Ikitos - Iquitos

Ikitos San Pablo va San Pedro de Ikitos
Shahar
Yuqoridan soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha: Iquitos shahar manzarasi tunda; Temir uy; Avgustin maktab auditoriyasining minimalist me'morchiligi; tijorat Jiron Prospero; Baytlahmning mashhur mahallasidagi Suvli xiyobon; Abelardo Quinones xiyoboni va mototsikl taksilarining transport harakati; va Ikitos sobori.
Bayroq Gerb
Taxallus (lar): Poytaxti Peru Amazonasi, Amazoniya oroli
Shior (lar): Carpent tua poma nepotes (Lotin: Sening mevalaringni bolalaring yig'adi)
Ikitos Perudagi Loreto mintaqasida joylashgan joy Loreto Departament xaritasini ko'rsatish Ikitos Ikitos (Peru) Peru xaritasini ko'rsatish
Koordinatalari: 3 ° 44′S 73 ° 15′W / 3.733 ° S 73.250 ° Vt / -3.733; -73.250
Mamlakat	Peru
Mintaqa	Loreto
Viloyat	Maynas
Tuman	Ikitos
O'rnatilgan	1624
Birlashtirilgan	1866
Hukumat
• turi	Mahalliy hokimiyat
• tanasi	Maynas provinsiyasi
• shahar hokimi	Fransisko Sanjurjo Davila (2019-2022)
Maydon [1]
• Shahar	1213 km2 (468,5 kvadrat milya)
• er	784 km2 (302,6 kvadrat milya)
• Suv	340 km2 (132 kvadrat milya)
Balandlik	104 m (341 fut)
Aholisi
• smeta (2017)[2]	377,609
• daraja	9-chi
• Metro	510,000
Demonim (lar)	Ikiteño
Vaqt zonasi	UTC-5 (UY HAYVONI )
UBIGEO	1601
Hudud kodlari	65
ISO 3166 kodi	PE-LOR
Iqlim	Af
Veb-sayt	www.munimaynas.gob.pe

Ikitos (/ɪˈkɪtɒs,iː-,-toʊs/ (tinglang);^[3][4] Ispancha talaffuz:[iˈkitos]), shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Ikitos shahri, ning poytaxti Peru "s Maynas viloyati va Loreto viloyati. Eng kattasi metropol ichida Peru Amazonasi, And tog'ining sharqida, bu aholisi eng ko'p bo'lgan to'qqizinchi Peru shahri.

U "Peru Amazonasining poytaxti" sifatida tanilgan. Shahar Amazon havzasining Buyuk tekisliklarida joylashgan va Amazon, Nanay va Itaya daryolar. Umuman olganda, u Ikitos metropoliteni, to'rtta tumandan iborat 471,993 nafar aholi istiqomat qiluvchi hudud: Ikitos, Punchana, Belen va San-Xuan Bautista. Bu dunyodagi eng katta shahar bo'lib, unga yo'l orqali etib borish mumkin emas - unga faqat daryo va havo orqali borish mumkin.^[5]

Bu hududda qadimdan mahalliy aholi yashagan. Evropa shaharining tashkil etilgan sanasi noaniq. Ispaniyaning tarixiy hujjatlarida u 1757 yil atrofida ispancha sifatida tashkil etilganligi ko'rsatilgan Jizvitlarning kamayishi Nanay daryosi bo'yida. Iezuitlar mahalliy Napeano (Yameo ) va Iquito mahalliy aholisi bu erda yashashadi va ular unga nom berishdi San Pablo de Napeanos.

19-asrning oxirida shahar Amazon havzasidan rezina ishlab chiqarish eksportining markaziga aylandi va uning bosh qarorgohi bo'ldi Peru Amazon kompaniyasi (PAC). Kauchuk portlash minglab Evropa va Shimoliy Afrikadagi savdogarlar va ishchilarni jalb qildi, ularning ba'zilari katta hajmdagi kauchuk ishlab chiqarish, qayta ishlash va savdo bilan boylik to'pladilar. Shahar iqtisodiyoti Perulik ishbilarmon tomonidan boshqariladigan PACga juda bog'liq edi Xulio Sezar Arana.

Havzada chuqurroq bo'lgan PAC kuchlarining operatsiyalari, ular mahalliy ishchilarni kuch ishlatish va qattiq munosabatda bo'lish orqali qullik sharoitida saqlashgan. Rojer Casement, Britaniyaning Perudagi bosh konsuli. U mahalliy aholining mehnat sharoitlarini o'rganib chiqdi Kongo ozod shtati u ostida bo'lganida Qirol Leopold nazorat qilish, minglab ishchilarni suiiste'mol qilish haqida xabar berish. Uning 1913 yilda Peru ishchilarini suiiste'mol qilganligi fosh etilishi kompaniyaning bir necha britaniyalik a'zolari va ko'plab aksiyadorlar o'rtasida reaktsiyaga sabab bo'ldi. Kompaniya moliyaviy jihatdan qiynaldi va Buyuk Britaniyada qo'llab-quvvatlashni yo'qotdi. Bundan tashqari, rezina ko'chatlari mamlakat tashqarisiga olib chiqilgan va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi plantatsiyalarda o'stirilgan. O'simliklar pishib yetganda, Peru mahsulotining raqobati pasayib ketdi. Kauchuk sanoatining pasayishi bilan ko'plab ishchilar va savdogarlar Iquitosni tark etishdi.

Bilan birga etakchi shaharlardan biri sifatida Manaus, juda katta Amazon kauchuk bum (1880-1914), Ikitosga ko'pchilik ta'sir ko'rsatgan Evropaliklar kim unga yig'ilgan. Ushbu davrda tashkil etilgan me'morchilik va madaniyat muassasalari o'zlarining an'analarini ifoda etdilar. Opera muassasasi va yahudiylar qabristoni tashkil etilgan muassasalardan edi.

Keyinchalik 20-asrda shahar va mintaqa o'z iqtisodiyotini diversifikatsiya qildi. Viloyat yog'och, baliq va uning mahsulotlari, neft, minerallar va qishloq xo'jaligi ekinlarini eksport qildi. Shuningdek, u turizm va tegishli hunarmandchilik, shuningdek nonvoyxonalar va gazlangan ichimliklar va pivodan katta daromad oladi. 1999 yilga kelib shahar to'rtta munitsipalitetni birlashtirdi.

Turizmning ko'tarilishi

Arxitektura va tarixiy xazinalar mustamlakachilikni va 20-asrning boshidagi Evropa davrini aks ettiradi va 21-asrda meros turizmi savdosi uchun joy bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, shahar ekologik turizm uchun mintaqa markazi hisoblanadi. Bu murakkab tarix va oshxonani, Amazon manzaralarini, Amazonkada mustahkam ildiz otgan yirik kosmopolit shaharga aylandi. tungi hayot va tobora rivojlanib borayotgan madaniy harakat.

2012 yilda 250 ming tashrif buyuruvchilar ro'yxatga olingan. Ko'pchilik jalb qilingan Amazon yomg'ir o'rmonlari biri sifatida joylashtirilgan edi Dunyoning etti tabiiy mo'jizasi. Ikitos asosiy markazga xalqaro reyslarni ochdi Panama shahri 2012 yilda, birgalikda yo'nalishlar bilan Mayami va Kankun. Uning xalqaro aeroporti Peruning oltita xalqaro havo markazlaridan biriga aylanishi kutilmoqda. Shahar "2011 yilda 10 ta etakchi shahar" ro'yxatida oltinchi o'rinni egalladi Yolg'iz sayyora qo'llanma.

Bundan tashqari, Ikitosning tarixiy markazida xalqning madaniy merosi tarkibiga kiritilgan bir nechta tuzilmalar mavjud: Ikitos sobori, Casa de Fierro (Iron House), Old Hotel Palace, Cohen House va boshqa 70 dan ortiq binolar. Boshqa diqqatga sazovor joylar Plaza de Armas; Jiron Prospero, bir necha savdo va tarixiy hududlar joylashgan xiyobon; va tez-tez "Amazon" deb nomlangan Belinning jonli mahallasi Venetsiya "ko'plab suv yo'llari uchun. Shahar, shuningdek, Amazon kutubxonasi, eng muhim ikkitasidan biri lotin Amerikasi.

Shaharga faqat samolyotda yoki qayiqda etib borish mumkin, faqat yo'ldan tashqari Nauta, taxminan 100 km (62 milya) janubdagi kichik shaharcha (lekin bu mamlakatning asosiy yo'l tarmog'iga ulanmagan). 3000 dan 9000 tonnagacha bo'lgan okean kemalari^[6] va 5,5 metr (18 fut) qoralama Atlantika okeanidan Amazon daryosi orqali Ikitosga 3600 kilometr (2200 mil) uzoqlikda etib borishi mumkin.

Aksariyat odamlar shahar ichida avtobus, mototsikl yoki hamma joyda sayohat qilishadi avtomatik rickshaw (mototaksi, motokarro yoki motokar). Bu o'zgartirilgan mototsikl, uch kishilik o'tiradigan idishni orqasida ikkita g'ildirak bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan. Yaqin atrofdagi shaharlarga transport ko'pincha daryo bo'ylab sayohat qilishni talab qiladi pequepeque, sekin jamoat motorli qayiq yoki jamoat tezkor qayiqlar.

