Pirat shifrini ochish - Pirate decryption

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola ehtimol o'z ichiga oladi original tadqiqotlar. Iltimos uni yaxshilang tomonidan tasdiqlash qilingan va qo'shilgan da'volar satrda keltirilgan. Faqat asl tadqiqotlardan iborat bayonotlar olib tashlanishi kerak. (2010 yil noyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Pirat shifrini ochish"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2009 yil noyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola aksariyat o'quvchilar tushunishi uchun juda texnik bo'lishi mumkin. Iltimos uni yaxshilashga yordam bering ga buni mutaxassis bo'lmaganlarga tushunarli qilish, texnik ma'lumotlarni olib tashlamasdan. (2012 yil noyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Pirat shifrini ochish bo'ladi parolni hal qilish, yoki dekodlash pulli televizor yoki dastlabki radioeshittirish vositasining ruxsatisiz radio signallarini to'lash. "Qaroqchi" atamasi ma'nosida ishlatiladi mualliflik huquqining buzilishi. The MPAA va boshqa tarafdori bo'lgan guruhlar intellektual mulk (xususan mualliflik huquqi va savdo markasi) qoidalari bunday parolni "signal o'g'irlash" deb nomlagan^[1] asl translyator tomonidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri moddiy yo'qotish bo'lmasa ham, potentsialdan mahrum bo'lish foyda olish imkoniyati dan iste'molchi Obuna to'lovlari haqiqiy foyda yo'qotish sifatida hisoblanadi.

Tarix

To'lovli televizion kontseptsiya teleradiokompaniyani nostandart, shifrlangan yoki shifrlangan formatda signallarni ataylab uzatishni o'z ichiga oladi. obuna skriptni olish uchun zarur bo'lgan maxsus dekoderdan foydalanganlik uchun to'lov translyatsiya signal.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Kabi mamlakatlarda erta to'laydigan televizion ko'rsatuvlar Qo'shma Shtatlar ishlatilgan standart havo o'tkazgichlari; sifatida qo'llaniladigan ko'plab cheklovlar sifonga qarshi qonunlar Shifrlangan signallarni uzatuvchi tashkilotlarning standartlarning rivojlanishiga zarar etkazadigan ishlarga yo'l qo'ymasliklari uchun qabul qilingan bepul tijorat eshittirishlari. Shifrlangan signallar ma'lum bir chastotalarga tushib ketgan, ma'lum miqdordagi shifrlanmagan eshittirish stantsiyalariga ega bo'lgan katta jamoalar bilan cheklangan. To'lov telekanallari tomonidan ushbu dasturlarni efirga uzatilishidan oldin bepul televizion telekanallarga pul to'lash kanallari tomonidan efirga uzatilishi uchun imkoniyat yaratish uchun yaqinda yaratilgan badiiy filmlar kabi tarkibga kirishga cheklovlar qo'yildi.

Bunday sharoitda to'lovli televizion kontseptsiya tijorat maqsadlarida juda sekin edi; aksariyat televizion va radioeshittirishlar aniq bo'lib qoldi va tijorat tomonidan moliyalashtirildi reklama, individual va korporativ xayriya mablag'lari tarbiyaviy translyatorlar, hukumat tomonidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri moliyalashtirish yoki qabul qiluvchi apparatlar egalaridan olinadigan litsenziya to'lovlari ( BBC masalan, Buyuk Britaniyada).

Pay TV faqat keng o'rnatilgandan so'ng odatiy holga aylana boshladi kabel televideniesi 1970-80-yillarda tizimlar; dastlabki premium kanallar ko'pincha AQShda joylashgan kinofilmlar edi Uy kassalari va Kinemaks, ikkalasi ham hozirda tegishli Time Warner. Kabel kompaniyalari tomonidan tarqatish uchun signallar diametri o'n futgacha bo'lgan C-lentali sun'iy yo'ldosh antennalaridan foydalangan holda olingan; birinchi sun'iy yo'ldosh signallari dastlab shifrlanmagan edi, chunki juda kam sonli oxirgi foydalanuvchilar juda katta va qimmatbaho sun'iy yo'ldosh qabul qilish apparatlariga ega bo'lishlari mumkin edi.

Sun'iy yo'ldosh antennalari kichrayib, arzonlashib borayotganligi sababli, sun'iy yo'ldosh signallarini etkazib beruvchilarning aksariyati turli xil shakllarni qo'lladilar shifrlash qabulni ayrim guruhlarga (masalan, mehmonxonalar, kabel kompaniyalari yoki pullik obunachilar kabi) yoki ma'lum siyosiy hududlarga cheklash uchun. Kabi erta shifrlash urinishlari Videoklip II Pirat parolini ochish uchun odatiy nishonlar edi, chunki ko'ngli qolgan tomoshabinlar ilgari shifrlanmagan dasturlarning yo'q bo'lib ketishini ko'rishdi. Hozirgi kunda bepul sun'iy yo'ldosh AQShdagi tarkib hanuzgacha saqlanib qolmoqda, ammo aniq kanallarning aksariyati etnik kanallar, mahalliy efirga uzatiladigan telekanallar, xalqaro translyatsiya dasturlari, diniy dasturlar, mahalliy telekanallarga yo'naltirilgan tarmoq dasturlarining qayta ta'minoti yoki mobil sun'iy yo'ldoshdan uzilgan signallar. jonli yangiliklar va sport bilan ta'minlash uchun yuk mashinalari.

Maxsus kanallar va premium kino kanallari ko'pincha shifrlangan; aksariyat mamlakatlarda aniq ko'rsatuvlarni o'z ichiga olgan ko'rsatuvlar pornografiya bolalarni bunday tarkibga duch kelmasliklarini istaganlar tomonidan qabul qilinishini oldini olish uchun har doim shifrlangan bo'lishi kerak.

Texnik muammolar

Eshittirish signallarini shifrlashga dastlabki urinishlar shubhali xavfsizlikning analog texnikasiga asoslangan bo'lib, eng keng tarqalgan usullardan biri yoki quyidagi usullarning kombinatsiyasi:

• Video signalning ma'lum qismlarini, odatda, parvarish qilish uchun zarur bo'lgan qismlarni zaiflashtirish yoki susaytirish sinxronizatsiya.
• Oq rang qora rangga aylanishi uchun video signallarni teskari yo'naltirish (va aksincha).
• Tegishli jihozlangan qabul qilgichda oddiygina filtrlanishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lum bir chastotada shovqin signalini qo'shish.
• Signalning audio qismini boshqa chastotaga o'tkazish yoki nostandart formatda yuborish.

Ushbu tizimlar dekoderlarni kabel operatorlariga arzon narxlarda etkazib berish uchun ishlab chiqilgan; xavfsizlikda jiddiy savdo-sotiq amalga oshirildi. Ba'zi analog dekoderlar kabel kompaniyalari kanallarni masofadan yoqish yoki o'chirishlari uchun manzilga murojaat qilishgan, ammo bu faqat kabel kompaniyalariga o'zlarining dekrammerlarini boshqarish imkoniyatini bergan - agar kerak bo'lsa o'g'irlangan kabel shirkati dekoderini o'chirish uchun qimmatli, ammo signal qaroqchilari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan qurilmalarga qarshi foydasiz.

Katta antennali sun'iy yo'ldosh tizimlarida ishlatiladigan birinchi shifrlash usullari gibrid yondashuvdan foydalangan; analog video va raqamli shifrlangan audio. Ushbu yondashuv biroz xavfsizroq edi, ammo video signallarning qaroqchiligidan kelib chiqqan holda muammosiz emas edi.

