Ijtimoiy korxona - Social enterprise

Bu maqola Vikipediyaga muvofiq qayta tashkil etilishi kerak bo'lishi mumkin joylashish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar. Iltimos, yordam bering maqolani tahrirlash umumiy tuzilishni yaxshilash uchun. (2013 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

A ijtimoiy korxona bu tashkilot moliyaviy, ijtimoiy va atrof-muhit farovonligini maksimal darajada yaxshilash uchun tijorat strategiyalarini qo'llaydi - bu birgalikda egalar uchun foyda bilan bir qatorda maksimal ijtimoiy ta'sirni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.

Ijtimoiy korxonalar a sifatida tuzilishi mumkin foyda olish uchun yoki foyda keltirmaydigan, va shaklni olishi mumkin (tashkilot qaysi mamlakatda mavjudligiga va mavjud bo'lgan huquqiy shakllarga qarab) a kooperativ, o'zaro tashkilot, e'tiborga olinmagan shaxs,^[1] a ijtimoiy biznes, a foyda korporatsiyasi, a jamoatchilikni qiziqtiradigan kompaniya, kafolat bilan cheklangan kompaniya yoki a xayriya tashkiloti. Ular ko'proq an'anaviy tuzilmalarni ham olishlari mumkin.

Ijtimoiy korxonalarda ham biznes maqsadlari, ham ijtimoiy maqsadlar mavjud. Natijada, ularning ijtimoiy maqsadlari ularni boshqa tashkilotlar va korporatsiyalardan ajratib turadigan maqsadlariga singib ketgan.^[2] Ijtimoiy korxonaning asosiy maqsadi ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarni rag'batlantirish, rag'batlantirish va amalga oshirishdir.^[3] Ijtimoiy korxonalar - bu ijtimoiy maqsadni moliyaviy barqaror ravishda rivojlantirish uchun yaratilgan korxonalar. Ijtimoiy korxonalar qashshoqlikda yashaydigan odamlarning asosiy ehtiyojlarini qondiradigan daromad olish imkoniyatlarini taqdim etishi mumkin. Ular barqaror va sotishdan olingan daromadlar o'zlarining vazifalariga qayta sarmoya kiritadilar. Ular xayriya ishlariga bog'liq emaslar va o'zlarini uzoq muddat qo'llab-quvvatlashlari mumkin. Ko'proq ta'sir ko'rsatish uchun ularning modellari kengaytirilishi yoki boshqa jamoalarga tarqatilishi mumkin.

Ijtimoiy korxona faqatgina grant mablag'lari, xayr-ehsonlar yoki federal dasturlarga ishonishi mumkin bo'lgan notijorat tashkilotga qaraganda barqarorroq bo'lishi mumkin. Foyda uchun model sifatida siz dasturni va dasturni moliyalashtirishni boshqarasiz. Kompaniyani rag'batlantirish shu darajada ishlab chiqilganki, katta ta'sir to'g'ridan-to'g'ri katta foyda bilan bog'liqdir. Investorlar va biznes sheriklar bugungi kunda ular tanlagan kompaniyalar mahsulot yoki xizmatni taqdim etishdan tashqari ko'proq ish olib borayotganligini bilishni istaydilar. Ular yaxshilik qilayotgan kompaniyalarni qidirmoqdalar. Ular o'zlarining qadriyatlari bilan mos keladigan kompaniyalar bilan alohida aloqani sezadilar.^[4]

Turlari

Ijtimoiy korxonalarni, odatda, quyida keltirilgan quyidagi toifalar bo'yicha tasniflash mumkin, ammo soha rivojlanib borishi bilan yangi tarmoqlar va sohalar paydo bo'ladi. Ularning umumiy umumiy yo'nalishi shundaki, ularning barchasi muvozanatli moliyaviy, ijtimoiy va atrof-muhit maqsadlariga erishish uchun ishlaydi.

Savdo korxonalari

Ishchi / xodimga tegishli savdo korxonalari, kooperativlar va jamoalar. Kabi juda katta korxonalardan farq qiladi Jon Lyuis bilan hamkorlik Buyuk Britaniyada va Mondragon korporatsiyasi Ispaniyada an'anaviy menejerlik ierarxiyasiga ega bo'lgan va farqlarni to'laydigan xodimlariga tegishli bo'lgan o'rta korxonalarga, kamroq ierarxik usullarda ishlaydigan va ish haqi tengligini amal qiladigan bir nechta direktor / xodimlarga ega bo'lgan juda kichik ishchilar kooperativlariga. Savdo korxonalari tarkibida ishchilarga qarashli korxonalar va a'zolik korxonalari mavjud.