Tarix

Dastlabki davr

Bu hududda ming yillar davomida odamlar yashagan Amerikaliklar. Evropadagi uchrashuv vaqtida Napeano va Ikito hududni xalqlar egallab olishdi. Ularning kichik mavsumiy turar-joylari bor edi va daryolar bilan chambarchas bog'liq holda yashaydigan ko'chmanchi ovchilar edi. Ikitosning shahar nomi ispanlar tomonidan Ikitos deb nomlangan mahalliy odamlar guruhidan olingan. Ular ilgari daryolar bo'yidagi hududlarda yashaganlar Pastaza, Arabela, Tigre, Nanay va Curaray. Oxir-oqibat, mahalliy Iquito Nanay, Amazonas, Itaya va Moronakocha ko'li.

1638 yildan 1769 yilgacha Ikitos va Maranon daryolarining boshqa mahalliy qabilalari turli vakolatxonalarda (nomi bilan tanilgan) joylashishga majbur edilar. reduktsionlar yoki qisqartirish) tomonidan tashkil etilgan va boshqariladigan Jizvit Audiencia of Kito-dan kelgan missionerlar. Iezvitlar Kitoning Audiencia shahridagi yirik shaharlarga joylashdilar Yangi Granada vitse-qirolligi vaqtida. Taxminan 130 yil davom etgan ushbu davrda 161 jezuit missionerlari Amazon mintaqasining tub aholisini konvertatsiya qilish va o'qitish bo'yicha ish olib bordilar. Ular orasida 63 kishi bo'lgan criollos (Audensiyada tug'ilgan oq etnik ispan kolonistlari), 43 yosh Ispanlar, 32 Nemislar va Golland, 20 Italiyaliklar, 2 Portugal va 1 Frantsuz. Ularning Janubiy Amerikadagi roli Amazon havzasi tub aholisini nasroniy diniga aylantirishdan iborat edi. Iezuitlar Maranon daryosi bo'yida yashovchilarni turli xil jezuitlarga muvaffaqiyatli to'plashdi missiyalar, bu erda ular fermerlik va boshqa ishlarda ishlash uchun belgilangan.

1730 yilda boshlanib, Iezuitlar Maranon daryosi bo'yida, og'ziga yaqin joyda Ikitos missiyalarini topishga 37 yil vaqt ketdilar. Napo va Amazon daryolari. Ular birgalikda Ikitos missiyalari deb nomlanardi, chunki bu aholi punktlarining hammasi asosan mintaqaning ikitoslik aholisi tomonidan yashagan. Barcha Ikitos missiyalariga nom berish va asosini Iezvit Ota amalga oshirdi Xose Bahamonde. U tug'ilgan Kito 1710 yil 1-yanvarda Iizvitlar tartibiga qabul qilindi va o'nlab yillar davomida missioner sifatida xizmat qildi. Keyin Ispaniyalik Karl III bostirilgan va chiqarib yuborilgan Isoning jamiyati 1767 yilda Janubiy Amerikadan Bahamonde Italiyaga surgun qilingan va u erda vafot etgan Ravenna, Italiya 1786 yil 11-mayda.

Quyida Bahamonde va boshqa jezuitlar tomonidan asos solingan Ikitos missiyalarining xronologik ro'yxati keltirilgan:

1. 1730 yil, Santa Mariya de la Luz de los Ikitos Ota Bahamonde tomonidan tashkil etilgan "shaharcha" - Ispaniyadagi Hindiston arxivida qayd etilgan.
2. 1740 yil, Xuan Nepomuceno de Ikitos, ota Bahamonde tomonidan asos solingan
3. 1741 yil, Santa Barbara de Iquitos, ota Bahamonde tomonidan asos solingan
4. 1742 yil, San-Sebastyan-de-Ikitos, otalari Bahamonde va Bretano tomonidan asos solingan
5. 1748 yil, Sagrado Korazon de Jezus de Marakanos (de Ikitos), Ota Bahamonde tomonidan asos solingan.
6. 1754 yil, Santa Mariya de Ikitos, Ota Uriart tomonidan asos solingan
7. 1757, San Pablo de los Napeanos, ota Bahamonde tomonidan asos solingan
8. 1763 yil San-Xaver de Ikitos, ota Palme tomonidan asos solingan
9. 1767 yil Ota Uriart tomonidan asos solingan San-Xose-de-Ikitos. Keyinchalik o'sha yili iezuitlar Charlz III buyrug'i bilan Janubiy Amerikadan quvib chiqarildi.

Ispan mustamlakasi davrida, Iezvit missiyalarining aksariyati yurisdiksiyasida bo'lgan Kito qirollik Audiencia. 1563 yilda yaratilgan bo'lib, u Peru vitse-qirolligi, va qisqacha ko'chirildi Yangi Granada vitse-qirolligi 1717 yil 27 mayda 1717 yilgi Cedula Real (1717 yil qirol farmoni) nomi bilan tanilgan. Olti yarim yildan so'ng, 1723 yil 5-noyabrda, Ispaniyalik Filipp V Nyu-Granada vitse-qirolligini tarqatib yubordi va Kito Audiencia-ni Peru vitse-qirolligi tarkibiga qo'shib qo'ydi. O'n olti yildan keyin Ispaniyalik Filipp V Nyu-Granadadagi vitse-qirollikni qayta tiklashga va Kito Audiencia-ni qayta qo'shishga qaror qildi. Cedula Real (Qirollik farmoni) 1739 yil 20-avgustda. Ispaniyalik Karl III bostirilgan Isoning jamiyati, ularga juda kuchli deb ishonib, 1767 yil 20-avgustdagi buyrug'i bilan Janubiy Amerikadan quvib chiqarildi. Kitodan uzoqligi va bu shaharga ulanadigan yo'llarning etishmasligi hisobga olinib, bu erda siyosiy vakuum paydo bo'ldi. Himoyalanmagan jizvit missiyalariga braziliyalik hujum qildi Bandeirantlar. Bunga javoban Ispaniya qiroli tavsiyasiga binoan Frantsisko Rakuena 1802 yilda Maynas hukumati va qo'mondonligini boshchiligida Ispaniyaning Amazonka quruqlikka chalingan bosqinini to'xtatish uchun. metizo Portugal Bandeirantlar. Umuman olganda, bu Amazon havzasidagi Amazon daryosining barcha irmoqlarining diniy idora va harbiy qo'mondonligini tashkil etdi. Kito qirollik Audiencia ichida Yangi Granada vitse-qirolligi ga yana o'tkazilmoqda Peru vitse-qirolligi. Portugaliyaliklarning avansi to'xtatildi Tabatinga.

19-asr: mustaqillik

19-asrning boshlarida, mustaqillikdan so'ng, Peru, Ekvador, Kolumbiya va Braziliya shimoli-g'arbiy qismida bir-birini takrorlaydigan da'volari bo'lgan Amazon havzasi, har bir mamlakat o'z mustamlakasini talqin qilishiga asoslanadi de-yure sarlavhalar. Bahsli hududda asosan Amazon o'rmonida yashovchi ko'chmanchi amerikalik mahalliy aholi guruhlari yashagan. Bundan tashqari, Amazon havzasi daryosi bo'yida tarqoq holda topilgan, aholisi kam bo'lgan savdo portlari qishloqlarida savdo-sotiq qilishga bag'ishlangan bir nechta oq va metizolar bilan yashaydigan yarim assimilyatsiya qilingan harakatsiz amerikaliklar ham bor edi. Mustamlaka davrida Maynas deb nomlanuvchi bahsli hudud Kitoning Iezuitlari tomonidan boshqariladigan ko'plab vazifalarga ega edi. Iezuitlar Janubiy Amerikadan quvib chiqarilgandan so'ng, 19-asrda faqat bir nechta missiyalar omon qolgan savdo qishloqlari sifatida omon qoldi. Braziliyaliklar, aksincha, Amazon daryosi bo'yida Atlantika okeani bo'yidagi portlariga qadar cho'zilgan qishloqlar zanjiriga ega edilar.

Peru Ekvador va Kolumbiya o'zlarining mustamlaka davrida o'zlarining Amazoniya hududlarini samarali nazorat qilishni e'tiborsiz qoldirganliklarini aniqlagani uchun, Peru bu erlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaror qildi de-yure bilan sarlavhalar amalda nisbiy izolyatsiya qilingan savdo qishloqlarida harbiy postlarni tashkil etish va keyin bahsli hududni Peru kolonistlari bilan suv bosish orqali egallash. Yagona muammo Braziliyaning kengayib borayotgan ambitsiyalari bilan bog'liq edi, chunki u munozarali hududning bir qismini o'z mustamlakachilari davrida mustamlakachilar bilan asta-sekin hal qilib qo'ygan edi; u Maranon daryosi bo'yidagi ispan tilida so'zlashadigan savdo punktlari va qishloqlar bilan savdo aloqalariga ega edi. Peruni rejalashtirilgan mustamlaka loyihasiga to'sqinlik qiladigan Braziliyani zararsizlantirish uchun 1851 yil 23 oktyabrda Peru Braziliya bilan nizolarini tinch yo'l bilan hal qildi va ikkala mamlakat ham Amazon daryosi bo'ylab ikki tomonlama bepul navigatsiya va do'stona savdo qilishga kelishib oldilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Peru-Braziliya shartnomasi natijasida Peru Prezidenti Ramon Kastilya sobiq Maynas hududidan 1861 yil 7-yanvarda Loretoning harbiy va siyosiy bo'limini tashkil etdi. Kastilya Amazon daryosidagi strategik joyda fluvial port qurishni buyurdi. Bir muncha munozaralardan so'ng uning xodimlari Iquitos Village portini tanladilar. 1864 yil 5-yanvarda Peru dengiz flotining uchta kemasi: Pastaza, Próspero y Morona, Ikitos qishlog'iga etib keldi.