To'g'ridan-to'g'ri efirga uzatiladigan sun'iy yo'ldoshlar va raqamli kabel raqamli formati tufayli xizmatlar, kabi yanada xavfsiz xavfsizlik choralaridan foydalanish uchun bepul Ma'lumotlarni shifrlash standarti (DES) yoki RSA va IDEA raqamli shifrlash standartlari. Birinchi marta kiritilganda, raqamli DBS eshittirishlar qaroqchilikka barham berish uchun etarlicha xavfsiz deb e'lon qilindi. Ko'pincha bu da'volar press-relizlarda e'lon qilinadi.

Ishtiyoq qisqa muddatli edi. Nazariy jihatdan tizim ideal echim edi, ammo xizmatni ishga tushirishga shoshilinch ravishda ba'zi bir burchaklar kesilgan edi. AQShning birinchi DirecTV smart-kartalari quyidagilarga asoslangan edi BSkyB VideoCrypt Sky 09 kartasi sifatida tanilgan karta. Sky 09 kartasi 1994 yilda buzilgan Sky 07 kartasini almashtirish sifatida taqdim etilgan edi. Birinchisi o'sha paytda (1995) Evropada butunlay buzilgan edi. Tomonidan ishlatilgan qarshi choralar NDS guruhi, VideoCrypt tizimining dizaynerlari yangi aqlli kartani chiqarishi kerak edi (Sky 10 kartasi sifatida tanilgan) ASIC kartadan tashqari mikrokontroller. Ushbu yangilik qaroqchilarga qaroqchi VideoCrypt kartalarini ishlab chiqarishni qiyinlashtirdi. Ilgari Sky card mikrokontrolleridagi dastur boshqa mikrokontrollerlar uchun juda ko'p qiyinchiliklarsiz qayta yozilishi mumkin edi. Qo'shilishi ASIC tizim dizaynerlari va qaroqchilari o'rtasidagi kurashni boshqa darajaga olib chiqdi va 1996 yilda bozorda pirat Sky 10 kartalari paydo bo'lishidan oldin BSkyB-ni kamida olti oy davomida deyarli qaroqchiliksiz efirga uzatishni sotib oldi. Dastlabki pirat Sky 10 kartalari ushbu ASIC-ni amalga oshirgan edi ammo ta'minot tugagandan so'ng, garovgirlar o'chirilgan Sky kartalaridan ASIC-larni chiqarib, ularni qayta ishlatishga kirishdilar.

AQShning birinchi DirecTV "F" kartasida ASIC bo'lmagan va u tezda buzilgan. Odatda rasmiy kartada ishlatilgandan ko'ra g'alati darajada xavfsizroq bo'lgan mikrokontrollerlarga asoslangan Pirate DirecTV kartalari DirecTV uchun katta muammoga aylandi. Shunga o'xshash xatolar Buyuk Britaniyaning er usti raqamli raqamini ishlab chiquvchilar tomonidan ham qilingan Xtraview shifrlash tizimi, bu hech qanday shifrlashni ta'minlamagan va kanallarni ro'yxatdan yashirishga asoslangan.

DirecTV "F" kartasi "H" kartasiga almashtirildi, unda parolni hal qilish uchun ASIC mavjud edi. Biroq, "H" va boshqa mavjud bo'lgan kartalar o'rtasidagi o'xshashlik tufayli, kartani va uning ASIC'siz signalni qabul qilib bo'lmaydigan bo'lsa-da, kartaning o'zi kanal darajalarini yoki qo'shimcha dasturlarni qo'shish uchun uni qayta dasturlash orqali buzilishlarga duch kelishi aniq bo'ldi. , qaroqchilarning qiziquvchan ko'zlari uchun telekanallarni ochish.

Nihoyat DirecTV-dagi qaroqchilik bosh og'rig'i ketguncha yana ikkita kartani almashtirish kerak edi; boshqa bir qator provayderlar ham buzilganligi sababli o'z abonentlarining barcha smart-kartalarini almashtirmoqdalar shifrlash usullari yoki texnologiyasi.

Raqamli shifrlashda ham bir qator zaifliklar mavjud:

• Xuddi shu algoritm potentsial ravishda millionlab obunachilar va yoki smart-kartalar uchun ishlatiladi. Dizaynerlar o'zlarining odatiy, maxfiy algoritmlaridan foydalanish yoki ommaviy sinovdan o'tganlaridan foydalanish imkoniyatiga egalar. Birinchi yondashuv ko'pincha deb nomlanadi qorong'ulik bilan xavfsizlik. Agar texnologiya va algoritm mustahkam bo'lsa, u yaxshi ishlashi mumkin. Ushbu yondashuv har qanday potentsial qaroqchi uchun yashirin ovga ega, chunki u pirat qurilmasini amalga oshirish uchun maxsus algoritmni tushunishi va taqlid qilishi kerak edi.
• Ko'pgina raqamli televidenie shifrlash tizimlari o'zlarining xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun smart-kartalarga ishongan holda, smart-kartaning har qanday murosasi ishlatilayotgan barcha smart-kartalarni to'liq almashtirishni talab qiladi. Bu millionlab smartfonlarni almashtirishni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Obunachilari kam bo'lgan tizimda smart-kartalarni vaqti-vaqti bilan almashtirish mumkin. Biroq, obunachilar soni ko'payib borayotganligi sababli, smart-kartalarni almashtirish narxi va almashtirish logistikasi tizim foydalanuvchilarini almashtirishdan oldin smart-kartalardan eng uzoq vaqt foydalanishga harakat qilishga undaydi. Smartfon kartasida o'limga olib keladigan murosaga kelish ehtimoli ortib borishi bilan almashtirish vaqti ortadi.
• Smart-karta yoki algoritmning har qanday murosasi tezda ommaga oshkor bo'ladi. Kompyuterlar va Internet dizaynning muhim detallarini ommaga ma'lum qilish uchun foydalanish mumkin. Internet-saytlar mahalliy qonunlar ma'lumotlarga ruxsat beruvchi mamlakatlarda offshorda joylashgan bo'lishi mumkin va dasturiy ta'minot ochiq tarqatish; qaroqchilarga tarqatilgan ba'zi taniqli dasturlar NagraEdit-dan tortib olingan (saqlangan ma'lumotlarni tahrirlashga mo'ljallangan dastur) Shveytsariya - Kudelski NagraVision 1 aqlli kartalari ishlab chiqilgan), ularni qayta dasturlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan dasturiy ta'minotga. bepul jihozlangan stol usti yoki shaxsiy kompyuterlar Raqamli video eshittirish (DVB) tuner kartalari ularni shifrlangan eshittirishlarni dekodlashiga imkon beradi.
• Har qanday algoritmning maxfiyligi faqat algoritmga kirish huquqiga ega bo'lgan odamlar kabi ishonchli; agar ulardan biri dizayn sirlarini oshkor qilsa, har bir karta buzilgan algoritm xavfsizlik tiklanishi uchun uni almashtirish kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zi hollarda tashqi xodimlar (masalan, NDS va DirecTV-da advokatlar tomonidan ishlaydiganlar) intellektual mulk sud jarayoni P4 karta dizayni orqali) garovgirlar tomonidan potentsial foydalanish uchun tarqalishi xavfini oshirib, asosiy va o'ta nozik ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishlari mumkin.
• Smartfon kartalaridagi protsessor cheklovlari tufayli xavfsizligi pastroq shifrlash ishlatilsa, tizim himoyasiz kriptografik hujum foydalanish taqsimlangan ishlov berish. Ko'pgina xavfsiz Internet va onlayn bank operatsiyalari 128-bitli shifrlashni talab qilsa, video-shifrlashda 56-bitli kodlar kam emas. 56-bitga qarshi kriptografik hujum DES kod hali ham bitta protsessorda juda ko'p vaqt talab qilishi mumkin. Ko'p foydalanuvchilar har biri mumkin bo'lgan kombinatsiyalarning bir qismini skanerlash uchun dasturiy ta'minotni boshqaradigan, so'ngra natijalarni tarmoqdagi bir yoki bir nechta markaziy nuqtalarga yuklaydigan taqsimlangan yondashuv. Internet, buzishni istagan qaroqchilarga qimmatli ma'lumotlarni taqdim etishi mumkin xavfsizlik. 1990 yillarda Evropada ishlatilgan D2-MAC / EuroCrypt tizimiga qarshi tarqatilgan ishlov berish hujumlari, ba'zi hollarda muvaffaqiyatli ishlatilgan.
• Uchun mavjud bo'lgan manbalar teskari muhandislik bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqib bo'lsa, sezilarli darajada ko'payadi aqlli karta ishlab chiqarish bilimlari tizimni zararli ravishda buzishga urinish edi. Integral mikrosxemalar Yalang'och kremniy sxemasini ochish uchun kislota yoki kimyoviy vositalardan foydalanilgandan so'ng, mikroprobing yoki elektron mikroskop ostida tahlilga nisbatan zaif bo'lishi mumkin. Bittadan sud jarayoni allaqachon boshlangan Kanal +, TelePiu (Italiya) ni sotish bo'yicha bir milliard evrolik bitim natijasida tushib ketdi, keyin Echostar (AQSh) tomonidan davom ettirildi. Kostyumda bu raqobatchi deb da'vo qilingan NDS guruhi turli xil pullik televizorli smart-kartalar tarkibidagi kompyuter dasturlarini olish uchun zararli ravishda teskari muhandislikdan foydalangan (shu jumladan SECA va Nagra kartalari) va natijalarni taniqli DR7.com kabi Internet saytlariga joylashtirishga imkon berdi.

