Kiyik - Reindeer

Kiyik (Karibu) Vaqtinchalik diapazon: O'rta pleystotsen taqdim etish[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D. C P T J K Pg N ↓
Norvegiyada kiyik
Tabiatni muhofaza qilish holati
Zaif (IUCN 3.1 )[2]
Ilmiy tasnif
Qirollik:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Sinf:	Sutemizuvchilar
Buyurtma:	Artiodaktila
Oila:	Cervidae
Subfamila:	Capreolinae
Qabila:	Rangiferini
Tur:	Rangifer Charlz Xemilton Smit, 1827
Turlar:	R. tarandus
Binomial ism
Rangifer tarandus (Linney, 1758)
Bug'u oralig'i: Shimoliy Amerika (yashil) va Evroosiyo (qizil)
Sinonimlar
Servus tarandus Linney, 1758 yil

The kiyik (Rangifer tarandus) deb nomlanuvchi karibu yilda Shimoliy Amerika,^[3] ning bir turidir kiyik bilan sirkumpolyar taqsimot, tug'ma Arktika, Shimoliy Evropa, Sibir va Shimoliy Amerikaning sub-Arktika, tundra, boreal va tog'li hududlari.^[2] Bunga harakatsiz va ko'chib yuruvchi populyatsiyalar kiradi. Rangifer podalar hajmi turli geografik mintaqalarda juda katta farq qiladi. The Taymir podasi ko'chib yuruvchi Sibir tundrasi kiyiklari (R. t. sibirikusRossiyada dunyodagi eng katta yovvoyi kiyik podasi,^[4][5] 400,000 va 1,000,000 orasida o'zgarib turadi. Bir paytlar ikkinchi eng katta podalar - bu ko'chib yurishdir boreal woodland caribou (R. t. karibu) Kanadadagi Jorj River daryosi podasi, avvalgi farqlari 28000 dan 385000 gacha bo'lgan. Kanada Teleradiokompaniyasi korporatsiyasi tomonidan xabar qilinganidek, 2018 yil yanvaridan boshlab Jorj daryosi podasida 9000 dan kam hayvonlar qolganligi taxmin qilinmoqda.^[6] The New York Times 2018 yil aprelida qo'shni Qo'shma Shtatlardagi janubiy tog 'karibuining yagona podasi yo'qolib qolgani haqida xabar berib, mutaxassis uni "funktsional ravishda yo'q bo'lib ketgan" deb atab, podaning soni shunchaki uchta hayvonga kamayganidan keyin.^[7]

Rangifer hajmi va rangi jihatidan eng kichigidan farq qiladi Shpalbard buguni, eng kattasiga, boreal o'rmonli karibu. Shimoliy Amerikadagi karibu oralig'i Alyaskadan tortib to bo'ylab tarqaladi Yukon, shimoli-g'arbiy hududlar va Nunavut boreal o'rmonga va janubga Kanada Rokki va Kolumbiya orqali va Selkirk tog'lari.^[8] The bepusht karibu, Cho'chqa karibu va Peary caribou tundrada yashang, uyatchan boreal o'rmon karibou esa boreal o'rmonni afzal ko'radi. Porcupine caribou va unumsiz karibu katta podalarni tashkil qiladi va tundra va taygada tug'ilish joylaridan yozgi va qishki ovqatlanish joylariga uzoq muddatli mavsumiy ko'chib o'tishni amalga oshiradi. Porcupine karibu podalarining ko'chishi har qanday sutemizuvchilardan eng uzunlari orasida.^[8] Tuproqsiz karibu ham topilgan Kitaa yilda Grenlandiya, ammo katta podalar Alyaskada, shimoli-g'arbiy hududlarda va Nunavutda.^[9]

Ba'zi pastki turlari kam uchraydi va hech bo'lmaganda bittasi allaqachon yo'q bo'lib ketgan: Qirolicha Sharlotta orollari karibu Kanada^[10][11] Tarixiy jihatdan, harakatsiz boreal o'rmonli karibu oralig'i Kanadaning yarmidan ko'pini qamrab olgan^[12] va AQShning shimoliy shtatlariga kiruvchi Vudlend karibu o'zining asl janubiy oralig'ining aksariyat qismidan g'oyib bo'ldi va 2002 yilda tahdid ostida bo'lgan deb belgilandi. Kanadada yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan hayvonot dunyosi holati bo'yicha qo'mita (COSEWIC).^[13] Canada Environment 2011 yilda Kanadada qolgan 51 ta diapazonda taxminan 34,000 boreal woodland caribou mavjudligini xabar qildi (Canada Canada, 2011b).^[14] Sibir tundrasi bug 'podalari kamayib bormoqda va Rangifer tarandus tomonidan himoyasiz deb hisoblanadi IUCN.

Arktika xalqlari karibuga oziq-ovqat, kiyim-kechak va yashash joylariga bog'liq bo'lgan, masalan Caribou Inuit, Inuit of the quruqlikda yashaydi Kivalliq viloyati Shimoliy Kanadada, Yukondagi Karibu Klani, Inupiat, Inuvialuit, Ha, Shimoliy Tutchone, va Gvich'in (ming yillar davomida Porcupine caribou-ga ergashgan). Yovvoyi kiyikni ovlash va yarim xonim kiyiklarni boqish bir qator Arktika va Arktika osti xalqlari uchun muhimdir. Duhalar go'sht, teri, shox, sut va transport uchun.^[15] The Sami xalqi (Sapmi) asrlar davomida kiyik boqish va baliq ovlashga ham bog'liq edi.^{[16]:IV[17]:16[16]:IV} Yilda Sapmi, kiyik kiyimi a tortish uchun ishlatiladi pulka,^[18] Nordic chanasi.

Erkak va urg'o kiyiklari har yili shox o'sishi mumkin, ammo shox o'sadigan urg'ochilarning ulushi populyatsiya va mavsum o'rtasida juda farq qiladi.^[19] Shoxlar odatda erkaklarnikidan kattaroqdir. An'anaviy ravishda Rojdestvo afsona, Santa Klausning kiyiklari Rojdestvo arafasida Santa Klausaning yaxshi bolalarga sovg'alarni etkazib berishiga yordam berish uchun tungi osmondan chanani torting.

Nomlash

Karl Linney ismni tanladi Rangifer bug'u jinsi uchun, qaysi Albertus Magnus unda ishlatilgan De animalibus, fol. Liber 22, kap. 268: "Dicitur Rangyfer quasi ramifer". Bu so'z orqaga qaytishi mumkin Saami so'z raingo.^[20] Linnaeus so'zni tanladi tarandus havola qilib, o'ziga xos epitet sifatida Ulisse Aldrovandi "s Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia fol. 859–863, kap. 30: De Tarando (1621). Biroq, Aldrovandi va Konrad Gesner^[21] - deb o'yladim rang o'lchagich va tarandus ikkita alohida hayvon edi.^[22] Har qanday holatda ham tarandos ism qaytib keladi Aristotel va Teofrastus.

Kiyik va karibu atamalaridan asosan bir xil hayvon uchun foydalanish chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin, ammo Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi masalani aniq belgilab beradi: «Dunyo Karibu va Bug'usi bir turga tasniflanadi Rangifer tarandus. Kiyik - bu turning Evropadagi nomi, Shimoliy Amerikada esa bu tur Karibu deb nomlanadi. "^[2] So'z jilov kelib chiqishi Norvegiya. So'z kiyik dastlab ma'no jihatidan kengroq bo'lgan, ammo vaqt o'tishi bilan aniqroq bo'lgan. O'rta ingliz tilida, der farqli o'laroq, har qanday turdagi yovvoyi hayvonni anglatardi qoramol.^[23] So'z karibu frantsuzcha orqali keladi, dan Mikmoq qalipu, "qor sayohatchisi" ma'nosini anglatadi va uning oziq-ovqat uchun qor bilan piyoda yurish odatiga ishora qiladi.^[24]

Ko'pgina madaniyatlar uchun ahamiyati tufayli, Rangifer tarandus va uning ba'zi pastki turlari ko'plab tillarda nomlarga ega. Inuktitut sharqiy Arktikada gapiriladi va karibu nomi bilan tanilgan tuktu.^[25][26][27] Gvichin xalqida yigirmadan ziyod karibu bilan bog'liq alohida so'zlar mavjud.^[28]

Bug'u uchun ismlar o'zlarining mahalliy hududlarida (avvalgi) tarqalgan tillarda:

Taksonomiya va evolyutsiya

Turlarning taksonomik nomi, Rangifer tarandus, tomonidan belgilandi Karl Linney 1758 yilda. o'rmonzor karibu kichik turi taksonomik nomi Rangifer tarandus caribou tomonidan belgilandi Gmelin 1788 yilda.

Banfild tomonidan tez-tez tilga olinadigan narsalarga asoslangan Kiyik va Karibu, Rangifer turini qayta ko'rib chiqish (1961),^[33] R. t. kaboti (the Labrador karibu), R. t. osborni (Osbornning karibusi - dan Britaniya Kolumbiyasi ) va R. t. terraenovae (the Nyufaundlend caribou) yaroqsiz deb topilgan va kiritilgan R. t. karibu.

