim etgan 40 ta senatordan biri bo'ldi. Qonun loyihasini tekshirish uchun talablardan istisnolarga huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari a'zolari o'rtasida pul o'tkazmalari, ovni yoki sport tadbirlarini o'tkazish uchun vaqtincha qarz berish, yaqin oila a'zolariga qurol berish, qurol meros sifatida topshirilishi yoki o'qotar qurol berilishi kiradi. darhol o'zini himoya qilish uchun boshqa shaxsga vaqtincha.[107]

Sog'liqni saqlash

Markey a yaratilishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi yagona to'lovli federal sog'liqni saqlash dasturi.[108] 2017 yil sentyabr oyida u tomonidan taqdim etilgan 2017 yil uchun "Medicare for All Act" ga homiylik qilgan 16 senatordan biri edi Berni Sanders, kengaytirish orqali federal tibbiy sug'urta dasturini yaratishni taklif qiladi Medicare Qo'shma Shtatlarning barcha aholisini qamrab olish.[109]

2019 yil iyun oyida Markey 2019 yilgi "Federal Healthaid Equity Act" ning yillik homiysi bo'lgan sakkiz senatordan biri bo'lib, yillik tibbiy tibbiy yordamni cheklash va hududlarning Medicaid xarajatlari uchun federal taqqoslash stavkasini oshirishga imkon beradigan qonunchilik, shuningdek retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarni qamrab olish uchun ko'proq mablag 'ajratdi. Amerikaning Puerto-Riko, Virjiniya orollari, Guam, Amerika Samoasi va Shimoliy Mariana orollarini AQSh shtatlari bilan moliyalashtirishni tenglashtirish maqsadida kam ta'minlangan qariyalarga.[110]

Uy-joy

2019 yil aprel oyida Marki 41 senatordan biri bo'lib, uy-joy quyi qo'mitasiga ikki tomonlama maktubni maqtagan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining uy-joy va shaharsozlik vazirligi 4-bo'limning salohiyatni oshirish dasturi "HUDni butun mamlakat bo'ylab mahalliy hamjamiyatni rivojlantirish korporatsiyalariga (CDC) ta'lim berish, o'qitish va moliyaviy ko'mak berish uchun milliy notijorat jamoatchilikni rivojlantirish tashkilotlari bilan hamkorlik qilish huquqini beruvchi" va Prezident Trampning byudjeti rejalashtirilganligidan umidsizlikni bildirgan ". o'nlab yillar davomida muvaffaqiyatli iqtisodiy va jamiyat rivojlanishidan so'ng yo'q qilish uchun ushbu dastur. " Senatorlar, quyi qo'mita 2020-moliya yilida 4-bo'limni doimiy ravishda moliyalashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlashiga umid qilishlarini yozdilar.[111]

Immigratsiya

2019 yil iyul oyida Tramp ma'muriyati turmush o'rtoqlarini, ota-onalarini va faol harbiy xizmatchilarining farzandlarini deportatsiyadan himoya qilishni to'xtatish niyatida ekanligi haqidagi xabarlardan so'ng, Marki boshchiligidagi 22 senatordan biri edi Tammi Dakuort ushbu himoya harbiy xizmatchilarga "chet elda Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun kurashish imkoniyatini bergani va ular yo'qligida turmush o'rtog'i, farzandlari yoki ota-onalari deportatsiya qilinishidan xavotirlanmasliklari" va uning bekor qilinishi harbiy xizmatchilarning shaxsiy hayotiga olib kelishi mumkinligi to'g'risida xatga imzo chekish. qiyinchilik va ularning jangovar ishlashiga salbiy ta'sir qiladi.[112]

Shuningdek, 2019 yil iyul oyida Marki va Senatning boshqa 15 demokratlari himoyalangan sezgir joylarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni joriy qildilar, bu maxsus holatlar bundan mustasno, ICE agentlari sezgir joylarda ijro etish harakatlariga borishdan oldin nazoratchidan tasdiq olishlari va agentliklar har yili o'qitilishini talab qiladi. har yili ushbu joylarda amalga oshirilgan harakatlar to'g'risida hisobot berishdan tashqari.[113]