Echostar va NDS (8: 2003cv00950) fuqarolik da'vosidagi hakamlar hay'ati 2008 yil 15 mayda Echostarga 1500 AQSh dollaridan sal ko'proq zarar etkazdi; Echostar dastlab NDS dan 1 milliard dollarlik tovon puli talab qilgan. Biroq, hakamlar hay'ati Echostarning NDSga qarshi qilgan ayblovlariga ishonch hosil qilmadi va zararni faqat isbotlangan va AQSh sudlari tomonidan mukofot berilishi kerak deb hisoblagan faktik da'volar uchun etkazdi.

• Smart-karta va qabul qilgich o'rtasida harakatlanadigan signallarni osongina ushlab qolish va tahlil qilish mumkin. Ular protsessor ko'rsatmalarni o'tkazib yuborishiga olib kelishi uchun ular "nosozlik" ga duch kelishi mumkin, shu bilan keladigan quvvat va soat signallari qisqa va ehtiyotkorlik bilan belgilangan vaqt davomida (masalan, soniyaning milliondan biri) buziladi. Ko'pgina hollarda, ushbu zaiflikdan foydalanishga mo'ljallangan o'zgartirilgan dasturiy ta'minot bilan jihozlangan, garovgirlarga AQShda joylashgan kartalarni buzishda foydalanish uchun sotilgan. DirecTV tizim.
• Ba'zi hollarda, buferni to'ldirish ekspluatatsiya kartalarini qayta dasturlash uchun boshqa usulda bloklangan kartalarga kirish huquqini olish uchun ishlatilgan.
• Smart-kartalarning hisob-kitoblarini amalga oshirishda ularni bir zumda quvvat sarfini kuzatib borish sxemasi, shuningdek, qaysi turdagi hisoblashlar amalga oshirilayotganligi to'g'risida ham ma'lumot beradi.

Ba'zi hollarda, firibgar klonlash bir nechta qabul qiluvchilarga yoki kartalarga bir xil seriya raqamlarini berish uchun ishlatilgan; bitta qabul qiluvchiga obuna bo'lish (yoki obunani bekor qilish) va boshqa dasturlarda bir xil dasturiy o'zgarishlar mavjud. Ta'minlash uchun turli xil texnikalardan ham foydalanilgan yozishni himoya qilish signal provayderlari tomonidan buzilgan kartalarni o'chirishni yoki sabotaj qilishni qiyinlashtirishi uchun smart-kartalar yoki qabul qilgichlar xotirasi uchun.

Olib tashlanadigan smart-kartalarga asoslangan tizimlar amalga oshirilishini osonlashtiradi qayta tiklanadigan xavfsizlik, bu erda buzilgan tizimlarni qonuniy abonentlarga yangi va qayta ishlangan kartalarni yuborish orqali tuzatish mumkin, ammo ular qaroqchilar uchun aqlli kartalarni buzilgan kartalar bilan almashtirish yoki karta va qabul qilgich o'rtasida qurilmalarni joylashtirish vazifasini ham osonlashtiradi. Ba'zi Evropa tizimlarida shartli kirish moduli SmartCard va DVB qabul qiluvchisi o'rtasida standartlashtirilgan interfeys sifatida xizmat qiladigan (CAM) buzilish uchun mo'ljallangan yoki uchinchi tomon apparati bilan almashtirilgan.

Uskuna va tizim dizaynini takomillashtirish har qanday shifrlash tizimining buzilish xavfini sezilarli darajada kamaytirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin, ammo xavfsiz deb hisoblangan ko'plab tizimlar etarlicha murakkab va zararli tajovuzkorlarga qarshi himoyasiz ekanligi isbotlangan.

Ikki tomonlama aloqa, shuningdek, buzilishni aniqlashni osonlashtirish yoki osonlashtirish uchun xususiy raqamli kabel televidenie uskunalari dizaynerlari tomonidan ishlatilgan. Dan foydalanishni o'z ichiga olgan sxema yuqori o'tkazgichli filtr ikki tomonlama aloqani oldini olish liniyasi ba'zi vijdonsiz korxonalar tomonidan hisob-kitob ma'lumotlarini uzatishni o'chirish vositasi sifatida keng targ'ib qilingan. ko'rish uchun to'lov dasturlash, ammo ushbu qurilma hech narsaga yaramaydi, chunki agar kabel operatori ikki tomonlama aloqa yo'qolgan bo'lsa, raqamli televizor qutisiga obunani bekor qilishda bepul bo'lib qoladi. Signallarni faqat bitta yo'nalishda uzatishga mo'ljallangan qurilma sifatida, chiziqli filtrlar arzon signal kuchaytiruvchisi tomonidan amalga oshirilmaydigan (xuddi shu natijalar bilan) hech narsani taklif qilmaydi - oddiy bir tomonlama chastotali kuchaytirgich allaqachon boshqalarga arzon va osonlik bilan mavjud. maqsadlar. Bundan tashqari, bunday qutilarning ko'pi, ma'lum miqdordagi dasturlarni tomosha qilgandan so'ng, tomosha qilish uchun haq to'laydigan tarkibga kirishni taqiqlaydi, quti ushbu ma'lumotni bosh qismga uzatmasdan oldin, bu filtrning foydaliligini yanada kamaytiradi.

Terminologiya va ta'riflar

Pay-TV qaroqchiligiga oid turli xil qurilmalar, dasturlar va texnikani tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladigan ba'zi bir atamalar ma'lum hacklar uchun nomlangan. Masalan, "Fasl" interfeysi Sky TV-dagi Season7 xakerligi nomi bilan nomlandi, bu esa kompyuterga qonuniy Sky-TV smart-kartasini taqlid qilishga imkon berdi. Sezon7 mavsumining ettinchi va so'nggi mavsumiga ishora qildi Yulduzli trek: keyingi avlod keyin Sky One-da namoyish etilayotgan edi. "Feniks" xeki o'zini jonlantira oladigan afsonaviy qush nomi bilan atalgan. Hackning o'zi provayderlar tomonidan o'chirib qo'yilgan smart-kartalarni qayta faollashtirdi.