Ba'zi so'nggi rasmiylar ularning barchasini haqiqiy deb hisoblashgan, hatto ularning ajralib turishini taxmin qilishgan. Nomli kitoblarida Dunyoning sutemizuvchilar turlari, Amerikalik zoolog Don E. Uilson va DeeAnn Reeder rozi Valerius Geyst, Shimoliy Amerikadagi yirik sutemizuvchilar bo'yicha mutaxassis, bu qator aslida bir nechtasini o'z ichiga oladi pastki turlari.^{[34][35][36][Izohlar 1]}

Geist (2007) "Shimoliy Amerika karibu taqsimotining janubiy chekkasi bo'ylab ingichka sochilgan" "haqiqiy o'rmon karibu, bir tekis qorong'i, mayda odam tipi, old tomondan ta'kidlangan, yassi nurli shoxlari" noto'g'ri tasniflangan. . U "haqiqiy o'rmonzor karibu juda kam uchraydi va juda katta qiyinchiliklarga duch keladi va eng tezkor e'tiborni talab qiladi", deb tasdiqlaydi.^[34]

2005 yilda tahlil qilingan mtDNA Nyufaundlend, Labrador, Kanadaning janubi-g'arbiy qismi va Kanadaning janubi-sharqidagi karibu o'rtasidagi farqlarni aniqladi, ammo barchasini saqlab qoldi R. t. karibu.^[37]

Mallori va Xillis "taksonomik belgilar evolyutsion voqealarni aks ettirsa-da, ular hozirgi ekologik sharoitlarni aks ettirmaydi. Ko'pgina hollarda bir xil kichik tipdagi populyatsiyalar turli xil demografik va xulq-atvor moslashuvlarini rivojlantirgan, alohida kichik tipdagi populyatsiyalar esa xuddi shunday demografik rivojlangan", deb ta'kidladilar. va xulq-atvor naqshlari ... "[U] mavjud ekologik cheklovlar va chiqindilarga nisbatan ekotipni tushunish populyatsiyalar o'rtasidagi taksonomik munosabatlarga qaraganda muhimroq bo'lishi mumkin."^[38]

Ning joriy tasniflari Rangifer tarandusYoki pastki turlar, ekotiplarga asoslangan belgilar yoki tabiiy populyatsiyalar guruhlari bo'yicha mavjud bo'lgan taksonomiya bilan, turlarni samarali saqlash va boshqarish uchun zarur bo'lgan "karibularning Kanadadagi o'z turlarining o'zgaruvchanligi" aniqlanmadi.^[39] "Turlar oralig'ida odamlar jismoniy va mahalliy muhitga moslashishni aks ettiruvchi sezilarli morfologik, genetik va xulq-atvor o'zgaruvchanligini ko'rsatishi mumkin."^[40] COSEWIC allaqachon ishlatilgan tasniflarga qo'shilish uchun Belgilangan Birlik (DU) atributini ishlab chiqdi.^[39]

Subspecies

Kanonik Dunyoning sutemizuvchilar turlari (3-nashr) 14 ta pastki turni tan oladi, ulardan ikkitasi yo'q bo'lib ketgan.^[9]

Yuqoridagi jadvalga quyidagilar kiradi R. tarandus caboti (Labrador karibu), R. tarandus osborni (Osbornning karibusi - Britaniya Kolumbiyasidan) va R. tarandus terraenovae (Nyufaundlend karibu). 1961 yildagi sharh asosida,^[33] bular yaroqsiz deb topilgan va kiritilgan R. tarandus caribou, ammo ba'zi bir so'nggi rasmiylar ularning barchasini haqiqiy deb hisoblashgan, hatto ular juda ajralib turishini taxmin qilishgan.^[34][35] Tahlil mtDNA 2005 yilda Nyufaundlend, Labrador, Kanadaning janubi-g'arbiy qismi va Kanadaning janubi-sharqidagi karibu o'rtasidagi farqlarni topdi, ammo barchasini saqlab qoldi R. tarandus caribou.^[37]

Evrosiyoda bugunning ettita kichik turi mavjud, shulardan faqat ikkitasi Fennoskandiyada uchraydi: tog 'kiyiklari (R. t. tarandus) Norvegiya, Shvetsiya, Finlyandiya va Rossiyada va fin o'rmon kiyiklari (R. t. fennikus) Finlyandiya va Rossiyada.^[18]

Ikki kichik tip faqat Shimoliy Amerikada uchraydi: Porcupine caribou (R. t. granti) va Peary caribou (R. t. pearyi). Tuproqsiz karibu (R. t. groenlandicus) Grenlandiyaning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan, ammo yirik podalar Alyaskada, shimoli-g'arbiy hududlar va Nunavutda.^[9]

Grubbning so'zlariga ko'ra, Banfildga asoslangan^[33] va Geist tomonidan sezilarli darajada o'zgartirilgan,^[44] ushbu kichik ko'rinish va bo'linmalar haqiqiy hisoblanadi:^[9] The karibu yoki o'z ichiga oladi o'rmonzorlar karibu bo'limi R. t. buskensis, R. t. karibu, R. t. davsoni, R. t. fennikus, R. t. filarx va R. t. valentinalar (R. t. osborni orasidagi o'tish davrining pastki turi karibu va tarandus bo'linmalar), tarandus yoki o'z ichiga oladi tundra kiyiklari bo'limi R. t. kaboti, R. t. groenlandicus, R. t. pearsoni, R. t. sibirikus va R. t. terraenovae va platirxinxus yoki mitti kiyik bo'linmasi, bu o'z ichiga oladi R. t. pearyi va R. t. platirxinxus.

Ba'zilari Rangifer tarandus subspecies yana bo'linishi mumkin ekotip bir nechta xulq-atvor omillariga qarab - yashash joylaridan ustun foydalanish (shimoliy, tundra, tog ', o'rmon, boreal o'rmon, o'rmonzorlar, o'rmonzorlar, o'rmonzorlar (boreal), o'rmonzorlar (ko'chib yuruvchi) yoki o'rmonzorlar (tog'), oraliq (tarqoq yoki jamlangan) va migratsiya naqshlar (harakatsiz yoki ko'chib yuruvchi).^[45][46][47]

Evolyutsiyasiga "yuqori pleystotsenning muzlik-muzlikaro tsikllari katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan". Rangifer tarandus va boshqa Arktika va Arktikaning pastki turlari. Izolyatsiya Rangifer tarandus oxirgi muzlik davrida refugiyada - Shimoliy Amerikadagi Viskonsin va Evrosiyodagi Vayxseliyalik "o'ziga xos genetik o'zgaruvchanlik", xususan Arktikaning Shimoliy Amerika va Evroosiyo qismlari o'rtasida.^[3]

1986 yilda Kurten eng qadimgi bug 'qoldiqlari "Sussenborn qumlaridan tundra kiyik turi shoxi" bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi. Pleystotsen (Gyunz ) davri (680,000 dan 620,000 BP).^[1] 4-Vürm davriga kelib (110,000–70,000 dan 12,000–10,000 BP) uning Evropa oralig'i juda keng edi. Bug'u ichida sodir bo'lgan

... Ispaniya, Italiya va Rossiyaning janubi. Magdaleniya yotqiziqlarida [-] ayniqsa, 4-Vurmning oxir qismidan juda ko'p bo'lgan. Muzlik davri: o'sha paytda va erta Mezolit bu ko'plab qabilalar uchun hayvon edi. Bug'ular shimolga nafaqaga chiqqanida, mezolit davrida ta'minot kamaya boshladi.

— Kurten 1968: 170

"Katta xilma-xillikka qaramay, barcha pleystotsen va tirik kiyik bir turga tegishli."^[1]

Odamlar bug 'kiyiklarini ovlashni boshladi Mezolit va Neolitik davrlar va odamlar bugungi kunda ko'plab sohalarda asosiy yirtqich hisoblanadi. Norvegiya va Grenlandiyada yovvoyi kiyiklarni ov qilishning buzilmagan an'analari mavjud oxirgi muzlik davri hozirgi kungacha. Markaziy o'rmonsiz tog'larda Norvegiya, kabi Jotunxaymen, toshdan yasalgan qoldiqlarni topish mumkin chuqurchalar, kiyiklarni ovlash uchun maxsus qurilgan to'siqlar va kamon tayanchlari. Ular, aniq bir ishonch bilan, yilga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin Migratsiya davri, garchi ular beri ishlatilgan bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas Tosh asri.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Jismoniy xususiyatlar

Kiyikning bosh suyagi

Shoxlar

Kiyik kiyimi baxmal qatlamini yo'qotmoqda, uning ostida yangi shox o'sib boradi, bu yillik jarayon

Ko'pgina populyatsiyalarda ikkala jins ham o'sadi shox; bug'u yagona servit urg'ochilar ham, erkaklar ham ularni o'stiradigan turlar.^[48] Servogenlar shoxini hosil qilishda androgenlar muhim rol o'ynaydi. Kiyikdagi antlerogen genlar boshqa servikslarga qaraganda androgenlarga nisbatan sezgirligi yuqori.^[49][50]