Ushbu sana Peru hukumati tomonidan birinchi fluvial Ikitos portining tashkil etilgani sifatida belgilanadi. Darhol Angliyadan olib kelingan bog 'qurilishi va dengiz kuchlari faktoraji qurildi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan Ikitos shu qadar ko'payib ketdiki, u 1897 yil 9-noyabrda Loreto departamentining poytaxti etib tayinlandi. Ikitos shuningdek Rim katolik cherkoviga aylandi. Havoriylar vakili.^[7] Peru xaritani tuzishga va taxmin qilishga qodir edi amalda Ekvador va Kolumbiya bilan bahsli Amazon mintaqasining aksariyat hududlarini nazorat qilish. Ekvador va Kolumbiyaning forpostlari bilan ko'plab to'qnashuvlardan so'ng, ba'zida urush boshlandi, Peru 1922 yilda Kolumbiya bilan va 1942 yilda Ekvador bilan chegaralarini o'rnatdi.

Ikitos, 1930 yil.

Ikitos, 1930 yil.

20-asr: Kauchuk bom

Ikitos porti, 1930 yil.

Ikitos porti, 1930 yil.

1900-yillardan boshlab, Ikitos bu orqali boyib ketdi kauchuk davomida sanoat rezina bom; bu dunyoning minglab muhojirlarini jalb qildi, asosan boyliklarini kauchukdan olishga umid qilgan yosh yigitlar. Avtomobilsozlik va unga tegishli sohalarning yuksalishi butun dunyoda kauchukka bo'lgan talabni keskin oshirdi. Ba'zi erkaklar savdogar va bankir bo'lib, boyliklarini shu tarzda qilishgan. Evropalik erkaklarning aksariyati turmushga chiqdi mahalliy ayollar va umrining oxirigacha Peruda bo'lib, etnik jihatdan aralash oilalarni tashkil etishgan. Muhojirlar Evitoning kiyim-kechak uslublari, musiqa, me'morchilik va boshqa madaniy elementlarini Ikitosga olib kelishdi. Ular Evropa mumtoz musiqasini ijro etadigan opera teatri tashkil etishdi.

19-asr immigrantlari tomonidan kauchuk bom paydo bo'lgan noyob jamoalar orasida biri ham bor edi Separf yahudiylar dan Marokash. Ko'pgina erkaklar Peru ayollariga uylanishdi va Ikitosda oilalar qurishdi. Ular a ibodatxona va yahudiylar qabristoni. Birinchi avlodda ba'zi ayollar yoki bolalar yahudiylikni qabul qilishgan, ammo 20-asrning oxiriga kelib, to'rt yoki besh avlod o'tib, ko'pchilik avlodlar endi yahudiy dinini qabul qilmaydilar. Ko'pchilik katolik sifatida tarbiyalangan.

1990-yillarda yahudiy ko'chmanchisining avlodi jiddiy o'rganishni boshlagan Yahudiylik. U oilasi, do'stlari va boshqa Sefardi avlodlari orasida yahudiylik amaliyotini qayta tiklay boshladi. Ko'p yillik o'qishdan so'ng, hamdardlik yordami bilan Konservativ ravvin yilda Lima va boshqasi Bruklin, Nyu York, oxir-oqibat, bir necha yuz kishi o'qigan, yahudiy sifatida amal qilgan va yahudiylikni qabul qilgan. (Rasmiy konvertatsiya qilish kerak edi Halaxa chunki ularning onalari yahudiy bo'lmagan.) Ko'p dinni qabul qilganlar ko'chib ketishgan Isroil uning ostida Qaytish qonuni. Ushbu jamoa haqida 2010 yilda hujjatli film suratga olingan. Ushbu Ikitos jamoasidan Peruliklarning ko'chib ketishi davom etmoqda; 2013 yildan 2014 yilgacha 150 ga yaqin ko'chib ketgan.

Eng boy evropaliklar 19-asrning oxirida buyuk qasrlarni qurdilar, ulardan ba'zilari omon qoldi. Casa de Fierro (Temir uy uchun ispancha) tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan deyiladi Gustav Eyfel, dizayner Eyfel minorasi Parijda, ammo bu da'voni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi dalillar juda oz. Angliyaliklar janubi-sharqiy Osiyo va Afrikadagi Britaniyaning mustamlakalarida raqobatdosh kauchuk plantatsiyalarini tashkil etish uchun hududdan rezinali urug'larni olib chiqib ketgandan so'ng, Peru portlashi tugadi. Bundan tashqari, tomonidan 1913 yilgi tergov hisoboti Rojer Casement, Buyuk Britaniyaning Perudagi bosh konsuli, Amazon havzasida mahalliy ishchilar tomonidan suiiste'mol qilinganligini aniqladi Peru Amazon kompaniyasi (PAC), biznesmenga tegishli Xulio Sezar Arana. Uning bir necha britaniyalik kengashi a'zolari va Londondagi ko'plab aksiyadorlariga kompaniya faoliyatidagi o'zgarishlarni majburlash uchun bosim o'tkazildi. O'zgarishlarni amalga oshirish uchun ko'plab inglizlar ushbu kompaniyadan voz kechishdi. Arana Peruga qaytib keldi va u erda PACni boshqarishda qoldi. Tez orada Osiyo kauchuki arzonroq narxda ishlab chiqarila boshlandi va Janubiy Amerikaning ishlab chiqarilishidan past bo'ldi va Peruda rezina ahamiyati pasayib ketdi.

Ammo Iquitos Amazon havzasidagi muhim savdo porti sifatida davom etdi. U eksport qilish va qayta ishlash uchun yog'och, neft va mineral resurslardan, shuningdek qishloq xo'jaligi va boshqa mahsulotlardan foydalangan.

21-asr: Amazoniyalik hubbing

2012 yil 13-avgustda maxsus blyashka yodgorlik marosimida shaharning 28 de Xulio maydoniga joylashtirildi Amazon daryosi va yomg'ir o'rmoni biri sifatida Dunyoning etti tabiiy mo'jizasi.^[8] Blyashka bor edi qalbaki yilda Myunxen, Germaniya. Iguazu sharsharasi yilda Argentina shuningdek, ushbu eng ajoyib tabiiy mo''jizalardan biri sifatida tan olingan.^[9]

Geografiya

NASA sun'iy yo'ldosh tasviri Amazonka daryosi havzasi qayerda Ikitos metropoliteni joylashgan. The Amazon daryosi fotosuratning pastki qismida paydo bo'ladi.

Nanay daryosi (qora) uchrashuv Amazon (och jigarrang), shimoliy qirg'oqlariga juda yaqin joyda sodir bo'lgan doimiy hodisa Punchana, Ikitos.

Ikitos shimoli-sharqda joylashgan Peru, shimoli-sharqiy Loreto viloyati va janubiy janubida Maynas viloyati. Buyuk tekislikda joylashgan shahar 368,9 kvadrat kilometr maydonga ega (142,4 kvadrat mil ), tumanlarni o'z ichiga olgan Belen, Punchana va San-Xuan Bautista. Taxminan 03 ° 43'46 "S 73 ° 14'18" V koordinatalarda 106 metrdan (348 fut). Bu Peru shahrining eng shimoliy shahri.

Tomonidan tashkil etilgan Ikitos porti bilan o'ralgan Amazon, Nanay va Itaya daryolari. Shahar Amazon daryosining chap qirg'og'ida joylashgan bo'lib, u o'ziga xos iqtisodiy hayotni, shu jumladan savdo va transport.^[10] Itaya va Nanay daryolari shaharning o'sha yo'nalishda jismoniy kengayishini cheklaydi; yangi rivojlanish janubga qarab o'sib bormoqda va Iquitos markazida aholining zichligi ozgina. Iquitos yaqinida bir qator lagunlar va ko'llar joylashgan; Moronokocha ko'li - shaharning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan chegara. Ushbu xususiyatlar shaharni ulkan, soxta ko'rinishga olib keladi daryo oroli.

Geologik jihatdan shahar a Uchinchi darajali -To‘rtlamchi davr shakllanish litologik jihatdan ozgina konsolidatsiya qilingan lutitlar, flora yoki fauna qoldiqlari bilan va juda ko'p oq qum mo'l-ko'l linzalar kremniy. Qoldiq tuproqlar qumli, deyarli loyga o'xshash va har xil chuqurlikda.^[10] Fiziografiya, a tumanli dalgalanmalaridan kelib chiqqan holda landshaft tuproq eroziyasi yomg'ir tufayli kelib chiqqan.^[10]

Iqlim

Ikitos ekvatorial iqlimni boshdan kechiradi, bu a tropik tropik o'rmon iqlimi (Af) ostida Köppen iqlim tasnifi, ko'proq bo'ysunadi Intertropik konvergentsiya zonasi ga qaraganda savdo shamollari va yo'q bilan tsiklonlar. Doimiy bor yog'ingarchilik yil davomida, aniq holda quruq mavsum, ammo yoz yanada namroq. Harorat 21 dan 33 ° C gacha (70 dan 91 ° F gacha). Yillik o'rtacha harorat 26,7 ° C (80,1 ° F). Ikitosda o'rtacha yog'ingarchilik yiliga 2616,2 millimetrni (103,0 dyuym) tashkil etadi. Ekvatorial zonada fasllar sezgir bo'lmaganligi sababli, Ikitosda faqat ikki fasl bor.