Internet

Internet xavfsizligi

On October 27, 2006, Markey called for the arrest of security researcher Christopher Soghoian for creating a website to generate fake boarding passes.[114] At 2AM on October 28, 2006, FBI agents raided Soghoian's home to seize computers and other materials.[115]

On October 29, 2006, Markey issued a statement revising his previous comments, stating that the Department of Homeland Security should instead "put him to work showing public officials how easily our security can be compromised". The statement was critical of Soghoian's disclosure method—deeming it "ill-considered"—but also said that "he should not go to jail for his bad judgment".[116]

Net neutrality

Markey speaks at a rally on Net Neutrality in 2017

In May 2014, days before the FCC was scheduled to rewrite its net neutrality rules, Markey was one of 11 senators to sign a letter to FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler arguing that Wheeler's proposal would destroy net neutrality and urging the FCC to "consider reclassifying Internet providers to make them more like traditional phone companies, over which the agency has clear authority to regulate more broadly."[117]

In September 2017, Markey was one of nine senators to sign a letter to Federal aloqa komissiyasi Rais Ajit Pai accusing the FCC of failing "to provide stakeholders with an opportunity to comment on the tens of thousands of filed complaints that directly shed light on proposed changes to existing net neutrality protections."[118]

In March 2018, Markey was one of ten senators to sign a letter spearheaded by Jeff Merkley lambasting Pai's proposal to cut the Lifeline program during a period when roughly 6.5 million people in poor communities relied on it for access to high-speed internet, writing that it was Pai's "obligation to the American public, as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, to improve the Lifeline program and ensure that more Americans can afford access, and have means of access, to broadband and phone service." The senators also wrote, "Lifeline reaches more Americans in need of access to communication services."[119]

Internet privacy

In February 2019, Markey, Richard Blumenthal va Josh Hawley sent Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg a letter about Project Atlas and its relevance to "longstanding concerns that Facebook has used its products to deeply intrude into personal privacy."[120]

Mehnat

In May 2018, Markey led 11 senators in signing a letter to Chairman of the Federal Labor Relations Authority Colleen Kiko urging the FLRA to end efforts to close its Boston regional office until Congress debated the matter because the closure would place staff farther away from the federal employees whose rights they protect.[121]

LGBT huquqlari

In 1996, Markey voted against the Defense of Marriage Act.[122]

In May 2017, Markey was one of 46 senators to introduce the Equality Act of 2017, described by Representative David Cicilline as ensuring "that every LGBT person can live their lives free from the fear of discrimination. Above all, it's about honoring the values that have guided our nation since its founding. It's critical that Congress pass the Equality Act into law."[123]

In October 2018, Markey was one of 20 senators to sign a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to reverse the rolling back of a policy that granted visas to same-sex partners of LGBTQ diplomats who had unions that were not recognized by their home countries, writing that too many places around the world have seen LGBTQ individuals "subjected to discrimination and unspeakable violence, and receive little or no protection from the law or local authorities" and that refusing to let LGBTQ diplomats bring their partners to the US would be equivalent of upholding "the discriminatory policies of many countries around the world."[124]

In June 2019, Markey was one of 18 senators to sign a letter to Pompeo requesting an explanation of a State Department decision not to issue an official statement that year commemorating Pride Month nor to issue the annual cable outlining activities for embassies commemorating Pride Month. They also asked why the LGBTI special envoy position remained vacant and asserted that "preventing the official flying of rainbow flags and limiting public messages celebrating Pride Month signals to the international community that the United States is abandoning the advancement of LGBTI rights as a foreign policy priority."[125]