Shoxlarning kattaligi bo'yicha kichik turlari o'rtasida juda xilma-xillik mavjud (masalan, ular shimoliy pastki turlarida juda kichik va shpindel),^[51] ammo buqa kiyiklarining shoxlari o'rtacha mavjud bo'lgan kiyiklar orasida ikkinchi o'rinda turadi buloq. Eng katta kichik ko'rinishda katta erkaklar shoxlari kengligi 100 sm (39 dyuym) gacha va nur uzunligi 135 sm (53 dyuym) gacha bo'lishi mumkin. Tirik kiyik turlari orasida ular tana hajmiga nisbatan eng katta shoxga ega.^[48] Ballar sonida o'lchangan shoxning kattaligi kiyikning ozuqaviy holatini va uning atrof-muhitining iqlim o'zgarishini aks ettiradi.^[52][53] Erkak kiyiklarida ochkolar soni tug'ilishdan besh yoshgacha ko'payadi va shu vaqtdan boshlab nisbatan doimiy bo'lib qoladi.^[54] "Erkak karibuida shox massasi (ammo tishlarning soni emas) tana massasiga mos ravishda o'zgarib turadi."^[55][56] Buqa o'rmonzoridagi karibu shoxlari odatda tuproqsiz karibuga qaraganda kichikroq bo'lsa-da, ular bo'ylab bir metrdan (3 ') ko'proq bo'lishi mumkin. Ular tekislangan, ixcham va nisbatan zich.^[14] Geist ularni old tomondan ta'kidlangan, tekis nurli shoxlar deb ta'riflaydi.^[57] Yog'ochli karibu shoxlari tuproqsiz karibunikiga qaraganda qalinroq va kengroq bo'lib, oyoqlari va boshlari uzunroq.^[14] Kvebek-Labrador buqa karibu shoxlari boshqa o'rmonzorlarga qaraganda sezilarli darajada kattaroq va kengroq bo'lishi mumkin. Markaziy bepusht buqa karibu konfiguratsiyasi jihatidan eng xilma-xil bo'lib, juda baland va keng bo'lib o'sishi mumkin. Tog'li karibu, odatda, eng katta aylana o'lchovlari bilan eng massivdir.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Shoxlarning asosiy nurlari peshonadan boshlanadi "orqa tomonni elkalariga cho'zib, uchlari oldinga qarab turishi uchun egilib turing. Ko'zga ko'ringan, palma peshonasi tishlari oldinga, yuzga cho'ziladi."^[58] Shoxlar odatda ikkita alohida guruhga ega, pastki va yuqori.

Shoxlar erkaklar kiyiklarida mart yoki aprelda, urg'ochilarda esa may yoki iyun oylarida o'sishni boshlaydi. Ushbu jarayon antlerogenez deb ataladi. Shoxlar har yili erkaklarda juda tez o'sadi. Shoxlar o'sishi bilan ular qalin baxmal bilan qoplangan, qon tomirlari bilan to'ldirilgan va gubka tarkibida. Tuproqsiz karibu shox baxmalasi va boreal woodland caribou qora shokolad jigarrang.^[59] O'sib borayotgan shoxlarni qoplaydigan baxmal yuqori darajada qon tomirlangan teridir. Ushbu baxmal o'rmonzorda yoki unumsiz karibuda to'q jigarrang, Peary caribou va Dolphin-Union karibu podani.^[58][60][61] Mart oyida baxmal topaklar uzunligi bir metrdan oshadigan tokchaga aylanishi mumkin (3 fut) avgustgacha.^[62]:88

Shox o'sishi to'liq o'sib, qattiqlashganda, baxmal to'kiladi yoki silinadi. Karibu "madaniy jihatdan muhim bo'lgan Inuitlarga asosiy tosh turlari ", oylar karibu hayot tsiklidagi muhim belgilar nomi bilan nomlangan. Masalan, amiraijaut Igloolik mintaqasida "kadife karibou shoxidan tushganda".^[63]

Erkaklar kiyiklari juftlashish davrida boshqa erkaklar bilan raqobatlashish uchun shoxlaridan foydalanadilar. SARA o'rmonzor karibini tasvirlab berayotib, "Erkaklar davrida shoxlari bilan tez-tez va g'azablangan sparring janglarini olib borishadi. Katta shoxli katta erkaklar juftlashuvning ko'p qismini bajaradilar."^[64] Bug'u kiyiklari orqa moyni sarflamaguncha, kiyiklar ko'chib yurishni davom ettiradi.^[63][65][66]

Rutdan keyin kuzning oxiri yoki qish boshida erkak kiyiklari shoxlarini yo'qotib, keyingi yil yozida o'tgan yilgidan kattaroq tokchali yangi juft o'sadi. Ayol kiyiklari shoxlarini bolalashguncha saqlaydi. Skandinaviya populyatsiyasida keksa erkaklar shoxlari dekabrda, yosh erkaklar erta bahorda, urg'ochilar yozda tushadi.

Buqa kiyiklari shoxlarini qishning boshidan o'rtalariga qadar tashlaganida, shoxli bug 'kiyiklari eng yaxshi em-xashak joylariga kirish huquqini qo'lga kiritib, ovqatlanish iyerarxiyasida eng yuqori darajalarga ega bo'ladilar. Bu sigirlar shoxsiz sigirlardan ko'ra sog'lomroq.^[67] Onalarida shoxi bo'lmagan buzoqlar kasallikka ko'proq moyil bo'lib, o'lim darajasi ancha yuqori.^[67] Masalan, yaxshi ozuqaviy holatdagi urg'ochilar, qish mavsumi yaxshi bo'lgan yumshoq qish paytida, yangi shoxlarni erta o'sishi mumkin, chunki shox o'sishi yuqori iste'mol qilishni talab qiladi.^[67]

Hurmatga ko'ra Igloolik oqsoqol, so'nggi pog'onadagi lager rahbarlaridan biri bo'lgan Nuh Piugaattuk,^[68] karibu (tuktu) shoxlar^[63]

... har yili ajralib turing ... Yosh erkaklar shoxlardan baxmalni urg'ochi karibuga qaraganda ancha tezroq yo'qotadilar, ammo ular hali etuk emas. Ular baxmal tushib ketishi bilanoq shoxlari bilan ishlashni boshlaydilar. Yosh erkaklar shoxlari bilan kuzga qarab kurash olib borishmoqda ... baxmal qulab tushganidan so'ng, ular qizil rangga ega bo'ladi, chunki ular oqarib keta boshlaydilar, rang o'zgaradi ... Duxoba tusha boshlaganida shox qizil bo'ladi, chunki shox yasagan qondan. Shox - qotib qolgan qon, aslida baxmal yiqilib tushganda, hech bo'lmaganda bazaga yaqinlashganda, shoxning yadrosi hali ham qonli bo'ladi.

— Igloolik oqsoqoli Noa Piugaattuk "Tuktu - Karibu" (2002) da "Kanadaning qutbli hayoti

Ga ko'ra Igloolik og'zaki tarix loyihasi (IOHP), "Caribou shoxlari Inuitlarni qor pichoqlari va kuraklardan tortib quritadigan tokchalar va muhrni ovlash vositalariga qadar ko'plab vositalar bilan ta'minladilar. Murakkab atamalar to'plami shoxning har bir qismini tavsiflaydi va uni turli xil ishlatilishi bilan bog'laydi".^[63] Hozirda shoxlarning kattaroq tokchalaridan Inuit o'ymakorlik uchun materiallar sifatida foydalanmoqda. Iqaluit asosida ishlab chiqarilgan Jekopozi Oopakakning 1989 yildagi o'ymakorligi Nunali, "" odamlar yashaydigan joy "degan ma'noni anglatadi va doimiy kollektsiyaning bir qismidir Kanada milliy galereyasi, karibu shoxlarining ulkan to'plamini o'z ichiga oladi, u Inuitning miniatyura dunyosini juda murakkab tarzda o'yib topgan "Arktika qushlari, karibu, qutb ayıları, muhrlar va kitlar odamlarning baliq ovlash, ov qilish, terilarini tozalash, botinkalarini cho'zish, va it chanalari va baydarkada sayohat qilish ... shoxlar tagidan har bir novdaning uchiga qadar ".^[69]

Pelt

Ning rangi mo'yna shaxslar o'rtasida ham, mavsum va pastki ko'rinishga qarab ham sezilarli darajada farq qiladi. Odatda nisbatan kichik bo'lgan shimoliy populyatsiyalar oqargan bo'lsa, odatda nisbatan katta bo'lgan janubiy populyatsiyalar qorong'i. Buni Shimoliy Amerikada yaxshi ko'rish mumkin, bu erda eng shimoliy pastki turlari Peary caribou, materikning eng oq va mayda kichik turlari, eng janubiy pastki turlari esa boreal woodland caribou, eng qorong'i va eng kattasi.^[51]