The yomg'irli yoz noyabrda keladi va mayda tugaydi. Mart va aprel oylarida eng ko'p yog'ingarchilik va namlik kuzatiladi, yog'ingarchiliklar mos ravishda 300 dan 280 millimetrgacha (12 va 11 dyuym) teng. May oyida shaharni o'rab turgan daryolardan biri bo'lgan Amazonka daryosi eng yuqori darajaga etadi. U oktyabr oyining eng past nuqtasida 9 dan 12 metrgacha (30 dan 39 futgacha) tushadi va keyin yomg'irga ko'ra yana tsikl bilan ko'tariladi.^[11]

Qish quruqroq, quyoshli iqlimni taklif etadi. Iyul va avgust eng quruq oylar bo'lishiga qaramay, ularning ba'zi davrlari bor yomg'ir. Quyoshli kunlar va yaxshi ob-havo odatiy holdir, yuqori harorat 30 ° C (86 ° F) va o'rtacha 32 ° C (90 ° F) ga etadi. Yog'ingarchilik bu erga qaraganda ko'proq Ayacucho, Cusco, yoki Lima.

Iquitos ham bor mikroiqlim: yomg'ir yoki yog‘ingarchilik tumanlarning ayrim hududlarida bo'lishi mumkin, shaharning boshqa qismlari esa biroz bulutli yoki tiniq. Harorat o'zgarishi mumkin. The shahar iqlimi tabiiy iqlimga qaraganda bir oz iliqroq va uni issiqlik hissi aks ettiradi. Bu nomlangan hodisadan aziyat chekmoqda shahar issiqlik oroli, binolar va yulka singishi tufayli tungi soatlarda shaharning issiqligi tarqalishi qiyin bo'lganda.

Tabiiy xavf

Asosiy tabiiy xavf toshqin. 2012 yilda, Ikitosda katta toshqin sodir bo'ldi aholini ogohlantirgan va suv toshqini ostida bo'lgan, yomg'irli geografiyaga ega bo'lgan metropolitendagi qirg'oq va bir nechta shaharlarga ta'sir ko'rsatgan. 2012 yilgi toshqinlar Ikitos uchun bugungi kungacha bo'lgan eng tarixiy tabiiy ofat sifatida qabul qilindi. Loretoda nam ob-havo yog'ib, yomg'ir yog'ib, 2011 yil noyabridan beri Loreto mintaqasida zarar va toshqinlarni keltirib chiqardi. Yomg'irli ob-havo 2012 yil boshigacha davom etdi va Amazon daryosidagi suv sathini oshirdi - Loretodagi irmoqlarning ko'p qismini to'ydiradigan keng oqim. - 117 gacha metr (384 fut). Fevral va mart oylaridan beri bir nechta qishloqlar zarar ko'rdi (19209 va 18400 ta oila zarar ko'rdi), 26000 gektar qishloq xo'jaligi erlari suv ostida qoldi va suv darajasi Ikitosning qirg'oq bo'yidagi ko'chalariga yetdi. 2012 yil 24-aprelda shafqatsizlik pasayib ketdi va birinchi bosqichni boshladi taraqqiyot.

Boshqa tabiiy xavflar mavjud issiqlik to'lqinlari bu erda harorat 37 ° C dan yuqori (99 ° F) ga yetishi mumkin issiqlik ko'rsatkichi 45 ° C darajasida (113 ° F), bu havo ochiq kunlarda past namlik tufayli yuzaga keladi. Sovuq to'lqinlar Ikitosda ham qiziq: qit'aning uchidan atmosfera dinamikasi ta'sirida sovuq havo shaharga keladi va haroratning pasayishiga, mo''tadil yog'ingarchilik va momaqaldiroqqa sabab bo'ladi. Shamollar galalarni 60 km / soatgacha ko'tarishiga olib keladi (37)milya ). 2012 yil oktyabr oyida Ikitosda yuqori harorat va kuchli momaqaldiroq bo'ldi.

Shaharda zilzilalar juda kam va juda chuqur. Iquitos Peruning muntazam mintaqalashtirish xaritasining 3-mintaqasida joylashgan, ya'ni shahar past koeffitsientga ega seysmik qiymati, garchi 2011 yil Peru janubi-sharqida sodir bo'lgan zilzila Contamana, shaharda kichik va kutilmagan bir tebranish sifatida sezildi.^[10]

Ekologiya

Joylashuvi tufayli Peru Amazonasi, Iquitos juda xilma-xil hayotga ega yashil landshaftga ega. O'simlik dunyosi 850 turdan, shu jumladan shaharning shahar landshaftidagi jozibali o'rmonni ta'minlaydigan 22 xil palma va orkide turlaridan iborat. Zambaklar ham taqdim etadi. Metropoliten ichida joylashgan keng o'rmonlar sutemizuvchilarning 130 turi, qushlarning 330, sudralib yuruvchilar va amfibiyalarning 150 turi va 250 baliqni o'z ichiga olgan hayvonot dunyosiga ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Shahar ichida tosh kaptar (Columba liviya), ayniqsa 28-xulio maydonida. Ning vaqtinchalik mavjudligini ham qayd etdi buqa akulalari (Carcharhinus leucas) Atlantika okeanidan kelganlar, Ikitosgacha 3 360 mil.

Ikitos suv toshqini o'rmoni shaharni o'rab turgan o'ziga xos ekoregion bo'lib, u várzea o'rmoni deb nomlangan Iquitos varzea. Uning allyuvial detallari shiddatli yomg'irli fasllarning bu joylarni toshqinlarga osonlikcha yetib borishiga turtki beradi. Tabiiy tsiklda daraxtlar barglarini va boshqa organik chiqindilarni tuproqqa tashlaydi va bo'ladi chirindi. Yomg'ir bu ozuqaviy moddalarni daryolarga yuvib yuboradi, bu esa sarg'ish rangni beradi tanin. Darhol ushbu tsikl takrorlanadi.

Ikitos Metropolitan Area quradigan va uni himoya qiladigan buyuk bioxilma-xillik eng muhimi va bu uning shaharsozligi bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib, fermer xo'jaliklari qurilishi kerak bo'lmagan joylarda cheklovni belgilaydi. Shu sababli, ko'rinishi norasmiy aholi punktlari xavf sifatida qaraladi.

Tabiat qo'riqxonalari va hayvonot bog'lari

Tabiat qo'riqxonalari mavjudligining ahamiyati Ikitosda ekotizimni muhofaza qilishning ustuvor yo'nalishi hisoblanadi.

The Allpaxuayo-Mishana milliy qo'riqxonasi bioxilma-xillikning tez sur'atlar bilan o'sib borayotgan qo'riqlanadigan hududidir. Qo'riqxona Ikitosdan 20 kilometr (12 milya) uzoqlikda joylashgan bo'lib, LO-103 yo'nalishi bo'ylab etib boradi. Ekotizim Nanay daryosi havzasi, xususan o'ziga xos oq qumli o'rmonlarni o'z ichiga olgan noyob Amazon biologik xilma-xilligini o'z ichiga olgan "Ecoregion Napo" deb nomlangan hududda joylashgan. Napo Ecoregion 112 turni o'z ichiga oladi amfibiyalar, 17 turi primatlar, 1900 o'simlik turi va 600 dan ortiq qush turlari. Ba'zi bir ekologik ahamiyatga ega hayvonlar qo'riqxonadagi noyobligi uchun g'amxo'rlik qiladi supay pichico (Callimico goeldii ), qora stump (Callicebus torquatus ), ekvatorial saki (Pithecia aequatorialis ) qadimiy antren (Herpsilochmus gentryi ), Mishana tirannulet (Zimmerius villarejoi ), Allpahuayo antbird (Percnostola arenarum ), kashtan dumli chumoli (Myrmeciza centuculorum castanea), pompadour cotinga (Xipholena punicea ), za'faron kiygan tiran-manakin (Neopelma xrizosefali ), Boshqalar orasida. Iquitos gnatcatcher (Polioptila clementsi ) qo'riqxonaning endemik turidir va Ikitosning ramzi hisoblanadi.

Quistococha turistik majmuasi xilma-xilligi bilan ajralib turadi. Joy Iquitosdan AS-103 yo'nalishi orqali 6 kilometr (3,7 milya) masofada va 369 kengaytmasi bilan joylashgan. gektarni tashkil etadi (910 gektar ) tabiiy o'rmon, kichik hayvonot bog'iga ega, a serpantariy, Tunchi plyaji deb nomlangan akvarium, bolalar bog'chasi va sun'iy plyaj.

The kapalak hayvonot bog'i Pilpintuwasi Ikitosning Padre-Kochasida joylashgan bo'lib, 40 dan ortiq hasharotlar turini, ayniqsa kapalaklarni o'z ichiga oladi. Kelebeklar hayvonot bog'i bo'ylab foydalanishga topshirilgan Amazon hayvonot bog'i joylashgan hayvonlarni qutqarish.

Demografiya

1808 yilda Hipolito Sanches Rangel, episkop Maynasning xabar berishicha, Ikitos qishlog'ida 171 nafar aholi istiqomat qilgan va 1842 yil 8-iyun kuni shahar ko'tarilgan shaharda 200 dan sal ko'proq aholi istiqomat qilgan.

Ikitosning shimoli-sharq tomoni, 1987 yilda, Ikitos aholisi hali ham qishloq taraqqiyoti sifatida rivojlanishda davom etgan metropol.

