Karib dengizi tarixi - History of the Caribbean - Wikipedia

1700 yildan hozirgi kungacha Markaziy Amerika va Karib dengizining siyosiy evolyutsiyasi
Karib dengizining zamonaviy siyosiy xaritasi

The Karib dengizi tarixi mintaqaning o'ynagan muhim rolini ochib beradi mustamlaka ning kurashlari Evropa XV asrdan beri kuchlar. 1492 yilda, Xristofor Kolumb Karib dengiziga tushdi va mintaqani da'vo qildi Ispaniya. Keyingi yili Ispaniyada birinchi aholi punktlari tashkil etildi Karib dengizi. Garchi Ispaniyaning fathi Aztek imperiyasi va Inka imperiyasi o'n oltinchi asrning boshlarida Meksika va Peru Ispaniyani kashf qilish va joylashtirish uchun ko'proq kerakli joylar, Karib dengizi strategik ahamiyatga ega bo'lib qoldi.

1620 va 1630-yillardan boshlab ispan bo'lmaganlar xususiy shaxslar, savdogarlar va ko'chmanchilar Karib dengizi orollarida Ispaniya tomonidan e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan doimiy koloniyalar va savdo punktlarini tashkil qildilar. Bunday koloniyalar Karib dengizi bo'ylab tarqaldi Bagama orollari Shimoliy G'arbda Tobago janubi-sharqda. Bundan tashqari, ushbu davrda frantsuz va ingliz tillari qaroqchilar Hispaniolaning shimoliy va g'arbiy qirg'oqlari bo'lgan Tortuga orolida joylashgan (Gaiti va Dominik Respublikasi ) va keyinchalik Yamaykada.

Keyin Ispaniyalik Amerika urushi 19-asr oxirida orollar Kuba, Puerto-Riko, Guam va Filippinlar endi Ispaniya imperiyasining bir qismi emas edi Yangi dunyo. 20-asrda Karib dengizi yana muhim ahamiyatga ega edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi, ichida dekolonizatsiya urushdan keyin va Kommunistik Kuba va AQSh o'rtasidagi ziddiyatda. Genotsid, quldorlik, immigratsiya va jahon kuchlari o'rtasidagi raqobat Karib dengizi tarixiga uning hajmiga nomutanosib ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

Evropa bilan aloqa qilishdan oldin

An Aravak tosh o'ymakorligi Gvadelupa.

Boshida Golotsen ning shimoliy qismi Janubiy Amerika kichik ovchilar, baliqchilar va yem-xashak guruhlari tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan. Ushbu guruhlar vaqti-vaqti bilan yarim doimiy lagerlarda istiqomat qilar edilar, aksincha turli xil yashash joylarida o'simlik va hayvonot dunyosining g'azabidan foydalanish uchun asosan harakatchan edilar.[1]

Arxeologik dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki Trinidad miloddan avvalgi 9000/8000 yillarda joylashtirilgan birinchi Karib oroli edi. Biroq, Trinidadga birinchi ko'chib kelganlar, ehtimol u hali ham Janubiy Amerikaga quruqlik ko'priklari bilan bog'langan paytda kelgan.[2] Miloddan avvalgi 7000/6000 yillarga qadar bo'lgan davrda erta Golosen Trinidad orolga aylanib, dengiz sathidan taxminan 60 metr balandlikka sakraganligi sababli. Dengiz sathining ko'tarilishiga iqlim o'zgarishi sabab bo'lishi mumkin. Shuning uchun Trinidad Janubiy Amerika materikidan kelgan mahalliy aholi tomonidan yuzlab yoki minglab kilometrlik ochiq dengizni bosib o'tmasdan mustamlaka bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona Karib oroli edi.[3] Trinidadda kashf etilgan eng qadimgi yirik yashash joylari bu qobiq midden konlari Banvariy izi va miloddan avvalgi 6000 yildan 5100 yilgacha bo'lgan Seynt Jon. Ikkala qobiq middens Dastlab oziq-ovqat manbai va tosh va suyak qurollarini olib kelgan tashlangan chig'anoqlarning kengaytirilgan konlarini ifodalaydi.[4] Ular tegishli Ortoiroid arxeologik an'ana, shunga o'xshash, ammo juda yaqinroq nomlangan Ortoire sayti Mayoroda, Trinidad.

Karib dengizi tarixini turli "yosh" larga ajratish qiyin va ziddiyatli vazifani isbotladi.[5] 1970-yillarda arxeolog Irving Ruz Arxeologik dalillarga asoslanib, Karib dengizi tarixini tasniflash uchun uchta "yosh" ni aniqladilar: litik, arxaik va seramika davri.[6] Karib dengizi tarixiga oid hozirgi adabiyotlar hali ham yuqorida aytib o'tilgan uchta so'zdan foydalanadi, ammo ularning foydaliligi va ta'rifi to'g'risida juda ko'p tortishuvlar mavjud. Umuman olganda, lit davri Amerikada insoniyat rivojlanishining birinchi davri va toshni maydalash birinchi marta qo'llaniladigan davr hisoblanadi.[7] Keyingi Arxaika yoshi ko'pincha yovvoyi oziq-ovqat o'simliklarini ovlash, baliq ovlash, yig'ish va boshqarishni birlashtirgan ixtisoslashgan yashash sharoitlari bilan belgilanadi.[8] Ceramic Age jamoalari keramika ishlab chiqargan va kichik hajmdagi qishloq xo'jaligidan foydalangan.[9]

Trinidaddan tashqari birinchi Karib dengizi orollari miloddan avvalgi 3500 dan 3000 yilgacha, Arxaik davrida joylashtirilgan. Ushbu davrdagi arxeologik yodgorliklar Barbados, Kuba, Kyurasao va Sent-Martin shaharlarida, so'ngra Hispaniola va Puerto-Rikoda joylashgan.[10] Ushbu joylashish bosqichi ko'pincha Ortoiroid madaniyatiga tegishli.

Miloddan avvalgi 800 dan 200 yilgacha Karib orolida yangi migratsiya guruhi kengaygan: Saladoid.[11] Ushbu guruh Saladero saytining nomi bilan nomlangan Venesuela, bu erda ularning o'ziga xos sopol idishlari (odatda oq-qizil rangga bo'yalgan dizayni bilan ajralib turadigan) birinchi bo'lib aniqlangan.[12] Karib dengiziga sopol idishlar va o'simliklarni xonakilashtirishning kiritilishi ko'pincha Saladoid guruhlariga tegishli bo'lib, sopol davrining boshlanishini anglatadi. Biroq, yaqinda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Saladoid kelguniga qadar ba'zi arxaik Karib dengizi populyatsiyalarida ekinlar va sopol idishlar mavjud bo'lgan.[13] Arxaik va seramika davrida katta miqdordagi Karib orollari joylashtirilgan bo'lsa-da, ba'zi orollarga ancha keyin tashrif buyurishgan. Masalan, Yamaykada milodiy 600 yilgacha ma'lum bo'lgan aholi punktlari mavjud emas, Kayman orollari esa Evropaga kelishidan oldin hech qanday joylashuv dalillarini ko'rsatmaydi.[14]

Trinidad kolonizatsiyasidan so'ng dastlab Saladoid guruhlarini Puerto-Rikoga sayohat qilish taklif qilindi. Biroq, hozirgi tadqiqotlar ushbu pog'onali modeldan uzoqlashishga intilmoqda[15] janubiy yo'nalish gipotezasi foydasiga. Janub tomon yo'nalgan gipoteza shimol Antil orollari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Janubiy Amerikadan joylashib, keyinchalik Kichik Antil orollariga borgan sari harakatlanishni taklif qiladi. Ushbu gipotezani ikkalasi ham qo'llab-quvvatladi radiokarbon sanalar va dengizda yurish simulyatsiyalari.[16] Materikdan shimoliy Antil orollariga harakatlanishning dastlabki turtki toshbo'ron kabi yuqori sifatli materiallarni izlash bo'lishi mumkin. Antigua shahridagi Flinty ko'rfazi - Kichik Antil orollarida eng yaxshi tanilgan yuqori sifatli toshbaqa manbalaridan biri. Boshqa ko'plab Karib orollarida Antiguadan toshbo'ron borligi ushbu materialning Kolumbiyagacha bo'lgan davrdagi ahamiyatini ta'kidlaydi.[17]

