Og'ir metall musiqasi - Heavy metal music

Og'ir metall (yoki oddiygina) metall) janridir rok musiqasi[3][4] 1960 yillarning oxiri va 70-yillarning boshlarida, asosan Buyuk Britaniya va AQShda rivojlangan.[5] Ildizlari bilan blues rock, psixedel toshi va kislotali tosh,[6] og'ir metall bantlar qalin, massiv tovushni ishlab chiqardi buzilish; xato ko'rsatish, kengaytirilgan gitara yakkaxonlari, baland urish va baland ovoz. Ba'zan matnlar va ijrolar bilan bog'liq tajovuz va maxismo.[6]

1968 yilda janrning uchta taniqli kashshofi, Led Zeppelin, Qora shanba va Binafsha binafsha rang, tashkil etilgan.[7] Garchi ular keng auditoriyani jalb qilish uchun kelgan bo'lsalar ham, ko'pincha tanqidchilar ularni masxara qilishardi. 1970 yillar davomida bir nechta amerikalik guruhlar og'ir metallarni yanada qulayroq shakllarga o'zgartirdi: xom, shinam ovoz va zarba toshi ning Elis Kuper va Kiss; blyuzga asoslangan tosh Aerosmith; va porloq gitara qo'rg'oshinlari va yovvoyi partiyalar Van Halen.[8] 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida, Yahudo ruhoniysi janrning aksariyat qismini tashlab, evolyutsiyasini rivojlantirishga yordam berdi ko'k ta'sir qilish,[9][10] esa Motörhead kiritilgan pank-rok sezgirlik va tezlikka tobora ko'proq e'tibor berish. 1970 yillarning oxirlaridan boshlab guruhlar ingliz og'ir metallarining yangi to'lqini kabi Temir hizmatkor va Saksoniya shunga o'xshash tomirda ergashdi. O'n yillikning oxiriga kelib, og'ir metallarning muxlislari "metall kallaklar "yoki"to'siqlar ".

1980-yillarda, glam metall kabi guruhlar bilan mashhur bo'lib ketdi Bon Jovi va Mötli Kru. Yer osti manzaralari bir qator ko'proq tajovuzkor uslublarni ishlab chiqardi: trash metall kabi guruhlar bilan asosiy oqimga kirib bordi Metallika, Qotil, Megadet va Kuydirgi, boshqalari esa haddan tashqari subgenralar kabi o'lim metall va qora metall qolmoq submultural hodisalar. 1990-yillarning o'rtalaridan boshlab mashhur uslublar janrning ta'rifini kengaytirdi. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi yivli metall va nu metall, ikkinchisi ko'pincha elementlarini o'z ichiga oladi grunge va Hip Hop.

Xususiyatlari

Og'ir metal an'anaviy ravishda baland buzilgan gitara, empatik ritmlar, zich bosh va baraban ovozi va kuchli vokal bilan ajralib turadi. Og'ir metall subgenralari ushbu xususiyatlarning birini yoki bir nechtasini ta'kidlaydi, o'zgartiradi yoki o'tkazib yuboradi. The New York Times tanqidchi Jon Pareles yozadi: "Ommabop musiqa taksonomiyasida og'ir metal hard-rokning asosiy kichik turi - kam sinxronizatsiya, kam blyuz, shou va qo'pol kuchga ega zotdir".[11] Odatda tasma qatoriga a kiradi barabanchi, a baschi, a ritm gitaristi, a etakchi gitara chaluvchisi va instrumentalist bo'lishi mumkin yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin bo'lgan qo'shiqchi. Klaviatura asboblari ba'zan tovushning to'liqligini oshirish uchun ishlatiladi.[12] Binafsha binafsha rang "s Jon Lord haddan tashqari ko'p o'ynadi Hammond organi. 1970 yilda, Jon Pol Jons ishlatilgan a Moog sintezatori kuni Led Zeppelin III; 1990-yillarga kelib, "og'ir metallarning deyarli barcha subgenrlarida" sintezatorlar ishlatilgan.[13]

The band Judas Priest are onstage at a concert. From left to right are the singer, two electric guitarists, the bass player, and the drummer, who is seated behind a drumkit. The singer is wearing a black trenchcoat with metal studs.
Yahudo ruhoniysi 2005 yilda ijro etgan

The elektr gitara va uni kuchaytirish orqali ishlab chiqaradigan tovush kuchi tarixan og'ir metallarning asosiy elementi bo'lib kelgan.[14] Og'ir metall gitara tovushi yuqori va og'ir tovushlarni birgalikda ishlatishdan kelib chiqadi buzilish; xato ko'rsatish.[15] Klassik og'ir metall gitara ohangida gitara chaluvchilar musiqada ochiq joylarni va havoni saqlab qolish uchun haddan tashqari preamp yoki pedal buzilishlarisiz o'rtacha darajadagi daromadni saqlab turadilar; "gitara va silliqlash" xarakterli xususiyatlarini yaratish uchun gitara kuchaytirgichi baland ovozda aylantiriladi.[16] Thrash metal gitara ohanglari o'rtacha chastotalarni qamrab oldi qattiq siqilgan bir nechta bosh chastotalari bilan ovoz.[16] Gitara yakkaxonlari "og'ir metall kodining muhim elementi ... bu gitara ahamiyatini ta'kidlaydi".[17] Aksariyat og'ir metallarning "kamida bitta gitara yakkaxonligi",[18] bu "og'ir metall ijrochisi mahoratni ifoda etadigan asosiy vosita".[19] Ba'zi istisnolar nu metall va grindcore gitara yakkaxonlarini tark etishga moyil bo'lgan guruhlar.[20] Ritmali gitara qismlari bilan "og'ir metaldagi qattiq siqilish ovozi ... [tomonidan yaratilgan] kaftning jimirlashi "iplarni terish qo'li bilan va buzilish yordamida.[21] Xurmo ovozini o'chirish yanada qattiqroq, aniqroq tovush hosil qiladi va u past tomonga urg'u beradi.[22]

Gitaraning og'ir metaldagi etakchi o'rni ko'pincha an'anaviy "frontman" yoki bilan to'qnashadi bandlider vokalistning roli, "mehrli raqobat" ruhida ikkala "hukmronlik uchun kurash" sifatida musiqiy tanglikni yaratadi.[12] Og'ir metall guruhning umumiy ovoziga "ovozning bo'ysunishini talab qiladi". O'tgan asrning 60-yillarida kontr-madaniyatda metallning ildizlarini aks ettirish, vokaldan haqiqiylik belgisi sifatida "hissiyotning aniq namoyishi" talab qilinadi.[23] Tanqidchi Simon Frith so'zlariga ko'ra, metall qo'shiqchining "ovoz tonusi" so'zlardan ko'ra muhimroq.[24]

Bassning taniqli roli, shuningdek, metall tovush uchun kalit bo'lib, bass va gitara o'zaro bog'liqligi markaziy element hisoblanadi. Bass gitara musiqani "og'ir" qilish uchun juda past darajadagi ovozni taqdim etadi.[25] Bass "toshning boshqa janrlariga qaraganda og'ir metallarda muhim rol o'ynaydi".[26] Metall basslinlar murakkabligi jihatidan pastdan ushlab turishdan farq qiladi pedal nuqtasi murakkab riflarni ikki baravar oshirish uchun asos bo'lib yalaydi qo'rg'oshin yoki ritm gitara bilan birga. Ba'zi guruhlar boshni Metallica tomonidan ommalashgan etakchi cholg'u vositasi sifatida namoyish etadi Kliff Berton 1980 yillarning boshlarida bass gitara yakkaxonlariga va akkordlardan foydalanishga katta urg'u berganligi bilan.[27] Lemmy ning Motörhead tez-tez haddan ziyod o'ynagan kuch akkordlari uning bosh satrlarida.[28]

Ning mohiyati og'ir metall barabanlash "tezlik, kuch va aniqlik trifekti" dan foydalanib, guruh uchun baland ovozda doimiy zarbani yaratmoqda.[29] Og'ir metallarni barabanga solish "juda katta chidamlilikni talab qiladi" va barabanchilar og'ir metallarda ishlatiladigan "murakkab tezliklarni, koordinatsiya va epchillikni ... rivojlantirishlari" kerak.[30] Xarakterli metall barabanlash texnikasi bu zamburagich bu zilni urishdan va keyin uni boshqa qo'l bilan (yoki ba'zi hollarda, xuddi shu zarba beruvchi qo'ldan) ushlab zudlik bilan jim qilishdan, tovush portlashidan iborat. Metall barabanni sozlash, odatda, rok musiqasining boshqa turlarida ishlagandan ancha kattaroqdir.[25] Qora metall, o'lim metalli va ba'zi "asosiy oqim metallari" tasmalariga bog'liq ikki marta tepish va portlash urishi ".[31]

Female musician Enid Williams from the band Girlschool and Lemmy Kilmeister from Motörhead are shown onstage. Both are singing and playing bass guitar. A drumkit is seen behind them.
Enid Uilyams Qiz maktab va Lemmy dan Motörhead "Iltimos, tegmang" qo'shig'ini 2009 yilda jonli ijroda ijro etish. Ikki guruhni bir-biriga bog'lab turuvchi aloqalar 1980 yillarda boshlangan va 2010 yillarda ham mustahkam bo'lgan.

Jonli ijroda, balandlik - sotsiologda "tovush hujumi" Deena Vaynshteyn tavsifi - hayotiy deb hisoblanadi.[14] Uning kitobida Metallboshlar, psixolog Jefri Arnett og'ir metal kontsertlarini "urushning hissiy ekvivalenti" deb ataydi.[32] Belgilangan etakchiga amal qilish Jimi Xendrix, Krem va JSST kabi dastlabki og'ir metallarning harakatlari Moviy quvnoq ovoz balandligi uchun yangi ko'rsatkichlarni o'rnating. Moviy Cheer kabi Dik Peterson uni qo'yish, "Biz faqat biz ko'proq kuch istagan edi bilar edi."[33] 1977 yilda Motörhead kontsertining sharhida "ayniqsa, haddan tashqari balandlik guruhning ta'siriga qanday ta'sir qilganligi" qayd etilgan.[34] Vaynshteyn ishni xuddi shu tarzda amalga oshiradi ohang ning asosiy elementi hisoblanadi pop va ritm - bu asosiy e'tibor uy musiqasi, kuchli tovush, tembr va tovush metallning asosiy elementlari hisoblanadi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, balandlik "tinglovchini tovushga solib qo'yish" va "yoshlik tetikligini" ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan.[14]

Og'ir metall ijrochilari deyarli faqat erkaklarga moyil edilar[35] kamida 1980-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar[36] kabi istisnolardan tashqari Qiz maktab.[35] Biroq, 2010 yillarga kelib, ayollar ko'proq ta'sir o'tkazmoqdalar,[37][38] va PopMattersning Kreyg Xeysning ta'kidlashicha, metall "ayollarga aniq kuch beradi".[39] Simfonik va elektrometilning pastki janrlarida ayollarning bosh qo'shiqchi bo'lgan guruhlari juda ko'p bo'lgan; kabi guruhlar Nightwish, Delain va NAFS doirasida erkaklar cholg'u asboblari bilan birga etakchi qo'shiqchi sifatida ayollar ishtirok etdi.

Musiqiy til

Ritm va temp

Og'ir metallarda ishlatiladigan ritmik naqsh namunasi. Yuqori qavat a xurmo jim ritm gitara qism. Pastki qavat baraban qismidir.