1860 yilda, Paz Soldanning so'zlariga ko'ra, shaharchada atigi 300 kishi bor edi. Ikki yil o'tgach, aholi soni 431 nafarga etdi va 1864 yilda 648 kishi bor edi, ular asosan Xambisalarga hujumdan qochgan Borxa, Santyago, Santa Tereza, Barranka va boshqa oilalar borligi sababli, asosan metizo bo'lganlar. Aguaruna mahalliy va qishloqlarni vayron qilgan.

Genaro Errera ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 1866 yilda Ikitosda 648 kishi yashagan. 1876 ​​yil uchun yana o'sha muallif 1475 aholisi haqida xabar beradi.

1903 yilda, o'rtalarida rezina bom, Ikitosda 9438 kishi yashagan (Benito lordlarining ro'yxati), ulardan 542 nafari chet elliklar, ularning aksariyati Ispaniyadan (95) Braziliya (80), Xitoy (74), Portugaliyadan (64) va shuncha Italiya, Angliya, Frantsiya, Ekvador, AQSh, Rossiya, Shveytsariya va Marokash.

Hozirda Ikitos shaharning eng yirik shahri sifatida paydo bo'ldi Peru Amazonasi va Janubiy Amerikadagi Amazonning eng muhimlaridan biri. 406,340 nafar aholi bilan 2007 yildagi aholini ro'yxatga olish.

Hukumat

Bosh qarorgohi Maynas provinsiyasi bu shaharni boshqaradigan asosiy siyosiy shaxs.

Ikitos - bu viloyat munitsipaliteti boshchiligidagi hukumat tizimi bilan Viloyat kengashi, shahar hokimi va o'n besh kishidan iborat aldermenlar. The Maynas provinsiyasi (MPM) - bu yurisdiktsiyaga ega bo'lgan asosiy organ Maynas viloyati va Ikitos tumani va hokimiyat tomonidan saylanadi xalq ovozi. Shahar hokimiyati o'z vakolatlari doirasida rivojlanish va hududiy tartibni rejalashtirish, tuman tartibida strategik koordinatani rivojlantirish uchun javobgardir. Bu mas'uldir xalq ta'limi, axloq tuzatish muassasalari, kutubxonalar, jamoat xavfsizligi, shaharsozlik, transportning barcha turlarini tartibga solish, shahar soliqlarini yig'ish, umumiy foydalaniladigan yo'llarni (asfalt, tozalash va hk.) va bog'larni saqlash, madaniyat va arxitektura va jamoat joylarini saqlashni targ'ib qilish. boshqalar. Shahar menejeri "munitsipalitetning texnik, moliyaviy va ma'muriy faoliyatini yo'naltirish, muvofiqlashtirish, nazorat qilish va baholash" uchun javobgardir.

MPM Bosh kotibiyat, Institutsional imidj, ma'muriy boshqaruv, daromadlarni boshqarish va axborot bosh boshqarmasi tomonidan tuzilgan qo'llab-quvvatlovchi organlarga ega. Tarmoq agentliklari byurokratik alohida rolga ega bo'lgan va muassasa missiyasini bajarish funktsiyasiga ega bo'lgan menejerlar Hududiy konditsionerlash, Sanitariya va atrof-muhit salomatligi, Ishlar va infratuzilma, Yo'l harakati va jamoat transporti, Ijtimoiy rivojlanish, Iqtisodiy rivojlanish va kommunal xizmat. MPM bolalar va o'spirinlarning shahar Ombudsmani xizmatini tashkil qiladi.

Shahar hokimi me'mor Adela Ximenes edi, tomonidan tanlangan Saylovlarning milliy hay'ati sog'lig'i sababli to'xtatilgan Charlz Zevallosga vaqtincha to'ldirish. Ximenes viloyat va Ikitos meri lavozimini egallagan birinchi ayol edi. Hozirgi shahar hokimi - Fransisko Sanjurjo Davila.

Ikitosning siyosiy geografiyasi to'rtta tumanlardan iborat kommunalar, har biri tuman munitsipalitetiga ega. Istisno Ikitos tumani kabi tuman munitsipalitetiga ega emas, Maynas viloyat munitsipaliteti uning kengashi okrugi sifatida ham ishlaydi. Boshqa tumanlar tegishli hududga ega: Punchna tuman munitsipaliteti, San-Xuan Bautista tuman munitsipaliteti va Belen tuman munitsipaliteti. Har bir munitsipalitet o'z tumaniga aralashadi va har birining siyosati bor shaharsozlik uning tumani holatiga ko'ra yaratilgan.

Inson huquqlari

Iquitosning inson huquqlari Peru Konstitutsiyasiga asoslangan bo'lib, u irq, millat, diniy e'tiqod yoki ijtimoiy mavqega nisbatan adolatli munosabatni ta'minlaydi. Hujjatda "kelib chiqishi, irqi, jinsi, tili, dini, dini, fikri, iqtisodiy va boshqa maqsadlari bo'yicha" hech qanday kamsitilishga yo'l qo'yilmasligi va bu amaliyot to'liq qo'llanilishi kerakligi ta'kidlangan. iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy huquqlar. Sinthya Felicita Flores Karmona tomonidan boshqarilgan bolalar va o'spirinlar bo'yicha shahar ombudsmani (Demuna) - bu maxsus himoya vazirligi bolalar huquqlari. Mahalliy huquqlar metropoliten mintaqasida yashovchi mahalliy jamoalarda yana bir muhim yondashuv.

Shaharning inson huquqlari kuchli va murakkab kechdi ijtimoiy ziddiyatlar buzgan Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasi. Shuningdek, harakatlar ularning huquqlarini tan olish va himoya qilish uchun har qanday turdagi amalga oshiriladi.

Atrof-muhit muammolari

The avtoulov ning asosiy sababidir shovqin bilan ifloslanish shaharda.

Shahar atrof-muhitni boshqarish boshqarmasi to'planishiga duch keldi axlat shaharning turli joylarida va norasmiy ustunlar bo'ylab va diqqatga sazovor joylarni yaratish ingl va tuproqning ifloslanishi. Natijada jiddiy zarba ekologik axloq profilini taqdim etish barqaror shahar. Muammo odatda norasmiy aholi punktlari va Belen kabi bozorlarda yuzaga keladi. Markaziy hududlarda ba'zi odamlar ko'rinadigan tashvishsiz axlatni erga tashlang garchi unga qarshi qonun mavjud bo'lsa ham. Boshqa kichik holatlarda, kublarni e'tiborsiz qoldiring, ularga yaqin bo'lib, baribir axlatni erga tashlang. Bozorlarda, mavjudligi noqonuniy tashlanish yana bir muammo. Ko'pikli ko'pikli idishlar har qanday oziq-ovqat xizmati uchun tanlangan kemadir va ovqatlanishni, ayniqsa, tushlik paytida olib borish yoki etkazib berish amaliyoti hamma joyda uchraydi.

Ikitosdagi hukumat va bir nechta ekologik tashkilotlar fuqarolarga ekologik ta'limni tarqatishni boshladilar va olingan natijalar asta-sekin ozgina foydali ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ammo aksariyat fuqarolarning ekologik xabardorligi yo'qligi sababli axlat (odatda tepaliklarda to'plangan) hali ham shaharning turli joylarida paydo bo'ladi. 2013 yilda shahar plastiklarni qayta ishlash dasturini ishga tushirishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo dastlabki sinov bosqichidan o'tolmadi. Aksariyat chiqindilar Ikitos-Nauta avtomagistrali yonidagi yopiq tashlangan maydonga olib kelinadi. Plastik va boshqa toksik va biologik parchalanmaydigan mahsulotlar hali ham daryoga tashlanmoqda.

Shovqin bilan ifloslanish ularning gavjum jamoat transporti sabab bo'lgan shaharga ham jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda va so'nggi yillarda yuqori intensivlikka ega bo'lishiga qaramay har doim signallarni e'tiborsiz qoldirishga toqat qilib kelinmoqda. 115 detsibelgacha bo'lgan shaharning shovqin-suroni kerakli darajadan (70 dB) oshib ketadi Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti va shuning uchun Iquitosni Lotin Amerikasidagi eng shovqinli shaharga aylantiradi.

Gidrologik jihatdan Iquitos himoya qilishni rag'batlantiradi Nanay daryosi havzasi, chunki u tabiiy, tabiiydir ichimlik suvi ta'minoti.

Ikitos hali ham qo'rg'oshinni benzinga qo'shish bilan shug'ullanadi, buning natijasida mayda kulrang chang shaharni yopiq va tashqarida qoplaydi.

Noqonuniy daraxt kesish va noqonuniy ov qilish nodir va yo'qolib borayotgan turlari Ikitosdagi asosiy ekologik muammolar ham. Ushbu hudud uzoq vaqtdan beri mavjud bo'lgan atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish to'g'risidagi bir qator qonunlarni suiiste'mol qilish bilan cheklanib kelmoqda, shuningdek, noqonuniy o'tin xalqaro korporatsiyalarga sotilgandan keyin qonuniy ko'rinadigan qilib, chuqur yuvilgan yog'och yuvish tizimi. Mahalliy bozorlar sayyohlik va chet el talabini qondirish uchun noyob va yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlar bilan faol savdo qiladi. Ikkala arenada ham ushbu mahsulotlarni o'rmondan etkazib berishda eng ko'p ishlaydigan mahalliy aholi, umuman, eng kam tovon puli oladi.