The palto ikki qatlamli mo'yna bor: zich junli po'stin va havo bilan to'ldirilgan sochlardan tashkil topgan uzunroq sochlar.^{[70][Izohlar 4]} Mo'yna - bu bug 'kiyiklarini tartibga solish imkonini beradigan asosiy izolyatsion omil tana harorati ularning atrof-muhitiga nisbatan termogradient, hatto harorat 100 ° F (38 ° C) ga ko'tarilsa ham.^[71] 1913 yilda Dugmore o'rmonzor karibu boshqa sutemizuvchilardan farqli o'laroq suvdan shunchalik baland suzayotganini ta'kidladi, chunki ularning ichi bo'sh, "havo bilan to'ldirilgan, kvilingga o'xshash sochlar" qo'llab-quvvatlovchi "qutqaruv ko'ylagi" vazifasini o'taydi.^[72]

Qorinning qorong'i rangiga ikkita mutatsiya sabab bo'lishi mumkin MC1R. Ular uy podalarida ko'proq uchraydi.^[73]

Issiqlik almashinuvi

Oyoqlarda harakatlanayotgan qon, a ga tanaga qaytib kelgan qon bilan soviydi qarshi oqim almashinuvi (CCHE), terining yuzasi orqali issiqlik yo'qotilishini minimallashtirishning yuqori samarali vositasi. CCHE mexanizmida sovuq havoda qon tomirlari bir-biriga bog'lanib, teriga arteriyalar va iliq qonni tanaga qaytib boradigan iliq qonni tanaga qaytadigan qo'shimchalarga qo'shilib, sovuq qon olib boradigan iliq arteriya qonini sovuq venoz qon bilan issiqlik almashinuviga olib keladi. . Shunday qilib, ularning oyoqlari salqin tutilib, tana harorati harorati 30 ° C (54 ° F) dan yuqori bo'lib, atrof-muhitga kamroq issiqlik tushadi. Shunday qilib, issiqlik tarqalish o'rniga qayta ishlanadi. "Yurak doimiy ravishda tana harorati va shu bilan metabolizm darajasini saqlab turish uchun qonni tez surishi shart emas." CCHE tanadagi (yoki tashqarida) issiqlikni ushlab turish mexanizmi sifatida sovuq yoki issiq ob-havoning o'ta og'ir sharoitida yashaydigan kiyik, tulki va buq kabi hayvonlarda mavjud. Bu oqimning har ikki yo'nalishi uchun ishlatiladigan bir xil suyuqlik, odatda qon, zanjirda bo'lgan qarshi oqim almashinuv tizimlari.^[74]

Bug'ularning o'zlarida maxsus oqimga qarshi qon tomirlarining issiqlik almashinuvi mavjud burun yo'llari. Burun bo'ylab harorat gradyenti shilliq qavat fiziologik nazorat ostida. Kiruvchi sovuq havo isitiladi tana issiqligi o'pkaga va suvga kirmasdan oldin muddati o'tgan havodan kondensatsiya qilinadi va bug 'bug' nafasini chiqarguncha ushlanadi, keyin quruq kirib kelgan havoni namlash uchun ishlatiladi va ehtimol qon orqali shilliq pardalar.^[75] Yoqdi buloq, karibu burunlari bilan maxsus burunlarga ega turbinali suyaklar ichida sirt maydonini keskin oshiradigan burun teshiklari.

Tuyoqlar

Kiyikning qor yoki botqoqlarda yurish uchun yarim oy shaklida, chinnigul tuyoqli katta oyoqlari bor. Xavfli turlarning davlat reestriga ko'ra (SARA ), o'rmonzor^[64]

"Karibu to'rt oyoqli katta oyoqlari bor." Shudring tirnoqlari "deb nomlangan ikkita kichik oyoq barmoqlaridan tashqari, ularning og'irligi katta qismini ushlab turadigan va qor ostida oziq-ovqat qazishda belkurak vazifasini bajaradigan ikkita katta, yarim oy shaklidagi barmoqlari bor. konkav tuyoqlari nam, nam tuproqda va po'stloqli qorlarda barqaror qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.Toyoq yostiqlari yozda qalin, go'shtli shakldan o'zgarib, qish oylarida qattiq va ingichka bo'lib, hayvonning sovuq erga tushishini kamaytiradi. qishdan himoya qilish "oyoq barmoqlari" orasidagi uzun sochlardan kelib chiqadi; u kolodkalarni qoplaydi, shuning uchun karibu faqat tuyoqlarning shoxli chetida yuradi. "

— SARA 2014 yil

Kiyik tuyoqlar mavsumga moslashish: yozda, tundra yumshoq va ho'l bo'lganida, oyoq oyoqlari shimgichga o'xshash bo'lib, qo'shimcha tortishish imkonini beradi. Qishda, yostiqlar qisqaradi va qattiqlashadi, tuyoqning chetini ochib beradi, bu esa muzdan va qor qobig'ini siljitmaslik uchun kesib tashlaydi. Bu ularga qor orqali eng sevimli ovqatlariga qazish ("kratering" deb nomlanuvchi faoliyat), a liken sifatida tanilgan kiyik liken (Cladonia rangiferina).^[76][77]

Hajmi

Boshsuyagi

Odatda urg'ochilarning uzunligi 162-205 sm (64-81 dyuym) va vazni 80-120 kg (180-260 lb).^[78] Erkaklar (yoki ko'pincha ularni "buqalar" deb atashadi) odatda kattaroq (turli xil pastki turlari orasida o'zgarib turadi), uzunligi 180-214 sm (71-84 dyuym) va vazni 159-182 kg (351). –401 funt).^[78] Juda katta erkaklarning vazni 318 kg (701 funt) ga teng.^[78] Og'irligi fasllar o'rtasida keskin o'zgarib turadi, erkaklar vaznga qadar vaznining 40% gacha yo'qotishadi.^[79]

Yelkaning balandligi odatda 85 dan 150 sm gacha (33 dan 59 dyuymgacha), dumi esa 14 dan 20 sm gacha (5,5 dan 7,9 dyuymgacha).

Svalbarddan kelgan kiyik eng kichigi. Ular, shuningdek, nisbatan qisqa oyoqli va elkalarining balandligi 80 sm (31 dyuym) gacha bo'lishi mumkin,^[80] shu bilan amal qilish Allen qoidasi.

Tovush bosilmoqda

Kiyikning ko'plab kichik turlarining tizzalari yurish paytida chertish ovozini chiqarishga moslashgan.^[81] Ovozlar tizzalarning tendonlaridan kelib chiqadi va o'n metr (metr) masofada eshitilishi mumkin. Tizlarni chertish chastotasi - bu kiyiklar orasida ustunlik shkalasida nisbiy pozitsiyalarni o'rnatadigan signallarning bir qatoridir. "Xususan, baland ovoz bilan tizzani bosish tanadagi kattalikdagi halol signal ekanligi aniqlanib, sutemizuvchilardagi ovozsiz akustik aloqa imkoniyatlarining ajoyib namunasini beradi."^[81] Kiyikning yurish paytida chiqaradigan chertish ovozi mayda tendonlarning oyoqlarida suyak o'simtalari (sesamoid suyaklari) ustidan sirpanishidan kelib chiqadi.^[82][83] Ovoz kiyik yurayotganda yoki yugurayotganda, oyoqning butun og'irligi erga tushganda yoki og'irlikdan xalos bo'lgandan keyingina paydo bo'ladi.^[72]

Ko'zlar

Dan tadqiqotchilar tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqot London universiteti kolleji 2011 yilda bug 'kiyimi to'lqin uzunliklarini 320 nm (ya'ni ultrabinafsha diapazonida) qisqa masofada, odamning 400 nm ostonasidan ancha pastda ko'rishi mumkinligini aniqladi. Ushbu qobiliyat ularga Arktikada omon qolish uchun yordam beradi, deb o'ylashadi, chunki siydik va mo'yna kabi odamlarga ko'rinadigan yorug'likda landshaftga aralashadigan ko'plab ob'ektlar ultrabinafsha rangida keskin qarama-qarshiliklarni keltirib chiqaradi.^[84] The tapetum lucidum Arktika kiyiklari ko'zlari tunda qorong'ulik paytida ko'rish qobiliyatini yaxshilash uchun yozda oltindan qishda ko'k ranggacha o'zgarib, yirtqichlarni yaxshiroq aniqlashga imkon beradi.^[85]

Biologiya va o'zini tutish

Mavsumiy tana tarkibi

Shved kiyiklari

Bug'ular iliq oylarda ham, sovuq oylarda ham metabolizmning optimal samaradorligi uchun moslashuvlarni ishlab chiqdilar.^[86] Kiyiklarning tana tarkibi yil fasllariga qarab juda farq qiladi. Sezon orasida nasl beradigan va nasl bermaydigan ayollarning tana tarkibi va dietasi alohida qiziqish uyg'otadi. Mart va sentyabr oylari orasida naslga beriladigan urg'ochi urg'ochi ayollarga qaraganda tana massasi ko'proq, nasli bo'lmagan ayollarga qaraganda 10 kg (20lb) ko'proq. Noyabrdan dekabrga qadar naslga berilmagan urg'ochi urg'ochi urg'ochilarga qaraganda ko'proq tana massasiga ega, chunki nasl bermaydigan ayollar o'z kuchlarini laktatsiya va ko'payish o'rniga sovuq oylarda saqlashga yo'naltirishga qodir. Ham naslli, ham naslli bo'lmagan urg'ochilarning tana massalari sentyabr oyida eng yuqori darajaga etadi. Mart oyidan aprel oyigacha nasl beradigan urg'ochi urg'ochi urg'ochi ayollarga qaraganda ko'proq yog 'massasi bor, ularning farqi deyarli 3 kg (7lb). Shundan so'ng, nasl bermaydigan urg'ochilar urg'ochi urg'ochilarga qaraganda o'rtacha yog 'massasiga ega.^[87]