Milodiy 650 yildan 800 yilgacha materikda ham, ko'plab Karib orollarida ham amalga oshirilgan katta madaniy, ijtimoiy-siyosiy va marosimlarni isloh qildi.[18] Saladoidning o'zaro ta'sir doirasi tezda parchalanib ketdi. Bundan tashqari, ushbu davr iqlim o'zgarishi bilan tavsiflanadi. Ko'p asrlik mo'l-ko'l yog'ingarchilik o'rnini uzoq davom etgan qurg'oqchilik va bo'ronlar chastotasining ko'payishi egalladi. Umuman olganda Karib dengizi aholisi ko'payib, jamoalar bitta qishloqdagi yashash joyidan aholi punktini yaratishga o'tdilar. Bundan tashqari, Karib dengizi orollarida qishloq xo'jaligi hajmi oshdi. Litik tahlillar Saladoiddan keyingi davrda orollar o'rtasida zichroq tarmoqlarning rivojlanganligini ham ko'rsatdi.[19]

Milodiy 800 yildan keyingi davrni maqomning differentsiatsiyasi va ierarxik ravishda tartiblangan jamiyat rivojlangan o'tish davri deb hisoblash mumkin, bu esa erishilgan rahbarlikdan ko'chib o'tish bilan aniqlanishi mumkin.[20] Milodiy 1200 yildan keyin bu jarayon ko'plab Karib orollarining Buyuk Antil jamiyatining ijtimoiy-siyosiy tuzilishiga singib ketishi bilan to'xtatildi. Ushbu jarayon mahalliy jamoalarning ozmi-ko'pmi mustaqil rivojlanish yo'nalishlarini buzdi va ancha keng miqyosda ijtimoiy-siyosiy o'zgarishlarning boshlanishini belgilab berdi.[20]

Vaqtida Evropa uch yirik Amerikalik mahalliy xalqlar orollarda yashagan: The Taíno (ba'zan Arawak deb ham yuritiladi) Buyuk Antil orollari, Bagama orollari va Leeward orollari; The Karib orollari va Galibi ichida Shamol orollari; va Ciboney g'arbiy Kubada. Tainoslar Hispaniola va Puerto-Rikoni egallagan Klassik Tainos, Kubani, Yamaykani va Bagama arxipelagini egallagan G'arbiy Tainos va Levard orollarini egallagan Sharqiy Tainosga bo'linadi.[21] Trinidadda ikkalasi ham yashagan Karib gapirmoqda va Aravakcha gapirish guruhlar.

DNK tadqiqotlar Kolumbiyadan oldingi mahalliy tarixga oid ba'zi an'anaviy e'tiqodlarni o'zgartirdi. 2003 yilda Xuan Martines Kruzado, dan genetik Mayaguesdagi Puerto-Riko universiteti orol bo'ylab DNK tadqiqotini ishlab chiqdi Puerto-Riko odamlar. An'anaviy tarixiy e'tiqodga ko'ra, Puerto-Rikaliklar asosan Ispaniyaning etnik kelib chiqishiga, ba'zi afrikalik nasabga va uzoqroq va unchalik ahamiyatga ega bo'lmagan mahalliy ajdodlarga ega. Kruzadoning tadqiqotlari hayratlanarli natijalarni ko'rsatdi: Puerto-Rikoliklarning 61 foizida amerindiyalik mitoxondrial DNK, 27 foizida afrikaliklar va 12 foiz kavkazliklar bor.[22]

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Kolumbiyadan oldingi Karib dengizida dengizchilik

Dastlabki mustamlakachilik tarixi

1536 yil Karib dengizi xaritasi

Xristofor Kolumbning sayohatlaridan ko'p o'tmay Amerika, ham Portugaliya, ham Ispaniya kemalari Markaziy va Janubiy Amerikadagi hududlarga da'vo qila boshladilar. Ushbu koloniyalar oltin olib kelishdi va boshqa Evropa kuchlari, aniqrog'i Angliya, Gollandiya va Frantsiya o'zlarining daromadli koloniyalarini yaratishga umid qilishdi. Imperial raqobat Karib dengizini asrlar davomida Evropa urushlari paytida bahsli hududga aylantirdi. In Ispaniyalik Amerikadagi mustaqillik urushlari o'n to'qqizinchi asrning boshlarida Ispaniya Amerikasining aksariyati Ispaniya imperiyasi, ammo Kuba va Puerto-Riko Ispaniya toji ostida to qadar qolishdi Ispaniya-Amerika urushi 1898 yil

Ispaniyaning istilosi

Shuningdek qarang: Ispaniyaning Amerikani mustamlaka qilishi
Ispaniyaning Karib dengizi orollari Amerikadagi vitse-royalti 1600 yil.
Markaziy qismida joylashgan Piazza (yoki asosiy maydon) Gavana, Kuba davomida, 1762 yilda Etti yillik urush.

Kashfiyotchi Xristofor Kolumbning birinchi sayohati paytida u bilan aloqa o'rnatildi Lucayans ichida Bagama orollari va Kubadagi Taíno va shimoliy qirg'oqlari Hispaniola va mahalliy xalqning bir nechtasi Ispaniyaga qaytarib berildi. Ularning shaxsiy bezaklarida va boshqa narsalarda, masalan, ispaniyaliklarni boylikni qidirishga chorlovchi niqob va belbog'larda sezilarli darajada oltin topilgan. Amerikaliklar mehnatini to'ldirish uchun ispaniyaliklar import qilingan afrikalik qullar. Garchi Ispaniya butun Karib dengizini da'vo qilgan bo'lsa-da, ular faqat katta orollarga joylashdilar Hispaniola (1493), Puerto-Riko (1508), Yamayka (1509), Kuba (1511) va Trinidad (1530). Ispanlar kichik "marvarid orollari" holatida istisno qilishdi Kubagua va Margarita Venesuela qirg'oqlaridan 1508-1530 yillarda juda ko'p ishlangan qimmatbaho marvarid yotoqlari tufayli.[23][24]

Boshqa Evropa kuchlari

Boshqa Evropa kuchlari undan keyin Karib dengizida o'z o'rnini topdilar Ispaniya imperiyasi qisman ushbu hududning mahalliy aholisi Evropa kasalliklaridan kamayganligi sababli kamaydi. Gollandiyaliklar, frantsuzlar va inglizlar bir-birlarining ortidan mintaqaga borishdi va uzoq muddatli mavjudlikni o'rnatdilar. Ular o'zlari bilan Karib orollari bo'ylab tarqaladigan tropik plantatsiya tizimini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Afrikadan olib kelingan millionlab qullarni olib kelishdi.[25]

Gugenot korsalari

XVI asrning dastlabki to'rtdan uchi davomida kuchlar muvozanati va sulolalar vorisligi masalalari Evropa diplomatiyasi va urushi jarayonida og'irlik qildi. Evropaning eng yirik va qudratli qirolliklari - Frantsiya va Ispaniya qit'aning eng ishonchli raqiblari edi. Shohliklar bo'lgan 1516 yildan keyin keskinlik oshdi Kastiliya, Leon va Aragon ostida rasmiy ravishda birlashtirildi Ispaniyalik Karl I, uch yildan so'ng Muqaddas Rim imperatori etib saylanganidan keyin o'z domenlarini kengaytirdi va Frantsiyani o'rab olishni boshladi. 1521 yilda Frantsiya. Bilan urushga kirishdi Muqaddas Rim imperiyasi. Ispaniya qo'shinlari Frantsiya, Italiya yarim orolida va boshqa joylarda frantsuz qo'shinlarini tor-mor qilib, Frantsiya tojini 1526 yilda va yana 1529 yilda taslim bo'lishga majbur qildi. Italiya urushlari Frantsiya-Ispaniya urushlari ma'lum bo'lgach, 1536 yilda va yana 1542 yilda hukmronlik qildi. Valuaz monarxiyasi va Xabsburg imperiyasi 1559 yilgacha davom etdi.[32]