Moliya institutlari

Kabi jamg'arma va kredit tashkilotlari kredit uyushmalari, mikrokredit tashkilotlar, kooperativ banklar va aylanma kredit mablag'lari - bu a'zolikka tegishli ijtimoiy korxonalar. Kredit uyushmalari birinchi marta 1850-yillarda Germaniyada tashkil topgan va xalqaro miqyosda tarqalib ketgan. Kooperativ banklar xuddi shunday 1870-yillardan beri a'zolik kooperativining sho'ba korxonasi sifatida faoliyat yuritib kelmoqdalar. So'nggi paytlarda ko'plab rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda mikrokredit tashkilotlari paydo bo'ldi. Shuningdek, mahalliy valyuta birjalari va ijtimoiy qiymat birjalari tashkil etilmoqda.

Jamiyat tashkilotlari

Ko'pgina jamoat tashkilotlari ro'yxatdan o'tgan ijtimoiy korxonalar: jamoat korxonalari, uy-joy kooperativlari va aktivlarni qulflaydigan jamoat manfaatlari kompaniyalari, jamoat markazlari, pablar va do'konlar, uyushmalar, uy-joy birlashmalari va futbol klublari. Bu odatda ma'lum bir maqsadda mavjud bo'lgan va tijorat bilan savdo qiladigan a'zolik tashkilotlari. Hammasi daromadni jamiyatga qayta investitsiya qilish uchun ishlaydi. Ular tashkilotning asosiy maqsadi mijozlari yoki tarafdorlari bo'lgan katta a'zolarga ega. Hindiston va Pokistonda 1904 yilda tashkil topgan qishloq kooperativlari mavjud.

Nodavlat tashkilotlar (NNT) va xayriya tashkilotlari

Tijorat konsultatsiyasi va o'qitish korxonasi yoki Oxfam kabi yordamchi savdo korxonalari faoliyat ko'rsatadigan ko'plab nodavlat tashkilotlar va xayriya tashkilotlari mavjud. Foyda ma'lum guruhlarga bepul xizmat ko'rsatadigan odamlarning ish haqini ta'minlash yoki tashkilotning ijtimoiy yoki ekologik maqsadlarini amalga oshirish uchun ishlatiladi.

Tarix

Kelib chiqishi

Ijtimoiy korxona g'oyasi aniq kontseptsiya sifatida birinchi bo'lib 1970-yillarning oxirida Buyuk Britaniyada xususiylarga muqobil tijorat tashkiliy modeli sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. korxonalar, kooperativlar va davlat korxonasi. Kontseptsiya o'sha paytda beshta asosiy printsipga ega edi ^[5] uchta qiymatga va ikkita paradigma siljishiga bo'lingan. Ikki paradigma o'zgarishi:

• a umumiy mulk a'zolari / egalari bitta ovoz berish ulushiga va investitsiyalarning turli shakllariga ega bo'lgan huquqiy tuzilma
• demokratik boshqaruv, bu erda har bir ishchi / jamoa fuqarosi bitta ovozga ega bo'lgan a'zodir

Endi uchta tamoyil uch baravar pastki chiziq edi:

• savdo va moliyaviy jihatdan mustaqil bo'lish
• ijtimoiy boylik yaratish
• ekologik mas'uliyatli usullarda ishlash

Bundan tashqari, bu dastlabki kontseptsiyaning bir qismi sifatida ijtimoiy korxonalar moliyaviy natijalar, ijtimoiy boylik yaratish va atrof-muhit uchun mas'uliyatni rejalashtirish, o'lchash va hisobot berish ijtimoiy hisob va audit tizim.^[6]

Ijtimoiy korxonalarda o'rnatilgan tashkiliy-huquqiy printsiplarga ishoniladi^{[kim tomonidan? ]} notijorat tashkilotlardan kelgan bo'lishi. Dastlab, notijorat tashkilotlar davlat va jamoat ko'magiga ishongan, ammo yaqinda^{[qachon? ]} ular o'zlarining ijtimoiy o'zgarish operatsiyalaridan olinadigan daromadlarga tayanishni boshladilar. Ijtimoiy korxonalar alyansi (SEA) ushbu o'tish uchun quyidagilarni belgilaydi:^[7]