Kiyiklarning oziqlanishida atrof-muhitning o'zgarishi katta rol o'ynaydi, chunki qishki ovqatlanish kattalar va yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloqlarning hayot darajasi uchun juda muhimdir.^[88] Likenler qish oylarida asosiy oziq-ovqat hisoblanadi, chunki ular tayyor oziq-ovqat manbai bo'lib, bu tanadagi zaxiraga bo'lgan ishonchni kamaytiradi.^[87] Lishayniklar kiyik parhezining hal qiluvchi qismidir; ammo, ular homilador bo'lmagan bug'doy parhezida homilador bo'lmaganlarga nisbatan kamroq tarqalgan. Oziqlanish qiymati yo'qligi sababli dietada liken miqdori homilador odamlarga qaraganda homilador bo'lmagan kattalar dietasida ko'proq uchraydi. Likenler uglevodlarga boy bo'lsa-da, qon tomir o'simliklarni ta'minlaydigan muhim oqsillarga ega emas. Ratsiondagi liken miqdori kenglik bo'yicha kamayadi, buning natijasida liken kam bo'lgan joylarda ozuqaviy stress yuqori bo'ladi.^[89]

Ko'paytirish va hayot aylanishi

Sentyabr oyining oxiridan noyabr oyining boshigacha bug'doy jufti bo'lib, homiladorlik davri taxminan 228–234 kunni tashkil qiladi.^[90] Juftlik davrida erkaklar urg'ochilarga kirish uchun kurashadilar. Ikkita erkak bir-birining shoxini bir-biriga bog'lab qo'yadi va bir-birlarini itarishga urinadi. Eng dominant erkaklar juftlashish uchun 15-20 ta urg'ochi to'plashi mumkin. Erkak bu vaqtda ovqat eyishni to'xtatadi va tanadagi zaxiralarning katta qismini yo'qotadi.^[91]

Buzoq uchun "urg'ochilar ko'llar, torf, ko'l qirg'oqlari yoki tundradagi orollar kabi izolyatsiya qilingan, nisbatan yirtqichlardan xoli joylarga sayohat qilishadi".^[64] Urg'ochilar buzoqlarini tug'ilishi uchun yashash joyini tanlaganlarida, ular erkaklarnikiga qaraganda hiyla-nayranglidir.^[90] Dugmorning ta'kidlashicha, mavsumiy ko'chib o'tishda podalar shu sababli kaptarga ergashadi.^[72] Yangi tug'ilgan chaqaloqlarning vazni o'rtacha 6 kg (13 funt) ni tashkil qiladi.^[79] May yoki iyun oylarida buzoqlar tug'iladi.^[90] 45 kundan keyin buzoqlar boqish va em-xashak qilish imkoniyatiga ega, ammo emizishni keyingi kuzgacha onalaridan mustaqil bo'lguncha davom ettiradi.^[91]

Erkaklar ayollarga qaraganda to'rt yil kamroq yashaydilar, ularning maksimal umri taxminan 17 yil. Oddiy tana hajmiga ega va yozda etarli miqdorda ovqatlanadigan ayollar, istalgan vaqtda bir yoshdan uch yoshgacha ko'payishi mumkin.^[90] Ayol ozuqaviy stressni boshdan kechirganda, uning yil davomida ko'paymasligi mumkin.^[92] Tana kattaligi kattaroq va shoxli tokchali dominant erkaklar bir mavsumda bir nechta dona urug'lantiradilar.

Ijtimoiy tuzilish, migratsiya va diapazon

Shoxning kattaligi podada ierarxiyani o'rnatishda muhim rol o'ynaydi.^[93]

Shimoliy Amerika karibularining ba'zi populyatsiyalari, masalan, unumsiz karibu kichik turkumidagi ko'plab podalar va ba'zi o'rmonzor karibu. Ungava va Labrador, ko'chib o'tish har yili quruqlikdagi sutemizuvchilardan eng yirigi, yiliga 5000 km (3000 mil) masofani bosib o'tgan va 1000000 km masofani bosib o'tgan² (400,000 kvadrat milya)^[2][94] Masalan, boshqa shimoliy amerika aholisi, masalan, boreal o'rmonzorlari, deyarli harakatsiz.^[95] Evropa aholisi migratsiyasi qisqaroq ekanligi ma'lum. Quyi turlar kabi orol podalari R. t. pearsoni va R. t. platirxinxus mahalliy harakatlarni amalga oshirish. Ko'chib yuruvchi bug'uga parazit yuklari salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. Kuchli yuqtirgan shaxslar zaif va, ehtimol, umr ko'rish muddati qisqartirilgan, ammo parazitlar darajasi populyatsiyalar orasida farq qiladi. Yuqumli kasalliklar ma'lum bo'lgan effektni yaratadi yo'q qilish: yuqtirgan ko'chib yuruvchi hayvonlar migratsiyani tugatish ehtimoli kam.^[96]

Odatda migratsiya paytida kuniga taxminan 19-55 km (12-34 milya) sayohat qilgan karibu soatiga 60-80 km (37-50 milya) tezlikda harakatlana oladi.^[2] Yosh karibu bir kunlik bo'lganida allaqachon olimpiya sprinteridan o'tib ketishi mumkin.^[97] Bahorgi ko'chish paytida kichikroq podalar birlashib, 50-500 ming hayvondan iborat katta podalarni hosil qiladi, ammo kuzgi ko'chish paytida guruhlar kichrayib, kiyiklar juftlasha boshlaydi. Qish paytida kiyiklar qor ostida ovqatlanish uchun o'rmonli hududlarga sayohat qilishadi. Bahorga kelib, guruhlar qishlash joylaridan chiqib, buzoqxonalarga borishadi. Kiyik osonlikcha va tez suzadi, odatda soatiga 6,5 ​​km (4 milya) tezlikda, ammo kerak bo'lganda 10 km / soat (6 milya) tezlikda suzishi mumkin va ko'chib yuruvchi podalar katta ko'l yoki keng daryo bo'ylab suzishdan qo'rqmaydi.^[2]

Arktika muhitiga moslashish sifatida ular o'zlarini yo'qotdilar sirkadiyalik ritm.^[98]

Ekologiya

Tarqatish va yashash muhiti

Shved kiyiklari yurish

Kiyik Suomussalmi, Finlyandiya

Dastlab, kiyik topilgan Skandinaviya, sharqiy Evropa, Grenlandiya, Rossiya, Mo'g'uliston va shimoliy Xitoy shimoliy 50-kenglik. Shimoliy Amerikada u Kanadada, Alyaska va AQShning shimoliy konterminusi Vashington ga Meyn. 19-asrda u janubda hali ham mavjud edi Aydaho.^[2] Hatto tarixiy davrlarda ham bu tabiiy ravishda sodir bo'lgan Irlandiya va Shotlandiyada 12-asrga qadar so'nggi Bug'u ovlangan paytgacha yashagan deb ishoniladi Orkney.^[99] Kechki payt Pleystotsen davr, bug 'janubi qadar janubda sodir bo'lgan Nevada va Tennessi Shimoliy Amerikada va shuncha janubda Ispaniya Evropada.^[93][100] Bugungi kunda yovvoyi kiyik bu hududlardan g'oyib bo'ldi, ayniqsa janubiy qismlarda, u deyarli hamma joyda g'oyib bo'ldi. Yovvoyi kiyiklarning yirik populyatsiyalari hali ham mavjud Norvegiya, Finlyandiya, Sibir, Grenlandiya, Alyaska va Kanada.

Grubb (2005) ga ko'ra, Rangifer tarandus Svalbard, Norvegiya, Finlyandiya, Rossiya, Alyaska (AQSh) va Kanadaning ko'p qismidagi Arktika orollari va Grenlandiyadan janubdan shimolga qadar "tundra va taygada sirkumboreal". Mo'g'uliston, Xitoy (Ichki Mo'g'uliston; endi faqat uy sharoitida yoki vahshiymi?), Saxalin oroli, va AQSh (Shimoliy Aydaho va Buyuk ko'llar mintaqasi). Shimoliy bug 'kiyiklari Islandiyada tanishtirildi va vahshiyona, Kerguelen orollari, Janubiy Jorjiya oroli, Pribilof orollari, Sent-Metyu oroli."^[9]

Kuchli mintaqaviy o'zgarish mavjud Rangifer podaning kattaligi. Alohida podalar orasida aholi sonining katta tafovutlari mavjud va alohida podalar hajmi 1970 yildan buyon juda xilma-xildir. Barcha podalarning eng kattasi (Rossiyaning Taymir shahrida) 400000-1000.000 orasida o'zgargan; ikkinchi yirik podasi (Kanadadagi Jorj daryosida) 28000 dan 385000 gacha o'zgargan.