Frantsuz korseri hujumlar 1520-yillarning boshlarida, Frantsiya 1521 yilda Ispaniyaga qarshi urush e'lon qilishi bilanoq boshlandi. O'sha paytda Meksikadagi ulkan xazinalar Atlantika okeanidan Ispaniyaga borishni boshladilar. Frantsiya monarxi Frensis I Ispaniyaning Yangi dunyo va uning boyligi haqidagi eksklyuzivist da'volariga qarshi chiqdi va "Odamning irodasidagi meni dunyo taqsimlanayotgan paytda o'z ulushimdan chetlashtirgan bandni" ko'rishni talab qildi. Jovanni da Verrazzano (aka Jan Florin ) Yangi Dunyodan xazinalarni olib ketayotgan ispan kemalariga qarshi birinchi qayd etilgan frantsuz korsair hujumiga rahbarlik qildi. 1523 yilda, off Sent-Vinsent burni, Portugaliya, uning kemalari o'sha paytda juda qimmatbaho buyum bo'lgan 70 ming dyukat oltindan, katta miqdordagi kumush va marvariddan va 25000 funt shakardan iborat ajoyib xazina bilan to'ldirilgan ikkita ispan kemasini qo'lga kiritdi.[32]

Birinchi Karib dengiziga bostirib kirish 1528 yilda, qirg'oq yaqinida frantsuz korsairining yolg'iz kemasi paydo bo'lganida sodir bo'lgan. Santo-Domingo va uning ekipaji qishloqni ishdan bo'shatdi San-German Puerto-Rikoning g'arbiy qirg'og'ida. 1530-yillarning o'rtalarida korsalar, ba'zi katoliklar, lekin ularning aksariyati protestantlar (Gugenot ), muntazam ravishda Ispaniya kemalariga hujum qila boshladi va Karib dengizi portlari va qirg'oq bo'yidagi shaharlarga hujum uyushtirdi; Santo Domingo eng ko'p orzu qilgan, Gavana, Santyago va San-German. Kubada va mintaqaning boshqa joylarida Corsair portiga qilingan reydlar odatda qutqarish (to'lov) modelidan kelib chiqib, tajovuzkorlar qishloqlar va shaharlarni egallab olishdi, mahalliy aholini o'g'irlashdi va ularni ozod qilish uchun to'lovni talab qilishdi. Agar garovda bo'lmaganlar bo'lsa, korsarlar shaharlarni yo'q qilishdan qutqarish evaziga to'lovlarni talab qilishdi. To'lovlar to'langanmi yoki yo'qmi, korsalar talon-taroj qilindi, qurbonlariga qarshi so'zsiz zo'ravonliklarni amalga oshirdilar, cherkovlar va muqaddas obrazlarni tahqirladilar va ularning bosqini haqida eslatmalar qoldirdilar.[32]

1536 yilda Frantsiya va Ispaniya yana urushga kirishdilar va frantsuz korsalari Ispaniyaning Karib dengizi aholi punktlari va kemalariga qator hujumlar uyushtirishdi. Keyingi yili Gavanada korsar kemasi paydo bo'ldi va 700 dukatlik qutqarishni talab qildi. Yaqinda Ispaniyaning jangovar askarlari etib kelishdi va kirib kelgan kemani qo'rqitib yuborishdi. Tez orada yana qutqarishni talab qilish uchun qaytib keldi. O'sha yili Santyago ham hujum qurboniga aylandi va har ikkala shahar yana 1538 yilda reydlarga dosh berdilar. Kubaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan suv garovgirlar uchun ayniqsa jozibali bo'lib qoldi, chunki Ispaniyaga qaytib kelayotgan tijorat kemalari Key West o'rtasidagi 90 millik bo'g'ozni bosib o'tishlari kerak edi. va Gavana. 1537–1538 yillarda korsarlar Ispaniyaning to'qqizta kemasini asirga olishdi va ishdan bo'shatishdi. Frantsiya va Ispaniya 1542 yilgacha tinchlikda bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, chet elda korsar faoliyati davom etdi. Urush yana boshlanganda, u Karib dengizida yana bir bor takrorlandi. 1543 yilda Gavanada frantsuzcha korsar hujumi sodir bo'ldi. Bu 200 nafar ispan ko'chmanchilarining o'limiga sabab bo'ldi. Umuman olganda, 1535-1563 yillarda frantsuz korsalari Ispaniyaning aholi punktlariga qarshi oltmishta hujum uyushtirishdi va mintaqadagi o'n etti Ispaniya kemalarini egallab olishdi (1536–1547).[32]

Din urushlari

Frantsuzlar va ispanlar Evropada va Karib dengizida bir-birlariga qarshi kurashganlarida, Angliya asosan sulolalar ittifoqlari tufayli Ispaniya tomonini oldi. 1509 yilda knyaz Angliyalik Genri turmushga chiqqan Malika Aragonlik Ketrin va ko'p o'tmay ular shoh va malika tojiga sazovor bo'lishdi. Bu, hech bo'lmaganda, buzuq nikoh edi va Genri VIII 1527 yilda Ketrindan ajralishni boshladi. Qachon Papa Klement VII Nikohni bekor qilishdan bosh tortgan Genri VIII ingliz katolik cherkovini Rimdan ajralib, papa vakolatidan xoli bo'lgan Angliya cherkoviga aylanishga undadi. 1547 yilda Genrix VIII vafotidan keyin yana bir Angliya-Ispan sulolasi nikohi tashkil etildi, bu safar Ispaniya shahzodasi o'rtasida Fillip va qirolicha Meri I, Anglikan Genrix VIII ning katolik qizi. Ularning qisqa hukmronligi davrida Angliya cherkovi yana papa hokimiyatiga bo'ysundi.[32]

Meri I 1558 yilda vafot etganida, Filipp II Angliya qiroli bo'lishni to'xtatdi va Angliya yana Rimdan ajralib chiqdi. Uning vorisi, Yelizaveta, Filipp bilan turmush qurishni o'ylamaganida, Angliya-Ispan sulolalari ittifoqini davom ettirish rejasini aslida rad etdi; u bokira va protestant bo'lib qolishi kerak edi. Protestantizm Angliya va Frantsiya singari Evropa qirolliklarida yanada keng tarqalib, boshqa sobiq katolik davlatlarida ustunlik kasb etar ekan, diniy qarama-qarshiliklar Evropa xalqlari o'rtasida urush va tinchlikni belgilashda tobora muhim rol o'ynadi. Angliya va Ispaniya o'rtasida ziddiyatlar kuchaygan, ayniqsa Angliya qirolichasi Yelizaveta 1558 yilda taxtga o'tirgandan so'ng. Yangi ingliz monarxining katoliklarga qarshi g'ayrati Filipp II ning protestant e'tiqodiga bo'lgan nafratini aks ettirdi. Protestantizm Frantsiyada va Muqaddas Rim imperiyasining barcha qismlarida ham tarqaldi. 1560-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib ikkita aniq qarama-qarshi blok shakllandi: Ispaniya boshchiligidagi janubiy Evropa katolik bloki va Angliya boshchiligidagi shimoliy Evropa bloki.[32]