Harbiy

In August 2013, Markey was one of 23 Democratic senators to sign a letter to the Defense Department warning that some payday lenders were "offering predatory loan products to service members at exorbitant triple digit effective interest rates and loan products that do not include the additional protections envisioned by the law" and asserting that service members and their families "deserve the strongest possible protections and swift action to ensure that all forms of credit offered to members of our armed forces are safe and sound."[126]

Nuclear waste

In July 2019, Markey was an original cosponsor of the Sensible, Timely Relief for America's Nuclear Districts’ Economic Development (STRANDED) Act, a bipartisan bill introduced by Susan Collins va Tammy Duckworth that would give local government entities economic impact grants to offset the economic impact of stranded nuclear waste, form a task force to identify existing funding that could be used to benefit communities, and form a competitive innovative solutions prize competition to aid those communities in their search for alternatives to "nuclear facilities, generating sites, and waste sites."[127]

Opioids

In February 2017, Markey and 30 other senators signed a letter to Kaléo Pharmaceuticals in response to an increase of the opioid-overdose -reversing device Evzio's price from $690 in 2014 to $4,500. They requested the detailed price structure for Evzio, the number of devices Kaléo Pharmaceuticals set aside for donation, and the totality of federal reimbursements Evzio received in the previous year.[128]

In March 2017, Markey led 21 senators who signed a letter to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell that said that 12% of adult Medicaid beneficiaries had some form or a substance abuse disorder, that one-third of treatment for opioid and other substance use disorders in the United States is financed by Medicaid, and that the American Health Care Act could "very literally translate into a death spiral for those with opioid use disorders" due to inadequate funding, often resulting in individuals abandoning substance use disorder treatment.[129]

Pipelines

In October 2016, Markey was one of five senators to sign a letter to President Obama requesting the administration halt work on the Dakota Access Pipeline until the permitting process of the Army Corps was transparent and would "include public notice and participation, formal and meaningful tribal consultation, and adequate environmental review", and stating their support for the "tribes along the pipeline route in their fight against the Dakota Access pipeline project."[130]

Railroad safety

In June 2019, Markey was one of ten senators to cosponsor the Safe Freight Act, a bill that would require freight trains to have one or more certified conductors and a certified engineer on board who can collaborate on how to protect the train and people living near the tracks. The legislation was meant to correct a Federal Railroad Administration rollback of a proposed rule intended to establish safety standards.[131]

State Department

In September 2018, Markey was one of five senators to sign a letter to Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi Mike Pompeo urging him to employ more multifactor authentication measures to secure the State Department's information systems and seeking answers on how the department would boost its security following the Office of Management and Budget's designation of the department's cyber readiness as "high risk", what the department would do to address the lack of multifactor authentication required by law, and statistics on the department's cyber incidents over the last three years.[132]

Shaxsiy hayot

Since 1988, Markey has been married to Susan Blumenthal, who served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Women's Health and held the rank of rear admiral as Assistant U.S. Surgeon General.[133] Since 2005, he has been a contributing writer for Huffington Post.[134] He was one of several politicians who had a cameo role in the 2003 film Gods and Generals, in which he played an Irish Brigade officer.[135]