Esa Rangifer shimoldagi keng tarqalgan va ko'p sonli tur Holarktika, ikkalasida ham mavjud tundra va taiga (boreal o'rmon),^[93] 2013 yilga kelib, ko'plab podalar "g'ayrioddiy kam sonlarga" ega bo'lgan va ayniqsa ularning qishlash doiralari avvalgidan kichikroq bo'lgan.^[4] Karibu va bug 'kiyiklari tarixiy jihatdan o'zgarib turdi, ammo ko'plab podalar ularning diapazonida kamayib bormoqda.^[101] Ushbu global pasayish bilan bog'liq Iqlim o'zgarishi shimoliy ko'chib yuruvchi podalar uchun va migratsion bo'lmagan podalar uchun yashash muhitining sanoat buzilishi.^[102] Tuproqsiz karibu ta'siriga sezgir Iqlim o'zgarishi tufayli nomuvofiqlik ichida fenologik jarayon, bolalash davrida oziq-ovqat mavjudligi o'rtasida.^{[103][104][105]}

2016 yil noyabr oyida Rossiyada iqlim o'zgarishi natijasida 81 mingdan ortiq kiyik o'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi. Yomg'irning ko'payishiga olib keladigan uzoq kuzlar bir necha santimetrlik muzni yaratdi liken, ko'plab kiyiklarning ochligi.^[106]

Parhez

Karibu yo'ldan tuz yalashmoqda Britaniya Kolumbiyasi

Bug'u bor kavsh qaytaruvchi hayvonlar, to'rt kamerali oshqozonga ega. Ular asosan ovqatlanadilar likenler qishda, ayniqsa kiyik liken - sutemizuvchilar orasida o'ziga xos moslashish - ular ichakdagi maxsus bakteriyalar va protozoa tufayli likenni metabolizmga qodir bo'lgan yagona yirik sutemizuvchilardir.^[107] Ular faqat hayvonlardir (ba'zilaridan tashqari) gastropodlar ) unda ferment parchalanadigan likenaza likenin ga glyukoza, topildi.^[108] Biroq, ular barglarini ham iste'mol qiladilar tollar va qayinlar, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga toshlar va o'tlar.

Ular o'zlarining tushgan shoxlarini, ehtimol kaltsiy uchun iste'mol qilishlari ma'lum bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ba'zida ba'zi bir dalillar mavjud, ayniqsa bahorda ular oziqlanish holatiga tushganda,^[109] ular kichik kemiruvchilar bilan oziqlanadi (masalan lemmings ),^[110] baliq (masalan Arktika char ) va qush tuxumlari.^[111] Bug'u kiyimi Chukchilar have been known to devour mushrooms enthusiastically in late summer.^[112]

During the Arctic summer, when there is continuous daylight, reindeer change their sleeping pattern from one synchronised with the sun ga ultradian pattern in which they sleep when they need to digest food.^[113]

Yirtqichlar

Reindeer standing on snow to avoid bloodsucking insects.

A variety of predators prey heavily on reindeer, including overhunting by people in some areas, which contributes to the decline of populations.^[64]

Oltin burgutlar prey on calves and are the most prolific hunter on the calving grounds.^[114] Bo'rilar will take newborn calves or birthing cows, as well as (less commonly) infirm adults.

Jigarrang ayiqlar va oq ayiqlar prey on reindeer of all ages, but like the wolverines they are most likely to attack weaker animals, such as calves and sick reindeer, since healthy adult reindeer can usually outpace a bear. The kulrang bo'ri is the most effective natural predator of adult reindeer and sometimes takes large numbers, especially during the winter. Some wolf packs as well as individual grizzly bears in Canada may follow and live off of a particular reindeer herd year round.^[115][116]

Additionally, as carrion, reindeer may be scavenged opportunistically by tulkilar, qirg'iylar va qarg'alar.

Bloodsucking insects, such as chivinlar (Culicidae), qora pashshalar (Simuliidae) va shishalar va deer botflies (Oestridae, specifically, the reindeer warble fly (Gipoderma tarandi ) and the reindeer nose botfly (Sefenemiya tromasi )), are a plague to reindeer during the summer and can cause enough stress to inhibit feeding and calving behaviours.^[117] An adult reindeer will lose perhaps about 1 litre (about 2 US pints) of blood to biting insects for every week it spends in the tundra.^[97] The population numbers of some of these predators is influenced by the migration of reindeer.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Tormenting insects keep caribou on the move searching for windy areas like hilltops and mountain ridges, rock reefs, lakeshore and forest openings, or snow patches that offer respite from the buzzing horde. Gathering in large herds is another strategy that caribou use to block insects.^[118]

In one case, the entire body of a reindeer was found in the stomach of a Grenlandiya akulasi, a species found in the far northern Atlantika, although this was possibly a case of scavenging, considering the dissimilarity of habitats between the tuyoqli and the large, slow-moving fish.^[119]

Boshqa tahdidlar

Oq dumli kiyik (Odocoileus virginianus) commonly carry meningeal worm or brainworm, a nematod parasite that causes reindeer, buloq (Alces Alces), elk (Cervus canadensis) va xachir kiyik (Odocoileus hemionus) to develop fatal neurological symptoms^{[120][121][122]} which include a loss of fear of humans. White-tailed deer that carry this worm are partly immune to it.^[79]

Changes in climate and habitat beginning in the twentieth century have expanded range overlap between white-tailed deer and caribou, increasing the frequency of infection within the reindeer population. This increase in infection is a concern for wildlife managers. Human activities, such as "clear-cutting forestry practices, forest fires, and the clearing for agriculture, roadways, railways, and power lines," favour the conversion of habitats into the preferred habitat of the white-tailed deer-"open forest interspersed with meadows, clearings, grasslands, and riparian flatlands."^[79]

Tabiatni muhofaza qilish

Hozirgi holat

While overall widespread and numerous, some pastki turlari are rare and at least one has already gone yo'q bo'lib ketgan.^[10][11] 2015 yildan boshlab IUCN has classified the reindeer as Zaif due to an observed population decline of 40% over the last ≈25 years.^[2] According to IUCN, Rangifer tarandus as a species is not endangered because of its overall large population and its widespread range.^[2]

Shimoliy Amerikada, R. t. davsoni bu yo'q bo'lib ketgan,^{[123][11][10]} R. t. pearyi is endangered, R. t. karibu is designated as threatened and some individual populations are endangered. While the subspecies R. t. granti va R. t. groenlandicus are not designated as threatened, many individual herds—including some of the largest—are declining and there is much concern at the local level.^[124]

Rangifer tarandus is "endangered in Canada in regions such as south-east British Columbia at the Canadian-USA border, along the Kolumbiya, Kootenay va Kootenay rivers and around Kootenay ko'li. Rangifer tarandus is endangered in the United States in Aydaho va Vashington.

There is strong regional variation in Rangifer herd size, By 2013 many caribou herds in North America had "unusually low numbers" and their winter ranges in particular were smaller than they used to be.^[124] Caribou numbers have fluctuated historically, but many herds are in decline across their range.^[125] There are many factors contributing to the decline in numbers.^[126]

Boreal woodland caribou (COSEWIC designation as threatened)

Ongoing human development of their yashash joyi has caused populations of woodland caribou to disappear from their original southern range. In particular, caribou were qirilib ketgan in many areas of eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century. Woodland caribou were designated as tahdid qildi 2002 yilda.^[13] Atrof-muhit Kanada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34,000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada (Environment Canada, 2011b).^[14] Professor Marco Musiani of the University of Calgary said in a statement that "The woodland caribou is already an endangered species in southern Canada and the United States....[The] warming of the planet means the disappearance of their critical habitat in these regions. Caribou need undisturbed lichen-rich environments and these types of habitats are disappearing."^[127]

Woodland caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range and were designated as tahdid qildi tomonidan 2002 yilda Kanadada yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan hayvonot dunyosi holati bo'yicha qo'mita, (COSEWIC).^[13] Environment Canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34 000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada.(Atrof-muhit Kanada, 2011b).^[14] "According to Geist, the "woodland caribou is highly endangered throughout its distribution right into Ontario."^[9]

In 2002 the Atlantic-Gaspésie population of the woodland caribou was designated as endangered by COSEWIC. The small isolated population of 200 animals was at risk from predation and habitat loss.

Peary caribou (COSEWIC designation as endangered)

In 1991 COSEWIC assigned "endangered status" to the Banks Island and High Arctic populations of Peary caribou. The Low Arctic population of Peary caribou was designated as threatened. By 2004 all three were designated as "endangered."^[123]

Numbers have declined by about 72% over the last three generations, mostly because of catastrophic die-off likely related to severe icing episodes. The ice covers the vegetation and caribou starve. Voluntary restrictions on hunting by local people are in place, but have not stopped population declines. Because of the continuing decline and expected changes in long-term weather patterns, this subspecies is at imminent risk of extinction.