Katolik Ispaniyaga qarshi islohotlar va urushlarning eng qimmatli mafkuraviy qurollaridan biri bu "Qora afsona, "Ispaniya va uning xalqi, madaniyati va dinini muntazam ravishda kamsitish. Asarlari asosan oziqlangan Bartolome de las Casas, Ingliz va golland protestantlari ispanlarni qoloq, insofsiz, mutaassib, shafqatsiz va dangasa sifatida tasvirlashgan. Gollandiyalik, ingliz va nemis nashrlari Las Casasning "Hindlarni yo'q qilish to'g'risida qisqacha bayoni" 1578 yildan boshlab "Ispaniyaning shafqatsizligi va zolimlari" kabi sarlavhalar bilan Evropada tarqaldi. Protestant Teodor De Bry Las-Kasas kitobining tahrirlangan, tasvirlangan va nashr etilgan nashrlarini va shunga o'xshash mavzularda nashr etgan va Ispaniyaning shafqatsizligi tasvirlangan dahshatli gravyuralarni o'z ichiga olgan.[32]

Ispaniyaning Angliya bilan munosabatlari 1558 yilda Yelizaveta taxtga o'tirgandan so'ng yanada yomonlashdi. U Gollandiyalik qo'zg'olonni ochiqchasiga qo'llab-quvvatladi va Frantsiyadagi Gugenot kuchlariga yordam berdi. Shimoliy Atlantika va Karib dengizida o'nlab yillar davomida kuchayib borayotgan ziddiyatlar va qarama-qarshiliklardan so'ng, Angliya-Ispaniya harbiy harakatlari 1585 yilda boshlandi, Angliya toji Gollandiyaga 7000 dan ortiq qo'shin jo'natdi va qirolicha Yelizaveta xususiy shaxslarga Ispaniyaning Karib dengiziga qarshi qaroqchilikni amalga oshirish uchun litsenziyalar berdi. mol-mulk va idishlar. 1587 yilda, Elizabeth I katolik Maryamning Shotlandiya qirolichasi yigirma yillik asirlikdan so'ng qatl etilishiga buyruq berganida va Kadisda joylashgan Ispan Armadasiga qarshi oldindan hujum qilish to'g'risida buyruq berganida, keskinliklar yanada kuchaygan. Qasos sifatida Ispaniya 1588 yilda "yengilmas" Armadaning yo'q qilinishi bilan Ispaniya uchun fojiali tarzda tugagan taniqli dengiz hujumini uyushtirdi. Ispaniya dengiz kuchlarini asosan Gavanada qurilgan galleonlar yordamida tikladi va 1603 yilda Yelizaveta vafotigacha Angliyaga qarshi kurashni davom ettirdi. Ispaniyaga esa o'limga yaqin zarba berildi va bu uning Evropaning eng qudratli davlati va hindlarning deyarli so'zsiz ustasi sifatida mavqeini tugatdi.[32]

1559 yildagi Frantsiya-Ispaniya tinchlik shartnomasidan so'ng, tojlar tomonidan tasdiqlangan frantsuz korsalari faoliyati susayib qoldi, ammo Gugenotning pirat bosqinchilari davom etdi va hech bo'lmaganda bitta vaziyatda Kubadan tashqarida Pines orolida vaqtinchalik Gugenot aholi punktining shakllanishiga olib keldi. Angliya qaroqchiligi Angliya, Shotlandiya va Irlandiya qiroli Karl I (1625–1649) davrida kuchaygan va Angliya-Ispaniya munosabatlari yanada keskinlashib borgan sari tajovuzkorroq bo'lgan. O'ttiz yillik urush. Ispaniya va Gollandiya 1560-yillardan beri urush olib borishgan bo'lsa-da, gollandlar kechikib kelganlar, bu mintaqada faqat 1590-yillarning o'rtalaridan keyin paydo bo'lgan, o'shanda Gollandiya respublikasi Ispaniyaga qarshi uzoq to'qnashuvda mudofaada qolmagan. Gollandiyalik xususiy mulkchilik 1620-yillardan boshlab keng tarqalib, zo'ravonlik kasb etdi.[32]

Qirolicha Yelizaveta hukmronligi davrida Ispaniyaga da'vo qilingan Karib havzasidagi inglizlarning bosqini tezlashdi. Ushbu harakatlar dastlab uyushgan, yirik kontrabanda ekspeditsiyalari niqobini olgan, bu kabi pirat kontrabandachilar boshchiligida. Jon Xokins, Jon Oksenxem va Frensis Dreyk; ularning asosiy maqsadi afrikalik qullarni Ispaniyaning Karib havzalariga tropik mahsulotlar evaziga yashirincha olib kirish edi. Ingliz merkantiliy qaroqchiligining dastlabki holatlari 1562-63 yillarda, Xokkinsning odamlari qirg'oq yaqinidagi portugal kemasiga hujum qilishganda sodir bo'lgan. Serra-Leone, bortdagi 300 qulni asirga oldi va ularni shakar, terilar va qimmatbaho o'rmonlar evaziga ularni Santo-Domingoga yashirincha olib kirdi. Xokkins va uning zamondoshlari shaytoniy san'atni kemaga sig'inishi mumkin bo'lgan qullar sonini ko'paytirishni o'zlashtirdilar. U va boshqa qul savdogarlari, qullarni yon tomonlariga yotqizib, bir-birlariga qoshiq qilib, uslubiy ravishda qadoqlashdi. Lyubekning Iso alayhissalom nomi bilan atalgan qullar savdosi kemasi, uning yuqumli ichaklari Elizabeth I bilan hamkorlikda 400 afrikalik qulni siqib chiqargan edi. 1567 va 1568 yillarda Xokkins ikkita pirat kontrabanda ekspeditsiyasiga buyruq berdi, ularning oxirgisi halokatli yakun topdi; u deyarli barcha kemalarini yo'qotgan va odamlarining to'rtdan uch qismi ispan askarlari tomonidan o'ldirilgan San-Xuan-de-Ulua, sohil yaqinida Verakruz, Yangi Ispaniya flotining chiqish nuqtasi. Xokkins va Dreyk zo'rg'a qochib qutulishdi, ammo Oksenxem qo'lga olindi Inkvizitsiya va tiriklayin yoqib yuborishdi.[32]

Ning ko'plab janglari Angliya-Ispaniya urushi Karib dengizida oddiy ingliz qo'shinlari tomonidan emas, balki qirolicha Yelizaveta Ispaniya kemalari va portlariga hujumlar uyushtirish uchun litsenziyaga ega bo'lgan xususiy odamlar tomonidan kurashgan. Bular sobiq qaroqchilar edi, ular endi shaxsiy maqomga ega bo'lishdi. O'sha yillarda yetmish beshdan ziyod hujjatlashtirilgan ingliz xususiy ekspeditsiyalari Ispaniya mulklari va kemalarini nishonga oldilar. Dreyk Ispaniya kemalari va portlarini qo'rqitdi. 1586 yil boshida uning kuchlari Santo Domingoni egallab oldi, ustidan nazoratni bir oy atrofida saqlab qolish. Ketishdan oldin ular shaharni talon-taroj qildilar va katta ne'matni oldilar. Dreyk odamlari cherkov tasvirlari va bezaklarini yo'q qilishdi va hatto Ispaniya askarlarining katolik ishtiyoqi ularni avliyolarni turli xil jonli qalqonlar sifatida otishdan saqlaydi deb umid qilib, azizlarning yog'och tasvirlari bilan mudofaa palatasi o'rnatdilar.[32]

Qullik

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Afro-Karib dengizi tarixi
XIX asrda Teodor Bray tomonidan shakarqamish plantatsiyasini aks ettiruvchi litografiya. O'ng tomonda "oq ofitser", Evropa noziri, plantatsiyalar ishchilarini kuzatmoqda. Chap tomonda qamish tashish uchun tekis dipli idish bor.
Karib dengiziga olib kelingan qullar g'ayriinsoniy sharoitda yashashgan. Yuqorida qul kulbalari misollari keltirilgan Bonaire golland mustamlakachilari tomonidan taqdim etilgan. Balandligi 5 fut va eni 6 fut atrofida, 2-3 qullar yaqin atrofdagi tuz konlarida ishlagandan keyin uxladilar.