Metropoliten maydoni

Ikitosning to'rtta shahar okrugi: 1: Ikitos 2: Belen 3: Punchana 4: San-Xuan Bautista. Shahar atrofidagi va shahar ishlab chiqarish zonalari shahar joylariga, ayniqsa San-Xuan janubiga ozgina yaqin joylashgan. Chegaralar ko'rsatkichga ega, chunki shahar ajoyib darajada kengaygan.

Shahar Iquitos Metropolitan Area-ning shahar yadrosidir. Bu konkuratsiya shaharda aholi zich joylashgan to'rtta tumandan iborat, qishloq joylari esa shahar markazidan uzoqlashib boradi. Ikitos tumani shahar va metropolitenning shahar kelib chiqishi. 85000 aholisi bo'lgan Moronakocha Ikitosning beshinchi okrugiga aylanishi mumkin.

Ikitos to'rtta okrugdan iborat.

• Ikitos (Ikitos tumani: 163 594 nafar aholi)^[15] shaharning asosiy tumani bo'lib, sayyohlar eng ko'p tashrif buyuradigan joy. Tuman markazida joylashgan Ikitos markazi eng taniqli bo'lib, u shaharning iqtisodiyoti, madaniyati, ko'ngil ochishi, san'ati va tijorat faoliyatining aksariyat qismiga ega. The Plaza de Armas is the tourist point of departure for most tourists, along with the Casa de Fierro, the Iglesia Matriz, the former Palace Hotel, the Boulevard de Iquitos, the Malecon Tarapaca and the Amazon Library.
• Belen (Municipality of Belen District: 74,551 inhabitants) is one of the districts of the city known mainly for its intense commercial activity and the Belen Neighborhood, called the "Venice" by iquiteños. It is located on the east side of Iquitos and was created on 5 November 1999.
• Punchana (Municipality of Punchana District: 85,179 inhabitants)^[15][16] is the northern district of Iquitos and was created on 17 December 1987, and is characterized more by its port faoliyati va Bellavista-Nanay market. Punchana capital has a small district poytaxt deb nomlangan Villa Punchana. 90% of the district is composed of urban land, while 10% is rural. In the history of Iquitos, Punchana started as a small hamlet and the name of the district is due to a kind of wild agouti, which was cared for in a breedingground 20-asrning boshlarida.^[17]
• San-Xuan Bautista (Municipality of San Juan Bautista District: 124,143 inhabitants), colloquially known as San-Xuan, is the largest district of Iquitos, and which is constantly expanding to the south of the city due to the arrival of new families to the city —also embraces remote areas beyond the urban Iquitos, such as the Quistococha Resort and Zoo.^[18] Before promoted as a populous district in the presidency of Fernando Belaunde in the 1960s, the district was a sparsely populated road. Currently, several human settlements are in the "expansive" border areas. In this district, there are several tourist spots such as the San Juan Craft Market, the beaches of Santa Clara and St. Thomas, and Allpaxuayo-Mishana milliy qo'riqxonasi (located in the Iquitos-Nauta Magistral).

The metropolitan area of Iquitos is also organized by another system subdivisions, less known by the local colloquialism.

• Downtown Iquitos houses the historical extension of Iquitos, and its main shopping and entertainment movement. This includes closely eastern union between Iquitos and Belen districts.
• North Iquitos comprises Punchana and northern Iquitos.
• South Iquitos comprises mostly to San Juan Bautista, sectors such as Terminal and much of its length south.
• West Iquitos comprises the western parts of the Iquitos District as Moronacocha.
• East Iquitos would be hosting in all the Belén District, and the eastern part of Belén.

Iqtisodiyot

A Petroperú yonilg'i quyish shoxobchasi yaqin Downtown Iquitos. Most service stations in the city have a qulay Do'kon.

A block of Jiron Prospero, one of the four major avenues of the city with shops along its length.

The Belen Market is considered the largest ko'cha bozori in the Peruvian Amazon, and an important commercial and economic exchange.

Iquitos is the main center of commerce, tourism and industry in the Amazon rainforest with the world. As gateway to the Peruvian Amazon, the economy of many parts of the region come to Iquitos for sustainable control. The Economic Development Management of the Provincial Municipality of Maynas is responsible for regulating and regulate trade, business development and employment, tourism and rural production both Iquitos District as whole Maynas Province. Ayni paytda, Tijorat Palatasi of Iquitos is headed by economist Victor Manuel Valdivia Barberis.

The city is a major center for Moliya, sales, transportation, tourism, media, while major industries that work is the yog'och, neft, gaz, un tegirmoni, moy, ROM, kamu kamu va novvoyxona. The baliq ovlash sanoati is another big support for the economy of the city. The Belen Market has a frenetic commercial activity that is part of its economy. Iquitos has great financial backing has been able to help it progress now since its role in the rezina bom, although must be overcome with effort after the kauchuk was no longer produced in the city. The petroleum industry, despite being outside the urban area of Iquitos, has greatly influenced its evolution. In addition, trade has mainly helped the growth of the city. In San Juan Bautista, economic development is based on agriculture (shakarqamish, pijuayo, caimito ), fish, parrandachilik, chorva mollari (qoramol, bubaline ) va kon qazib olish. The petroleum, one of the most precious resources, extracted mainly from the region northwest of Loreto and part of it is transported to the neftni qayta ishlash zavodi Ikitosda. The timber transport is another important economic factor, however, due to the Erkin savdo shartnomasi between Peru and the United States, the gross exploitation of timber has decreased considerably.

According to Rolando Arellano, president of Arellano Marketing, describes the Iquiteño consumer to have greater preference for a "Western model with a more modern orientation than the Peruvian-Andean lifestyle".

With projects of large savdo markazlari, the city still has a trade-in retail stores and minimarkets throughout the metropolitan area, more strongly in main avenues such as Prospero, Arica, Grau and Alfonso Ugarte located in the center of Iquitos and the Belén District. Retail distribution of imported products has created regional and social stratification that goes from the merchant importer to urban chakana sotuvchi, which serves as a strong link between the urban and rural economy.

Companies located in Iquitos include Amazónica, Backus, Banco Continental, Banco de Crédito del Perú, Banco de la Nación, Banco Financiero, Bata poyafzallari, Claro Americas, CrediVargas, DHL Express, DirecTV, Electro Oriente, Galerías Quispe, Supermercado Pacific, Honda, Husqvarna AB, Inkafarma, Banklararo, Los Portales, Mapfre, Motocorp, Multicines Star, Orvisa/Tırtıl, Persa, Petroperú, RadioShack, Scotiabank, Shambo, Maxsus kitob xizmatlari, Telefonika /Movistar, Coca-Cola kompaniyasi, Topitop, Western Union, Yamaha korporatsiyasi, Boshqalar orasida.

In the coming years, companies like Ripli, Saga Falabella, Metro, Plaza Vea, Tottus, among others, will be available.

Ta'lim

Iquitos is home to numerous research projects on ecology related to ornitologiya va herpetologiya. Kornell universiteti owns a field station dubbed the Cornell University Esbaran Amazon Field Laboratory. Founded in July 2001 under the direction of Dr. Eloy Rodriguez, the facility is dedicated to education, konservatsiya, and the discovery of novel medicinal compounds from applied field chemoecology.

The field lab strives to survey and catalog the biological diversity found along the Yarapa River Havza. It provides researchers with field experience in the broad range of disciplines necessary for this task. Another major goal is to explore value-added derivatives of biodiversity. This includes both tangible returns, in the form of new discoveries in the biomedical and related sciences, as well as less tangible goods, such as the promotion of ekoturizm and an ecological ethic. They work to ensure benefits to the local communities, and to participating students and researchers.

Universitetlar

Iquitos has four universities: Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP), the local state university; Universidad Particular de Iquitos (UPI), Universidad Científica del Perú (UCP), Universidad Peruana del Oriente (UPO) three private institutions. Shuningdek, bu uyning uyi Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), the Institute of Investigation of the Peruvian Amazon.

Transport

Abelardo Quiñonez Avenue located in south of Iquitos. It is a larger preferential roadways.

Iquitos has a personality very different from the rest of Peru and even different from other South-American Amazonian cities. The streets of Iquitos are dominated by more than 25,000 avtomatik rikshalar or motokars, known in the rest of Peru under the name of mototaxi, and for foreigners as auto rickshaw or tuk-tuk, providing taxi service. The avtobuslar are large vehicles made of wood with direct routes.

Iquitos is widely regarded as the largest inland city that is inaccessible by road. The air and river transport are the main means for entry or exit of people and goods to the city, since the cost of living in this city and people of the region is generally higher than the Peruvian standard. It is considered that Iquitos is the second most expensive city in Peru after Cusco. A proposed road link to Sarameriza, to be completed by 2021, would connect Iquitos to the country's road network.^[19]

The city has renewed Crnl. FAP Francisco Secada Vignetta xalqaro aeroporti where domestic and international flights operate. In the domestic terminal there are routes from Lima va boshqalar Peruvian provinces. While in the international terminal there are flights from/to Panama shahri on Wednesdays and Saturdays with Copa Airlines also connecting from/to USA, Mexico, Canada, Central America & Caribbean, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Brazil. There are between 8 to 9 daily flights to Iquitos from Lima, some make intermediate stops in Pucallpa va Tarapoto. Air routes are served by four companies: LAN Peru, Peru havo yo'llari, Yulduzli Peru va Copa Airlines. The direct flight between Lima and Iquitos takes 1 hour and 45 minutes. Copa Airlines provides international flights to the city with Panama and the Americas from 14 July 2012. Since June 2011, the Central Government of Peru provided two de Havilland Kanada DHC-6 Egizak Otter for operations across the region.