Saylov tarixi

Asosiy maqola: Electoral history of Ed Markey

Izohlar

  1. ^ Markey was not drafted. His birth date corresponded to number 248 in the 1969 military draft. The highest number called up for military service was 195.[8]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle (February 7, 2019). "Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Releases Green New Deal Outline". Milliy radio. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  2. ^ Hilder, David B. (November 22, 1976). "Ed Markey: The milkman's son who broke the rules". The Harvard Crimson. Olingan August 13, 2018.
  3. ^ "Obituary; John E. Markey, at 89, manager for H.P. Hood". Boston Herald. July 14, 2000.
  4. ^ "Obituary; Christina M. Markey, congressman's mother". Boston Herald. July 24, 1998.
  5. ^ Aveson, Heather (August 24, 2011). ""Eddie" the Ice Cream Man". Colonial Times Magazine. Arxivlandi from the original on September 26, 2018. Olingan July 28, 2019.
  6. ^ "Markey, Edward John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi.
  7. ^ a b v d Bierman, Noah (April 21, 2013). "A Drive That Stunned Markey's Family, and Never Ebbed: Representative Came in as a Rebel, Then Rose". Boston Globe. Boston, MA.
  8. ^ "The Vietnam Lotteries". History and Records. Washington, DC: United States Selective Service System. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on September 4, 2015. Olingan September 24, 2019.
  9. ^ Nickisch, Curt (April 24, 2013). "Markey, U.S. Congressman For 36 Years, Sets His Sights On The Senate". WBUR-FM Radio. Boston, MA.
  10. ^ Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1973, 1975. Massachusetts General Court.
  11. ^ Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Elections Division. "Candidates: Edward J. Markey". PD43+. Olingan 4 sentyabr, 2020.
  12. ^ "Alfre Woodard to Deliver Commencement Address | Tufts Now". www.now.tufts.edu. Olingan 25 mart, 2020.
  13. ^ Hanley, Robert (May 22, 1976). "Rep. Macdonald, 58, Dies; Led Election Law Reform". The New York Times. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  14. ^ Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (1987). The Almanac of American Politics 1988. National Journal. p. 561.
  15. ^ "MA District 07 – D Primary Race – Sep 14, 1976". Our Campaigns. Olingan 19 fevral, 2014.
  16. ^ "MA District 07 – Special Election Race – Nov 02, 1976". Our Campaigns. Olingan 19 fevral, 2014.
  17. ^ "MA District 07 – D Primary Race – Sep 16, 1980". Our Campaigns. Olingan 19 fevral, 2014.
  18. ^ "MA District 7 – D Primary Race – Sep 18, 1984". Our Campaigns. Olingan 19 fevral, 2014.
  19. ^ "MA District 7 – D Primary Race – Sep 17, 2002". Our Campaigns. Olingan 19 fevral, 2014.
  20. ^ "Office of the House Clerk – Electoral Statistics". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on July 30, 2008. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2013.
  21. ^ "Election Results". Federal Election Commission. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2013.
  22. ^ "National Special Interest Groups". Smart ovoz bering. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on December 15, 2006. Olingan December 17, 2012.
  23. ^ "Remarks of the Avatar of the Hon. Edward J. Markey on the virtual island of Bali, Indonesia in Second Life". globalwarming.markey.house.gov. December 11, 2008. Archived from asl nusxasi on October 30, 2012. Olingan October 19, 2012.
  24. ^ "BP Bows to Pressure for Oil Leak Livestream". CBS News. May 19, 2010. Olingan August 23, 2010.
  25. ^ Wald, Matthew L. (July 28, 2011). "U.S. Regulator Says Fukushima Lessons Can Percolate". The New York Times. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  26. ^ Peter Fairley (March 15, 2011). "Fukushima's Spreading Impact". Technology Review.
  27. ^ Dolan, Eric W. (August 18, 2011). "Republicans 'are allergic to science'". MSNBC. Raw Story. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  28. ^ Devito, Ron (June 30, 2009). "Governor Palin Opposes Waxman-Markey Bill". us4palin.com. Olingan September 24, 2012.
  29. ^ "Markey predicts U.S. economy will rebound soon". Boston Business Journal. June 11, 2009. Olingan December 17, 2012.