[33]

Karib havzasida qishloq xo'jaligining rivojlanishi qo'l ishchilarining katta ishchi kuchini talab qildi, bu evropaliklar Afrikadagi qul savdosidan foydalanib topdilar. The Atlantika qul savdosi afrikalik qullarni Amerikadagi, shu jumladan Karib dengizidagi ingliz, golland, frantsuz, portugal va ispan mustamlakalariga olib keldi. Karib dengiziga qullar XVI asr boshlaridan XIX asr oxirigacha olib kelingan. Qullarning aksariyati 1701-1810 yillarda Karib dengizi koloniyalariga olib kelingan. Shuningdek, 1816 yilda Barbados koloniyasida qullar inqilobi bo'lgan.[34]

Quyidagi jadvalda Karib dengizi mustamlakalariga olib kelingan qullar soni keltirilgan:[35]

Karib dengizidagi mustamlakachi1492–17001701–18101811–1870Import qilingan qullarning umumiy soni
Britaniya Karib dengizi263,7001,401,300—1,665,000
Gollandiyalik Karib dengizi40,000460,000—500,000
Frantsiya Karib dengizi155,8001,348,40096,0001,600,200

Abolitsionistlar Amerika va Evropada XIX asr davomida qul savdosining ashaddiy muxoliflariga aylandi. Qullarni koloniyalarga olib kirish ko'pincha qullik institutining tugashidan bir necha yil oldin taqiqlangan. 19-asrga kelib Karib dengizidagi ko'plab qullar qonuniy ravishda ozod bo'lgunga qadar bo'lgan. Orqali Britaniya imperiyasida qullar savdosi bekor qilindi Qullar savdosi to'g'risidagi qonunni bekor qilish 1807 yilda. Britaniya imperiyasida allaqachon qul bo'lgan erkaklar, ayollar va bolalar qul bo'lib qolishdi, ammo Britaniya o'tib ketguncha Qullikni tugatish to'g'risidagi qonun 1833 yilda. 1834 yilda Qullikni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun kuchga kirgach, Buyuk Britaniyaning G'arbiy Hindistondagi 700000 qul darhol ozod bo'ldi; boshqa qul ishchilar bir necha yil o'tgach, majburiy shogirdlik davridan keyin ozod qilindi.[36] Gollandiya imperiyasida qullik 1814 yilda bekor qilingan. Ispaniya 1811 yilda o'z imperiyasida qullikni bekor qildi, faqat Kuba, Puerto-Riko va Santo Domingo bundan mustasno; Ispaniya 1817 yilda Angliya tomonidan 400 ming funt to'laganidan keyin ushbu mustamlakalarga qul savdosini tugatdi. 1886 yilgacha Kubada qullikning o'zi bekor qilinmadi. Frantsiya 1848 yilda o'z mustamlakalarida qullikni bekor qildi.

Nikoh, ajralish va birgalikda sotish

"Qullarning nikohiga oid rasmiy plantokratik nuqtai nazar qullarni har qanday mehr-oqibat rishtalari yoki uzoq yillik munosabatlarni rad etishga intildi va shu bilan sotish orqali yaqin qarindoshlarning beg'araz ajralishini ratsionalizatsiya qildi."[37][a] "Qullikning dastlabki kunlaridan boshlab, beg'araz sotuvlar va ajralishlar alohida qullarning ichki hayotini jiddiy ravishda buzdi."[38] Erlarni alohida sotish uchun qullarni sotish mumkin edi. "Qul er-xotinlarni ba'zan sotish yo'li bilan ajratib turar edilar .... Ular yolg'iz qul sifatida yoki onalik yoki katta oilalarning bir qismi sifatida yashagan, ammo o'zlarini" uylangan "deb hisoblashgan.'"[39] Sotish mulk qarzlarni to'lash uchun "zaxiralar" bilan, qullikning so'nggi davrida keng tarqalgan bo'lib, qul turmush o'rtoqlarni ajratish sifatida tanqid qilindi.[38] Uilyam Bekford "oilalarni birgalikda sotish yoki bir mahallada iloji boricha yaqin joyda saqlash" uchun bahslashdi[38] va "qullik oilalarining sotilish yo'li bilan parchalanishini oldini olish uchun qullikning so'nggi davrida qonunlar qabul qilingan, ... [lekin] bu qonunlar ko'pincha e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan".[38] "Qullar tez-tez o'zlarining hissiy aloqalarini uzishga qattiq munosabat bildirishdi",[38] "qayg'u va umidsizlik" hissi,[38] ba'zan ko'ra Tomas Kuper 1820 yilda, qayg'udan o'limga olib keldi.[40] Jon Styuart qullik xaridorlari tufayli ajralishga qarshi, buning uchun afsuslanishiga qarshi fikr bildirdi "umidsizlik [,] ... aytmoq umidsizlik [,] yoki 'qo'yish [ting] ularning hayotiga davri'".[41] Ajratilgan qullar ko'pincha bo'sh vaqtni bir kecha uchun birlashish uchun uzoq masofalarga sayohat qilish uchun ishlatar edilar[40] ba'zan esa qochib ketgan qullar er-xotin bo'lishgan.[40] Biroq, "qullarni sotish va natijada oilalarning parchalanishi kamaydi, chunki qul plantatsiyalari farovonlikni yo'qotdi".[42]

Mustamlaka qonunlari

Evropa plantatsiyalari plantatsiyalar tizimini va plantatsiyalarda ishlash uchun olib kelingan ko'plab qullarni tartibga solish uchun qonunlarni talab qildi. Ushbu huquqiy nazorat mustamlakalarda yashovchi qullar uchun eng zulmkor edi, u erda ular o'zlarining evropalik xo'jayinlaridan ustunroq edilar va bu kabi isyon doimiy edi. Yamayka. Dastlabki mustamlakachilik davrida, isyonkor qullar qattiq jazolangan, shu qatorda qiynoqlar bilan o'ldirilgan; hujum, o'g'irlik yoki doimiy ravishda qochib qutulish kabi unchalik og'ir bo'lmagan jinoyatlar, odatda qo'l yoki oyoqni kesib tashlash kabi tan jarohati bilan jazolandi.[43]

Angliya hukmronligi ostida qullar faqat xo'jayinining roziligi bilan ozod qilinishi mumkin edi va shuning uchun qullar uchun erkinlik kamdan-kam uchrardi. Britaniya mustamlakalari o'zlarining qonun chiqaruvchi organlari va mahalliy orol gubernatori va tojning roziligi bilan qonunlar o'rnatishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Britaniya qonunchiligi qullarni mulk deb hisoblardi va shu tariqa qullar uchun nikoh, oilaviy huquqlar, qullar uchun ta'lim olish yoki bayramlar singari diniy marosimlarga bo'lgan huquq tan olinmagan. Britaniya qonunchiligi sudlarning sud tomonidan ko'rib chiqilish huquqi bundan mustasno, ozod qilingan qullarga nisbatan barcha huquqlarni rad etdi. Aks holda, ozod qilingan qullar mulkka egalik qilish, ovoz berish yoki lavozim egallash, hatto ba'zi savdo-sotiqlarga kirish huquqiga ega emas edilar.[43]

Frantsiya imperiyasi ostida qullarni tartibga soladi Kod Noir (Qora kod) imperiya bo'ylab amal qilgan, ammo Karib dengizi mustamlakalarida frantsuz amaliyotiga asoslangan. Frantsiya qonunchiligi qullar nikohini tan oldi, lekin faqat xo'jayinning roziligi bilan. Frantsiya qonunchiligi, Ispaniya qonunchiligi kabi, evropalik erkaklar va qora tanli yoki nikohni huquqiy tan oldi Kreol ayollar. Frantsiya va Ispaniya qonunlari, shuningdek, Angliya qonunlariga nisbatan tan olishda ancha yumshoqroq edi uydirma, yoki qulning o'z erkinligini sotib olish va "erkin" bo'lish qobiliyati. Frantsiya qonunchiligiga ko'ra, erkin qullar fuqarolikka to'liq huquqlarga ega bo'ldilar. Shuningdek, frantsuzlar qullarga cheklangan qonuniy huquqlarni, masalan, mulkka egalik huquqi va shartnomalar tuzish huquqini kengaytirdilar.[44]

Mustamlakachilikning Karib dengiziga ta'siri

Ushlanganligini ko'rsatadigan medalon Trinidad va Tobago 1797 yilda inglizlar tomonidan.
Janob Ralf Aberkrombi, Qo'lga olgan ingliz kuchlari qo'mondoni Trinidad va Tobago.