Internet-munozarali saytlarda video-qaroqchilik bilan bog'liq turli xil qurilmalar, dasturlar va texnikalarni tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladigan ba'zi bir atamalar g'alati, nostandart yoki bitta tizimga xosdir. Shartlar ko'pincha qonuniy mahsulotlar tomonidan ishlatiladigan tovar nomlaridan farq qilmaydi va bir xil funktsiyani bajaradi.

ISO / IEC 7816 smart-karta terminologiyasi

• ATR ISO / IEC 7816 standartlariga mos keladigan smart-kartadan qayta tiklash uchun javob. Kartani o'quvchi smartkartaga quvvat, soat va reset signallarini hamda aloqaga ruxsat berish uchun ikki tomonlama ketma-ket ma'lumotlar interfeysi bilan ta'minlaydi. Qayta tiklashda karta standart turkum ma'lumotlarini yuboradi (nominalda 9600 bit / s), karta turini aniqlash va keyingi aloqa uchun kerakli bit tezligini ko'rsatish uchun. Yetkazib beriladigan soatning chastotasi har bir tizim yoki karta turidan boshqasiga farq qilishi mumkin, chunki u ISO standartida ko'rsatilmagan ko'rinadi.
• Aqlli kartani o'quvchi bu kompyuterga smart-karta bilan aloqa o'rnatishga imkon beruvchi qurilma. Texnik jihatdan bu sodda qurilmalar bo'lib, ular kartani soat signali bilan ta'minlash uchun aqlli karta rozetkasidan, ba'zi kuchlanish darajasidagi konversiya sxemalaridan va kristalli osilatordan iborat. Dastlabki modellar kompyuterlarning ketma-ket portiga ulangan edi, shuning uchun interfeys sxemasi o'rtasida konvertatsiya qilinishi kerak edi ISO / IEC 7816 kartaning kuchlanish darajasi va RS-232 kompyuterning ketma-ket porti tomonidan ishlatiladigan kuchlanish darajasi. So'nggi modellarda a USB kompyuterga ulanish. Avvalgi qurilmalarning eng oddiylari bu edi Feniks interfeysi. Shaxsiy kompyuterning o'zi aqlli kartalar tizimidan foydalangan holda xavfsizligi ta'minlanadigan tizimlarda zamonaviy o'quvchilar tez-tez ishlatiladi.
• AVR va ATmega umumiy maqsadli 8-bit seriyasining savdo nomlari mikrokontroller tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan chiplar Atmel Korporatsiya. Ushbu protsessorlar atrofida qurilgan bo'sh smart-kartalarga yoki boshqa har qanday qo'shimcha qurilmalarga nisbatan foydalanish uchun atamalar noto'g'ri ishlatilgan. Evropada keng tarqalgan funkard ISO / IEC 7816 bo'sh umumiy kartalari qatori Atmel protsessor seriyasiga asoslangan; ham bor edi PIC-karta asosida Mikrochip Korporatsiya PIC protsessorlari seriyasi.
• Emulyatsiya an-dan foydalangan holda shaxsiy kompyuterni smart-karta o'rniga ishlatishni anglatadi ISO / IEC 7816 - mos keladigan "Fasl" interfeysi. Shaxsiy kompyuter, dekoderga tegishli bo'lganligi sababli, qonuniy smart-kartaga aylanadi. Dastur qonuniy smart-karta kabi javob beradi. Ba'zan, ishlab chiqish maqsadida shaxsiy kompyuter smart-kartalarning barcha ko'rsatmalar to'plamini simulyatsiya qilish uchun dasturlashtirilgan mikrokontroller smartcard kodini tezroq ishlab chiqilishiga imkon berish. Ba'zi bir shifrlash tizimlari dastur uchun maxsus IC (ASIC ) parolni ochish uchun kartada, qaroqchi bunday emulyatsiya tizimini ishlatish uchun "yordamchi" bo'lgan (olingan kompyuter ma'lumotlarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dasturga xos parol hal qilish chipiga o'tkazish uchun qayta dasturlashtirilgan) kartani ishlatadi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, garovgirlar ba'zida shifrlangan ma'lumotlarga kirish huquqini olish uchun ASIC-ning o'ziga o'xshashligini taqlid qilishlari mumkin.
• A ilmoqli smartkarta nuqsonli yoki zararli dastur kodi yozilgan joy doimiy xotira smart-kartani keltirib chiqaradi mikrokontroller kirish uchun cheksiz pastadir yoqilganda yoki qayta o'rnatishda, kartani yaroqsiz holga keltiradi. Bu odatda shifrlash tizimi egalari tomonidan aqlli kartalarni doimiy ravishda o'chirish uchun ishlatiladigan qarshi choralardir. Ko'p hollarda, hatto ISO / IEC 7816 ATR xabari yuboriladi. Yalang'ochlar aqlli kartaning mikrokontrolleriga cheksiz tsikldan chiqishiga imkon berish uchun quvvat yoki soat signaliga qandaydir shaklda "nosozlik" qo'llash orqali kartani bir yoki bir nechta ko'rsatmalarni o'tkazib yuborishiga olib keladigan smart-kartalarni ta'mirlash stantsiyalari edi.
• Bootloaders har safar kartani ishlatishda quvvatni kuchaytirishdagi cheksiz pastadirdan kartani sindirish uchun xuddi shunday "nosozlik" dan foydalanadigan uskuna; bu smartkartalarni qayta dasturlash qobiliyatini ta'minlamadi. Ular 2001 yildagi "Qora yakshanba" hujumi paytida zararli kod tomonidan etkazilgan doimiy zararga qaramay, DirecTV "H" kartalari (endi ishlatilmayapti) ishlashiga ruxsat berishi mumkin. Ushbu qurilmalar hozirda eskirgan deb hisoblanadi.