  30. ^ "Markey: Deniers of global warming should 'start their own country'". Tepalik. August 7, 2010.
  31. ^ "MA pol: warming skeptics should move to ice island". Boston. August 7, 2010.[o'lik havola ]
  32. ^ Johnson, Brad (March 10, 2011). "During Climate Hearing, Markey Asks If Anti-Science GOP Will Repeal Gravity, Heliocentrism, Relativity". ThinkProgress. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on September 2, 2012. Olingan September 24, 2012.
  33. ^ Sheppard, Kate (January 6, 2011). "Republicans kill global warming committee". The Guardian. London.
  34. ^ Final Vote Results for Roll Call 7. Clerk.house.gov. January 6, 2005.
  35. ^ "USA Daylight Saving Time change from 2007". daylight-saving-time.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on March 2, 2009. Olingan December 17, 2012.
  36. ^ Stecklow, Steve; Angwin, Julia (May 7, 2011). "House Releases 'Do Not Track' Children Bill". All Things Digital. Olingan December 17, 2012.
  37. ^ "July 9, 2011: MARKEY TO INTRODUCE ROLLER COASTER SAFETY LEGISLATION". markey.house.gov. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on January 15, 2012. Olingan 13 fevral, 2013.
  38. ^ Cooke, Charles C. W (February 9, 2013). "Ed Markey's Peculiar Crusade". National Review. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  39. ^ Collins, Dan (February 11, 2009). "Researchers: Roller Coasters Are Safe". CBS News. Olingan 13 fevral, 2013.
  40. ^ "Text of H.R. 3458 as Introduced in House: Internet Freedom Preservation Act of 2009". opencongress.org. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 14 iyulda. Olingan June 11, 2014.
  41. ^ Brodsky, Art. "Public Knowledge Hails Internet Freedom Preservation Act". Public Knowledge. Olingan June 11, 2014.
  42. ^ Kathy Uek (November 1, 2010). "Markey targets air cargo loophole". The MetroWest Daily News. Olingan December 30, 2012.
  43. ^ "Markey cites progress on 100% air cargo screening, says more needs to be done". States News Service. July 31, 2012. Archived from asl nusxasi on November 11, 2013. Olingan December 30, 2012.
  44. ^ Markey, Ed (January 5, 2007). "Commerce Won't Trump Homeland Security in the 110th Congress". Huffington Post. Olingan December 30, 2012.
  45. ^ "Markey weighs Senate bid". Politico. September 7, 2009.
  46. ^ Rhee, Foon (September 12, 2009). "Markey not running for Kennedy seat". Boston.com.
  47. ^ Arsenault, Mark (December 27, 2012). "US Rep. Markey to run in Senate special election". Boston.com.
  48. ^ Phillips, Frank. "Kerry supports Markey's Senate run". Olingan 28 dekabr, 2012.[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  49. ^ LeBlanc, Steve; Salsberg, Bob (April 30, 2013). "Ed Markey Wins Massachusetts Democratic Senate Primary". Huffington Post.[o'lik havola ]
  50. ^ Levenson, Michael; Frank Phillips (June 26, 2013). "Edward Markey keeps party's hold on Senate seat". Boston Globe. Olingan 26 iyun, 2013.
  51. ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (June 25, 2013). "Democrat Wins Special Election for Kerry's Senate Seat". The New York Times. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  52. ^ Memoli, Michael A. (June 25, 2013). "Rep. Edward Markey Wins John Kerry's Senate Seat in Massachusetts". Los Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  53. ^ Ostermeier, Eric (June 27, 2013). "Paying His Dues: Markey Shatters Senate Record for Prior House Service". Smart Politics.
  54. ^ Ostermeier, Eric (June 26, 2013). "How Long Will Ed Markey Serve?". Smart Politics.
  55. ^ DeCosta-Klipa, Nik (February 9, 2019). "Ed Markey endorses Warren for Democratic Primary". Boston.com. Olingan 5 avgust, 2020.
  56. ^ "Senator Markey Endorses Joe Biden for President". edmarkey.com. Washington, DC: Office of U.S. Senator Ed Markey. April 16, 2020. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  57. ^ DeCosta-Klipa, Nik (September 3, 2019). "Joe Kennedy isn't the only one. These people are all thinking about challenging incumbents in Massachusetts". Boston.com. Olingan September 3, 2019.