Metall qo'shiqlarda ritm atayin stresslar bilan ajralib turadi. Vaynshteynning ta'kidlashicha, metall barabanchilar uchun mavjud bo'lgan sonik effektlarning ko'pligi "ritmik naqsh o'z elementarligi va qat'iyatliligi ichida murakkablikni olishiga" imkon beradi.[25] Ko'pgina og'ir metall qo'shiqlarida asosiy o'yiq qisqa, ikki yoki uch notali ritmik figuralar bilan ifodalanadi - odatda 8-chi yoki 16-qayd. Ushbu ritmik figuralar odatda a bilan bajariladi stakkato a yordamida yaratilgan hujum xurmo jim ritm gitara texnikasi.[40]

Qisqacha, keskin va ajralgan ritmik hujayralar o'ziga xos, ko'pincha notekis to'qimalarga ega bo'lgan ritmik iboralarga qo'shiladi. Ushbu iboralar ritmik akkompaniment va ohangdor figuralarni yaratish uchun ishlatiladi rifflar, bu tematikani o'rnatishga yordam beradi ilgaklar. Og'ir metall qo'shiqlari kabi uzunroq ritmik figuralardan foydalaniladi butun eslatma - yoki sekin tempdagi nuqta chorak uzunligidagi akkordlar kuch balladalari. Dastlabki og'ir metallarga oid musiqa templari "sekin, hatto hayratlanarli" bo'lishga moyil edi.[25] 70-yillarning oxiriga kelib, metall bantlar turli xil templardan foydalangan. 2000-yillarning o'n yilligida metall templar sekin ballada temposidan farq qiladi (chorak notasi = 60) daqiqada urish ) juda tez portlash urishi tempos (chorak notasi = daqiqada 350 zarba).[30]

Garmoniya

Janrning imzolaridan biri bu gitara akkord.[41] Texnik jihatdan kuch akkordi nisbatan sodda: u bitta asosiyni o'z ichiga oladi oraliq, odatda mukammal beshinchi bo'lsa ham oktava ga ikki baravar ko'paytirilishi mumkin ildiz. Quvvatli akkordlar pastki satrlarda baland ovozda va buzilish bilan ijro etilganda, qo'shimcha past chastotali tovushlar yaratilgan, ular "tovushning og'irligini" qo'shib, "ulkan kuch" ta'sirini yaratadi.[42] Barkamol beshinchi interval kuch akkordi uchun eng keng tarqalgan asos bo'lsa-da,[43] kuch akkordlari ham kabi turli xil intervallarga asoslangan kichik uchdan biri, katta uchdan biri, mukammal to'rtinchi, beshinchisi kamaydi, yoki kichik oltinchi.[44] Ko'pgina akkordlar, shuningdek, yuqoriga va pastga osongina siljishi mumkin bo'lgan doimiy barmoq tartibga solish bilan ijro etiladi fretboard.[45]

Odatda harmonik tuzilmalar

Og'ir metall odatda asoslanadi rifflar uchta asosiy harmonik xususiyatlar bilan yaratilgan: modal miqyosdagi progressiyalar, triton va xromatik progressiyalar va ulardan foydalanish pedal nuqtalari. An'anaviy og'ir metall modal tarozilarni ishlatishga intiladi, xususan Aoliya va Frigiya rejimlari.[46] Uyg'unlik bilan aytganda, bu janr odatda aoliya I- ♭ VI- ♭ VII, I- ♭ VII- (♭ VI) yoki I- ♭ VI-IV- ♭ VII va Frigiya progresiyalari kabi modal akkord progressiyalarini o'z ichiga oladi. I va ♭ II o'rtasidagi munosabat (masalan, I- ♭ II-I, I- ♭ II-III yoki I- ♭ II-VII). Zo'riqish xromatik yoki triton munosabatlar bir qator metall akkord progressiyalarida ishlatiladi.[47][48] Modal harmonik munosabatlarni ishlatishdan tashqari, og'ir metal "pentatonik va blyuzdan kelib chiqadigan xususiyatlarni" ham qo'llaydi.[49]

Uchta ohangni o'z ichiga olgan triton, masalan, C dan F # gacha - O'rta asr cherkov ashulasida taqiqlangan dissonans edi, bu esa rohiblarning uni chaqirishiga sabab bo'ldi. musiqadagi diabolus- "musiqadagi shayton".[50]

Og'ir metall qo'shiqlari ko'pincha keng foydalanadi pedal nuqtasi harmonik asos sifatida. Pedal nuqtasi - bu odatda bosh diapazonida saqlanib turadigan ohang bo'lib, uning davomida boshqa qismlarda kamida bitta chet el (ya'ni, dissonant) uyg'unlik yangraydi.[51] Robert Valserning so'zlariga ko'ra, og'ir metallarning harmonik aloqalari "ko'pincha juda murakkab" va metall o'yinchilari va o'qituvchilar tomonidan o'tkaziladigan harmonik tahlil "ko'pincha juda murakkab".[52] Og'ir metallarning akkord konstruktsiyalarini o'rganishda "og'ir metallarning musiqasi boshqa musiqa tadqiqotchilari tushunganiga qaraganda ancha murakkab ekanligi isbotlandi" degan xulosaga kelishdi.[49]

Klassik musiqa bilan aloqasi

A guitarist, Ritchie Blackmore, is shown playing a Fender electric guitar onstage. He has long hair.
Ritchi Blekmor, asoschisi Binafsha binafsha rang va Kamalak, gitara ijrolarida neoklassik yondoshuvi bilan tanilgan.

Robert Valser, blyuz va R&B bilan bir qatorda, "turli xil musiqa uslublarini yig'ish ..." deb nomlangan.mumtoz musiqa'"janrning dastlabki kunlaridan beri og'ir metallarga katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Shuningdek, metalning" eng nufuzli musiqachilari klassik musiqani o'rgangan gitara chaluvchilar bo'lgan. Klassik modellarni o'zlashtirish va moslashtirish yangi turdagi gitara mahoratining rivojlanishiga turtki bo'ldi [va] og'ir metallarning garmonik va ohangdor tilidagi o'zgarishlarni. ”[53]

Uchun yozilgan maqolada Grove Music Online, Valserning ta'kidlashicha, "1980-yillar ... 18-asrning Evropa modellaridan akkord progressiyalari va virtuozlik amaliyotlarining keng moslashuviga olib keldi, ayniqsa" Bax va Antonio Vivaldi kabi nufuzli gitarachilar tomonidan Ritchi Blekmor, Marti Fridman, Jeyson Beker, Uli Jon Rot, Eddi Van Xelen, Rendi Rhoads va Yngwie Malmsteen ".[54] Kurt Baxmann Mo'min "Agar to'g'ri bajarilgan bo'lsa, metall va klassikalar bir-biriga juda mos keladi. Klassik va metall, ehtimol his qilish, to'qima va ijod masalalarida eng ko'p umumiy bo'lgan ikki janrdir", deb ta'kidladi.[55]

Garchi bir qator metall musiqachilar klassik bastakorlarni ilhom sifatida keltirgan bo'lsalar-da, klassik va metall turli madaniy an'ana va amaliyotlarga asoslangan - klassik badiiy musiqa an'ana, metall mashhur musiqa an'ana. Sifatida musiqashunoslar Nikolas Kuk va Nikola Dibben ta'kidlashlaricha: "Ommabop musiqa tahlillari ba'zida" badiiy an'ana "larning ta'sirini ham ochib beradi. Masalan, Valserning og'ir metall musiqasini mafkuralar va hatto o'n to'qqizinchi asr ijrochilik amaliyotlari bilan bog'lashi. Romantizm. Biroq, blyuz, rok, og'ir metal, rap yoki raqs musiqasi kabi an'analar asosan "badiiy musiqa" dan kelib chiqadi deb da'vo qilish aniq noto'g'ri bo'ladi.[56]

Lirik mavzular

Devid Xetch va Stiven Milvardning so'zlariga ko'ra, Black Sabbath va ular tomonidan ilhomlangan ko'plab og'ir metal guruhlari "shu paytgacha pop musiqasining misli ko'rilmagan darajada qorong'i va tushkun mavzularida" lirik tarzda to'plangan. Ular Shabbat kunining ikkinchi albomini misol tariqasida oladilar Paranoid (1970), unda "shaxsiy travma bilan bog'liq qo'shiqlar— 'Paranoid 'va'Peri etik kiyadi "(bu giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishning yoqimsiz ta'sirini tavsiflagan) - shuningdek, kengroq muammolarga duch keladiganlar, masalan, o'z-o'zini tushuntirish"Urush cho'chqalari 'va'Qiyomat qo'li '."[57] Blyuz musiqasining janridan kelib chiqqan holda, jinsiy aloqa yana bir muhim mavzudir - bu Led Zeppelinning taklif qiluvchi so'zlaridan glam metal va nu metal guruhlarining aniqroq ma'lumotlariga yo'naltirilgan.[58]

Two members from the band King Diamond are shown at a concert performance. From left to right are the singer and an electric guitarist. The singer has white and black face makeup and a top hat. Both are wearing black.
King Diamond, dahshatli voqealar haqida kontseptual qo'shiqlar yozish bilan mashhur

Og'ir metalning tematik tarkibi uzoq vaqtdan beri tanqidning maqsadi bo'lib kelgan. Ga binoan Jon Pareles, "Og'ir metallning asosiy mavzusi sodda va deyarli universaldir. Xirillash, nola va subliterariya so'zlari bilan u ... bayramni nishonlamaydi ... [T] u musiqaning asosiy qismi stilize qilingan va formulali."[11] Musiqa tanqidchilari ko'pincha metall lirikalarni balog'atga etmagan va oddiy va boshqalar deb hisoblashgan[59] advokatlik deb biladigan narsalarga e'tiroz bildirdilar noto'g'ri fikr va yashirin. 1980 yillar davomida Ota-onalar uchun musiqiy resurs markazi Qo'shma Shtatlar Kongressi taniqli musiqa sanoatini tartibga solish to'g'risida iltimos qildi, chunki guruh norozi so'zlar, xususan og'ir metallarning qo'shiqlari deb ta'kidladi.[60] Endryu Kopning ta'kidlashicha, og'ir metallarning lirikasi misoginistikdir, "aniq adashgan", chunki bu tanqidchilar "aksini ko'rsatadigan ulkan dalillarni e'tiborsiz qoldirmoqdalar".[61] Musiqiy tanqidchi Robert Kristgau oddiy "oq tanli o'g'il bolalar qizlardan qo'rqib, o'zlariga achinib, hech qachon mag'lubiyatga uchramaydigan dunyoga qarshi g'azablanishiga yo'l qo'yib berilsa, biz ba'zan o'zimizda bo'ladi" deb nomlangan metall.[62]

Og'ir metall san'atkorlari AQSh Senati oldida va sudda o'zlarining so'zlarini himoya qilishlari kerak edi. 1985 yilda, Twisted Sister frontman De Snider qo'shig'ini himoya qilishni so'rashdi "Pichoq ostida "AQSh Senati tinglovida. Sud majlisida PMRC qo'shiq haqida edi, deb da'vo qildi sadomazoxizm va zo'rlash; Snayder ushbu qo'shiq sherigining tomog'idagi operatsiyasi haqida ekanligini aytdi.[63] 1986 yilda, Ozzy Osbourne qo'shig'ining matni bo'yicha sudga berildi "O'z joniga qasd qilish uchun echim ".[64] Osburnga qarshi sud da'vosi Osburnning qo'shig'ini tinglaganidan keyin o'z joniga qasd qilgan, ruhiy tushkunlikka tushgan o'spirin Jon Makkollumning ota-onasi tomonidan berilgan. Osborn o'spirinning o'limida aybdor deb topilmadi.[65] 1990 yilda Yahudo Priest Amerika sudida besh yil oldin o'zini otib o'ldirgan ikki yigitning ota-onasi tomonidan go'yoki qo'shiqdagi "buni qiling" subliminal bayonotini eshitgandan keyin da'vo qilingan. Sizdan yaxshiroq, mendan yaxshiroq, bu albomda namoyish etilgan Bo'yalgan sinf (1978),[66] qo'shiq ham a Qo'rqinchli tish qopqoq Ushbu ish ommaviy axborot vositalarining katta e'tiborini jalb qilgan bo'lsa-da, oxir-oqibat rad etildi.[60] 1991 yilda Buyuk Britaniya politsiyasi Britaniyaning yozuvlar yorlig'idan o'lim metallari yozuvlarini olib qo'ydi Quloqqa oid yozuvlar, "odobsizlik uchun yorliqni sudga tortish uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz urinish" da.[67]

Asosan musulmon bo'lgan ba'zi mamlakatlarda og'ir metal rasman an'anaviy qadriyatlarga tahdid sifatida qoralangan. Marokash, Misr, Livan va Malayziya kabi mamlakatlarda og'ir metallarning musiqachilari va muxlislari hibsga olinib, qamoqqa tashlangan holatlar bo'lgan.[68] 1997 yilda Misr politsiyasi ko'plab yosh metal ishqibozlarini qamoqqa tashladi va ular "shaytonga sig'inishda" va shakkoklikda ayblandi, politsiya ularning uylarini tintuv qilish paytida metall yozuvlarni topdi.[67] 2013 yilda, Malayziya taqiqlangan Xudoning Qo'zisi "guruhning so'zlari diniy jihatdan befarq" va shakkok sifatida talqin qilinishi mumkinligi sababli o'z mamlakatlarida chiqish qilishdan.[69] Ba'zi odamlar og'ir metallarning musiqasini ruhiy kasalliklarning etakchi omillari deb hisoblashgan va og'ir metallarning muxlislari ruhiy holati yomonroq azob chekish ehtimoli ko'proq deb o'ylashgan, ammo tadqiqotlar bu haqiqat emasligini isbotlagan va ushbu musiqa muxlislari ruhiy salomatligi yomon odamlarning pastroq yoki shunga o'xshash foizlari.[70]

Tasvir va moda

The band Kiss is shown onstage at a concert. From left to right are the bassist Gene Simmons, two electric guitarists and the drummer, who is at the rear of the stage. Simmons is wearing spiked clothing and his tongue is extended. All members have white and black face makeup. Large guitar speaker stacks are shown behind the band.
Kiss bo'yanish kiyib, 2004 yilda ijro etgan