Qabul qilgich (IRD) va mikroprotsessor terminologiyasi

• DVB deyarli barcha Evropa translyatsiyalari tomonidan ishlatiladigan raqamli video eshittirish uchun xalqaro standart; kabi ba'zi Shimoliy Amerika provayderlari mos kelmaydigan mulkiy standartlardan foydalanadilar DSS (DirecTV) yoki DigiCipher (Motorola) DVB standartlashtirish harakatlaridan oldin. Paket hajmi, jadvallar va mulkiy tizimlar tomonidan uzatiladigan boshqaruv ma'lumotlari DVB-ga tegishli bo'lmagan qabul qiluvchilarni talab qiladi, garchi videoning o'zi biron bir shaklda bo'lsa ham, MPEG-2 Moving Picture Expert Group tomonidan belgilangan tasvirni siqish standarti.
• An IRD integral qabul qiluvchi-dekoder, boshqacha qilib aytganda to'liq raqamli sun'iy yo'ldosh televidenie yoki radio qabul qilgich; "dekoder" bu erda parolni ochishni emas, balki dekompressiyani va MPEG videoni ko'rsatiladigan formatga aylantirishni anglatadi.
• FTA shifrlanmagan qabul qilish niyatida qurilgan, shifrini ochish apparati bo'lmagan qabul qiluvchilar va uskunalarga murojaat qilish uchun tez-tez ishlatiladi. bepul eshittirishlar; FTA shifrlanmagan eshittirishlarni o'z ichiga oladi.
• A CAM yoki shartli kirish moduli DVB standarti bilan standartlashtirilgan DVB o'rtasidagi interfeys sifatida belgilanadi Umumiy interfeys signalni parolini hal qilish uchun qabul qiluvchi va bir yoki bir nechta xususiy smart-kartalar. Bu smart-kartaning o'zi emas. Ushbu modulning standart formati keltirilgan PCMCIA texnik xususiyatlar; ba'zi bir qabul qiluvchilar qabul qiluvchiga o'rnatilgan CAM funksiyasini taqdim etish orqali alohida modulga bo'lgan talabni chetlab o'tishadi, masalan. Nagravision, Konaks, Irdeto, Viaccess, Betakript. Shimoliy Amerika bozorida signal provayderlari tomonidan sotiladigan aksariyat "paketli qabul qiluvchilar" o'rnatilgan CAM ishlashini ta'minlaydi; Shuning uchun tez-tez aqlli kartani CAM sifatida noto'g'ri aniqlash uchun terminologiya noto'g'ri ishlatiladi.
• JTAG Qo'shma Test Harakati Guruhi tomonidan belgilangan va ko'plab so'nggi model raqamli qabul qiluvchilarda zavod sinovlari uchun qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan standart sinov interfeysi. Olti simli interfeys va shaxsiy kompyuter yordamida ishlaydigan JTAG interfeysi dastlab o'rnatilgan apparat va dasturiy ta'minotni sinab ko'rish va disk raskadrovka vositasi bilan ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Sun'iy yo'ldosh televideniesi dunyosida JTAG ko'pincha raqamli qabul qiluvchida doimiy xotiraga o'qish-yozish huquqini olish uchun ishlatiladi; Dastlab Wall va JKeys kabi dasturlar o'rnatilgan CAM-lar bilan qabul qiluvchilardan quti kalitlarini o'qish uchun ishlatilgan, ammo JTAG shu vaqtdan beri proshivka (flesh-xotirada) buzilgan qabul qiluvchilarni tuzatish uchun ta'mirlash vositasi sifatida sun'iy yo'ldosh televidenie muxlislari uchun qonuniy qiymatini isbotladi.
• The Sombrero de Patel olish uchun ishlatiladigan boshqa qurilma xotiraga bevosita kirish xotira chiplarini rozetkalarga joylashtirish yoki maxsus qurilma dasturchisi bilan o'qish uchun platadan jismonan olib tashlamasdan qabul qiluvchiga. Qurilma standart PLCC dan iborat integral mikrosxema rozetka to'g'ridan-to'g'ri a ustiga qo'yish uchun teskari o'girilgan mikroprotsessor allaqachon doimiy ravishda lehimlangan bosilgan elektron karta qabul qilgichda; rozetka qiladi elektr aloqasi mikroprotsessorning barcha pinlari bilan va qabul qiluvchining mikroprotsessorini pauza qilish va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xotiraga o'qish yoki yozish uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xotiradan foydalanishni ishlatadigan bir yoki bir nechta mikrokontroller bilan bog'langan. Atama sombrero bu buzish uchun ishlatiladi, chunki teskari IC soketining yangi ishlatilishi bir oz a ga o'xshaydi shapka asosiy protsessorga joylashtirilgan.

SmartCard qaroqchiligi

Smart karta qaroqchiligi shartli-kirishni ruxsatsiz ishlatishni o'z ichiga oladi aqlli kartalar, pullik televizorga ruxsatsiz kirish huquqini olish yoki boshqalarga potentsial ravishda taqdim etish uchun ommaviy axborot vositalari eshittirishlar. Smart-kartani qaroqchilik odatda kompyuter tomonidan ishlatilgan smart-kartadagi xavfsizlik buzilganidan keyin sodir bo'ladi xakerlar kartaga to'liq kirish huquqini olish uchun shifrlash tizim.

Smart-kartani shifrlash tizimiga kirish huquqini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, xaker kartaning ichki ma'lumotidagi o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin, bu esa o'z navbatida qonuniy karta provayderi tomonidan boshqa televizorlarga kirish huquqi berilganligi to'g'risida shartli-kirish tizimini aldab qo'yadi. bir xil shifrlash tizimidan foydalanadigan kanallar. Ba'zi hollarda kanallar bir xil televizion provayderdan bo'lishi shart emas, chunki ko'plab provayderlar o'xshash shifrlash tizimlaridan foydalanadilar yoki ushbu kanallarni dekodlash uchun ma'lumotlarni saqlash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan kartalardan foydalanadilar. Kartani qanday buzish haqida ma'lumot odatda jamoatchilikka kirish imkoni bo'lmagan kichik, er osti guruhlarida saqlanadi. Buning o'rniga, xakerlik guruhlari o'zlarining xakerligini bir necha shaklda chiqarishi mumkin. Bunday usullardan biri shunchaki shifrlash algoritmi va kalitini chiqarishdir. Chiqarishning yana bir keng tarqalgan usuli - a kompyuter dasturi smart-kartadan foydalanuvchi o'z kartasini qayta dasturlash uchun foydalanishi mumkin. Tugallangandan so'ng, hozirda noqonuniy ravishda o'zgartirilgan smart-karta "MOSC" deb nomlanadi. (O'zgartirilgan asl Smart Card). So'nggi paytlarda tez-tez uchraydigan uchinchi usul - bu shifrlash bo'yicha olingan ma'lumotlarni uchinchi tomonga sotishdir, u keyinchalik o'zlarining smart-kartalarini, masalan, K3 kartalarini chiqaradi. Ushbu uchinchi tomon, qonuniy sabablarga ko'ra, to'rtinchi shaxsdan shifrlangan fayllarni chiqarish uchun foydalanadi, bu esa kartaga shifrlangan tarkibni dekodlashga imkon beradi.

Original kartalarni o'zgartirish bilan birga, shifrlash emulyatorini yaratish uchun smart-karta tomonidan taqdim etilgan ma'lumotlardan foydalanish mumkin. Bu, o'z navbatida, bo'lishi mumkin dasturlashtirilgan kabeli yoki sun'iy yo'ldosh qabul qiluvchining ichki dasturiy ta'minotiga ulanadi va Internet-da yuklab olish uchun taqdim etiladi proshivka yangilash. Bu hatto aqlli kartaga ega bo'lmaganlar tomonidan shifrlangan kanallarga kirish imkonini beradi. So'nggi paytlarda ko'plab er osti forum sun'iy yo'ldosh qaroqchiligi va taqlid qilishning sevimli mashg'ulotlariga bag'ishlangan veb-saytlar Havo uchun bepul (FTA) qabul qiluvchilar o'rnatildi, ular haqida dolzarb ma'lumotlarni taqdim etishmoqda sun'iy yo'ldosh va kabel qaroqchilik shu jumladan qabul qiluvchilar uchun dasturiy ta'minotni yuklab olish va shifrlash tizimining juda batafsil ma'lumotlarini ommaga taqdim etish.

Smartfon kartalari provayderlari o'zlarining tizimlari buzilganligi to'g'risida bilimga ega bo'lgach, ko'pincha ruxsatsiz ko'rishga qarshi bir nechta qarshi choralar tizimiga ega, ular havo orqali o'rnatilishi mumkin, aksariyat hollarda qonuniy tomoshabinlar uchun deyarli hech qanday to'siq bo'lmaydi. Bunday tadbirlardan biri CI-ni bekor qilish. Qarama-qarshi o'lchovning eng oddiy shakli - bu asosiy o'zgarish. Bu shunchaki avtorizatsiyasiz ko'ruvchilar uchun ko'rishni to'xtatadi, chunki yangi kalitga xakerlik kartasida osonlikcha kirish mumkin va amalga oshiriladi. Tez-tez aqlli kartaning bir qismini unga kirish imkoni yo'qligi uchun yangilaydigan boshqa murakkab protseduralar mavjud. Shu bilan birga, ushbu protseduralarga yana bir bor kirish huquqini berib, buzib kirish mumkin. Bu "" o'yiniga olib keladimushuk va sichqon "smart-karta provayderi va xakerlar o'rtasida. Bu, bir necha bosqichdagi rivojlanishdan so'ng, aqlli karta provayderini endi amalga oshiradigan boshqa qarshi choralariga ega bo'lmagan holatda qoldirishi mumkin. Bu ularni bajarishi kerak bo'lgan vaziyatda qoldiradi. hech bo'lmaganda yaqin kelajakda xizmatni ruxsatsiz ko'rishni to'xtatish uchun barcha qonuniy tomoshabinlar bilan karta va shifrlash o'zgarishi.