  58. ^ Brooks, Anthony (January 17, 2020). "Liss-Riordan Drops Out Of Senate Race; Kennedy Now Lone Markey Challenger". WBUR. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  59. ^ Pindell, James; McGrane, Victoria (September 13, 2019). "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez endorses Markey for reelection". Boston Globe. Olingan 13 sentyabr, 2019.
  60. ^ Friedman, Lisa (February 21, 2019). "What Is the Green New Deal? A Climate Proposal, Explained". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 25 sentyabr, 2020.
  61. ^ Conradis, Brandon (September 1, 2020). "How Markey took down a Kennedy". Tepalik. Olingan 25 sentyabr, 2020.
  62. ^ a b DeCosta-Klipa, Nik (August 24, 2020). "Nancy Pelosi defends endorsement of Joe Kennedy over Ed Markey". Boston.com. Olingan 25 sentyabr, 2020.
  63. ^ McGrane, Victoria (July 8, 2020). "Elizabeth Warren tiptoes into Markey-Kennedy primary fight". Boston Globe. Olingan 25 sentyabr, 2020.
  64. ^ Martin, Jonathan (September 1, 2020). "Markey Holds Off Joseph Kennedy in Massachusetts Senate Race". The New York Times. Olingan September 2, 2020.
  65. ^ The End of Oil? Pandemic Adds to Fossil Fuel Glut, But COVID-19 Relief Money Flows to Oil Industry, Democracy Now, September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  66. ^ Schoenberg, Shira (July 15, 2013). "Special election set for Dec. 10 to fill Ed Markey's U.S. House seat". masslive.com. Olingan 19 fevral, 2014.
  67. ^ Byers, Alex (November 2, 2014). "Ed Markey's policy strategy: Letter rip". Politico. Olingan August 13, 2014.
  68. ^ "New US Sen. Markey receives committee assignments". Associated Press. July 17, 2013. Archived from asl nusxasi on July 17, 2013. Olingan 17 iyul, 2013.
  69. ^ Ebbert, Stephfanie (February 27, 2013). "Markey says abortion shift was personal". Boston Globe. Olingan February 27, 2019.
  70. ^ Neidig, Harper (June 21, 2019). "Senate Democrats press regulators over reported tech investigations". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  71. ^ "U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Helps Introduce Legislation to Ensure Child Care for All". urbanmilwaukee.com. 2019 yil 1 mart. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  72. ^ Balderston, Michael (July 2, 2019). "Democratic Senators Oppose FCC Changes To KidVid Rules". TV Technology. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  73. ^ "Merkley resolution urges quick climate change action". ktvz.com. November 27, 2018.
  74. ^ Press release (November 14, 2019). "LCV ACTION FUND ENDORSES SARA GIDEON FOR SENATE". LCV. Olingan August 20, 2020.
  75. ^ Roberts, David (April 16, 2019). "Sen. Ed Markey: "We are now in the era of the Green New Deal"". Vox. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  76. ^ DePillis, Lydia (February 7, 2019). "Ocasio-Cortez's Green New Deal: What's in it". CNN. Olingan 7 fevral, 2019.
  77. ^ Meyer, Robinson (March 26, 2019). "The 3 Democrats Who Voted Against the Green New Deal". The Atlantic. Olingan March 28, 2019. The Senate rejected the Green New Deal on Tuesday, in a decisive 57–0 vote that Democrats decried as a political stunt meant to divide their caucus. All the Republican senators opposed the measure. They were joined by four senators who caucus with the Democrats: Senator Joe Manchin, from the coal-heavy state of West Virginia; along with Senators Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, Doug Jones of Alabama, and Angus King of Maine.
  78. ^ Battenfeld, Joe (March 26, 2019). "Green New Fail as Dems shun GOP-forced vote on climate bill". Boston Herald. Olingan March 27, 2019. an early vote on the Green New Deal on Tuesday and not a single U.S. Senator — including the measure's sponsor, Massachusetts' Ed Markey — signed on to the overly ambitious environmental overhaul
  79. ^ Green, Miranda (March 12, 2019). "Democrats offer legislation to counter White House climate science council". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  80. ^ Young, Shannon (April 20, 2018). "US Sens. Elizabeth Warren, Ed Markey urge FEMA and HUD to find long-term housing fix for Hurricane Maria survivors". Masslive.com. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  81. ^ Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (April 23, 2018). "A FEMA program has sheltered thousands of Puerto Ricans since Hurricane Maria. But now the evacuees fear its days are numbered". Los Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  82. ^ Carney, Jordain (December 20, 2016). "Senate Dems, Sanders ask Trump to help lower drug prices". Tepalik. Arxivlandi from the original on October 28, 2018. Olingan 26 dekabr, 2018.