Iquitos can be reached from any foreign port or waterway in the Peru Amazonasi.

Shahar manzarasi

Arxitektura

Sobiq Mehmonxona saroyi (built from 1908 to 1912) by Samuel Young Mass, located on the first block of Jiron Putumayo, in an area known as the Malecón Tarapacá.

Iquitos has architecturally significant buildings in a particular range of structural remnants were built during the rezina bom 1880-yillarning. Comprise mainly Evropa /Amazonian-style buildings with keramik plitkalar dan import qilingan Italiya va Portugaliya, and its unique, French architecture called Casa de Fierro tomonidan qurilgan Gustav Eyfel, who built the original house in Parij for an exhibition of 1878.^[20][21] However, the structure is not the only European urban appeal: the city is also characterized by the rustic architecture or conventional as the palafitte, malocas va kulbalar that are located primarily in the areas of the city.^[22]

Historically, the first native inhabitants of the settlements built their houses of sticks and leaves and other natural resources, which were tailored to protect the iqlim, wildlife and other hazards.^[22] The styles of housing in those settlements up the huts and cocameras, used as a large communal houses. Other peculiar conventional architectures are characterized by firmness and isothermal conditions; they are categorized into three types of home: quincha —built with posts and ulkan qamish —, qo'pol er —resistant and isothermal—, and Adobe —irm with the same isothermal condition.^[22][23]

The rezina bom of the 1880s caused a severe change in the architectural face of Iquitos. Foreign and rubber barons brought with them the influence of countries like Spain, Portugaliya, France, Germany, and descendants as Sefardim. Jose de Jesus Reategui and a young group built the main features of the urban city in the years of boom, including the Iglesia Matriz de Iquitos.^[22] In the Iquitos popular belief of the 19th century, temir was considered less humane and aesthetic, but Gustav Eyfel got the Casa de Fierro became an attraction in the city, although historically the prefabricated building was not designed to Iquitos.^[22] Barok va Rokoko style also influenced the architecture of Iquitos, and defense against the rain was another prominent feature given for buildings.^[22] About 90 buildings are declared architectural heritage of Loreto.^[22]

Madaniyat va zamonaviy hayot

The Plaza de Armas and the Iglesia Matriz (nearly the middle of the image) in the Downtown Iquitos.

The Iglesia Matriz de Iquitos is characterized by its Gotik tiklanish style and Swiss clock. It is considered one of the urban symbols of the city.

Accustomed rainy scene in Iquitos. In the picture the Plaza de Armas at night.

Iquitos has vibrant, unique, complex and diverse madaniyat, and is regarded as cultural hub that meeting the Peruvian Amazon, according to Yolg'iz sayyora. Many natives visit the city to present their dances or sell their hunarmandchilik. It also brings a wealth of customs and traditions remained considerably over the years and in the Iquitos calendar, between her festivities, oshxona, Spanish accent and mythology. Currently, its culture is undergoing an impetuous transition to a contemporary level to preserve their traditions with innovative art movements.

One of the main factors of the traditional cultural energy of Iquitos is Amazonian mythology, which has a range of characters, identified by folklore in imaginary beings. Many of the legendary beings, with appearances motivated by local geography, have powers and influenced much in qishloq xo'jaligi va dunyoqarash of Iquitos. The dance and music, a mix of mahalliy va metizo heritage are closely related to the meanings of mythology, and also with the life of the citizen and Amazonian villager.

The complex cultural life of Iquitos consists mainly of native iquiteños, Braziliyaliklar, Kolumbiyaliklar, Chineses and settled chet elliklar millatlar. The term "charapa culture" generally refers to social, cultural and artistic movements of Iquitos.

Iquitos has a unique culture that is strongly felt, as the following quotes says:

We are in the city of the alteration of the senses. [...] What is striking me is the ease with which iquitenses [sic ] engage in conversation with tourists, with a warmth and naturalness that is rarely seen in my native place.

— Max Palacios, in his blog Amores bizarros.

Although I'm a veteran of several South American adventures, Iquitos appealed to me as a quirk - a jungle city seems a contradiction and this would be my first Amazon visit to include the kosmopolit luxuries of a real bed and shops. I'm fascinated at the very audacity by which such a city exists, thousands of kilometres from anywhere and with no roads to get there.

— Jade Richardson, in an article titled "In an urban jungle"^[24]

Nothing more appropriate to think of a fantastic city as a city of Kafforat. Iquitos is an island, surrounded by an immense and immeasurable river, an island that goes wherever you go one to be crossed with fresh water and warm, with boats and small kids, with men and boys in the sun on the beach, with sirenalar va shov-shuv va afsonalar. A city that faced conflicts and urushlar against three countries, which suffered considerable infighting and even for some months it has its own valyuta. Island, yes; city, yes.

— Edwin Chavez, writing about the o'ziga xos essence of the city.

Contemporary cultural movements began in the city, such as the Amazoniya estrada san'ati and Amazonian graffiti—with Pukuna 8990 being the most revolutionary graffiti movement—Iquiteño music subgenres of elektronika, Hip Hop, rap, og'ir metall, Frantsiya jazi, pank, psixologiya /to'liq, next to traditional Amazonian music. The Children's and Youthful Symphonic Orchestra of Iquitos is the main symphonic group in the city.

Iquitos has been benchmarked over the years in adabiyot va film. The Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa wrote his work Kapitan Pantoja va maxsus xizmat inspired by the city. Frantsisko Lombardi "s 2000 yil film, based on the novel by Vargas Llosa was filmed in this city. Yilda Rómulo Gallegos-winning Yashil uy (1965) va The Dream of the Celt (2010), other novels of Mario Vargas Llosa, also part of the plot occurs in Iquitos.

Entertainment and arts

Iquitos has an intense tourist movement in the o'yin-kulgi, which is based on specific points located throughout the city. With a growing organization of entertainment today, the city has always had groups concerned to project the Iquitos san'at such as dance, music, film, painting, literature and theater.

In tasviriy san'at, the city is the birthplace of Amazoniya estrada san'ati (also known wild sodda )^[25] which is a unique, o'z-o'zini o'qitadigan, pop-art style of the city, and is notable for its "sparkling" kromatiklik, and makes a reference to gallyutsinogen ayaxuaska tajribalar. Originally, it is a mural art that blends prominently the colorful amazonian culture, European motifs and commercial characters, which may be influenced by American estrada san'ati, ayniqsa MTV.

In several works of painters iquiteños (such as Christian Bendayan, Roldán Pinedo, Elena Valera, Rember Yahuarcani, Brus Rubio and Victor Churay), Amazonian pop art legacy has been a visual reference to create avant-garde works of contemporary life in the city and Amazonian culture.

The Dirección Regional de Cultura (formerly known as Instituto Nacional de Cultura del Perú), with headquarters in the city, mainly funded events and arts festivals in the city, although there are also small indie yoki yer osti groups that conduct their own cultural events. The city has many small festivals; the highlights are Estamos en la Calle, Iquitos Outfest, and other small annual events.

The city is known for having a remarkable celebration, called simply Karnaval. During this festival, mainly pagan, celebrants are dedicated to wetting people with cabaciñas or other instrument. Many choose to be more extravagant, wetting with various substances such as paint or other object as cause for celebration. The celebration is unique each year in February. The carnival is heavily influenced by myths and rich Amazonian culture. It also celebrates the Day of San Juan, referring to Suvga cho'mdiruvchi Yuhanno as patron saint in the Peruvian Amazon, whose feast is celebrated on 24 June. The main element is the juane and other own dances as shunto jump.

Kino

The first film projection was presented with an Edison mashina Casa de Fierro, 1900.^[26]

Iquitos has a major kinematik history, which originated from the arrival of foreign families during the rezina bom 20-asrning boshlarida. A group of people brought texnologiya, including projectors of the Birodarlar Lumyerlar.^[27][28][29] The most important pioneer of cinema in Iquitos and the Loreto Region is Antonio Vong Rengifo; alongside this, other filmmakers such as Verner Gertsog, Armando Robles Godoy, Nora Izcue, Federico García, and Dorian Fernández-Moris prolonged the cinematic presence in the city. Iquitos was and is used as a cultural scene, reference, and shelter for many filmmakers.^[26]

Major films filmed in Iquitos and its surroundings are:^[26] Frente del Putumayo (1932) va Bajo el sol de Loreto (1936) tomonidan Antonio Vong Rengifo; O'rmonda yulduzlar yo'q (1966) va Yashil devor (1969) tomonidan Armando Robles Godoy; Agirre, Xudoning g'azabi (1972) va Fitscarraldo (1982) by Werner Herzog; Informe sobre los shipibos (1974), Los hombres del Ucayali va Kapitan Pantoja va maxsus xizmat (2000) tomonidan Frantsisko Lombardi va Umumiy qabriston (2012) by Dorián Fernández-Moris.^[30]

Despite having a long filmography, the film industry promoted the city is not too hard in his only commercial film theater. However, there is cultural and yer osti groups concerned with projecting films at festivallar yoki xususiy kinematik as a way of cultural development. There is also small groups of self-taught filmmakers who record their own stories. The film janrlari with more presence are hujjatli, tabiat, drama, san'at uyi va yaqinda, dahshat va kadrlarni topdi yilda Umumiy qabriston. At first, with Wong Rengifo, was shot hayot bo'lagi /documentary films^[26][28][30]

Turizm

From top to bottom: Lower area of Belen District, Iquitos, and signature Amazonian horizon surrounding the city.