Ko'plab rassomlar va guruhlar uchun vizual tasvirlar og'ir metallarda katta rol o'ynaydi. Og'ir metall guruhining ovozi va so'zlaridan tashqari, albom muqovasi, logotiplar, sahna to'plamlari, kiyim-kechak, asboblar dizayni va musiqiy videolar.[71]

Orqa tomon uzun sochlar "metall modasining eng muhim farq qiluvchi xususiyati" dir.[72] Dastlab hippi submulturasidan qabul qilingan, 1980 va 1990 yillarda og'ir metall sochlar "o'zlarini hech qachon uyda his qilmaydigan avlodning nafratini, g'azabini va g'azabini ramziy qildi", deydi jurnalist Nader Rahmon. Uzoq sochlar metall hamjamiyatining a'zolariga "umuman hech narsaga qarshi isyon ko'tarish uchun zarur bo'lgan kuch" berdi.[73]

Og'ir metall ishqibozlarning klassik formasi ochiq rangli, yirtilgan, yıpranmış yoki yirtilgan ko'k jinsi shimlar, qora futbolkalar, etiklar va qora charm yoki denim kurtkalardan iborat. Deena Vaynshteyn "futbolkalar odatda logotiplar yoki sevimli metall bantlarning boshqa ingl. tasvirlari bilan bezatilgan" deb yozadi.[74] 1980-yillarda pank va boshqa manbalar goth musiqasi dahshatli filmlarga, ta'sirlangan metall modasiga.[75] 1970-80-yillardagi ko'plab metall ijrochilar o'zlarining sahna ko'rinishini yaxshilash uchun tubdan shakllangan va yorqin rangli asboblardan foydalanganlar.[76][77]

Moda va shaxsiy uslublar, ayniqsa, davrning glam metall bantlari uchun juda muhimdir. Ijrochilar odatda uzun bo'yalgan, bo'yalgan, sochlar uchun lak bilan bezatilgan sochlar kiyishgan (shu sababli "soch metall" laqabi); lab bo'yog'i va ko'zoynagi kabi bo'yanish; dabdabali kiyim, shu jumladan leopar terisiga bosilgan ko'ylak yoki yelek va tor jinsi, charm yoki spandeks shim; va bantlar va zargarlik buyumlari kabi aksessuarlar.[76] Og'ir metall aktsiyasi tomonidan kashshof bo'lgan X Yaponiya 1980 yillarning oxirida Yaponiya harakatidagi guruhlar sifatida tanilgan ingl - bu ko'plab metall bo'lmagan guruhlarni o'z ichiga oladi - bu murakkab kostyumlar, sochlar va bo'yanishlarni ta'kidlaydi.[78]

Jismoniy ishoralar

Image shows a band onstage with fans visible in the front of the picture. Some fans are raising their fists and others are raising their hands with the index finger and pinky extended.
Muxlislar mushtlarini ko'tarib "shayton shoxlari" a ishorasi Metsatol konsert

Jonli ijroda ko'plab metall musiqachilar shug'ullanishadi bosh tortish, bu vaqtni bosh bilan ritmik tarzda urishni o'z ichiga oladi, ko'pincha uzun sochlar ta'kidlaydi. The il cornuto, yoki shayton shoxlari, qo'l ishorasi vokalist tomonidan ommalashgan Ronni Jeyms Dio Qora shanba va Dio.[48] Garchi Gen Simmons ning Kiss 1977 yilda jestni birinchi bo'lib qilganini da'vo qilmoqda Qurolni seving albom muqovasi, bu hodisani kim boshlaganligi haqida taxminlar mavjud.[79]

Metall kontsertlar ishtirokchilari odatdagi ma'noda raqsga tushishmaydi. Bunga musiqaning asosan erkaklar auditoriyasi va "haddan tashqari heteroseksualistik mafkura" sabab bo'lganligi ta'kidlangan. Badanning ikkita asosiy harakati - bu boshini urish va qo'lni bosish, bu ham minnatdorchilik belgisi va ham ritmik imo-ishora.[80] Ning ishlashi havo gitara konsertlarda ham, uyda yozuvlarni tinglashda ham metall muxlislari orasida mashhurdir.[81] Ga binoan Deena Vaynshteyn, trash metal kontsertlarida boshqa metall janrlariga kirmaydigan ikkita element mavjud: moshing va sho'ng'in dan "import qilingan punk / hardcore submulturasi ".[82] Vaynshteynning ta'kidlashicha, moshing ishtirokchilari sahna yaqinidagi "chuqur" deb nomlangan maydonda aylana bo'ylab harakatlanayotganda bir-biriga urilib, tebranishadi. Sahna g'avvoslari guruh bilan sahnaga ko'tarilib, keyin "tomoshabinlarga qaytib" sakrashadi.[82]

Muxlislar submulturasi

The back of a heavy metal fan wearing a denim jacket is shown. The jacket has patches and artwork for several heavy metal bands attached to the denim. The largest patch is for the band Metallica. It depicts a devil amidst flames.
Daniy ko'ylagi kiyib olgan og'ir metall fanat, bantlar yamoqlari va og'ir metallarning badiiy asarlari bilan Metallika, Qurol va atirgullar, Temir hizmatkor, Slipknot, Dio va Led Zeppelin.

Aytishlaricha, og'ir metal boshqa ko'plab jinslar janrlarini asosan intensiv, eksklyuziv, kuchli erkaklar submulturasining paydo bo'lishi tufayli oshib ketgan.[83] Metall fanatlar asosan yosh, oq, erkaklar va ko'k yoqalardan iborat bo'lsa-da, guruh "o'zining asosiy demografik bazasidan tashqarida, uning kiyinishi, tashqi ko'rinishi va o'zini tutish qoidalariga rioya qilganlarga nisbatan bag'rikeng".[84] Subkulturani identifikatsiya qilish nafaqat konsertlar va umumiy moda elementlarining guruh tajribasi, balki metall jurnallarga va yaqinda veb-saytlarga o'z hissasini qo'shish bilan ham mustahkamlanadi.[85] Xususan jonli kontsertlarga tashrif buyurish "eng og'ir metallarning birlashmasi" deb nomlangan.[86]

Metall sahna o'ziga xos haqiqiylik kodiga ega bo'lgan "begonalashuv submulturasi" sifatida tavsiflangan.[87] Ushbu kod ijrochilarga bir nechta talablarni qo'yadi: ular o'zlarining musiqalariga to'liq sadoqatli va uni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan submulturaga sodiq ko'rinishi kerak; ular asosiy apellyatsiya va radio xitlariga qiziqmasliklari kerak; va ular hech qachon "sotmoq ".[88] Deena Vaynshteyn ushbu kod muxlislarning o'zlari uchun "o'rnatilgan hokimiyatga qarshi turishni va jamiyatning qolgan qismidan ajralib turishni" targ'ib qiladi.[89]

Musiqachi va kinorejissyor Rob Zombie "Mening ko'rsatuvlarimga kelgan bolalarning aksariyati juda ko'p ijodiy energiyaga ega, aslida nima qilishni bilmayotgan xayoliy bolalarga o'xshaydi" va bu metall "tashqi odamlar uchun begona musiqa. Hech kim g'alati bola bo'lishni xohlamaydi" ; siz qandaydir tarzda g'alati bola bo'lasiz. Bu shunday, lekin metall bilan barcha g'alati bolalar bir joyda bo'ladi ".[90] Metallshunos olimlar muxlislarning ba'zi ijrochilarni (va boshqa ba'zi muxlislarni) "ajratish va rad etish tendentsiyasini ta'kidladilar".poseurslar "" submulturaning bir qismi sifatida o'zini ko'rsatgan, ammo haqiqiyligi va samimiyligi yo'q deb hisoblangan ".[87][91]

Etimologiya

Musiqiy kontekstda "og'ir metall" atamasining kelib chiqishi noaniq. Ushbu ibora asrlar davomida kimyo va metallurgiyada ishlatilgan bo'lib, bu erda davriy jadval ikkalasining ham elementlarini tartibga soladi yorug'lik va og'ir metallar (masalan, uran). Zamonaviy ommaviy madaniyatda ushbu atamani erta ishlatish madaniyatga qarshi yozuvchi Uilyam S. Burrouz. Uning 1962 yildagi romani Yumshoq mashina "Uranian Willy, Heavy Metal Kid" nomi bilan tanilgan belgini o'z ichiga oladi. Burrouzning navbatdagi romani, Nova Express (1964), foydalanib, mavzuni rivojlantiradi og'ir metall giyohvandlik uchun metafora sifatida: "Ularning kasalliklari va orgazm dori-darmonlari va ularning jinssiz parazit hayot shakllari bilan - Uranning og'ir metallari, bug'langan banknotalarning sovuq ko'k tumaniga o'ralgan. Va Minraud hasharotlari metall musiqa bilan".[92] Burrouzning romanlaridan ilhomlanib,[93] atamasi 1967 yilgi albom sarlavhasida ishlatilgan Inson Xosti va og'ir metalli bolalar tomonidan Hapshash va rangli palto, bu musiqa kontekstida birinchi foydalanish deb da'vo qilingan.[94] Keyinchalik bu ibora ko'tarildi Sandy Pearlman, bu atamani kim ta'riflash uchun ishlatgan Birdlar "kontekst va effektning alyuminiy uslubi" uchun, xususan ularning albomida Birodarlar uchun mashhur shov-shuvli birodarlar (1968).[95]

Metall tarixchi Yan Xrist atamaning tarkibiy qismlari nimani anglatishini tavsiflaydi "hippispeak ":" og'ir "taxminan" kuchli "yoki" chuqur "so'zlar bilan sinonimdir va" metall "ma'lum bir kayfiyat turini belgilaydi, silliqlash va metall kabi og'irlikda.[96] "Og'ir" so'zi bu ma'noda ning asosiy elementi bo'lgan beatnik va keyinroq madaniyatga qarshi hippi jargon va "og'ir musiqa" ga murojaat qilish - odatdagidek sekinroq va kuchaytirilgan standart tariflarning o'zgarishi - 1960-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib, masalan, nisbatan keng tarqalgan edi. Vanilya Faj. Temir kapalak 1968 yil boshida chiqarilgan debyut albomiga nom berildi Og'ir. "Og'ir metall" ning qo'shiq lirikasida birinchi marta ishlatilishi mototsiklga tegishli Steppenwolf Qo'shiq "Yirtqich bo'lish uchun tug'ilgan ", shuningdek, o'sha yili chiqarilgan:[97] "Men tutun va chaqmoqni yaxshi ko'raman / Og'ir metall momaqaldiroq / Shamol bilan Racin" va Va men ostida bo'lgan hissiyotlar. "

In-dagi iborani dastlabki hujjatlashtirilgan tarzda ishlatish tosh tanqid ichida paydo bo'ladi Sandy Pearlman 1967 yil fevral Crawdaddy ko'rib chiqish Rolling Stones ' Agar xohlasangiz jonli efirda (1966), garchi tovushning ta'rifi sifatida emas, balki janr sifatida: "Ushbu albomda Stones metalga aylanadi. Texnologiya egarda - ideal va usul sifatida."[98][nb 1] Boshqasi 1968 yil 11-may sonida paydo bo'ladi Rolling Stone, unda Barri Gifford albomi haqida yozgan Uzoq vaqt davomida kelgan AQSh guruhi tomonidan Elektr bayrog'i: "Tinglayotgan hech kim yo'q Mayk Bloomfild - gaplashish ham, o'ynash ham - so'nggi bir necha yil ichida buni kutish mumkin edi. Bu yangi ruhiy musiqa, oq blyuz va og'ir metallarning sintezi. "[100] 1970 yil yanvar oyida Lucian K. Truskott IV ko'rib chiqish Led Zeppelin II uchun Qishloq ovozi tovushni "og'ir" deb ta'riflagan va bilan taqqoslaganlar Moviy quvnoq va Vanilya Faj.[101]

Ushbu iborani boshqa dastlabki hujjatlashtirilgan ishlatilishlari tanqidchilar tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan Mayk Sonders. 1970 yil 12-noyabr sonida Rolling Stone, u o'tgan yili ingliz guruhi tomonidan chiqarilgan albomga izoh berdi Humble Pie: "Kecha kabi xavfsiz, ularning Amerikadagi birinchi versiyasi, Humble Pie turli xil usullar bilan zerikarli bo'lishi mumkinligini isbotladi. Bu erda ular shovqinli, ohangdor bo'lmagan, og'ir metall qo'rg'oshinli shit-rok guruhi bo'lib, ularning baland va shovqinli qismlari shubhasiz edi. Bir nechta yoqimli qo'shiqlar bor edi ... va bitta yodgorlik yig'indisi ". U guruhning so'nggi qo'shiqlarini tasvirlab berdi, o'z-o'zini sarlavhali ozod qilish "xuddi shu 27-darajali og'ir metallarning axlatlari" kabi.[102]