  83. ^ Minato, Charlie (December 7, 2018). "21 SENATORS SEND LETTER URGING FDA TO BAN FLAVORED TOBACCO, MENTHOL". halfwheel.com. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  84. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (February 12, 2019). "Dems urge regulators to reject T-Mobile, Sprint merger". Tepalik.
  85. ^ Axelrod, Tal (March 20, 2019). "Warren, Klobuchar call on FTC to curtail use of non-compete clauses". Tepalik.
  86. ^ Hussein, Fatima (October 22, 2017). "Sen. Todd Young urges action to end Muslim genocide in Myanmar". IndyStar.
  87. ^ Derby, Kevin (July 2, 2018). "Marco Rubio, Catherine Cortez Masto Take Aim at China in New Legislation". Sunshine State News. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  88. ^ Carney, Jordain (October 30, 2018). "Dem senators request classified briefing on Khashoggi". Tepalik.
  89. ^ Budryk, Zack (March 19, 2019). "Senate Dems petition Saudi king to release dissidents, US citizen". Tepalik.
  90. ^ "Sen. Coons, colleagues, raise concerns over potential threat of Chinese attempts to undermine U.S. democracy". coons.senate.gov. June 11, 2018. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the jamoat mulki.
  91. ^ Samuels, Brett (February 24, 2019). "Dem senator: 'Pretty clear' Kim wants one-on-one with Trump to 'elicit concessions'". Tepalik.
  92. ^ Frazin, Rachel (April 4, 2019). "More than 30 Senate Dems ask Trump to reconsider Central American aid cuts". Tepalik.
  93. ^ a b "Senate and House Leaders to Secretary of State Pompeo: Cut Military Aid to Azerbaijan; Sanction Turkey for Ongoing Attacks Against Armenia and Artsakh". The Armenian Weekly. October 2, 2020.
  94. ^ a b "Democrats urge halt to security aid to Azerbaijan in Armenia conflict". Defense News. October 6, 2020.
  95. ^ "US Allocates $100 million in Security Aid to Azerbaijan in 2018-19". USC Institute of Armenian Studies. July 17, 2019.
  96. ^ "During Major Azerbaijani War Games, US Pulls Plug on Artsakh Demining". Armenian Weekly. May 22, 2020.
  97. ^ "Iraq War Resolution, Roll Call Vote - House". clerk.house.gov. October 10, 2002. Olingan September 1, 2020.
  98. ^ Lucas, Peter (March 2, 2020). "Old Iraq, Syria votes come back to haunt Markey". Boston Herald. Olingan September 1, 2020.
  99. ^ "U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Urges Inclusion of Contractor Back Pay in Upcoming Disaster Package". Urban Milwaukee. March 11, 2019.
  100. ^ "U.S. Sen. Markey Pushing For Tougher Gun Control Measures". WBUR. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2017.
  101. ^ Everett, Burgess (February 20, 2014). "Markey to introduce 'smart gun' bill". Politico. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2017.
  102. ^ Carney, Jordain (January 8, 2016). "Senate Dems call to revisit gun violence research". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  103. ^ Schoenberg, Shira (June 17, 2016). "Sen. Ed Markey calls for stronger gun control after Orlando shooting". MassLive. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2017.
  104. ^ DeMetrick, Alex (October 3, 2017). "Calls For Tougher Gun Control Laws Grow After Las Vegas Attack". CBS Baltimore. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2017.
  105. ^ Kellar, Travis (October 4, 2017). "Sen. Bob Casey, other lawmakers introduce legislation to outlaw bump stocks, similar devices". PennLive.com. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2017.
  106. ^ "Sen. Hirono Introduces Military Domestic Violence Reporting Enhancement Act". Big Island Now. November 15, 2017. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  107. ^ "U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Helps Introduce Background Check Expansion Act To Reduce Gun Violence". urbanmilwaukee.com. January 9, 2019. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  108. ^ "Health Care". edmarkey.com. Olingan July 13, 2020.