Smart-kartalarni yangi tizimlarini tatbiq etishning muvaffaqiyati shuki, smart-kartalarni qaroqchilikning yana bir shakli ommalashib ketdi. Ushbu usul deyiladi karta almashish, bu kompyuter tarmog'i orqali boshqa foydalanuvchilarga real vaqt rejimida axborotni dekodlash ma'lumotlarini taqdim etish orqali ishlaydi. Xavfsiz kartalarni almashish tarmoqlarini politsiya nazorati sudga tortishga sabab bo'ldi.

Deyarli har qanday keng tarqalgan shifrlash tizimi buzilganligi hammaga ma'lum. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Viaccess, Nagravision, SECA Mediagard va Konaks. Motorola-ga tegishli MediaCipher tizimi, Scientific Atlanta-ning PowerKEY tizimi bilan bir qatorda, buzilgan bo'lmagan raqamli televidenie shifrlash tizimlari. Bu, asosan, yo'qligi tufayli Kompyuter kartasi shartli kirish modullari (CAM) har ikkala shifrlash tizimi uchun mavjud.

Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda ommaviy axborot vositalarining ruxsatsiz parolini echish noqonuniy bo'lishiga qaramay, aqlli karta qaroqchiligi juda kamdan-kam hollarda jazolanadi, chunki bu deyarli aniqlanmaydi, ayniqsa sun'iy yo'ldosh ko'rish. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarning qonunlarida xorijiy ommaviy axborot vositalarining parolini hal qilish noqonuniy yoki yo'qligi aniq ko'rsatilmagan. Bu Evropa singari joylarda juda ko'p chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqardi, chunki ko'plab mamlakatlarning yaqinligi, sun'iy yo'ldosh nurlari bilan qoplangan katta er massasi bilan bir qatorda, turli xil provayderlarga signal kirish imkoniyatini beradi. Ushbu provayderlar ko'plab tomoshabinlarga qarshi jinoiy ish qo'zg'ashni istamaydilar, chunki ular turli mamlakatlarda yashaydilar. Shu bilan birga, bir nechta shov-shuvli prokuratura ishlari bo'lgan AQSH, bu erda sun'iy yo'ldosh dilerlari sudga berilib, katta jarimalar yoki qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan.^[2]

Internet kalitlari bilan bo'lishish

Internet-kalitlarni almashish sxemasi Internet-serverda joylashgan, pullik obunaga ega bo'lgan bitta smart-kartadan iborat. U masofadan turib joylashgan sun'iy yo'ldosh qabul qiluvchilariga Internet orqali tarqatiladigan real vaqtda parolni ochish tugmachalarini hosil qiladi. Masofadan joylashgan sun'iy yo'ldosh qabul qiluvchilar sonining cheklovchi omillari tarmoqning kechikishi va yangilangan tugmachalar orasidagi vaqt va karta mijozining qabul qiluvchisining shifrlangan kalit oqimidan foydalanish qobiliyatidir.^[3]

Har bir qabul qilgich bir xil tarzda tuzilgan, xuddi shu televizor signalini sun'iy yo'ldoshdan qabul qiladigan klon va Internet-serverdan ushbu signalni ochish uchun bir xil parolni ochish tugmachalari. Har bir kanalni ko'rish uchun serverda alohida obuna bo'lgan smart-kartalar bo'lishi kerakligi sababli, uning davomiy ishlashi qimmatga tushadi va turli nomlar va manzillar ostida bir nechta obunalarni talab qilishi mumkin. Shuningdek, kartalarni almashish tarmog'idagi kartalar mijozlari soni ko'payishi bilan sun'iy yo'ldosh televideniesi provayderi va huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralarining e'tiborini jalb qilish xavfi mavjud va ushbu karta almashish tarmog'i bilan bog'liq IP-manzillarning monitoringi individual foydalanuvchilarni aniqlashi mumkin va keyinchalik sun'iy yo'ldosh televideniesi provayderi yoki yuridik organlar tomonidan qonuniy choralar ko'rishga aylanadigan server operatorlari.

Kalitlarni almashish sxemalari odatda buzilgan smart-kartalar tizimlarini almashtirish (masalan, Nagra 1/2 ning Nagra 3 foydasiga bekor qilinishi) boshqa qaroqchilarning parolini ochish usullarini ishlamay qolgan holatlarida qo'llaniladi.

2014 yil fevral oyida, epizod BBC "Inside Out" ning to'liq ekanligini oshkor qildi Sky TV to'plamni qora bozor manbalaridan oyiga 10 funt sterling evaziga Internet kalitlari almashinuvi orqali olish mumkin edi, "Suonsi" va Kardiff pablarda Premer-liga futbolini namoyish qilish uchun yoriq qutilaridan foydalangan holda muhim faoliyat bilan ajralib turdi.^[4]

Siyosiy masalalar

Kabi ba'zi mamlakatlarda Kanada va ko'p Karib dengizi millatlar (bundan mustasno Dominika Respublikasi ), the qora bozor sun'iy yo'ldosh televizion qaroqchilik bilan chambarchas bog'liq kulrang bozor to'g'ridan-to'g'ri efirga uzatiladigan sun'iy yo'ldosh signallarini boshqa bir qo'shni mamlakatda bir mamlakat uchun mo'ljallangan ko'rsatuvlarni tomosha qilish uchun ishlatish faoliyati. Ko'pgina kichik mamlakatlarda mahalliy DBS operatsiyalari mavjud emas, shuning uchun xorijiy signallarni qabul qiladigan dekoderlardan foydalanishda qonuniy cheklovlar kam yoki umuman yo'q.

Aksariyat provayderlarning o'z mamlakatlaridan tashqarida obunalarni bila turib berishdan bosh tortishi, garovgirlarning parolini hal qilish ba'zi dasturlarni olishning bir necha usullaridan biri sifatida qabul qilinadigan holatga olib keladi. Agar kanal uchun mahalliy provayder bo'lmasa, kulrang bozor (boshqa manzil yordamida obuna bo'lgan) yoki qora bozor (qaroqchi) tizimi ko'plab o'ziga xos etnik, sport yoki premium film xizmatlarini olish uchun zarurdir.

Pirat yoki kulrang bozorni qabul qilish, shuningdek tomoshabinlarni chetlab o'tishga imkon beradi mahalliy yorug'lik cheklovlar sport tadbirlari va kirish uchun qattiq pornografiya ba'zi bir kontent boshqacha tarzda mavjud bo'lmagan hollarda.

Kanadadagi AQSh sun'iy yo'ldosh qabul qiluvchilarining kulrang bozori bir nuqtada bir necha yuz minglab ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan kanadalik uylarga xizmat qiladi. Kanadalik hokimiyat kabel kompaniyalari va mahalliy televideniye tazyiqlari ostida harakat qilib, kanadaliklarning AT & T-ning DirecTV va Echostar-ning idish-tovoq tarmog'i kabi AQShning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri efirga uzatiladigan xizmatlariga obuna bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun ko'plab urinishlarni amalga oshirdi.