Sharhida Janob Lord Baltimor "s Shohlik kel 1971 yil may oyida Krem, Sonders shunday deb yozgan edi: "Sir Lord Baltimor kitobdagi barcha eng yaxshi og'ir metallarga qarshi hiyla-nayranglarga o'xshaydi".[103] Krem tanqidchi Lester portlashlari 1970-yillarning boshlarida Led Zeppelin va Black Sabbath kabi guruhlarda yozgan insholari orqali ushbu atamani ommalashtirishga loyiqdir.[104] O'n yil ichida, og'ir metall ma'lum tanqidchilar tomonidan deyarli avtomatik ravishda o'chirish sifatida ishlatilgan. 1979 yilda qo'rg'oshin Nyu-York Tayms mashhur musiqa tanqidchisi Jon Rokvell u "og'ir metalli tosh" deb atagan narsasini "shafqatsiz tajovuzkor musiqa, asosan, giyohvand moddalar ta'sirida bo'lgan aql uchun o'ynaydi" deb ta'riflagan,[105] va boshqa maqolada, "oq tanli o'spirinlarga murojaat qiladigan tosh asoslarini qo'pol ravishda mubolag'a qilish" deb nomlangan.[106]

Muallif tomonidan Qora shanba barabanchi Bill Uord, "douner rok" bu musiqa uslubini tavsiflash uchun ishlatilgan eng qadimgi atamalardan biri bo'lgan va shanba va boshqa aktlarga nisbatan qo'llanilgan. Qon tomir. Klassik rok jurnalida downer rock madaniyati foydalanish atrofida aylanib yurganligi tasvirlangan Qualudes va sharob ichish.[107] Keyinchalik bu atama "og'ir metal" bilan almashtiriladi.[108]

Ilgari, og'ir psixhedel toshidan qisman "og'ir metal" paydo bo'lgan kislotali tosh, "kislotali tosh" ko'pincha "og'ir metal" va "qattiq tosh" bilan bir xil ma'noda ishlatilgan. "Kislota toshi" odatda og'ir, qattiq yoki xom psixedel jinslarini tavsiflaydi. Musiqashunos Stiv Vaksman "kislotali tosh, qattiq tosh va og'ir metallarning farqi hech qachon hech qachon susayib ketmasligi mumkin", deb ta'kidladi.[109] perkussionist Jon Bek esa "kislota toshi" ni qattiq tosh va og'ir metallarning sinonimi deb ta'riflagan.[110]

"Kislotali tosh" dan tashqari "og'ir metal" va "qattiq tosh "tez-tez bir-birining o'rnida ishlatilgan, ayniqsa 1970-yillardagi guruhlarni muhokama qilishda, atamalar asosan sinonim bo'lgan davr.[111] Masalan, 1983 yil Rolling Stone Ensiklopediyasi "Rok va Roll" ushbu parchani o'z ichiga oladi: "bluesga asoslangan agressiv hard-rock uslubi bilan tanilgan, Aerosmith yetmishinchi yillarning o'rtalarida Amerikaning eng og'ir metalli guruhi edi ".[112]

Tarix

Oldingilar: 1950-yillardan 1960-yillarning oxirigacha

Og'ir metalning kvintessensial gitara uslubi, buzilgan og'ir riflar va akkordlar atrofida qurilgan bo'lib, uning ildizlarini 1950 yillarning boshlariga borib taqaladi. Memfis blyuzi gitara chaluvchilar kabi Djo Xill Lui, Villi Jonson va ayniqsa Pat Xare,[113][114] kabi yozuvlarda "grittier, nastier, shafqatsiz elektr gitara ovozini" qo'lga kiritgan Jeyms Koton "Paxtadan olinadigan ko'klar " (1954);[114] 50-yillarning oxirlarida Link Wray, xususan "Rumble " (1958);[115] 1960-yillarning boshlari bemaqsad tosh ning Dik Deyl shu jumladan "Kelinglar Trippin " "(1961) va"Misirlou "(1962); va Shohlar ning versiyasi "Louie Louie "(1963) tomonidan tuzilgan garaj toshi standart.[116]

The band Cream is shown playing on a TV show. From left to right are drummer Ginger Baker (sitting behind a drumkit with two bass drums) and two electric guitarists.
Gollandiyalik televizion dasturda namoyish etiladigan krem Fanklub 1968 yilda

Biroq, janrning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nasablari 1960 yillarning o'rtalaridan boshlanadi. Amerika blyuz musiqasi erta ta'sir ko'rsatdi Britaniya rokchilari davrning. Kabi guruhlar Rolling Stones va Yardbirdlar ishlab chiqilgan blues rock klassik blyuz qo'shiqlarining muqovalarini yozib, tez-tez tezlashtirmoqda templar. Ular musiqa bilan tajriba o'tkazar ekan, Buyuk Britaniyadagi blyuzga asoslangan guruhlar va ular o'z navbatida AQShning ta'sirida - og'ir metallarning o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga aylanadigan narsalarni, xususan, baland va buzilgan gitara ovozini ishlab chiqdilar.[33] Kinklar ushbu ovozni 1964 yildagi xitlari bilan ommalashtirishda katta rol o'ynagan "Siz haqiqatan ham meni oldim ".[117]

The Kinks'ga qo'shimcha ravishda Deyv Devis, kabi boshqa gitara chaluvchilar JSST "s Pit Taunsend va Yardbirds ' Jeff Bek geribildirim bilan tajriba o'tkazdilar.[118][119] Blyuz rok-baraban uslubi asosan kichik to'plamlarda oddiy aralashma urishidan boshlangan bo'lsa, barabanchilar tobora kuchayib borayotgan gitara bilan taqqoslash uchun ko'proq mushak, murakkab va kuchaytirilgan usulni qo'llashni boshladilar.[120] Vokalchilar xuddi shunday uslublarini o'zgartirdilar va amplifikatsiyaga bo'lgan ishonchlarini oshirdilar, ko'pincha stilize va dramatik bo'lishdi. Tovush hajmi jihatidan, ayniqsa jonli ijroda, The Who's "buyukroq va balandroq devorlariMarshalllar "yondashuv keyinchalik og'ir metallarning ovozini rivojlantirish uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega edi.[121]

Moviy toshlarning kombinatsiyasi psixedel toshi va kislotali tosh og'ir metall uchun asl asosning katta qismini tashkil etdi.[122] Psychedelic rock-ning varianti yoki subgenri ko'pincha "kislotali tosh "og'ir metallarga ayniqsa ta'sirchan edi; kislotali tosh ko'pincha psixhedel toshining og'irroq, balandroq yoki qattiqroq varianti sifatida aniqlanadi,[123] yoki tez-tez baland, qo'lbola va juda buzilgan gitara markazidagi ovozni o'z ichiga olgan psixodel rok janrining eng chekka tomoni. Kislota jinsi psixhedel toshi sifatida "eng xom va zichroq" deb ta'riflanib, ijobiy va salbiy chekkalari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan og'ir fazilatlarni ta'kidlaydi. psixedel tajribasi nafaqat psixodeliyaning idil tomoni.[124] Amerika kislota jinsi garaj bantlari kabi 13-qavatli liftlar kislota toshining fenetik, og'irroq, qorong'i va ko'proq psixotik tovushini epitomizatsiya qildi, bu xarakterli tovush droning gitara riflari, kuchaytirilgan mulohazalar va gitara buzilishi, 13-qavatdagi liftlarning ovozida, ayniqsa, yelping vokallari va "vaqti-vaqti bilan aqldan ozgan" so'zlar mavjud edi.[125] Frenk Xofmanning ta'kidlashicha: "Psixeliya ba'zida" kislota toshi "deb yuritilgan. Ikkinchi belgi poundingga qo'llanilgan, qattiq tosh 1960-yillarning o'rtalarida paydo bo'lgan variant garaj-pank harakat. ... Rok 1968 yil oxirida yumshoqroq, ildizlarga yo'naltirilgan tovushlarga qaytishni boshlaganda, kislota-rok guruhlari og'ir metallarga aylandi. "[126]

Psychedelic rock va kislota jinslarining blyuz rock janri bilan birlashishini yaratishda eng ta'sirchan guruhlardan biri bu ingliz kuch triosi edi. Krem, dan katta va og'ir ovoz chiqargan unison gitara chaluvchisi o'rtasida Erik Klapton va basist Jek Bryus, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Zanjabil Beyker kontrabas barabanlari.[127] Ularning dastlabki ikkita LP, Yangi krem (1966) va Disraeli Gears (1967), og'ir metallarning kelajakdagi uslubi uchun muhim prototiplar sifatida qaraladi. Jimi Xendrix tajribasi debyut albomi, Siz tajribasizmi? (1967), shuningdek, juda ta'sirli edi. Gendrix Virtuoz texnikasi ko'plab metall gitara chaluvchilar va albomning eng muvaffaqiyatli singli tomonidan taqlid qilinadi "Binafsha pushti ", kimdir tomonidan og'ir metallarning birinchi zarbasi sifatida aniqlanadi.[33] Vanilya Faj, kimning birinchi albom 1967 yilda paydo bo'lgan, "psixodeliya va tez orada og'ir metalga aylangan amerikalik bog'lanishlardan biri" deb nomlangan,[128] va guruh erta Amerika og'ir metall guruhi sifatida keltirilgan.[129] Vanilya Fudj o'zining birinchi debyut albomida zamonaviy xit qo'shiqlarni "baland, og'ir, sekinlashtiruvchi aranjirovkalari" ni yaratdi va bu qo'shiqlarni "epik mutanosiblik" darajasiga etkazdi va "g'alati, buzuq tumanga cho'mdi".[128]

1960-yillarning oxirlarida ko'plab psixhedel qo'shiqchilari, masalan Artur Braun, g'alati, teatr va ko'pincha yaratishni boshladi macabre spektakllar; bu o'z-o'zidan ko'plab metall harakatlar uchun juda ta'sirli bo'lib qoldi.[130][131][132] Amerika psychedelic rock guruhi Coven, Vanilla Fuj va Yardbirds kabi og'ir metallarga ta'sir ko'rsatadiganlar uchun ochilgan, o'zlarini amaliyotchilar sifatida ko'rsatdilar. sehrgarlik yoki qora sehr qorong'i yordamida—Shaytoniy yoki yashirin - ularning so'zlaridagi rasmlari, albom san'ati va jonli ijrolari. Jonli namoyishlar chuqurlashtirilgan, teatrlashtirilgan "Shaytoniy marosimlar "Kovenning 1969 yil debyut albomi, Jodugarlik aqlni yo'q qiladi va ruhlarni o'radi, Boshsuyagi tasvirlari, qora massalar, teskari xochlar va Shayton Ikkala albom san'ati va guruhning jonli chiqishlari ham rok musiqasida birinchi ko'rinishlarni namoyish etdi shoxlarning belgisi, keyinchalik bu og'ir metall madaniyatida muhim harakatga aylanadi.[133][134] Shu bilan birga Angliyada guruh Qora beva Bundan tashqari, yashirin va shaytoniy obrazlar va matnlarni ishlatgan birinchi psixodel rok guruhlari qatoriga kirgan, ammo Qora beva va Kovenning og'ir metallarga bo'lgan lirik va tematik ta'sirlari tezda qorong'i va og'irroq tovushlar ostida qolgan. Qora shanba.[133][134]

Kelib chiqishi: 1960-yillarning oxiri va 70-yillarning boshlari

Two performers from Steppenwolf are shown in an onstage performance. From left to right are an electric guitarist (only the instrument is shown) and singer John Kay, who is swinging the microphone.
Jon Kay Steppenwolf

Tanqidchilar kimni birinchi og'ir metall tasma deb o'ylashlari mumkinligi to'g'risida kelishmovchiliklar. Ko'pchilik kredit ham Led Zeppelin yoki Qora shanba, amerikalik sharhlovchilar Led Zeppelin va Britaniyalik sharhlovchilar Qora Shabbat kunini ma'qul ko'rmoqdalar, ammo ko'pchilik ikkalasiga ham teng darajada kredit berishadi. Binafsha binafsha rang, ba'zan og'ir metallarning "nopok uchligi" deb hisoblanadigan uchinchi guruh, Qora shanba va Led Zeppelindan biroz kattaroq bo'lishiga qaramay, 1969 yil oxirigacha ular og'ir metall yo'nalishini olganiga qadar ko'plab tosh uslublari orasida o'zgarib turardi.[135] Bir necha sharhlovchilar, asosan amerikaliklar, boshqa guruhlar, shu jumladan bahslashadi Temir kapalak, Steppenwolf yoki Moviy quvnoq birinchi bo'lib og'ir metal o'ynagan.[136]