Iqtisodiy ekspluatatsiya

Ekspluatatsiyasi Karib dengizi landshaft ispan tilidan boshlanadi konkistadorlar 1490-yillardan boshlab, ispan ko'chmanchilari tomonidan qabul qilingan mahalliy xalqlarni majburan jalb qilganlar encomienda ga meniki oltin uchun. Xristofor Kolumb Ispaniyaga orollar shakarni rivojlantirish uchun qilingan deb yozganida yanada muhim rivojlanish yuz berdi.[45] Karib dengizi qishloq xo'jaligiga qaramlik tarixi plantatsiyalar tizimini joriy qilish orqali mintaqaning moliyaviy salohiyatini o'zgartirgan Evropa mustamlakachiligi bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Oltin qazib olish uchun ispanlarning ekspluatatsiya qilingan mahalliy aholisi singari, XVII asr ham zolimlarning yangi seriyasini gollandlar, inglizlar va frantsuzlar shaklida olib keldi. 18-asrning o'rtalariga kelib shakar Britaniyaning eng yirik importi bo'lib, Karib dengizini mustamlaka sifatida juda muhim qildi.[46]

Shakar 18 asrga qadar Evropada hashamat edi. U 18-asrda keng ommalashdi, so'ngra 19-asrda ehtiyojga aylandi. Taomning muhim tarkibiy qismi bo'lgan shakarga bo'lgan ta'm va talabning evolyutsiyasi katta iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarni keltirib chiqardi.[47] Quyosh nurlari ko'p bo'lgan, mo'l-ko'l yog'ingarchilik va sovuqni kengaytirmagan Karib orollari shakarqamish qishloq xo'jaligi va shakar zavodlari uchun juda mos edi.

1833 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada qullar ozod qilinganidan keyin ko'plab ozod qilingan afrikaliklar o'zlarining sobiq xo'jayinlarini tark etishdi. Bu Karib dengizining ingliz egalari uchun iqtisodiy tartibsizlikni keltirib chiqardi shakarqamish plantatsiyalar. Issiq va nam fermer xo'jaliklaridagi mashaqqatli ish uchun doimiy, itoatkor va kam ish haqi talab qilinadigan ishchi kuchi zarur edi. Inglizlar arzon ishchi kuchini qidirishdi. Buni ular dastlab Xitoyda, so'ngra asosan Hindistonda topdilar. Inglizlar majburiy mehnatning yangi huquqiy tizimini ishlab chiqdilar, bu ko'p jihatdan qullikka o'xshash edi.[48] Ularni qul deb atash o'rniga, ular chaqirilgan ishsiz mehnat. Hindlar va janubi-sharqiy osiyoliklar ilgari qul sifatida olib kelingan afrikaliklarning o'rnini Angliya imperiyasi bo'ylab shakarqamish plantatsiyalarida xizmat qilish uchun ushbu indentured ish rejasiga muvofiq boshladilar. Shakar qamish plantatsiyalari uchun ish beruvchilarni olib ketadigan birinchi kemalar 1836 yilda Hindistonni tark etishdi. Keyingi 70 yil ichida yana ko'plab kemalar Karib dengiziga qattiq g'ayriinsoniy ish uchun arzon va osoyishta ishchi sifatida ishsiz ishchilar olib kelishdi. Dunyo bo'ylab boshqa Evropa koloniyalarida bo'lgani kabi, qul ishi va indentured mehnat ham millionlab odamlarda ham Karib dengiziga olib kirildi.[49][50][51][52]

Qamish kesuvchilar Yamayka, 1880-yillar.

Yangi dunyo plantatsiyalari Eski Dunyoning o'sib borayotgan ehtiyojlarini qondirish maqsadida tashkil etilgan. Shakar plantatsiyalari Buyuk Britaniyaga shakarni eksport qilish niyatida qurilgan, shuning uchun inglizlar ish haqi bilan shakarga mahalliy talabni rag'batlantirishga hojat yo'q edi.[shubhali – muhokama qilish][qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ] Qulchilik tizimi moslashtirildi, chunki bu mustamlakachiga mo'l-ko'l ishchi kuchiga ega bo'lishiga imkon berib, shakarga bo'lgan talabning pasayishi haqida tashvishlanmadi.[53] 19-asrda ish haqi nihoyat bilan joriy etildi qullikni bekor qilish. Amaldagi yangi tizim avvalgisiga o'xshash edi, chunki u oq kapital va rangli mehnatga asoslangan edi.[54] Ko'p sonli malakasiz ishchilar takroriy vazifalarni bajarish uchun yollanar edilar, bu esa bu ishchilarga hech qachon chiqib ketish va qishloq xo'jaligida bo'lmagan ish bilan shug'ullanish juda qiyin edi. Ish topish uchun shahar varianti mavjud bo'lgan boshqa mamlakatlardan farqli o'laroq, Karib dengizi mamlakatlari qishloq xo'jaligiga pul qo'ygan va hech qanday asosiy sanoat bazasiga ega bo'lmagan.[55] Mavjud shaharlar fuqarolarga cheklangan imkoniyatlarni taqdim etdi va butun hayoti qishloq xo'jaligida ishlagan malakasiz omma uchun deyarli yo'q edi. The products produced brought in no profits for the countries since they were sold to the colonial occupant buyer who controlled the price the products were sold at. This resulted in extremely low wages with no potential for growth since the occupant nations had no intention of selling the products at a higher price to themselves.[56]

The result of this economic exploitation was a plantation dependence which saw the Caribbean nations possessing a large quantity of unskilled workers capable of performing agricultural tasks and not much else. After many years of colonial rule the nations also saw no profits brought into their country since the sugar production was controlled by the colonial rulers. This left the Caribbean nations with little capital to invest towards enhancing any future industries unlike European nations which were developing rapidly and separating themselves technologically and economically from most impoverished nations of the world.

Urushlar

Azizlar jangi by Thomas Mitchell. This 1782 battle between the British and French navies took place near Gvadelupa.

The Caribbean region was war-torn throughout much of colonial history, but the wars were often based in Europe, with only minor battles fought in the Caribbean. Some wars, however, were borne of political turmoil in the Caribbean itself.

Karib dengizidagi qaroqchilik was often a tool used by the European empires to wage war unofficially against one another. Gold plundered from Spanish ships and brought to Britain had a pivotal effect on European interest in colonizing the region.

Qullarning qo'zg'olonlari

Illustration circa 1815 showing "Incendie du Cap" (Burning of Cape Francais) during the Gaiti inqilobi. The caption reads: "General revolt of the Blacks. Massacre of the Whites".

The plantation system and the slave trade that enabled its growth led to regular slave resistance in many Caribbean islands throughout the colonial era. Resistance was made by escaping from the plantations altogether, and seeking refuge in the areas free of European settlement. Communities of escaped slaves, who were known as Marunlar, banded together in heavily forested and mountainous areas of the Buyuk Antil orollari and some of the islands of the Kichik Antil orollari. The spread of the plantations and European settlement often meant the end of many Maroon communities, although they survived on Sent-Vinsent va Dominika, and in the more remote mountainous areas of Yamayka, Hispaniola, Gvadelupa va Kuba.[57]

Violent resistance broke out periodically on the larger Caribbean islands. Many more conspiracies intended to create rebellions were discovered and ended by Europeans before they could materialize.[58] Actual violent uprisings, involving anywhere from dozens to thousands of slaves, were regular events, however. Yamayka va Kuba in particular had many qullar qo'zg'olonlari. Such uprisings were brutally crushed by European forces.