— ^[123]

Odamlar bilan munosabatlar

Reindeer pulling a sled in Russia

The reindeer has an important economic role for all sirkumpolyar xalqlar shu jumladan Saami, Nenets, Xants, Evenks, Yukagirs, Chukchi va Koryaks yilda Evroosiyo. It is believed that domestication started between the Bronza va Temir asrlar. Siberian reindeer owners also use the reindeer to ride on (Siberian reindeer are larger than their Scandinavian relatives). For breeders, a single owner may own hundreds or even thousands of animals. The numbers of Russian reindeer herders have been drastically reduced since the fall of the Sovet Ittifoqi. Sotish mo'yna and meat is an important source of income. Reindeer were introduced into Alaska near the end of the 19th century; they interbred with the native caribou subspecies there. Reindeer herders on the Seward yarimoroli have experienced significant losses to their herds from animals (such as wolves) following the wild caribou during their migrations.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Kiyik go'sht is popular in the Scandinavian countries. Kiyik köfte are sold canned. Sakit kiyik is the best-known dish in Sápmi. In Alaska and Finland, reindeer kolbasa is sold in supermarkets and oziq-ovqat do'konlari. Reindeer meat is very tender and lean. It can be prepared fresh, but also dried, tuzlangan and hot- and cold-chekilgan. In addition to meat, almost all of the internal organs of reindeer can be eaten, some being traditional dishes.^[128] Bundan tashqari, Lapin Poron liha, fresh reindeer meat completely produced and packed in Finnish Sápmi, is protected in Europe with PDO tasnif.^[129][130]

Kiyik shox are powdered and sold as an afrodizyak, or as an nutritional or medicinal supplement, to Asian markets.

The blood of the caribou was supposedly mixed with alcohol as drink by hunters and loggers in colonial Quebec to counter the cold. This drink is now enjoyed without the blood as a wine and whiskey drink known as Karibu.^[131][132]

Reindeer and indigenous peoples

Wild reindeer are still hunted in Greenland and in North America. In the traditional lifestyle of the Inuit people, the Northern Birinchi millatlar odamlar, the Alyaska tub aholisi, va Kalalit of Greenland, reindeer is an important source of food, clothing, shelter and tools.

Early 20th Century Inuit parka from caribou skin

The Caribou Inuit are inland-dwelling Inuit in present-day Nunavut "s Keewatin Region, Canada, now known as the Kivalliq viloyati. They subsisted on caribou year-round, eating dried caribou meat in the winter. The Ihalmiut are caribou Inuit that followed the Qamanirjuaq barren-ground caribou herd.^[133]

There is an Inuit saying in the Kivalliq viloyati:^[107]

The caribou feeds the wolf, but it is the wolf who keeps the caribou strong.

— Kivalliq region

Elder Chief of Koyukuk and chair for the Western Arctic Caribou Herd Working Group Benedict Jones, or K’ughto’oodenool’o’, represents the Middle Yukon daryosi, Alyaska. His grandmother was a member of the Caribou Clan, who travelled with the caribou as a means to survive. In 1939, they were living the traditional life style at one of their hunting camps in Koyukuk near the location of what is now the Koyukuk milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi. His grandmother made a pair of new mukluks in one day. K’ughto’oodenool’o’ recounted a story told by an elder, who "worked on the steamboats during the oltin shoshilish days out on the Yukon." In late August the caribou migrated from the Alaska Range up north to Xusliya, Koyukuk and the Tanana maydon. One year when the steamboat was unable to continue they ran into a caribou herd numbering estimated at a million animals, migrating across Yukon. "They tied up for seven days waiting for the caribou to cross. They ran out of wood for the steamboats, and had to go back down 40 miles to the wood pile to pick up some more wood. On the tenth day, they came back and they said there was still caribou going across the river night and day."^[29]

The Gwich'in, the indigenous people of northwestern Canada and northeastern Alaska, have been dependent on the international migratory Cho'chqa karibu herd for millennia.^[134]:142 To them caribou—vadzaih—is the cultural symbol and a keystone subsistence species of the Gwich'in, just as the buffalo is to the Plains Indians.^[135] Innovatsion tilni qayta tiklash projects are underway to document the language and to enhance the writing and translation skills of younger Gwich'in speakers. In one project lead research associate and fluent speaker Gwich’in elder Kenneth Frank works with linguists which include young Gwich'in speakers affiliated with the Alyaska ona tili markazi da Alyaska universiteti yilda Feyrbanks to document traditional knowledge of caribou anatomy. The main goal of the research, was to "elicit not only what the Gwich'in know about caribou anatomy, but how they see caribou and what they say and believe about caribou that defines themselves, their dietary and nutritional needs, and their subsistence way of life."^[135] Elders have identified at least 150 descriptive Gwich'in names for all of the bones, organs and tissues. Associated with the caribou's anatomy are not just descriptive Gwich'in names for all of the body parts including bones, organs, and tissues, but also "an encyclopedia of stories, songs, games, toys, ceremonies, traditional tools, skin clothing, personal names and surnames, and a highly developed ethnic cuisine."^[135]

In the 1980s, Gwich'in Traditional Management Practices were established to protect the Cho'chqa karibu, ustiga Gvich'in people depend. They "codified traditional principles of caribou management into tribal law" which include "limits on the harvest of caribou and procedures to be followed in processing and transporting caribou meat" and limits on the number of caribou to be taken per hunting trip.^[136]

Bug'u parvarishi

A reindeer sled, Arxangelsk, Rossiya. Late nineteenth-century fotokrom

Milking reindeer in Western Finnmark, Norvegiya 19-asrda

The reindeer is the only domesticated deer in the world, though it may be more accurate to consider reindeer as semi-domesticated. Reindeer in northern Fennoscandia (northern Norvegiya, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya ) as well in the Kola yarim oroli va Yakutiya in Russia, are all^{[shubhali – muhokama qilish]} semi-wild domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus f. ichki), ear-marked by their owners. Some reindeer in the area are truly domesticated, mostly used as draught animals (nowadays commonly for tourist entertainment and races, traditionally important for the nomadic Sámi). Domesticated reindeer have also been used for milk, e.g. Norvegiyada.

There are only two genetically pure populations of wild reindeer in Northern Europe: wild mountain reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) that live in central Norway, with a population in 2007 of between 6,000 and 8,400 animals;^[137] and wild Finnish forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) that live in central and eastern Finland and in Russian Kareliya, with a population of about 4,350, plus 1,500 in Arxangelsk and 2,500 in Komi.^[138]

DNA analysis indicates that reindeer were independently domesticated in Fennoskandiya va g'arbiy Rossiya (and possibly Eastern Russia).^[139] Kiyik kiyiklari bo'lgan chorvador for centuries by several Arctic and sub-Arctic peoples, including the Sami, Nenets va Yakutlar. They are raised for their meat, hides and antlers and, to a lesser extent, for milk and transportation. Reindeer are not considered fully domesticated, as they generally roam free on pasture grounds. In traditional nomadic herding, reindeer herders migrate with their herds between coastal and inland areas according to an annual migration route and herds are keenly tended. However, reindeer were not bred in captivity, though they were tamed for milking as well as for use as draught animals or yuk hayvonlari.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Uy sharoitida reindeer are shorter-legged and heavier than their wild counterparts.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

The use of reindeer for transportation is common among the nomadic peoples of northern Russia (but not anymore in Scandinavia). Although a sled drawn by 20 reindeer will cover no more than 20–25 km (12 to 15 miles) a day (compared to 7–10 km; 4 to 6 miles on foot, 70–80 km; 45 to 50 miles by a dog sled loaded with cargo and 150–180 km; 90 to 110 miles by a dog sled without cargo), it has the advantage that the reindeer will discover their own food, while a pack of 5–7 sled dogs requires 10–14 kg (25 to 30 lb) of fresh fish a day.^[140]

The use of reindeer as semi-domesticated livestock in Alaska was introduced in the late 19th century by the AQSh daromadlarini kesish xizmati, yordami bilan Sheldon Jekson, as a means of providing a livelihood for Mahalliy xalqlar U yerda.^[141] Reindeer were imported first from Siberia and later also from Norway. A regular mail run in Uels, Alyaska, used a sleigh drawn by reindeer.^[142] In Alaska, reindeer herders use sun'iy yo'ldosh telemetry to track their herds, using online maps and databases to chart the herd's progress.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Uy sharoitida reindeer are mostly found in northern Fennoskandiya and Russia, with a herd of approximately 150–170 reindeer living around the Cairngorms mintaqa Shotlandiya. The last remaining wild tundra reindeer in Europe are found in portions of southern Norway.^[143] The International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry (ICR), a circumpolar organisation, was established in 2005 by the Norwegian government. ICR represents over 20 indigenous reindeer peoples and about 100,000 reindeer herders in 9 different national states.^[144] In Finland, there are about 6,000 reindeer herders, most of whom keep small herds of less than 50 reindeer to raise additional income. With 185,000 reindeer (2001), the industry produces 2,000 tons of reindeer meat and generates 35 million euros annually. 70% of the meat is sold to slaughterhouses. Reindeer herders are eligible for national and EU qishloq xo'jaligi subventsiyalari, which constituted 15% of their income. Reindeer herding is of central importance for the local economies of small communities in sparsely populated rural Sápmi.^[145]