1968 yilda og'ir metal deb nomlanadigan ovoz birlasha boshladi. O'sha yanvar oyida San-Frantsisko guruhi Moviy quvnoq ning muqovasini chiqardi Eddi Kokran klassik "Summertime Blues "debyut albomidan Vincebus Eruptum, bu ko'pchilik birinchi haqiqiy og'ir metall yozuvlarni ko'rib chiqadi.[137] Xuddi shu oy, Steppenwolf ozod qildi deb nomlangan debyut albomi shu jumladan "Yirtqich bo'lish uchun tug'ilgan ", bu mototsiklni tasvirlashda" og'ir metall momaqaldiroq "ga ishora qiladi. Iyul oyida Jeff Bek guruhi, uning etakchisi Yardbirdsning gitara chaluvchisi sifatida Sahifadan oldin o'zining birinchi yozuvini e'lon qildi: Haqiqat "barcha zamonlarning eng ko'p erigan, tikanli, ochiqdan-ochiq kulgili shovqinlari" ning ayrimlari namoyish etildi, bu esa metall bolta slingerlarining avlodlari uchun zamin yaratdi.[138] Sentyabr oyida Page-ning yangi guruhi, Led Zeppelin, Daniyada birinchi debyutini o'tkazdi ("Nyu-Yardbirds" deb nomlangan).[139] Bitlz ' Oq albom, keyingi oy chiqarilgan, shu jumladan "Helter Skelter ", keyin yirik guruh tomonidan chiqarilgan eng og'ir qo'shiqlardan biri.[140] Chiroyli narsalar ' rok opera S.F. Xafa, Dekabr oyida chiqarilgan, "Old Man Going" va "I See You" singari "proto heavy metal" qo'shiqlari.[141][142] Temir kapalak 1968 yilgi qo'shiq "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida "ba'zan o'rtasida o'tish misoli sifatida tasvirlangan kislotali tosh va og'ir metall[143] yoki kislota jinsi "og'ir metal" ga aylanishining burilish nuqtasi,[144] va ikkalasi ham Iron Butterflyning 1968 yilgi albomi In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida va Blue Cheerning 1968 yilgi albomi Vincebus Eruptum og'ir metallga poydevor qo'yadigan va kislota jinsini og'ir metalga aylanishida katta ta'sir ko'rsatadigan deb ta'riflangan.[145]

Bunda qarshi madaniyat davr MC5, who began as part of the Detroit garage rock scene, developed a raw distorted style that has been seen as a major influence on the future sound of both heavy metal and later punk music.[146][147] Stoglar also began to establish and influence a heavy metal and later punk sound, with songs such as "Men sizning itingiz bo'lishni xohlayman ", featuring pounding and distorted heavy guitar power chord riffs.[148] Pushti Floyd released two of their heaviest and loudest songs to date; "Ibiza Bar "va"Nil qo'shig'i ", which was regarded as "one of the heaviest songs the band recorded".[149][150] King Crimson "s debyut albom started with "21-asr shizoid odam," which was considered heavy metal by several critics.[151][152]

A colour photograph of the four members of Led Zeppelin performing onstage, with some other figures visible in the background. The band members shown are, from left to right, the bassist, drummer, guitarist, and lead singer. Large guitar speaker stacks are behind the band members.
Led Zeppelin da ijro etish Chikago stadioni in January 1975

In January 1969, Led Zeppelin's deb nomlangan debyut albomi was released and reached number 10 on the Billboard albom jadvali. In July, Zeppelin and a power trio with a Cream-inspired, but cruder sound, Grand Funk temir yo'li, o'ynadi Atlanta pop festivali. That same month, another Cream-rooted trio led by Lesli G'arb ozod qilindi tog, an album filled with heavy blues rock guitar and roaring vocals. In August, the group—now itself dubbed tog —played an hour-long set at the Woodstock festivali, exposing the crowd of 300,000 people to the emerging sound of heavy metal.[153][154] Mountain's proto-metal or early heavy metal hit song "Missisipi qirolichasi "albomidan Toqqa chiqmoq! is especially credited with paving the way for heavy metal and was one of the first heavy guitar songs to receive regular play on radio.[153][155][156] In September 1969, the Beatles released the album Abbey yo'li containing the track "Men seni xohlayman (u juda og'ir) " which has been credited as an early example of or influence on heavy metal or halokatli metall.[157][158] In October 1969, British band High Tide debuted with the heavy, proto-metal album Dengiz Shanties.[159][144]

Led Zeppelin defined central aspects of the emerging genre, with Page's highly distorted guitar style and singer Robert zavodi 's dramatic, wailing vocals.[160] Other bands, with a more consistently heavy, "purely" metal sound, would prove equally important in codifying the genre. The 1970 releases by Qora shanba (Qora shanba – generally accepted as the first heavy metal album[161] - va Paranoid ) va Binafsha binafsha rang (Rokda ) were crucial in this regard.[120]

Birmingem 's Black Sabbath had developed a particularly heavy sound in part due to an ishlab chiqarishdagi baxtsiz hodisa gitara chaluvchi Toni Iommi suffered before cofounding the band. Unable to play normally, Iommi had to tune his guitar down for easier fretting and rely on power chords with their relatively simple fingering.[163] The bleak, industrial, ishchilar sinfi atrof-muhit Birmingem, a ishlab chiqarish city full of noisy fabrikalar va metallga ishlov berish, has itself been credited with influencing Black Sabbath's heavy, chugging, metallic sound and the sound of heavy metal in general.[164][165][166][167]

Deep Purple had fluctuated between styles in its early years, but by 1969 vocalist Yan Gillan va gitarist Ritchi Blekmor had led the band toward the developing heavy metal style.[135] In 1970, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple scored major UK chart hits with "Paranoid "va"Qora tun "navbati bilan.[168][169] That same year, two other British bands released debut albums in a heavy metal mode: Uriah Heep bilan ... Juda "Og'ir ... Juda" Umble va NUJ bilan NUJ 1. Qon tomir ularni ozod qildi deb nomlangan debyut albomi, containing a collection of heavy guitar riffs, gruff style vocals and sadistic and macabre lyrics.[170] Ta'sirli Budgi brought the new metal sound into a power trio context, creating some of the heaviest music of the time.[171] The occult lyrics and imagery employed by Black Sabbath and Uriah Heep would prove particularly influential; Led Zeppelin also began foregrounding such elements with its to'rtinchi albom, 1971 yilda chiqarilgan.[172] In 1973, Deep Purple released the song "Suv ustida tutun ", with the iconic riff that's usually considered as the most recognizable one in "heavy rock" history, as a single of the classic live album Yaponiyada ishlab chiqarilgan.[173][174]

Three members of the band Thin Lizzy are shown onstage. From left to right are a guitarist, bass player, and another electric guitarist. Both electric guitarists have long hair.
Brayan Robertson, Fil Linot, Scott Gorham ning Yupqa Lizzy performing during the Bad Reputation Tour, November 24, 1977

On the other side of the Atlantic, the trend-setting group was Grand Funk temir yo'li, described as "the most commercially successful American heavy-metal band from 1970 until they disbanded in 1976, [they] established the Seventies success formula: continuous touring".[175] Other influential bands identified with metal emerged in the U.S., such as Janob Lord Baltimor (Shohlik kel, 1970), Moviy Öyster kulti (Moviy Öyster kulti, 1972), Aerosmith (Aerosmith, 1973) va Kiss (Kiss, 1974). Sir Lord Baltimore's 1970 debut album and both Humble Pie "s debyut va o'z-o'zidan nomlangan uchinchi albom were all among the first albums to be described in print as "heavy metal", with Kecha bo'lgani kabi xavfsiz being referred to by the term "heavy metal" in a 1970 review in Rolling Stone jurnal.[176][177] Various smaller bands from the U.S., U.K, and Continental Europe, including Portlash, Jozefus, Leaf Hound, Birinchi asr, Qattiq narsalar, Haqiqat va Jeyn, Chang, JPT qo'rqitish guruhi, Frijid pushti, Kaktus, May Blitz, Kapitan Beyond, Qurbaqa, Granicus, Temir tirnoq va Kechagi bolalar, though lesser known outside of their respective scenes, proved to be greatly influential on the emerging metal movement. Germaniyada, Chayonlar debyut bilan Yolg'iz qarg'a in 1972. Blackmore, who had emerged as a virtuoso soloist with Deep Purple's highly influential album Mashina boshi (1972), left the band in 1975 to form Kamalak bilan Ronni Jeyms Dio, singer and bassist for blues rock band Elf and future vocalist for Black Sabbath and heavy metal band Dio. Rainbow with Ronnie James Dio would expand on the mystical and xayol -based lyrics and themes sometimes found in heavy metal, pioneering both kuchli metall va neoklassik metall.[178] These bands also built audiences via constant touring and increasingly elaborate stage shows.[120]

As described above, there are arguments about whether these and other early bands truly qualify as "heavy metal" or simply as "hard rock". Those closer to the music's blues roots or placing greater emphasis on melody are now commonly ascribed the latter label. AC / DC, which debuted with Yuqori kuchlanish in 1975, is a prime example. 1983 yil Rolling Stone encyclopedia entry begins, "Australian heavy-metal band AC/DC".[179] Rock historian Clinton Walker writes, "Calling AC/DC a heavy metal band in the seventies was as inaccurate as it is today. ... [They] were a rock 'n' roll band that just happened to be heavy enough for metal".[180] The issue is not only one of shifting definitions, but also a persistent distinction between musical style and audience identification: Ian Christe describes how the band "became the stepping-stone that led huge numbers of hard rock fans into heavy metal perdition".[181]

In certain cases, there is little debate. After Black Sabbath, the next major example is Britain's Yahudo ruhoniysi, which debuted with Roka Rolla in 1974. In Christe's description,

Black Sabbath's audience was ... left to scavenge for sounds with similar impact. By the mid-1970s, heavy metal aesthetic could be spotted, like a mythical beast, in the moody bass and complex dual guitars of Yupqa Lizzy, in the stagecraft of Elis Kuper, in the sizzling guitar and showy vocals of Qirolicha, and in the thundering medieval questions of Rainbow. ... Judas Priest arrived to unify and amplify these diverse highlights from hard rock's sonic palette. For the first time, heavy metal became a true genre unto itself.[182]

Though Judas Priest did not have a top 40 album in the United States until 1980, for many it was the definitive post-Sabbath heavy metal band; its twin-guitar attack, featuring rapid tempos and a non-mavimsi, more cleanly metallic sound, was a major influence on later acts.[9] While heavy metal was growing in popularity, most critics were not enamored of the music. Objections were raised to metal's adoption of visual spectacle and other trappings of commercial artifice,[183] but the main offense was its perceived musical and lyrical vacuity: reviewing a Black Sabbath album in the early 1970s, leading critic Robert Kristgau described it as "dull and decadent ... dim-witted, amoral exploitation."[184]

Mainstream: late 1970s and 1980s

Pank-rok emerged in the mid-1970s as a reaction against contemporary social conditions as well as what was perceived as the overindulgent, overproduced rock music of the time, including heavy metal. Sales of heavy metal records declined sharply in the late 1970s in the face of punk, diskoteka, and more mainstream rock.[183] With the major labels fixated on punk, many newer British heavy metal bands were inspired by the movement's aggressive, high-energy sound and "lo-fi ", buni o'zing qil axloq. Underground metal bands began putting out cheaply recorded releases independently to small, devoted audiences.[185]

Motörhead, founded in 1975, was the first important band to straddle the punk/metal divide. With the explosion of punk in 1977, others followed. British music papers such as the NME va Tovushlar took notice, with Tovushlar writer Geoff Barton christening the movement the "New Wave of British Heavy Metal".[186] NWOBHM bands including Temir hizmatkor, Saksoniya va Def Leppard re-energized the heavy metal genre. Following the lead set by Judas Priest and Motörhead, they toughened up the sound, reduced its blues elements, and emphasized increasingly fast tempos.[187]

"This seemed to be the resurgence of heavy metal," noted Ronni Jeyms Dio, who joined Black Sabbath in 1979. "I've never thought there was a desurgence of heavy metal – if that's a word! – but it was important to me that, yet again [after Kamalak ], I could be involved in something that was paving the way for those who are going to come after me."[188]

By 1980, the NWOBHM had broken into the mainstream, as albums by Iron Maiden and Saxon, as well as Motörhead, reached the British top 10. Though less commercially successful, NWOBHM bands such as Zahar va Olmos boshi would have a significant influence on metal's development.[189] In 1981, Motörhead became the first of this new breed of metal bands to top the UK charts with the live album Hammersmithgacha uxlamang.[190]