Caribbean slave uprisings (1522–1844)

The following table lists slave rebellions that resulted in actual violent uprisings:

Karib oroliYear of slave uprising[58]
Antigua1701, 1831
Bagama orollari1830, 1832–34
Barbados1816
Kuba1713, 1729, 1805, 1809, 1825, 1826, 1830–31, 1833, 1837, 1840, 1841, 1843
Kyurasao1795-
Dominika1785–90, 1791, 1795, 1802, 1809-14
Grenada1765, 1795
Gvadelupa1656, 1737, 1789,1802
Yamayka1673, 1678, 1685, 1690, 1730–40, 1760, 1765, 1766, 1791–92, 1795–96, 1808, 1822–24, 1831–32
Mari Galante1789
Martinika1752, 1789–92, 1822, 1833
Montserrat1776
Puerto-Riko1527
Sankt-Domingue1791
Seynt Jon1733-34
Sent-Kits1639
Sankt-Lucia1795-96
Sent-Vinsent1769–73, 1795–96
Santo-Domingo1522
Tobago1770, 1771, 1774, 1807
Tortola1790, 1823, 1830
Trinidad1837

Mustaqillik

Map of Antilles / Caribbean in 1843.

Gaiti, the former French colony of Sent-Doming kuni Hispaniola, was the first Caribbean nation to gain independence from European powers in 1804. This followed 13 years of war that started as a slave uprising in 1791 and quickly turned into the Gaiti inqilobi rahbarligida Toussaint l'Ouverture, where the former slaves defeated the French army (twice), the Spanish army, and the British army, before becoming the world's first and oldest black respublika, and also the second-oldest republic in the G'arbiy yarim shar after the United States. This is additionally notable as being the only successful slave uprising in history. The remaining two-thirds of Hispaniola were conquered by Haitian forces in 1821. In 1844, the newly formed Dominika Respublikasi declared its independence from Haiti.

The nations bordering the Caribbean in Central America gained independence with the 1821 establishment of the Birinchi Meksika imperiyasi —which at that time included the modern states of Meksika, Gvatemala, Salvador, Gonduras, Nikaragua va Kosta-Rika. The nations bordering the Caribbean in South America also gained independence from Spain in 1821 with the establishment of Gran Kolumbiya —which comprised the modern states of Venesuela, Kolumbiya, Ekvador va Panama.

Kuba va Puerto-Riko remained as Spanish colonies until the Ispaniya-Amerika urushi in 1898, after which Kuba attained its independence in 1902, and Puerto-Riko ga aylandi tashkil etilmagan hudud of the United States, being the last of the Buyuk Antil orollari under colonial control.

Between 1958 and 1962 most of the British-controlled Caribbean was integrated as the new G'arbiy Hindiston federatsiyasi in an attempt to create a single unified future independent state—but it failed. The following former British Caribbean island colonies achieved independence in their own right; Yamayka (1962), Trinidad va Tobago (1962), Barbados (1966), Bagama orollari (1973), Grenada (1974), Dominika (1978), Sent-Lusiya (1979), Sent-Vinsent (1979), Antigua va Barbuda (1981), Sent-Kits va Nevis (1983).

In addition British Honduras in Central America became independent as Beliz (1981), British Guiana in South America became independent as Gayana (1966), and Dutch Guiana also in South America became independent as Surinam (1975).

Islands currently under European or U.S. administration

A carriage on a street in Martinika, one of the Caribbean islands that has not become independent. Bu chet el mintaqasi of France, and its citizens are full French citizens.

As of the early 21st century, not all Caribbean islands have become independent. Several islands continue to have government ties with European countries, or with the United States.

Frantsiyaning xorijdagi departamentlari va hududlari include several Caribbean islands. Gvadelupa va Martinika frantsuzlar overseas regions, a legal status that they have had since 1946. Their citizens are considered full French citizens with the same legal rights. In 2003, the populations of Sent-Martin va Sankt-Barthélemy voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form separate overseas collectivities of France. After a bill was passed in the Frantsiya parlamenti, the new status took effect on 22 February 2007.

Puerto-Riko va AQSh Virjiniya orollari are officially territories of the United States, but are sometimes referred to as "protectorates" of the United States. They are self governing territories subject to Congress plenary powers over the territories.

Buyuk Britaniyaning xorijdagi hududlari in the Caribbean include:

Aruba, Kyurasao va Sint-Marten are all presently separate constituent countries, formerly part of the Niderlandiya Antil orollari. Bilan birga Gollandiya, they form the four constituent countries of the Niderlandiya Qirolligi. Citizens of these islands have full Dutch citizenship.

History of U.S. relations

United States' rescue effort at Sent-Vinsent, 1902, following an eruption of the volcano at La Soufrière.

President James Monroe's State of the Union address in 1823 included a significant change to United States foreign policy which later became known as the Monro doktrinasi. In a key addition to this policy called the Ruzvelt xulosasi, the United States reserved the right to intervene in any nation of the Western Hemisphere it determined to be engaged in "chronic wrongdoing". This new expansionism coupled with the loss of relative power by the colonial nations enabled the United States to become a major influence in the region. In the early part of the twentieth century this influence was extended by participation in Banan urushi. Areas outside British or French control became known in Europe as "America's tropical empire".

G'alaba Ispaniya-Amerika urushi va imzolash Platt amendment 1901 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar Kubaning siyosiy va iqtisodiy ishlariga, agar kerak bo'lsa, harbiy yo'l bilan aralashish huquqiga ega bo'lishini ta'minladi. Keyin Kuba inqilobi 1959 yil munosabatlar deteriorated rapidly leading to the Cho'chqalar ko'rfazasi bosqini, Kuba raketa inqirozi and successive US attempts to destabilise the island. The US invaded and occupied Hispaniola (Bugungi kun Dominika Respublikasi va Gaiti ) for 19 years (1915–34), subsequently dominating the Haitian economy through aid and loan repayments. The United States invaded Haiti again in 1994 and in 2004 were accused by CARICOM of arranging a coup d'état to remove elected Haitian leader Jan-Bertran Aristid.

In 1965, 23,000 U.S. troops landed in the Dominican Republic to quash a harbiy to'ntarish birinchisi nima bo'lganida AQShning harbiy aralashuvi in Latin America in more than 30 years.[59] Prezident Lindon Jonson had ordered the invasion to stem what he claimed to be a "Communist threat", but the mission appeared ambiguous and was condemned throughout the hemisphere as a return to qurolli diplomatiya.[60] In 1983 the United States bosqinchi Grenada to remove popular and charismatic left-wing leader Moris Bishop. The United States maintains a naval military base in Cuba at Guantanamo qamoqxonasi. The base is one of five unified commands whose "area of responsibility" is Latin America and the Caribbean. The command is headquartered in Mayami, Florida.

As an arm of the economic and political network of the Americas, the influence of the United States stretches beyond a harbiy kontekst. Yilda iqtisodiy terms, the United States represents a birlamchi bozor uchun eksport of Caribbean goods. Notably, this is a recent historical trend. The urushdan keyingi era reflects a time of transition for the Karib havzasi when, as mustamlaka powers sought to disentangle from the region (as part of a larger trend of dekolonizatsiya ), the US began to expand its hegemony throughout the region. This pattern is confirmed by economic initiatives such as the Karib havzasi tashabbusi (CBI), which sought to congeal alliances with the region in light of a perceived Sovet tahdid. The CBI marks the emergence of the Caribbean basin as a geosiyosiy area of strategic interest to the US.