Tourism is one of the most vital industries in Iquitos, which has a growing reputation as a chuqurchalar due to its location on the banks of the Amazon daryosi, lardan biri seven natural wonders of the world. Through the years, Iquitos receives a considerable number of foreigners; the tourist index grew by international flights offered by the city's airport. Tourism in the city formed into European-style architecture, cuisine, drinks, art, culture, worldview, Spanish accent and historical references of Loreto. Iquitos has adequate infrastructure to accommodate tourists from all levels. It has a 5-star hotel, many of 3-, 2-, and 1-star rating.

The major tourist attractions include Barrio de Belén, Plaza de Armas, Casa de Fierro, Ex Hotel Palace, Iglesia Matriz de Iquitos, Allpahuayo Mishana; Embarcadero Bellavista-Nanay, ethnic communities located around the city, Quistococha Resort and Zoo; Mercado Artesanal of San Juan. iperú is the leading tourist guide service that is offered to tourists at the airport and the city center of the city.

The city is also home to unique tourist companies as Amazonia Expeditions, Maniti Camp Expeditions, Otorongo Expeditions,^[31] Amazon Golf Course,^[32] and Project Amazonas (dedicated to research and conservation). Special experiences outside the key tourist areas of the city include the Camiri —a floating hotel—, the Isla de los Monos, the Pilpintuwasi butterfly zoo, Iquitos-Sunkaruqucha Corrientillos-King Kong-Nina Rumi circuit, and adjoining districts such as Mazán, Indiana and Bellavista

In 2010, Iquitos received about 150 thousand tourists.^[33] The following year, in 2011, the index fell to 46,000 tourist foreigners, which expects 10% rise rapidly in 2013 with international flights opened in July 2012 and the Amazon River as a natural wonder.^[34]

Ma'naviy turizm

Ayaxuaska is known as a major cultural landmark, and sirli tourism has increased in Iquitos in recent years. The drink, made from the vine Banisteriopsis caapi, is investigated by the Western people with a medicinal purpose and study, and was named the nation's cultural heritage.

Dangers, however, still exist when coming into contact with the drug. Shamans are not regulated and none have proof of credentials. Whilst deaths in Iquitos are rare, they have been reported, including Frenchman Fabrice Champion and American Kyle Nolan.^[35]

Iquitos is home to the annual Amazonian Shamanism Conference.^[36] Here, like-minded individuals meet in Iquitos yearly to discuss Ayahuasca.

Amazon commemorative capital

Iquitos is home to the 120 kilograms (260 lb), bronza esdalik lavhasi ning Amazon daryosi havza biri sifatida seven natural wonders of the world, which was granted on 13 August 2012 by Fernand Weber, founder of New7Wonders. The distinction is shared with Boliviya, Braziliya, Ekvador, Surinam, Kolumbiya, Venesuela va Frantsiya Gvianasi, however, recognition was given to Peru which originally ran for the Amazon through the Regional Government of Loreto based in Iquitos.

The awards show was held in Iquitos.^[37] It began with a massive parade along Avenida Quiñonez, and eventually culminated in the main day, 13 August, divided into two sessions throughout the day: the first in the confluence of the Itaya and Nanay in the afternoon, and the second on 28 July Square of the city at night. The event received intense international attention. O'xshash Machu Picchu kabi dunyoning hayratlari, Iquitos, as the main entrance to the Amazon, expects great tourist revenue.

The Peru prezidenti Ollanta Humala, next to the First Lady Nadine Heredia and Loreto Regional President Ivan Vasquez received the award. Jean Paul de la Fuente, New7Wonders foundation director, said positively on the image of Iquitos:

Clearly there will be economic and tourism impacts. The examples we have of other places are growths of 10, 20 and 30 percent annually

— Jean Paul de la Fuente

However, despite the great satisfaction, the award caused polarized reactions indicating that the Regional Government of Loreto would be on duty to plan better shaharsozlik in Iquitos for the forecasted intense tourism.^[37] The negative scrutiny aimed at disorganized and massive kanalizatsiya construction was damaging the city streets, causing discomfort and accidents in traffic and littering the aesthetic image of Iquitos. Bir nechta iquiteños citizens criticized it via Twitter.^[37]

Spanish accent

Iquitos is also attractive for its Amazon ispan, a lahjasi of Spanish spoken in the Amazon. The dialect is most noticeable in speech than in writing, such as [f] and [x] are allofonlar, (e.g., Juana is pronounced /fana/), especially when it is next to one or semivowel. (Los fríos de San Juan; Los fríos de San Fän), the double preposing and possessive genitive (De Antonio sus amigos; From Antonio his friends), and the preemption of maqolalar against the names (Juana, Lä Fuana). There are also other languages spoken as Ikito, Yagua, Ese Ejja, or other native languages in Loreto, and foreign languages like English and French because of increasing globalization.

Oshxona

Xuan, a typical dish the Peruvian Amazon.

Xuan is one of the main dishes of cuisine of the Peruvian jungle. U katolik davrida keng iste'mol qilinadi San-Xuan bayrami (Seynt Jon), har yili 24 iyun kuni bo'lib o'tdi. Taom San-Xuan Bautista sharafiga nomlangan. Ovqat a bo'lishi mumkin kolumbiygacha kelib chiqishi. Ispaniyaliklarning kelishi bilan missionerlar Injil haqidagi hikoyani ommalashtirdilar Salome, Jon va Hirodiya. Ba'zilar taomning nomi San-Xuan rahbariga ishora qilishiga ishonishadi.

Tacacho bilan xorizo.

Another popular dish is Tacacho, maydalangan oddiy tilimning qovurilgan bo'laklaridan tayyorlangan chicharones (qovurilgan cho'chqa yog'i). Odatda u bilan birga bo'ladi xorizo (qovurilgan kolbasa) uni mazali kombinatsiyaga aylantiradi. Ovqat Iquitos va Peru Amazonkalariga xosdir. U mamlakatning qolgan qismida keng tarqalgan. Atama tacacho dan kelib chiqadi Kechua muddat, taka chu, bu kaltaklangan degan ma'noni anglatadi. Tacacho iste'moli uni ishlab chiqarilgan hududga qarab farq qiladi. Madre-de-Dios va San-Martinda ko'p odamlar nonushta qilish uchun takacos iste'mol qiladilar, boshqa mintaqalarda esa bu tushlik yoki kechki ovqatda xizmat qiladi. San-Martin mintaqasida tako Rojdestvo dasturxoniga kiritilgan. Ekvadorning Amazon mintaqasida taom sifatida tanilgan bolon. Uning hamkasbi bor Karib orollari, qaerda u chaqiriladi mofongo.

Sport

Max Agustin Stadium

Colegio Nacional de Iquitos is a football team based in Iquitos. In 2005 the city's football community received the FIFA Fair Play mukofoti as a result of being one of the five host cities for the 2005 yil FIFA U-17 Jahon chempionati.

Qarindosh shaharlar

• Manaus, Braziliya
• Letisiya, Kolumbiya
• Elbasan, Albaniya

Ommaviy madaniyatda

• Mario Vargas Llosa 1973 yilgi roman Kapitan Pantoja va maxsus xizmat is set in Iquitos.
• Kino Fitscarraldo (1982), rejissyor Verner Gertsog, was filmed near Iquitos. The film was inspired by the rubber baron Karlos Fitskarrald.
• Hujjatli film Ichkaridagi olov: Amazoniya yomg'ir o'rmonidagi yahudiylar (2008) tells the story of the Moroccan Jews, their Peruvian wives and descendants in Iquitos, and the late-20th century study and conversion by a number of the community to Judaism, followed by their migration to Israel.

Notable people from Iquitos

• Klotilde Arias, State Department authorized translation of the "Star Spangled Banner" presently exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History (1901–1959)
• Sezar Kalvo de Araujo, writer and painter, born in Yurimaguas near Iquitos (1910–1970).
• Karlos Fitskarrald, entrepreneur and rubber baron active in Iquitos (1862–1897).
• Ofeliya Montesko, actress renowned for work in Meksika kinosi (1936–1983).
• Nicole Faveron, Miss Universe 2012 Finalchi

Shuningdek qarang

• Iperu, turistik ma'lumot va yordam
• Iquitos Satellite Laboratory (IQTLAB)
• Tourism in Peru
• Punchana
• Loreto viloyati
• Peru Amazonasi
• Yomg'ir o'rmoni

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• www.peru.travel Iquitos va Loreto (ingliz tili) haqida ma'lumot bilan Peru Turizm Kengashi.
• Perulik Amazon sayohat bo'yicha maslahatchisi Ikitos va Peru Amazonasi haqida ma'lumot.
• Peruadagi Amazoniya instituti (IIAP) (Ispancha)
• Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana-UNAP (Ispancha)
• NY Times maqolasi: Ikitoslik yahudiylar
• Maynas munitsipaliteti - Maynas shahar zali rasmiy sayti (Ispaniya)
• - Iquitos Times Ingliz tilidagi oylik gazeta va veb-sayt, Peru, Ikitosda yashovchi Ex-pats]

Koordinatalar: 3 ° 45′S 73 ° 15′W / 3.75 ° S 73.25 ° Vt / -3.75; -73.25