  109. ^ Sanders, Bernard (September 13, 2017). "S.1804 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Medicare for All Act of 2017". www.congress.gov. Olingan July 13, 2020.
  110. ^ Axelrod, Tal (June 11, 2019). "Democratic White House hopefuls push to expand health care in US territories". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  111. ^ "Wyden, Merkley urge more affordable housing funds". ktvz.com. April 16, 2019.
  112. ^ Domingo, Ida (July 11, 2019). "Senate Democrats to Trump: don't deport military families". wset.com. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  113. ^ Self, Zac (July 11, 2019). "Bill would block immigration raids at schools, courthouses". 10news.com. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  114. ^ Singel, Ryan (October 27, 2006). "Congressman Ed Markey Wants Security Researcher Arrested". Simli.
  115. ^ Krebs, Brian (November 1, 2006). "Student Unleashes Uproar With Bogus Airline Boarding Passes". Washington Post. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  116. ^ "OCTOBEr 29, 2006 - MARKEY: DON'T ARREST STUDENT, USE HIM TO FIX LOOPHOLES". markey.senate.gov. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  117. ^ Tummarello, Kate (May 9, 2014). "Senate Dems protest FCC plan for Internet 'fast lanes'". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  118. ^ Neidig, Harper (September 21, 2017). "Senate Dems ask FCC to delay net neutrality repeal". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  119. ^ Breland, Ali (March 29, 2018). "Dems slam FCC head for proposed limits to low-income internet program". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  120. ^ Neidig, Harper (February 7, 2019). "Senators demand answers from Facebook on paying teens for data". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  121. ^ "US senators oppose closing federal labor relations offices". AP News. May 1, 2018. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  122. ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call". Olingan 22 oktyabr, 2020.
  123. ^ "Historic, Comprehensive LGBT Non-Discrimination Legislation Re-Introduced in Congress". Urban Milwaukee. May 2, 2017. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  124. ^ Rodriguez, Jesus (October 11, 2018). "Democratic senators demand Pompeo reverse visa denials for LGBTQ diplomats' partners". Politico. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  125. ^ Kelly, Ray (June 14, 2019). "US. Sens. Markey, Warren question State Department refusal to fly rainbow flags at embassies during Pride month". MassLive. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  126. ^ Cox, Ramsey (August 15, 2013). "Senate Dems ask DOD to protect service members from predatory lenders". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  127. ^ "Senate bill to help communities like Wiscasset 'STRANDED' with nuclear waste". Portland Press Herald. July 10, 2019. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  128. ^ Mole, Beth (February 9, 2017). "Kaléo's opioid overdose drug went from $690 to $4,500—and senators want answers". Ars Technica. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  129. ^ "Baldwin, Democratic Senators Call TrumpCare Disastrous for Battle Against Opioid Crisis". Urban Milwaukee. 2017 yil 21 mart. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  130. ^ Henry, Devin (October 13, 2016). "Sanders, Dem senators press Obama to halt ND pipeline". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  131. ^ "Wyden co-sponsors bill to boost rail safety". ktvz.com. June 27, 2019.
  132. ^ Beavers, Olivia (September 12, 2018). "Bipartisan group of senators urge State to employ basic cybersecurity measures". Tepalik. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  133. ^ "Biography". susan-blumenthal.org. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  134. ^ "Sen. Ed Markey". Huffington Post. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2020.
  135. ^ "Gods and Generals (2003)". IMDb. Olingan August 13, 2018.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

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