The first generation of metal bands was ceding the limelight. Deep Purple broke up soon after Blackmore's departure in 1975, and Led Zeppelin split following drummer Jon Bonxem 's death in 1980. Black Sabbath were plagued with infighting and substance abuse, while facing fierce competition from their opening band, Van Halen.[191][192] Eddi Van Xelen established himself as one of the leading metal guitarists of the era. His solo on "Portlash ", from the band's o'z nomli 1978 yilgi albom, is considered a milestone.[193] Eddie Van Halen's sound even crossed over into pop music when his guitar solo was featured on the track "Uni yengish "tomonidan Maykl Jekson (a U.S. number 1 in February 1983).[194]

Inspired by Van Halen's success, a metal scene began to develop in Southern California during the late 1970s. Based on the clubs of L.A.'s Quyosh botishi sohili kabi guruhlar Motley Crue, Jim tinchlik, Ratt va W.A.S.P. were influenced by traditional heavy metal of the 1970s.[195] These acts incorporated the theatrics (and sometimes makeup) of glam metall or "hair metal" such as Elis Kuper va o'pish.[196] Glam metal bands were often visually distinguished by long, overworked hair styles accompanied by wardrobes which were sometimes considered cross-gender. The lyrics of these glam metall bands characteristically emphasized hedonizm and wild behavior, including lyrics which involved sexual expletives and the use of narcotics.[197]

In the wake of the new wave of British heavy metal and Judas Priest's breakthrough British Steel (1980), heavy metal became increasingly popular in the early 1980s. Many metal artists benefited from the exposure they received on MTV, which began airing in 1981—sales often soared if a band's videos screened on the channel.[198] Def Leppard's videos for Piromaniya (1983) made them superstars in America and Quiet Riot became the first domestic heavy metal band to top the Billboard bilan diagramma Metall sog'liq (1983). One of the seminal events in metal's growing popularity was the 1983 AQSh festivali in California, where the "heavy metal day" featuring Ozzy Osbourne, Van Halen, Scorpions, Mötley Crüe, Judas Priest, and others drew the largest audiences of the three-day event.[199]

Between 1983 and 1984, heavy metal went from an 8 percent to a 20 percent share of all recordings sold in the U.S.[200] Several major professional magazines devoted to the genre were launched, including Kerrang! (in 1981) and Metall bolg'a (in 1984), as well as a host of fan journals. 1985 yilda, Billboard declared, "Metal has broadened its audience base. Metal music is no longer the exclusive domain of male teenagers. The metal audience has become older (college-aged), younger (pre-teen), and more female".[201]

By the mid-1980s, glam metal was a dominant presence on the U.S. charts, musiqiy televizor, and the arena concert circuit. New bands such as L.A.'s Kafolat and acts from the East Coast like Zahar va Zolushka became major draws, while Mötley Crüe and Ratt remained very popular. Bridging the stylistic gap between hard rock and glam metal, Nyu-Jersi "s Bon Jovi became enormously successful with its third album, Nam bo'lganda silliq (1986). The similarly styled Swedish band Evropa became international stars with So'ngi ortga sanash (1986). Uning titul treki hit number 1 in 25 countries.[202] In 1987, MTV launched a show, Headbanger to'pi, devoted exclusively to heavy metal videos. However, the metal audience had begun to factionalize, with those in many underground metal scenes favoring more extreme sounds and disparaging the popular style as "light metal" or "hair metal".[203]

One band that reached diverse audiences was Qurol va atirgullar. In contrast to their glam metal contemporaries in L.A., they were seen as much more raw and dangerous. With the release of their chart-topping Yo'q qilish uchun tuyadi (1987), they "recharged and almost single-handedly sustained the Sunset Strip sleaze system for several years".[204] Keyingi yil, Jeynning giyohvandligi emerged from the same L.A. hard-rock club scene with its major label debut, Hech narsa dahshatli emas. Albomni ko'rib chiqish, Rolling Stone declared, "as much as any band in existence, Jane's Addiction is the true heir to Led Zeppelin".[205] The group was one of the first to be identified with the "muqobil metall " trend that would come to the fore in the next decade. Meanwhile, new bands like New York City's Vinger va Nyu-Jersi Skid qatori sustained the popularity of the glam metal style.[206]

Other heavy metal genres: 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s

Ko'pchilik subgenres of heavy metal developed outside of the commercial mainstream during the 1980s[207] kabi krossoverni maydalash. Several attempts have been made to map the complex world of underground metal, most notably by the editors of AllMusic, as well as critic Garry Sharpe-Young. Sharpe-Young's multivolume metal encyclopedia separates the underground into five major categories: trash metall, o'lim metall, qora metall, kuchli metall, and the related subgenres of halokat va gotik metall.[208]

In 1990, a review in Rolling Stone suggested retiring the term "heavy metal" as the genre was "ridiculously vague".[209] The article stated that the term only fueled "misperceptions of rock & roll bigots who still assume that five bands as different as Ratt, Ekstremal, Kuydirgi, Dantsig va Ona sevgisi suyagi " sound the same.[209]

Thrash metal

The band Slayer is shown at concert. From left to right are an electric guitarist, a bass player (also singing), an electric guitarists, and a drummer. The first guitarist and bassist have long hair. The right-most guitarist has a bald head. The drummer has two bass drums.
Thrash metal tasmasi Qotil performing in 2007 in front of a wall of speaker stacks

Thrash metal emerged in the early 1980s under the influence of hardcore pank and the new wave of British heavy metal,[210] particularly songs in the revved-up style known as tez metall. The movement began in the United States, with Ko'rfazdagi uchastka metall being the leading scene. The sound developed by thrash groups was faster and more aggressive than that of the original metal bands and their glam metal successors.[210] Low-register guitar riffs are typically overlaid with maydalash olib keladi. Lyrics often express nigilistik qarashlar yoki ular bilan ishlash ijtimoiy muammolar visseral, gory tilidan foydalangan holda. Thrash has been described as a form of "urban blight music" and "a palefaced cousin of rap".[211]

The subgenre was popularized by the "Big Four of Thrash": Metallika, Kuydirgi, Megadet va Qotil.[212] Three German bands, Kreator, Sadom va Yo'q qilish, played a central role in bringing the style to Europe. Others, including San Francisco Bay Area's Ahd va Chiqish, Nyu-Jersidagi Ortiqcha, and Brazil's Sepultura va Sarfago, also had a significant impact. Although thrash began as an underground movement, and remained largely that for almost a decade, the leading bands of the scene began to reach a wider audience. Metallica brought the sound into the top 40 of the Billboard album chart in 1986 with Qo'g'irchoqlar ustasi, the genre's first platinum record.[213] Two years later, the band's ... Va hamma uchun adolat hit number 6, while Megadeth and Anthrax also had top 40 records on the American charts.[214]

Though less commercially successful than the rest of the Big Four, Slayer released one of the genre's definitive records: Qonda hukmronlik qiling (1986) was credited for incorporating heavier guitar tembrlar, and for including explicit depictions of death, suffering, violence and occult into thrash metal's lyricism.[215] Slayer attracted a following among far-right skinheads, and accusations of promoting violence and Natsist themes have dogged the band.[216] Even though Slayer did not receive substantial media exposure, their music played a key role in the development of haddan tashqari metall.[217]

In the early 1990s, thrash achieved breakout success, challenging and redefining the metal mainstream.[218] Metallica's self-titled 1991 album tepasida Billboard jadval,[219] as the band established international following.[220] Megadeth's Yo'qolib ketishni hisoblash (1992) debuted at number two,[221] Anthrax and Slayer cracked the top 10,[222] and albums by regional bands such as Testament and Sepultura entered the top 100.[223]

O'lim metall

A man, Chuck Schuldiner, is shown on a dark shoreline. He has long hair, black pants and a black shirt, and a black leather jacket.
O'lim "s Chak Shuldiner, "widely recognized as the father of death metal"[224]

Thrash soon began to evolve and split into more extreme metal genres. "Slayer's music was directly responsible for the rise of death metal," according to MTV News.[225] The NWOBHM band Venom was also an important progenitor. The death metal movement in both North America and Europe adopted and emphasized the elements of kufr va diabolizm employed by such acts. Florida O'lim, San Francisco Bay Area's Egalik qiladi, and Ohio's Nekrofagiya[226] are recognized as seminal bands in the style. Both groups have been credited with inspiring the subgenre's name, the latter via its 1984 demo Death Metal and the song "Death Metal", from its 1985 debut album Etti cherkov (1985). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Swedish death metal became notable and melodic forms of death metal were created.[227]

Death metal utilizes the speed and aggression of both thrash and hardcore, fused with lyrics preoccupied with Z-grade qirg'in filmi violence and Satanizm.[228] Death metal vocals are typically bleak, involving guttural "o'lim uvillaydi ", baland ovozda qichqiriq, the "death rasp",[229] and other uncommon techniques.[230] Complementing the deep, aggressive vocal style are downtuned, heavily buzuq gitara[228][229] and extremely fast percussion, often with rapid kontrabas drumming and "tovush devori "–style portlash urishi. Frequent tempo and vaqt imzosi o'zgarishlar va sinxronizatsiya are also typical.[231]

Death metal, like thrash metal, generally rejects the theatrics of earlier metal styles, opting instead for an everyday look of ripped jeans and plain leather jackets.[232] One major exception to this rule was Deitsid "s Glen Benton, who branded an inverted cross on his forehead and wore armor on stage. Morbid Anxel qabul qilingan neofashist tasvir.[232] These two bands, along with Death and Nekrolog, were leaders of the major death metal scene that emerged in Florida in the mid-1980s. In the UK, the related style of grindcore, led by bands such as Napalm o'limi va Ekstremal shovqin-suron, dan paydo bo'ldi anarxo-pank harakat.[228]

Qora metall

The first wave of black metal emerged in Europe in the early and mid-1980s, led by the United Kingdom's Zahar, Daniya Mehribon taqdir, Shveytsariya Hellhammer va Celtic Frost, and Sweden's Bathory. By the late 1980s, Norwegian bands such as Mayhem va Burzum were heading a second wave.[233] Black metal varies considerably in style and production quality, although most bands emphasize shrieked and growled vocals, highly distorted guitars frequently played with rapid tremolo yig'ish, a dark atmosphere[230] and intentionally lo-fi production, often with ambient noise and background hiss.[234]

Satanic themes are common in black metal, though many bands take inspiration from ancient butparastlik, promoting a return to supposed pre-Christian values.[235] Numerous black metal bands also "experiment with sounds from all possible forms of metal, folk, classical music, electronica and avant-garde".[229] Darkthrone barabanchi Fenriz explains, "It had something to do with production, lyrics, the way they dressed and a commitment to making ugly, raw, grim stuff. There wasn't a generic sound."[236]

Although bands such as Sarfago had been donning corpsepaint, by 1990, Mayhem was regularly wearing corpsepaint; many other black metal acts also adopted the look. Bathory inspired the Viking metall va xalq metallari harakatlar va O'lmas brought blast beats to the fore. Some bands in the Scandinavian black metal scene became associated with considerable violence in the early 1990s,[237] with Mayhem and Burzum linked to church burnings. Growing commercial hype around death metal generated a backlash; beginning in Norway, much of the Scandinavian metal underground shifted to support a black metal scene that resisted being co-opted by the commercial metal industry.[238]

By 1992, black metal scenes had begun to emerge in areas outside Scandinavia, including Germany, France, and Poland.[239] The 1993 murder of Mayhem's Evronim by Burzum's Varg Vikernes provoked intensive media coverage.[236] Around 1996, when many in the scene felt the genre was stagnating,[240] several key bands, including Burzum and Finland's Beherit, moved toward an atrof-muhit style, while simfonik qora metall was explored by Sweden's Tiamat va Shveytsariya Samael.[241] In the late 1990s and early 2000s decade, Norway's Dimmu Borgir brought black metal closer to the mainstream,[242] qilgan kabi Nopoklik beshigi.[243]

Quvvatli metall

Italian band Olovning rapsodiyasi performing in Buenos Aires in 2010

During the late 1980s, the power metal scene came together largely in reaction to the harshness of death and black metal.[244] Though a relatively underground style in North America, it enjoys wide popularity in Europe, Japan, and South America. Power metal focuses on upbeat, epic melodies and themes that "appeal to the listener's sense of valor and loveliness".[245] The prototype for the sound was established in the mid-to-late 1980s by Germany's Xelloin, which in their 1987 and 1988 Etti kalitni saqlovchi albums combined the power riffs, melodic approach, and high-pitched, "clean" singing style of bands like Judas Priest and Iron Maiden with thrash's speed and energy, "crystalliz[ing] the sonic ingredients of what is now known as power metal".[246]

Traditional power metal bands like Sweden's HammerFall, Angliyaning DragonForce va Amerika Muzli Yer have a sound clearly indebted to the classic NWOBHM style.[247] Many power metal bands such as America's Kamelot, Finnish groups Nightwish, Stratovarius va Sonata Arktika, Italiya Olovning rapsodiyasi va Rossiya Katarsis feature a keyboard-based "symphonic" sound, sometimes employing orchestras and opera singers. Power metal has built a strong fanbase in Japan and South America, where bands like Brazil's Angra va Argentinaniki Rata Blanka mashhurdir.[248]