Sud jarayonlari sudgacha qadar bo'lgan Kanada Oliy sudi, bunday cheklashlar kafolat qoidalarini buzadimi-yo'qligi to'g'risida hali sud qarori chiqarilmagan Kanada Huquqlari va Erkinliklari Xartiyasi himoya qilish uchun mo'ljallangan so'z erkinligi va oldini olish lingvistik yoki etnik kamsitish. Mahalliy sun'iy yo'ldosh va kabel provayderlari sudni kechiktirish strategiyasini qabul qildilar, bunda ularning yuridik maslahatchilari kulrang bozor tizimlari tarafdorlarining "Charter Challenge" ga qadar pul etishmasligini ta'minlash uchun sudlarga cheksiz qator boshqa foydasiz iltimosnomalar bilan murojaat qilishadi. "masala hal qilindi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Kanadaning Oliy sudida g'olib chiqqan Orillia Ontario advokati K. Uilyam MakKenzining so'zlariga ko'ra, Devid Fuss boshchiligidagi va Dawn Branton va boshqalar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan konsortsium keyinchalik 9 (1) (c)-qismni mag'lub etish uchun konstitutsiyaviy da'vo qo'zg'atdi. of the Radiocommunication Act on the basis that it breached the guarantee of Freedom of Expression enshrined in section 2 (c) of the Canadian Charter of Rights.

The evidence compiled by Mr. McKenzie from his broadcasting clients in opposition to this challenge was so overwhelming that it was abandoned and the Court ordered that substantial costs be paid by the applicants.

In most cases, broadcast distributors will require a domestic billing address before issuing a subscription; post boxes and commercial mail receiving agencies are often used by grey-market subscribers to foreign providers to circumvent this restriction.

The situation in the US itself differs as it is complicated by the legal question of subscriber access to distant local TV stations. Satellite providers are severely limited in their ability to offer subscriptions to distant locals due to the risk of further lawsuits by local affiliates of the same network in the subscribers home belgilangan bozor maydoni. California stations have sued satellite providers who distributed New York signals nationally, as the distant stations would have an unfair advantage by broadcasting the same programming three hours earlier.

There is also a small "reverse gray market" for Canadian signals, transmitted with a footprint which sends full-strength DBS signals to many if not all of the contiguous 48 AQSh shtatlari. This is desirable not only to receive Canadian-only content, but because some US-produced programs air in Canada in advance of their US broadcast. Degan savol signalni almashtirish, by which Canadian cable and satellite providers substitute the signal of a local or domestic channel over a foreign or distant channel carrying the same program, is rendered more complex by the existence of a reverse grey market. Signal substitution had already been the cause of strong diplomatic protests by the United States, which considers the practice to constitute theft of advertising revenue.

The lack of domestic competition for premium movie channels in Canada is one factor encouraging grey-market reception; language is another key issue as most Spanish-language programming in Shimoliy Amerika is on the US system and most French-language programming is on the Canadian system. A larger selection of sports and ethnic programming is also available to grey-market subscribers.

It could be said that the 1000-channel universe is a "reality" in North America, but only for the signal pirates as many legal and geographic restrictions are placed on the ability to subscribe to many if not most of the physically available channels.

Other countries such as Nikaragua during Sandinista rule, Kuba, Eron (Islamic Republic of Iran) and Afg'oniston davomida Toliblar qoida va Iroq davomida Saddam Xuseyn regime, have attempted to prohibit their citizens from receiving any satellite broadcasts from foreign sources.

Vaziyat Evropa differs somewhat, due to the much greater linguistic diversity in that region and due to the use of standardized DVB receivers capable of receiving multiple providers and free-to-air signals. North American providers normally lock their subscribers into "package receivers" unable to tune outside their one package; often the receivers are sold at artificially low prices and the subscription cost for programming is increased in order to favour new subscribers over existing ones. Providers are also notorious for using sales tactics such as qadoqlash, in which to obtain one desired channel a subscriber must purchase a block of anywhere from several to more than a hundred other channels at substantial cost.

Many European companies such as British Sky Broadcasting prohibit subscriptions outside the UK and Ireland. But other satellite providers such as Sky Deutschland do sell yearly subscription cards legally to customers in other European countries without the need for an address or other personal information. The latter also applies to virtually all the Adult channel cards sold in Europe.

The Middle East emerged in the picture with the Kingdom of Saudiya Arabistoni. In July 2019, global football authorities of various competitions collectively condemned a pirate broadcasting channel of Saudi Arabia, BeoutQ. The right holders running Premer-liga, FIFA Jahon chempionati va UEFA Chempionlar Ligasi called on the authorities of the Arab nation to halt the operations of its homegrown pirate TV and broadcasting service, which is involved in illegal streaming of matches internationally.^[5]

BeoutQ emerged in 2017, and since has been widely available across Saudi Arabia. However, the country denied that it is based in Riyadh, stating that the authorities are committed to fighting piracy. In February 2015, several sports bodies and broadcasters, including the U.S. National Basketball Association, AQSh tennis uyushmasi va Osmon demanded the United States to add Saudi Arabia its “Priority Watch List” over TV piracy.^[6] It was in April 2019, when Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari savdo vakolatxonasi (USTR) released a report placing Saudi Arabia on the Watch List.^[7]

Counter-piracy techniques

A number of strategies have been used by providers to control or prevent the widespread pirate decryption of their signals.

One approach has been to take legal action against dealers who sell equipment which may be of use to satellite pirates; in some cases the objective has been to obtain lists of clients in order to take or threaten to take costly legal action against end-users. Providers have created departments with names like the "office of signal integrity" or the "end-users group" to pursue alleged pirate viewers.

As some equipment (such as a computer interface to communicate with standard ISO/IEC 7816 smartcards) is useful for other purposes, this approach has drawn strong opposition from groups such as the Elektron chegara fondi. There have also been US counter-suits alleging that the legal tactics used by some DBS providers to demand large amounts of money from end-users may themselves appear unlawful or border on extortion.

Much of the equipment is perfectly lawful to own; in these cases, only the misuse of the equipment to pirate signals is prohibited. This makes provider attempts at legal harassment of would-be pirates awkward at best, a serious problem for providers which is growing due to the Internet distribution of third-party software to reprogram some otherwise legitimate free-to-air DVB receivers to decrypt pay TV broadcasts with no extra hardware.

US-based Internet sites containing information about the compromised shifrlash schemes have also been targeted by lawyers, often with the objective of costing the defendants enough in legal fees that they have to shut down or move their sites to offshore or foreign Internet hosts.

In some cases, the serial numbers of unsubscribed smartcards have been qora ro'yxatga kiritilgan by providers, causing receivers to display error messages. A "hashing" approach of writing arbitrary data to every available location on the card and requiring that this data be present as part of the decryption algorithm has also been tried as a way of leaving less available free space for third-party code supplied by pirates.

Another approach has been to load malicious code onto smartcards or receivers; these programs are intended to detect tampered cards and maliciously damage the cards or corrupt the contents of o'zgaruvchan emas memories within the receiver. Bu alohida Troyan oti attack is often used as an ECM (elektron qarshi choralar ) by providers, especially in North America where cards and receivers are sold by the providers themselves and are easy targets for insertion of orqa eshiklar in their computer proshivka. The most famous ECM incident was the Black Sunday attack launched against tampered DirecTV "H" on 3 January 21, 2001 and intended to destroy the cards by overwriting a non-erasable part of the cards internal xotira in order to lock the processor into an endless loop.

The results of a provider resorting to the use of malicious code are usually temporary at best, as knowledge of how to repair most damage tends to be distributed rapidly by hobbyists through various Internet forumlar. There is also a potential legal question involved (which has yet to be addressed) as the equipment is normally the property not of the provider but of the end user. Providers will often print on the smartcard itself that the card is the property of the signal provider, but at least one legal precedent indicates that marking "this is mine" on a card, putting it in a box with a receiver and then selling it can legally mean "this is not mine anymore". Malicious damage to receiver firmware puts providers on even shakier legal ground in the unlikely event that the matter were ever to be heard by the judiciary.

The only solution which has shown any degree of long-term success against tampered smartcards has been the use of digital renewable security; if the code has been broken and the contents of the smartcard's programming widely posted across the Internet, replacing every smartcard in every subscriber's receiver with one of different, uncompromised design will effectively put an end to a piracy problem. Providers tend to be slow to go this route due to cost (as many have millions of legitimate subscribers, each of which must be sent a new card) and due to concern that someone may eventually crack the code used in whatever new replacement card is used, causing the process to begin anew.