Currently, many reindeer herders are heavily dependent on dizel yoqilg'isi ta'minlash elektr generatorlari va qor avtomobili transportation, although solar fotoelektrik systems can be used to reduce diesel dependency.^[146]

Tarixda

Reindeer hunting by humans has a very long history and wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting."^[15]

Ikkalasi ham Aristotel va Teofrastus qisqacha hisob-kitoblarga ega - ehtimol xuddi shu manbaga asoslanib - nomlangan buqa kiyiklari turiga mansub tarandos, living in the land of the Badanlar yilda Skifiya, which was able to change the colour of its fur to obtain camouflage. Ikkinchisi, ehtimol, kiyikning mo'yna rangining mavsumiy o'zgarishini noto'g'ri tushunishdir. The descriptions have been interpreted as being of reindeer living in the southern Ural tog'lari v. Miloddan avvalgi 350 yil^[20]

The tragelaphus or deer-goat

A deer-like animal described by Yuliy Tsezar uning ichida Bello Gallico sharhlari (chapter 6.26) from the Herkin o'rmoni in the year 53 BC is most certainly to be interpreted as reindeer:^[20][147]

Bor ho'kiz shaklida shakllangan qoqmoq. In the middle of its forehead a single horn grows between its ears, taller and straighter than the animal horns with which we are familiar. At the top this horn spreads out like the palm of a hand or the branches of a tree. The females are of the same form as the males, and their horns are the same shape and size.

Ga binoan Olaus Magnus "s Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus – printed in Rim in 1555 – Shvetsiyalik Gustav I sent 10 reindeer to Albert I, Prussiya gersogi, in the year 1533. It may be these animals that Konrad Gessner had seen or heard of.

Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Sovet armiyasi used reindeer as hayvonlar to'plami to transport food, ammunition and post from Murmansk uchun Karelian front and bring wounded soldiers, pilots and equipment back to the base. About 6,000 reindeer and more than 1,000 reindeer herders were part of the operation. Most herders were Nenets, who were mobilised from the Nenets avtonom okrugi, but reindeer herders from Murmansk, Arxangelsk va Komi ham ishtirok etdi.^[148][149]

Santa Klausning kiyiklari

Two Scottish reindeer relax after pulling Santa's sleigh at the switching on of Christmas lights

Around the world, public interest in reindeer peaks in the Christmas period.^[150] Ga binoan folklor, qor bobo, Santa Klaus 's sleigh is pulled by flying reindeer. These were first named in the 1823 poem "Aziz Nikolayga tashrif ", where they are called Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder, and Blixem.^[151] Dunder was later changed to Donder and—in other works—Donner (in German, "thunder") and Blixem was later changed to Bliksem, then Blitzen (blits being German for "lightning"). Some consider Rudolph as part of the group as well, though he was not part of the original named work referenced previously. Rudolph was added by Robert L. May in 1939 in his book Rudolph Qizil burun kiyik.^[152]

In mythology and art

Among the Inuit, there is a story of the origin of the caribou,^[153]

Once upon a time there were no caribou on the earth. But there was a man who wished for caribou, and he cut a hole deep in the ground, and up this hole came caribou, many caribou. The caribou came pouring out, until the earth was almost covered with them. And when the man thought there were caribou enough for mankind, he closed up the hole again. Thus the caribou came up on earth.

— ^[153]

Inuit artists from the barren lands, incorporate depictions of caribou—and items made from caribou antlers and skin—in carvings, drawings, prints and sculpture.

Contemporary Canadian artist Brayan Jungen ning, ning Dunne-za First Nations ancestry, commissioned an installation entitled "The ghosts on top of my head" (2010–11) in Banff, Alberta, which depicts the antlers of caribou, elk and moose.^[154]

I remember a story my Uncle Jack told me – a Dunne-Za creation story about how animals once ruled the earth and were ten times their size and that got me thinking about scale and using the idea of the antler, which is a thing that everyone is scared of, and making it into something more approachable and abstract.

— Brian Jungen 2011^[154]

Tomson shosse, SM^[155] a Kanadalik va Kri dramaturg, yozuvchi va bolalar muallifi, who was born in a remote area north of Brochet, Manitoba.^[155] His father, Joe Highway, was a caribou hunter. His 2001 children's book entitled Caribou Song/atíhko níkamon was selected as one of the "Top 10 Children’s Books" by the Canadian newspaper Globe and Mail. The young protagonists of Caribou Song, like Tomson himself, followed the caribou herd with their families.

Heraldry and symbols

A reindeer in the coats of arms of Kuusamo

Several Norwegian municipalities have one or more reindeer depicted in their coats-of-arms: Eyfyord, Porsanger, Rendalen, Tromsø, Vadsø va Vågå. The historic province of Vestererbotten yilda Shvetsiya has a reindeer in its coat of arms. Hozirgi Vesterbotten tumani has very different borders and uses the reindeer combined with other symbols in its coat-of-arms. Shahar Piteå also has a reindeer. Uchun logotip Umea universiteti features three reindeer.^[156]

The Canadian 25-cent coin, or "chorak " features a depiction of a caribou on one face. The caribou is the official provincial animal of Nyufaundlend va Labrador, Canada, and appears on the Nunavut gerbi. A caribou statue was erected at the centre of the Bomont-Xamel Nyufaundlend yodgorligi, marking the spot in France where hundreds of soldiers from Newfoundland were killed and wounded in Birinchi jahon urushi and there is a replica in Bowring parki in St. John's, Newfoundland's capital city.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Two municipalities in Finland have reindeer motifs in their coats-of-arms: Kuusamo^[157] has a running reindeer and Inari^[158] has a fish with reindeer antlers.

Shuningdek qarang

• Rangifer (burjlar turkumi)
• Rangifer (jurnal)
• Kiyik politsiyasi

Parazitlar

• Gipoderma tarandi
• Sefenemiya tromasi
• Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• "Caribou uchun mo'ljallangan birliklar (Rangifer tarandus) Kanadada " (PDF). COSEWIC. Ottava, Ontario: Kanadada yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan hayvonot dunyosi holati bo'yicha qo'mita. 2011. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 3 martda. Olingan 18 dekabr 2013.

Tashqi havolalar

• "Karibu aholini ro'yxatga olish yakunlandi: 325000 jonivor" (PDF), Karibu yo'llari: G'arbiy Arktika Karibu podasi ishchi guruhidan yangiliklar, Nom, Alyaska: G'arbiy Arktika Karibu podasi ishchi guruhi, 2012 yil avgust - Alyaskaning eng katta karibu podasi bo'lgan WACHning 2011 yildagi ro'yxatga olish natijalari.
• Kiyik portali, butun dunyo bo'ylab kiyik parvarishi haqida ma'lumot manbai
• 1935 yil shimoli-g'arbiy hududlarda kiyik boqish
• Caribou va Reindeer haqida umumiy ma'lumot
• Kiyik / Karibu tizimlarida insonning roli
• Butunjahon merosi sifatida kiyik ovi - o'n ming yillik an'ana
• Kiyikni o'rganish dasturi - Alyaskada kiyiklarni tadqiq qilish va sanoatni rivojlantirish
• Arktikadagi hayotga moslashish - Alaska universiteti ko'rsatma slayd-shousi
• Rangifer - faqat Arktika va shimoliy tuyoqlilarni parvarish qilish, boshqarish va biologiyasi bilan shug'ullanadigan dunyodagi yagona ilmiy jurnal
• Rangifer tarandus IUCN Qizil ro'yxatiga kiritilgan
• Vikipediyadagi matnlar:
  • Ingersoll, Ernest (1920). "Karibu ". Entsiklopediya Amerika.
  • Lydekker, Richard (1911). "Kiyik ". Britannica entsiklopediyasi (11-nashr).
  • "Kiyik ". Yangi Xalqaro Entsiklopediya. 1905.
• Paket, Ketrin; Landis, Ben (2014 yil 15-dekabr). "Yilning boshqa 364 kuni: yovvoyi kiyiklarning haqiqiy hayoti Kategoriyalar: Biologiya va ekotizimlar". AQSh Geologik xizmati.
• "Yo'naltiruvchi maqola: kiyik (karibu)". ScienceDaily. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 18 martda. Olingan 25 dekabr 2015.
• Kiyikdagi o'sish tadqiqotlari Charlz J. Krebs tomonidan Dartmut kolleji kutubxonasida

Karibuga tegishli havolalar (Shimoliy Amerika)

• Caribou haqida tez-tez so'raladigan savollar dan Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi
• Karibu va sen - Aksiya CPAWS Kanadada xavf ostida bo'lgan o'rmon karibini himoya qilish
• Nyufaundlendning besh yillik karibu strategiyasi kamayib borayotgan aholini hal qilishga qaratilgan