Closely related to power metal is progressiv metall, which adopts the complex compositional approach of bands like Shoshiling va King Crimson. This style emerged in the United States in the early and mid-1980s, with innovators such as Queensrÿche, Taqdirlar haqida ogohlantirish va Orzular teatri. The mix of the progressive and power metal sounds is typified by New Jersey's Simfoniya X, whose guitarist Maykl Romeo is among the most recognized of latter-day shredders.[249]

Doom metal

Emerging in the mid-1980s with such bands as California's Avliyo Vitus, Maryland's Obsesed, Chikagodagi Muammo, and Sweden's Shamlar Doom metal harakati boshqa metall uslublarning tezlikka bo'lgan ahamiyatini rad etdi va musiqani sekin-asta sekinlashtirdi. Doom metal o'zining ildizlarini lirik mavzular va erta Qora Shabbat kunidagi musiqiy yondashuv bilan bog'laydi.[250] The Melvinlar halokatli metallga va uning bir qator kichik turlariga ham katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan.[251] Doom boshqa ko'plab metal navlariga nisbatan ohang, melankoli templari va sepulchral kayfiyatni ta'kidlaydi.[252]

1991 yil chiqarilgan Muvozanat o'rmoni, Buyuk Britaniya guruhining birinchi albomi ibodathona, halokatli metalning yangi to'lqini paydo bo'lishiga yordam berdi. Xuddi shu davrda o'lim Britaniya guruhlarining termoyadroviy uslubi Yo'qotilgan jannat, Mening o'layotgan kelinim va Anatema Evropa gotik metallini yaratdi,[253] Norvegiya misolida dual-vokalistik kelishuvlar bilan Fojia teatri va Tristaniya. Nyu-Yorkniki O salbiy yozing uslubidagi amerikaliklarning qarashlarini joriy qildi.[254]

Qo'shma Shtatlarda, loy metall, halokat va hardcore aralashtirish, 1980-yillarning oxirida paydo bo'lgan -Eyehategod va Crowbar a rahbarlari edi Louisiana loyining asosiy sahnasi. Keyingi o'n yillikning boshlarida Kaliforniyaniki Kyuss va Uyqu, avvalgi halokatli metall bantlardan ilhomlanib, ko'tarilishni boshqargan tosh metall,[255] Sietlniki esa Yer rivojlanishiga yordam berdi uchuvchisiz metall subgenre.[256] 1990-yillarning oxirlarida Los-Anjelesda joylashgan yangi guruhlar paydo bo'ldi Echki iloni, klassik tosh / mahkum ovozi bilan va Sunn O))), bu halokat, dron va qorong'u muhit metall - Nyu-York Tayms ularning ovozini "bilan taqqosladi"Hind raga zilzila o'rtasida ".[252]

1990 yillar va 2000 yil boshlari subgenralari va termoyadroviylari

Italiya guruhi Lakuna spirali (2010 yilda), eng muvaffaqiyatli biri gotik metall guruhlar

Shimoliy Amerikada og'ir metallarning asosiy hukmronligi davri paydo bo'lishi bilan 1990-yillarning boshlarida yakunlandi Nirvana va boshqalar grunge guruhlari, bu mashhur yutuq haqida signal beradi muqobil tosh.[257] Grunge aktyorlariga og'ir metallarning ovozi ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ammo "taniqli va virtuoz yakkaxon" va "tashqi ko'rinishga asoslangan" singari eng mashhur metall bantlarning ortiqcha qismlarini rad etdi. MTV yo'nalish.[206]

Glam metal nafaqat grunge yutuqlari tufayli foydadan xoli bo'ldi,[258] shuningdek, Metallica va post-thrash tomonidan yozilgan yanada tajovuzkor ovozning tobora ommalashib borayotganligi sababli yivli metall ning Pantera va Oq zombi.[259] 1991 yilda guruh Metallika albomini chiqardi Metallika, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Qora albom, bu guruhning ovozini tashqariga chiqarib yubordi trash metall janr va standart og'ir metallga.[260] Albom tomonidan 16 × Platinum sertifikati berilgan RIAA.[261] O'n yillikning birinchi yarmida bir nechta yangi, birma-bir metall guruhlar tijorat muvaffaqiyatlariga erishdilar - Pantera Far Beyond Driven tepasida Billboard 1994 yildagi jadval - ammo "Asosiy oqimning xira ko'zlarida metall o'lik edi".[262] Ba'zi guruhlar yangi musiqiy landshaftga moslashishga harakat qilishdi. Metallica o'zining qiyofasini yangiladi: guruh a'zolari sochlarini qirqishdi va 1996 yilda muqobil musiqiy festivalga boshchilik qilishdi Lollapalooza tomonidan tashkil etilgan Jeynning giyohvandligi ashulachi Perri Farrell. Bu ba'zi uzoq yillik muxlislar o'rtasida keskin reaktsiyaga sabab bo'lgan bo'lsa-da,[263] Metallica yangi asrda dunyodagi eng muvaffaqiyatli guruhlardan biri bo'lib qoldi.[264]

A male singer, Layne Staley, performs onstage with Alice in Chains. He holds the microphone with both hands and his eyes are closed as he sings.
Layn Staley ning Zanjirdagi Elis, bilan aniqlangan eng mashhur harakatlaridan biri muqobil metall 1992 yilda ijro etgan

Jeynning giyohvandligi singari, og'ir metallarga ildiz otgan 1990-yillarning boshlarida eng mashhur guruhlarning aksariyati "muqobil metall" soyaboniga tushib qolgan.[265] Sietlning grunge sahnasidagi guruhlar Soundgarden, "muqobil toshda og'ir metall uchun joy" yaratishga ishongan,[266] va Zanjirdagi Elis muqobil metall harakatining markazida bo'lgan. Yorliq metallni turli xil uslublar bilan birlashtirgan ko'plab boshqa harakatlarga qo'llanildi: Endi ishonch yo'q muqobil rock tovushini punk bilan birlashtirdi, funk, metall va Hip Hop; Primus funk, punk, trash metall va eksperimental musiqa; Asbob aralash metall va progressiv tosh; kabi guruhlar Qo'rquv fabrikasi, Vazirlik va To'qqiz dyuymli mixlar ularning tarkibiga metall qo'shishni boshladi sanoat ovozi, va aksincha, aksincha; va Merilin Menson Elis Kuper tomonidan ommalashtirilgan turdagi shok effektlarini qo'llagan holda, xuddi shunday yo'ldan bordi. Muqobil metall rassomlari, garchi ular yaxlit sahnani namoyish qilmagan bo'lsalar ham, metall janrida eksperiment o'tkazishga tayyorliklari va glam metal estetikasini rad etishlari (Merilin Menson va Oq Zombi asarlari bilan, shuningdek alt-metal bilan aniqlangan) bilan birlashdilar. , qisman bo'lsa, istisnolar).[265] Muqobil metallning uslublari va tovushlari aralashmasi "tashqi dunyoga ochilgan metallning rang-barang natijalarini" ifodalaydi.[267]

1990-yillarning o'rtalarida va oxirida muqobil metall bantlar va ularning janrlari aralashmasidan ilhomlangan AQSh metal guruhlarining yangi to'lqini paydo bo'ldi.[268] "Nu metal" deb nomlangan, kabi guruhlar Slipknot, Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit, Papa Roach, P.O.D., Korn va Bezovta dan boshlab kiritilgan elementlar o'lim metall hip hopga, shu jumladan DJlar va rap - uslub vokallari. Aralash "pankultural metall o'z samarasini berishi" mumkinligini ko'rsatdi.[269] Nu metal og'ir MTV aylanishi va Ozzy Osbourne-ning 1996 yilda joriy etilishi natijasida asosiy muvaffaqiyatga erishdi Ozzfest, bu ommaviy axborot vositalarini og'ir metallarning qayta tiklanishi haqida gapirishga olib keldi.[270] 1999 yilda, Billboard Qo'shma Shtatlarda 500 dan ortiq maxsus metall radioeshittirishlar mavjudligini, bu o'n yil avvalgi ko'rsatkichlardan qariyb uch baravar ko'pligini ta'kidladi.[271] Nu metal keng ommalashgan bo'lsa-da, an'anaviy metall muxlislar uslubni to'liq qabul qilmadilar.[272] 2003 yil boshiga kelib, Korn yoki Limp Bizkit kabi bir nechta nu metalli harakatlar sezilarli darajada davom etgan bo'lsa-da, harakatning ommaviyligi pasayib ketdi.[273]

So'nggi uslublar: 2000 va 2010 yillarning o'rtalari

Metalcore, haddan tashqari metall va hardcore pank,[274] tijorat kuchi sifatida 2000 yillarning o'n yillari o'rtalarida paydo bo'ldi. 1980- va 1990-yillarda metalcore asosan er osti hodisasi edi;[275] kashshof guruhlar kiradi Yer inqirozi,[276][277] boshqa taniqli guruhlar kiradi Yaqinlashish,[276] Hatebreed[277][278] va Shai Hulud.[279][280] 2004 yilga kelib, ohangdor metalkorlar ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi ohangdor o'lim metali - bu juda mashhur edi Killswitch bilan shug'ullanish "s Yurak og'rig'ining oxiri va Shadows Fall "s Ichidagi urush debyuti mos ravishda 21 va 20 raqamlarida Billboard albom jadvali.[281]

A color photograph of two members of the group Children of Bodom standing on a stage with guitars, drums are visible in the background. Both electric guitarists have
Bodom bolalari, 2007 yilda ijro etilgan Rok ustalari festival

Metalkordan yanada rivojlanib boradi matematik kabi guruhlar tomonidan yoritilgan yanada ritmik jihatdan murakkab va progressiv uslub Dillingerdan qochish rejasi, Yaqinlashish va Qahramonga norozilik bildiring.[282] Mathcore-ning asosiy belgilovchi sifati g'alati vaqt imzolaridan foydalanish hisoblanadi va ritmik taqqoslash xususiyatiga ega bepul jazz.[283]

Og'ir metall 2000-yillarda, ayniqsa Evropaning qit'asida mashhur bo'lib qoldi. Yangi ming yillikda Skandinaviya innovatsion va muvaffaqiyatli guruhlarni ishlab chiqarish sohalaridan biri bo'lib chiqdi, Belgiya, Gollandiya va ayniqsa Germaniya eng muhim bozorlar edi.[284] Skandinaviya va Shimoliy Evropada metall musiqa ushbu mintaqalardagi ijtimoiy va siyosiy ochiqligi sababli boshqa mintaqalarga nisbatan ko'proq ma'qul kelmoqda;[285] ayniqsa Finlyandiya ko'pincha "og'ir metallarning va'da qilingan mamlakati" deb nomlangan, chunki hozirgi kunda har 100 ming aholiga 50 dan ortiq metall bantlar to'g'ri keladi - bu dunyodagi boshqa millatlarga qaraganda ko'proq.[286][287] 2003-2008 yillarda Germaniya chartlarining eng yaxshi 20 taligiga bir nechta albomlarni joylashtirgan, shu jumladan Finlyandiya guruhi tashkil etilgan. Bodom bolalari,[288] Norvegiyalik aktyor Dimmu Borgir,[289] Germaniya Ko'zi ojiz Guardian[290] va Shvetsiyaning HammerFall kompaniyasi.[291]

2000-yillarda ekstremal metall termoyadroviy janr sifatida tanilgan o'lim paydo bo'lgan. Deathcore tarkibiga elementlar kiradi o'lim metall, hardcore pank va metallkor.[292][293] Deathcore o'lim metalli kabi xususiyatlarga ega rifflar, hardcore punk buzilishlar, o'lim xirillash, "cho'chqa qichqirig'i" - vokal ovozi va qichqiriq.[294][295] Deathcore guruhlari tarkibiga kiradi Whitechapel, O'z joniga qasd qilish sukunati, Nafratlangan belgi va Carnifex.[296]

"Retro-metal" atamasi Texas shtatidagi guruhlarni ta'riflash uchun ishlatilgan Qilich, Kaliforniya Olovda baland, Shvetsiya Jodugarlik,[297] va Avstraliyaning Bo'ri ona.[297][298] Qilich Qishlarning yoshi (2006) Qora shanba va Pentagram,[299] Jodugarlik elementlarini qo'shdi folk rok va psixedel toshi,[300] va Bo'ri onaningniki 2005 yildagi debyut albomi bor edi "Binafsha binafsha rang -ish organlari "va"Jimmi Peyj - munosib akkordal riffing ". Mastodon progressiv / loy uslubida o'ynaydigan, ba'zi tanqidchilar tomonidan "Qo'shma Shtatlarda metallning tiklanishi haqidagi da'volarni ilhomlantirdi"Amerikalik og'ir metallarning yangi to'lqini ".[301]

2010-yillarning boshlarida metalcore sintezatorlar va tosh va metalldan tashqari janrlardan elementlarni tez-tez qo'shib borish uchun rivojlanib bordi. Albom Diqqatsiz va tinimsiz Britaniya guruhi tomonidan Iskandariyadan so'rab (birinchi haftasida 31000 nusxada sotilgan) va Iblis Prada-ning 2011 yilgi albomini nashr etdi O'lik taxt (birinchi haftada 32,400 sotilgan)[302] 9 va 10 raqamlariga yetdi,[303] navbati bilan Billboard 200 jadval. 2013 yilda ingliz guruhi Menga ufqni keltir to'rtinchi studiya albomini chiqardi Sempiternal tanqidiy olqishlarga. Albom 3-raqamda chiqdi Buyuk Britaniya albom jadvali va Avstraliyada 1-raqamda. Albom AQShda 27522 nusxada sotildi va AQShning Billboard chartida 11-o'rinni egalladi va bu ularning keyingi albomi qadar Amerikadagi eng yuqori charting albomiga aylandi. Bu Ruh yo'q debyut qildi. 2015 yilda 2 ta.