This relationship has carried through to the 21st century, as reflected by the Karib havzasi savdo sherikligi to'g'risidagi qonun. The Caribbean Basin is also of strategic interest in regards to trade routes; it has been estimated that nearly half of US foreign cargo and xom neft imports are brought via Caribbean seaways. During wartime, these figures only stand to increase. It is important to note that the United States is also of strategic interest to the Caribbean. Caribbean foreign policy seeks to strengthen its participation in a global erkin bozor iqtisodiyot. As an extension of this, Caribbean states do not wish to be excluded from their primary market in the United States, or be bypassed in the creation of "wider hemispheric trading blocs" that stand to drastically alter trade and production in the Caribbean Basin. As such, the US has played an influential role in shaping the Caribbean's role in this hemispheric market. Likewise, building trade relationships with the US has always figured in strongly with the political goal of economic security in post-independence Caribbean states.

Economic change in the 20th century

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Britaniyaning G'arbiy Hindiston tarixi

The mainstay of the Caribbean economy, sugar, has declined gradually since the beginning of the 20th century, although it is still a major crop in the region. Caribbean sugar production became relatively expensive in comparison to other parts of the world that developed their own sugar cultivation industries, making it difficult for Caribbean sugar products to compete.[61] Caribbean economic diversification into new activities became essential to the islands.

Turizm

A 1906 advertisement in the Monreal tibbiyot jurnali, ko'rsatib United Fruit Company selling trips to Yamayka.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Caribbean islands enjoyed greater political stability. Large-scale violence was no longer a threat after the end of slavery in the islands. The British-controlled islands in particular benefited from investments in the infrastructure of colonies. By the beginning of World War I, all British-controlled islands had their own police force, fire department, doctors and at least one hospital. Sewage systems and public water supplies were built, and death rates in the islands dropped sharply. Literacy also increased significantly during this period, as schools were set up for students descended from African slaves. Public libraries were established in large towns and capital cities.[62]

These improvements in the quality of life for the inhabitants also made the islands a much more attractive destination for visitors. Tourists began to visit the Caribbean in larger numbers by the beginning of the 20th century, although there was a tourist presence in the region as early as the 1880s. The U.S.-owned United Fruit Company operated a fleet of "banana boats" in the region that doubled as tourist transportation. The United Fruit Company also developed hotels for tourist accommodations. It soon became apparent, however, that this industry was much like a new form of colonialism; the hotels operated by the company were fully staffed by Americans, from chefs to waitresses, in addition to being owned by Americans, so that the local populations saw little economic benefit. The company also enforced racial discrimination in many policies for its fleet. Black passengers were assigned to inferior cabins, were sometimes denied bookings, and were expected to eat meals early before white passengers.[63] The most popular early destinations were Jamaica and the Bahamas; the Bahamas remains today the most popular tourist destination in the Caribbean.

Post-independence economic needs, particularly in the aftermath of the end of preferential agricultural trade ties with Europe, led to a boom in the development of the tourism industry in the 1980s and thereafter. Large luxury hotels and resorts have been built by foreign investors in many of the islands. Cruise ships are also regular visitors to the Caribbean.

Some islands have gone against this trend, such as Cuba and Haiti, whose governments chose not to pursue foreign tourism, although Cuba has developed this part of the economy very recently. Other islands lacking sandy beaches, such as Dominica, missed out on the 20th-century tourism boom, although they have recently begun to develop ekoturizm, diversifying the tourism industry in the Caribbean.

Moliyaviy xizmatlar

Ning rivojlanishi offshor bank ishi services began during the 1920s. The close proximity of the Caribbean islands to the United States has made them an attractive location for branches of foreign banks. Clients from the United States take advantage of offshore banking services to avoid U.S. taxation. The Bahamas entered the financial services industry first, and continues to be at the forefront of financial services in the region. The Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, and the Netherlands Antilles have also developed competitive financial services industries.[64] In recent years reduced interest rates and higher costs related largely to anti-money laundering compliance have led to the closure of many correspondent banking arrangements by extra-regional banks.[65][66]

Shippings

A container ship docked in the deep water harbour of Bridjtaun, Barbados, which opened in 1961.

Ports both large and small were built throughout the Caribbean during the colonial era. The export of sugar on a large scale made the Caribbean one of the world's shipping cornerstones, as it remains today. Many key shipping routes still pass through the region.

The development of large-scale shipping to compete with other ports in Central and South America ran into several obstacles during the 20th century. Miqyos iqtisodiyoti, high port handling charges, and a reluctance by Caribbean governments to privatize ports put Caribbean shipping at a disadvantage.[67] Many locations in the Caribbean are suitable for the construction of deepwater ports for commercial ship container traffic, or to accommodate large cruise ships. The deepwater port at Bridjtaun, Barbados, was completed by British investors in 1961. A more recent deepwater port project was completed by Hong Kong investors in Katta Bahama Bagama orollarida.

Some Caribbean islands take advantage of qulaylik bayrog'i policies followed by foreign merchant fleets, registering the ships in Caribbean ports. The registry of ships at "flag of convenience" ports is protected by the Dengiz qonuni and other international treaties. These treaties leave the enforcement of labour, tax, health and safety, and environmental laws under the control of the registry, or "flag" country, which in practical terms means that such regulations seldom result in penalties against the merchant ship. The Cayman Islands, Bahamas, Antigua, Bermuda, and St. Vincent are among the top 11 flags of convenience in the world. However, the flag of convenience practice has been a disadvantage to Caribbean islands as well, since it also applies to cruise ships, which register outside the Caribbean and thus can evade Caribbean enforcement of the same territorial laws and regulations.[68]

Xronologiya

  • 1494 Tainos Came to the Caribbean and found Jamaica and other islands.
  • 1493 Spanish discovery of Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, Avliyo Martin, Virgin orollari, Puerto Rico, Jamaica.
  • 1496 Spanish foundation of Santo-Domingo - colonization of Hispaniola begins.
  • 1498 Spanish discovery of Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, Margarita oroli.
  • 1499 Spanish discovery of Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire.
  • 1502 Spanish discovery of Martinique.
  • 1508 Spanish colonization of Puerto-Riko va Aruba boshlanadi.
  • 1509 Spanish colonization of Yamayka boshlanadi.
  • 1511 Spanish foundation of Barakoa - colonization of Cuba begins.
  • 1520 Spaniards removed last Amerindians from Lucayan Archipelago ( population of 40,000 in 1492 ).
  • 1525 Spanish colonization of Margarita Island begins.
  • 1526 Spanish colonization of Bonaire boshlanadi.
  • 1527 Spanish colonization of Kurasao boshlanadi.
  • 1536 Portuguese discovery of Barbados.
  • 1592 Spanish colonization of Trinidad boshlanadi.
  • 1623 English colonization of Sent-Kits boshlanadi.
  • 1627 English colonization of Barbados boshlanadi.
  • 1628 English colonization of Nevis boshlanadi.
  • 1631 Dutch colonization of Saint Martin begins.
  • 1632 English colonization of Montserrat va Antigua boshlanadi.
  • 1634 Dutch conquest of Spanish Curacao.
  • 1635 French colonization of Gvadelupa va Martinika boshlanadi.
  • 1636 Dutch conquest of Spanish Aruba and Bonaire.
  • 1648 English colonization of Bagama orollari boshlanadi.
  • 1649 French colonization of Grenada boshlanadi.
  • 1650 English colonization of Angilya boshlanadi.
  • 1654 Dutch colonization of Tobago boshlanadi.
  • 1655 English conquest of Spanish Jamaica.
  • 1681 English colonization of Turklar va Kaykos boshlanadi.
  • 1697 by Risvikning tinchligi, Spain ceded western third of Hispaniola (Haiti) to France.
  • 1719 French colonization of Sent-Vinsent (Antillar) boshlanadi.
  • 1734 English colonization of Kayman orollari boshlanadi.
  • 1797 British conquest of Spanish Trinidad.

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Plantocratic, of a political order dominated by plantation owners

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