Premiere in Germany has replaced all of its smartcards with the Nagravision Aladin card; the US DirecTV system has replaced its three compromised card types ("F" had no encryption chip, "H" was vulnerable to being reprogrammed by pirates and "HU" were vulnerable to a "glitch" which could be used to make them skip an instruction). Both providers have been able to eliminate their problems with signal piracy by replacing the compromised smartcards after all other approaches had proved to provide at best limited results.

Taomlar tarmog'i va Bell sun'iy yo'ldosh televizori had released new and more tamper-resistant smart cards over the years, known as the ROM2, ROM3, ROM10, ROM11 series. All these cards used the Nagravision 1 kirish tizimi. Despite introducing newer and newer security measures, older cards were typically still able to decrypt the satellite signal after new cards were released (A lack of EEPROM space on the ROM2 cards eventually led to them being unable to receive updates necessary to view programming). In an effort to stop piracy, as by this point the Nagravision 1 system had been thoroughly reverse-engineered by resourceful hobbyists, an incompatible Nagravision 2 encryption system was introduced along with a smart card swap-out for existing customers. As more cards were swapped, channel groups were slowly converted to the new encryption system, starting with ko'rish uchun to'lov va HDTV channels, followed by the premium movie channels. This effort culminated in a complete shutdown of the Nagravision 1 datastream for all major channels in September, 2005. Despite these efforts to secure their programming, a software hack was released in late August, 2005, allowing for the decryption of the new Nagravision 2 channels with a DVB-S karta va a Kompyuter. Just a few months later, early revisions of the Nagravision 2 cards had been themselves compromised. Broadcast programming currently^{[qachon? ]} foydalanadi simulcrypt of Nagravision 2 and Nagravision 3, a first step toward a possible future shutdown of Nagravision 2 systems.

Sud jarayoni

Various groups have been targeted for lawsuits in connection with pirate decryption issues:

• In 2006, a decision in Snow v DirecTV preserved the right of a private website owner to prohibit DirecTV from accessing an otherwise-public website run by plaintiff Michael Snow to serve anti-DirecTV activists.^[8]
• DirecTV (as the euphemistically-named "End Users Group") had engaged in widespread litigation against its own subscribers^[9] on the pretext that users who owned both a smartcard programmer and a DirecTV subscription were presumed to be using the equipment to unlock extra channels on the system.^[10][11] A hundred thousand users were harassed with repeated and legally-questionable demands seeking thousands of dollars per user.^[12]
• In 2004's DirecTV v. Treworgy, Elektron chegara fondi helped establish that DirecTV cannot sue individuals for "mere possession" of smart-card technology,^[13] forcing the company to drop its "guilt-by-purchase" litigation strategy.^[14][15]
• "NagraStar" (a joint venture of Nagravision/Kudelski and DishNetwork/Echostar) has also targeted US end users with legal threats and demands for money.
• EchoStar, as parent of Taomlar tarmog'i, has sued manufacturers of FTA qabul qiluvchilar, claiming that the manufacturers were aware of or complicit in the distribution of aftermarket software which unlocks channels transmitted with compromised encryption schemes. The company has also sued operators of websites which published information about the security issues.
• DirecTV has used the Raqamli Mingyillik mualliflik huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun va Federal Communications Act to target developers and distributors of software that allowed users to hack DirecTV's older generation access cards. One 2006 settlement in US federal case DirecTV and NDS vs. Robert Lazarra ended in a one million dollar out-of-court settlement.^[16]
• In 2009, the US Ninth Circuit court ruled in DirecTV, Inc v. Hoa Huynh, Cody Oliver against DirecTV's claim that inserting a smart card into preexisting television equipment constitutes "assembling" a pirate device. DirecTV cannot sue on this theory, dismissing DirecTV's attempt to punish individuals twice for a single offense and upholding a lower court decision that 47 U.S.C., section 605(e)(4) does not apply to individuals owning interception devices solely for personal use. This decision protects legitimate security researchers.^[17]
• DirecTV sued its smartcard vendor NDS, accusing News Data Systems of “breach of contract, fraud, breach of warranty and misappropriation of trade secrets” for its role in designing the now compromised H- and HU- series cards.^[18]
• Canal Plus va EchoStar have also sued NDS, alleging that the company teskari muhandislik and leaked information about their providers' rival encryption schemes.^[18][19]
• Québécor-owned kabel televideniesi operator Videotron sued Bell sun'iy yo'ldosh televizori on the grounds that free signals from compromised satellite TV encryption unfairly cost the cable company paid subscribers. After multiple appeals and rulings against Bell, Québécor and TVA Group were ultimately awarded $141 million in 2015.^[20]

One of the most severe sentences handed out for satellite TV piracy in the United States was to a Kanadalik businessman, Martin Clement Mullen, widely known for over a decade in the satellite industry as "Marty" Mullen.

Mullen was sentenced to seven years in prison with no parole and ordered to pay DirecTV and smart card provider NDS Ltd. US$24 million in restitution. U a aybini tan oldi Tampa, Florida court in September 2003 after being arrested when he entered the United States using a British passport in the name "Martin Paul Stewart".

Mr. Mullen had operated his satellite piracy business from Florida, the Cayman Islands and from his home in London, Ontario, Canada. Testimony in the Florida court showed that he had a network of over 100 sub-dealers working for him and that during one six-week period, he cleared US$4.4 million in cash from re-programming DirecTV smartcards that had been damaged in an electronic counter measure.

NDS Inc. Chief of Security John Norris pursued Mullen for a decade in three different countries. When Mullen originally fled the United States to Canada in the mid-1990s, Norris launched an investigation that saw an undercover operator (a former Canadian police officer named Don Best) become one of Mullen's sub-dealers and his closest personal friend for over a year. In summer of 2003 when Mullen travelled under another identity to visit his operations in Florida, US federal authorities were waiting for him at the airport after being tipped off by Canadian investigators working for NDS Inc.

Ajablanarlisi shundaki NDS guruhi were accused (in several lawsuits) by Canal+ (dismissed as part of an otherwise-unrelated corporate takeover deal) and Echostar (now Dish Network) of hacking the Nagra encryption and releasing the information on the internet. The jury awarded EchoStar $45.69 actual damages (one month's average subscription fee) in Claim 3.

Bell sun'iy yo'ldosh televizori (as Bell ExpressVu) was sued by Videotron, a Québécor-owned rival which operates kabel televideniesi systems in major Kvebek bozorlar. Québécor also owns TVA, a broadcaster. Bell's inferior security and failure to replace compromised smartcards in a timely fashion cost Vidéotron cable subscribers, as viewers could obtain the same content for free from satellite under the compromised Nagra1 system from 1999 to 2005; pirate decryption also deprived TVA's Frantsuz tili news channel LCN of a monthly 48¢/subscriber fee. The Kvebekning yuqori sudi taqdirlandi $ 339,000 and $262,000 in damages/interest to Vidéotron and TVA Group in 2012. Québec's Appeal Court ruled these dollar amounts "erroneus" and increased them in 2015; despite an attempt to appeal to the Kanada Oliy sudi, a final award of $141 million in damages and interest was upheld.^[20]

Shuningdek qarang

• Kabel televizion qaroqchiligi
• Karta almashish
• FTA qabul qiluvchisi
• Televizion shifrlash

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Murdoch Victory, Jury Rejects Spying Charges
• BBC - Canal+ TV firm sues over 1-bn 'piracy' loss
• Murdoch caught up in corporate sabotage scandal
• Echostar joins piracy fight
• DirecTV hacker sentenced to seven years
• Murdoch's Satellite-TV Hacker Tells All
• DSS Piracy History Lesson