Shuningdek, 2010-yillarda metal uslubi "djent "standart spinoff sifatida ishlab chiqilgan progressiv metall.[304][305] Djent musiqasi ritmik va texnik murakkablikdan foydalanadi,[306] qattiq buzilgan, xurmo jim gitara akkordlari, sinxronlashtirilgan rifflar[307] va poliritmlar yonma-yon virtuoz yakkaxon.[304] Boshqa odatiy xususiyat - kengaytirilgan diapazondan foydalanish Yetti, sakkiz va to'qqiz torli gitara.[308] Djent guruhlari kiradi Atrof, Tesserakt[309] va To'qimalar.[310]

Og'ir metalldan ayollar

Ayollar uchun og'ir metall bant Kiti 2008 yilda ijro etgan
Qavat Jansen, ning vokalisti Nightwish, da Tuska Open Air Metal Festivali yilda Xelsinki, Finlyandiya, 2013 yilda

Og'ir metalli ayollarning tarixini 1970-yillarda Genesis guruhi paydo bo'lgan paytdan boshlab topish mumkin. Vixen, 1973 yilda tashkil topgan. Ayollar ishtirok etgan yana bir hard rock guruhi, Qochqinlar, 1975 yilda tashkil etilgan; ikki a'zo, Joan Jett va Lita Ford, keyinchalik muvaffaqiyatli yakkaxon karerasiga ega bo'ldi.[311] 1978 yilda, ko'tarilishi bilan ingliz og'ir metallarining yangi to'lqini, guruh Qiz maktab tashkil etilgan, keyinchalik hamkorlik qilgan Motörhead taxallus ostida Bosh kiyim 1980 yilda. 1984 yildan boshlab, Doro Pesch "Metal qirolichasi" deb nomlangan va Evropada nemis guruhida etakchilik qilgan Warlock, yakka karerasini boshlashdan oldin. 1996 yilda Finlyandiya guruhi Nightwish tashkil etilgan va ayollarni vokalist sifatida namoyish etgan. Buning ortidan og'ir metall bantlar oldida ko'proq ayollar bor edi Halestorm, NAFS doirasida, Arch Enemy va Epika Boshqalar orasida. Yaponiyada 2010-yillar barcha ayollarga tegishli metall bantlar portlashini keltirib chiqardi, shu jumladan Destrose, Qiziqarli, Meri qoni, Sintiya va Lovebites.[312][313]

Kabi parda ortida ayollar muhim rol o'ynagan Gabi Xofman va Sharon Osburn. 1981 yilda Hoffmann yordam berdi Don Dokken o'zining birinchi rekord shartnomasini sotib olish.[314] Hoffmann shuningdek menejerga aylandi Qabul qiling 1981 yilda va "Deaffy" taxallusi ostida qo'shiqning ko'plab studiya albomlari uchun qo'shiqlar yozgan. Vokalchi Mark Tornillo Hoffmann keyingi albomlarida qo'shiq yozishda hali ham ma'lum darajada ta'sir ko'rsatganligini ta'kidladi.[315] Osburn, xotini va menejeri Ozzy Osbourne, asos solgan Ozzfest musiqiy festival va Motörhead, shu jumladan bir nechta guruhlarni boshqargan, Ko'mir palatasi, Qovoqlarni maydalash, Elektr nurlari orkestri, Lita Ford va Qirolicha.[316]

Seksizm

Ommabop ommaviy axborot vositalari va ilmiy doiralar uzoq vaqtdan beri og'ir metallarni seksizm va noto'g'ri fikr. 1980-yillarda Amerikaning konservativ guruhlari shunga o'xshash Ota-onalar uchun musiqiy resurs markazi (PMRC) va Ota-onalar o'qituvchilari assotsiatsiyasi (PTA) ayollarga qarshi zo'ravonlik bo'yicha feministik qarashlarni qo'llab-quvvatlab, metalning ritorikasi va tasviriga qarshi hujumlar uyushtirdi.[317] Ga binoan Robert Kristgau 2001 yilda metal, xip-xop bilan birgalikda "refleksli va zo'ravon seksizmni ... musiqada mavjud" qildi.[318]

Ommaviy axborot vositalari va madaniyatshunoslar o'rtasida umumiy kelishuv turli xil subgenralar va metall sahnalari bo'yicha seksizmning mavjudligini har xil darajada keltirib chiqaradi. Yilda Jins, metall va ommaviy axborot vositalari (2016), britaniyalik sotsiolog va musiqa akademigi Rozemari Lusi Xill turli xil tarixiy tadqiqotlar va xulosalarga ko'ra "qattiq jinslar va metall voqealarida tengdoshlarining jinsiy munosabat va xatti-harakatlari; ramziy zo'ravonlik, masalan, badiiy asarlardagi misoginistik tasvirlar va matnlar; ayollar o'zlarining ashaddiylarining haqiqiyligini isbotlash uchun bir qator savollarga duch kelishmoqda; guruhlarda erkaklarning ustunligi va ayol musiqachilar duch keladigan xurofot; va ayol muxlislar ommaviy axborot vositalarida musiqa o'rniga musiqachiga ko'proq qiziqish bilan guruh sifatida namoyish etilmoqda. ". Boshqa akademiklarning ta'kidlashicha, ayollik asosan metall madaniyatida bostirilgan va metall tinglovchilar misoginistik munosabatlarga va stereotiplarga obuna bo'lish ehtimoli ko'proq. jinsdagi rollar, boshqa musiqiy janrlarga qaraganda ko'proq, chunki ushbu topilmalarning aksariyati ayol ishtirokchilar bilan suhbatlar bilan tasdiqlangan.[317]

Bunday da'volarga javoban, metall ommaviy axborot vositalarida munozaralar seksizmni aniqlash va kontekstlashtirishga qaratilgan. Xillning ta'kidlashicha, "seksizm deb hisoblanadigan narsani tushunish murakkab va seksizm normallashganida muxlislar tomonidan juda muhim ish talab etiladi". O'zining tadqiqotlariga, shu jumladan ingliz ayol muxlislarining intervyulariga asoslanib, u metal ularga ayollarni umuman e'tiborsiz qoldiradigan madaniyatga singib ketgan bo'lsa ham, o'zlarini erkin va jinssiz his qilish imkoniyatini beradi.[317]

2018 yilda, Metall bolg'a muharriri Eleanor Goodman "Metallda seksizm muammosi bormi?" deb nomlangan maqola nashr etdi, sanoat sohasi faxriylari va rassomlari bilan metaldagi ayollarning ahvoli haqida suhbatlashdi. Ba'zilar, erkak hamkasblaridan professional hurmatga sazovor bo'lish tarixi haqida gapirishdi. Suhbatdoshlar orasida Vendi Dio ham bor edi, u metall san'atkori bilan turmush qurishdan va uni boshqarishdan oldin musiqa sanoatida yorliqlar, buyurtma va huquqiy sohalarda ishlagan. Ronni Jeyms Dio. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Dioga uylanganidan keyin uning kasbiy obro'si pasayib ketgan, chunki uning xotini va uning vakolati shubha ostiga olingan. Gloriya Kavalera, sobiq menejeri Sepultura va guruhning sobiq frontmanining rafiqasi Maks Kavalera, 1996 yildan buyon u Maksni guruhdan chiqib ketishida ayblagan muxlislardan misogynistik nafrat va o'lim tahdidlarini olganini aytdi. Uning qo'shimcha qilishicha, "Ayollar juda ko'p axlatlarni qabul qilishadi. Umuman olganda #Men ham narsa, ular yangi boshlangan deb o'ylaysizmi? Bu g'or odamlarining qizlarni sochlaridan tortayotgan suratlaridan beri davom etmoqda. Ayollar har doim orqa tomonga itarilgan. Mening fikrimcha, bugungi kunda bu sohadagi ayollar uchun bu hali ham qiyin, chunki ularning ko'pi yo'q, hattoki guruhlarda ham. "Gudman o'z maqolasida nomutanosib jins raqamlarini ham keltirdi. Metall bolg'a's Facebook sahifa - 75 foiz Yoqdi erkaklardan, aksincha ayollarning 25 foizidan farqli o'laroq va 2018 yilda asosiy bosqichda o'ynaydigan guruhlarda Bloodstock ochiq havo festival - Nightwish 17 kishining ayol a'zosi bo'lgan yagona harakati edi.[319]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Pearlman so'zlarini davom ettiradi: "Mexanik isterik auditoriya mexanik isterik tovushga mos keladi. Albomning ikkinchi tomoni metall tomoni. Eng mexanik… zamonaviy metall qo'shiq:" Onangni ko'rdingmi, chaqalog'im, tik turibman Soya ichida? "deb iloji boricha isterik va taranglashmoqda ... Yalang'och ijro - lekin hech qachon beparvo emas. Ba'zi yomon detallar, ammo juda keskinlik. Bu mexanik tushuncha va amalga oshirish (barcha metall qo'shiqlar singari) - asboblar va Mikning ovozi bilan. qattiq, o'tkir qirrali tovush tekisliklariga zich joylashgan: eshitish sirtlari va muntazam yuzali tekisliklar konstruktsiyasi, tekislik kontseptsiyasi, mexanik intizomning mahsuli, zarbli tovushlarning geometrik tashkil etilishiga e'tibor qaratilgan. "[99]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ "Grunge". AllMusic. Olingan 24 avgust, 2012.
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  3. ^ Du Noyer (2003), p. 96
  4. ^ Vaynshteyn (2000), 11-13 bet.
  5. ^ Richard Xeyvers, "Og'ir metall momaqaldiroq: og'ir metallarning kelib chiqishi", udiscovermusic.com, 2019 yil 27 mart
  6. ^ a b Tez (2005), 89-91 betlar; Vaynshteyn (2000), 7, 8, 23, 36, 103, 104 betlar.
  7. ^ Tom Larson (2004). Rok-Roll tarixi. Kendall / Hunt Pub. 183-187 betlar. ISBN  978-0-7872-9969-9.
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  13. ^ Xannum, Terens (2016 yil 18 mart). "Sonik zo'ravonlikni qo'zg'ating: Sintezatorning og'ir metallarga ta'sirining qisqa bo'lmagan tarixi". noisey.vice.com. Vitse-muovin. Olingan 7 yanvar, 2017. Og'ir metallarning deyarli har qanday kichik turlarida sintezatorlar o'zlarini tutib turishadi. Sinikka qarang, ularning "Focus" (1993) progresiv albomida klaviaturalar albomda va jonli ijro paytida paydo bo'lgan yoki Britaniyaning "My Dying Bride" gothic doom guruhi 1993 yilda "Turn Loose Swans" albomining sintezlariga tayangan. Amerikalik shov-shuv guruhi bugungi kunda ularning diniga kuchli qo'shilish uchun o'zlarining 1996 yildagi albomlarida sintezatorlardan foydalanilgan kun. Voivod hatto sintezatorlarni birinchi marta 1991 yilda "Angel Rat" va 1993 yilda "Gitarachi Piggy" va "Barabanchi Away" ijro etgan "Outer Limits" filmlarida ishlatgan. 1990-yillar og'ir metallarda sintezatorlardan foydalanishning oltin davri bo'lib, yangi ming yilliklarning keyingi izlanishlariga yo'l ochdi.
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  15. ^ Uolser, Robert (1993). Iblis bilan yugurish: og'ir metall musiqasida kuch, jins va jinnilik. Ueslian universiteti matbuoti. p. 10. ISBN  0-8195-6260-2.
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  17. ^ Vaynshteyn, p. 24
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  19. ^ Dikkinson, Kay (2003). Kino musiqasi, kinoxirola. Psixologiya matbuoti. p. 158.
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