• foyda keltirmaydigan operatsion xarajatlarning o'sishi
• hukumat va jamoat xayriya yordamining pasayishi
• xayriya sektoridagi o'sish tufayli raqobatning kuchayishi
• notijorat xizmatlarga bo'lgan talabning kengayishi

Ijtimoiy korxonalar ko'rib chiqilmoqda^{[kim tomonidan? ]} yaratilgan bo'lishi kerak^{[kim tomonidan? ]} notijorat evolyutsiyasi natijasida.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ushbu shakllanish jarayoni aniq tashkiliy chegaralarga ega bo'lmagan gibrid tashkilot turiga olib keldi. Turli olimlar (masalan, Eikenberry & Kluver, Liu & Ko va Mullins va boshq.) Bu nodavlat sektorni bozorlashtirish natijasida yuzaga kelgan bo'lishi mumkin, deb ta'kidladilar, natijada ko'plab notijorat firmalar ishlab chiqarishga ko'proq e'tibor berishdi. daromad.^{[8][tekshirish uchun kotirovka kerak ][9]} Boshqa olimlar foydalanganlar institutsional nazariya notijorat tashkilotlar ijtimoiy korxonalar modellarini qabul qilgan degan xulosaga kelish, chunki bunday modellar qonuniylashdi^{[kim tomonidan? ]} va keng qabul qilingan.^[10] Ba'zi tashkilotlar ijtimoiy korxonalarga aylandi, ba'zilari esa ijtimoiy korxonalar sifatida tashkil etildi.^[9]

Ijtimoiy korxona dunyo bo'ylab uzoq tarixga ega, garchi u turli nomlar ostida va har xil xususiyatlarga ega bo'lsa.^{[11][sahifa kerak ]}

Ijtimoiy korxonaning moliyaviy jihatdan mustaqil, ijtimoiy maqsadlarga ega va ekologik mas'uliyatli faoliyat ko'rsatadigan, demokratik egalik qiluvchi va boshqariladigan savdo tashkiloti sifatida birinchi tavsifi ilgari surilgan. Ozodroq Sprekli 1978 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada va keyinchalik 1981 yilda nashr sifatida yozilgan.^[12] Ijtimoiy kooperatsiya shaklida bo'lgan ijtimoiy korxonaning dastlabki misollaridan biri Viktoriya davriga borib taqaladi.^[13] Ijtimoiy kooperativlar singari, ijtimoiy korxonalar ham ishoniladi^{[kim tomonidan? ]} davlat va bozor muvaffaqiyatsizligi natijasida paydo bo'lishi. Biroq, bozorning muvaffaqiyatsizligi ta'kidlangan^{[kim tomonidan? ]} Buyuk Britaniyada, davlatning muvaffaqiyatsizligi Qo'shma Shtatlarda ta'kidlangan.^[10]

Muhammad Yunus

Muhammad Yunus (Gramin banki asoschisi va 2006 yilgi Nobel Tinchlik mukofoti laureati) o'z kitobida "ijtimoiy korxona" atamasidan foydalangan Bankir - kambag'allarga, 2009 yilda nashr etilgan. Muhammad Yunus ushbu atamani ishlatgan mikromoliyalash. Hech qachon oddiy bank kreditini olmaydigan ayollarga pul qarz berish sohasidagi faoliyati 2006 yilda Nobel Tinchlik mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.^{[14][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]}

Ijtimoiy korxonani muassasalar bo'ylab qabul qilish

AQShda, Garvard, Stenford va Prinston ishlari asosida qurilgan universitetlar Ashoka va har biri orqali ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik sohasini rivojlantirishga o'z hissalarini qo'shdilar loyiha tashabbuslar va nashrlar.^[15][16][17]

2018 yildan boshlab^[yangilash] ijtimoiy korxonalarni o'rganish sohasi hali qat'iy falsafiy asoslarni ishlab chiqmagan, ammo uning himoyachilari va akademik jamoalari tanqidiy pedagogika bilan ko'proq shug'ullanishadi (masalan.) Paulo Freire ) va tadqiqotlarda tanqidiy an'analar (masalan, tanqidiy nazariya / institutsional nazariya / Marksizm ) xususiy sektor biznes ta'limi bilan taqqoslaganda.^[18]Bilan bog'liq o'qitish ijtimoiy iqtisodiyot asarlaridan aniq tortadi Robert Ouen, Proudhon va Karl Marks, asarlar bilan Bourdieu va Putnam munozarani tugatish to'g'risida ijtimoiy kapital va uning raqobatbardosh ustunligi bilan aloqasi o'zaro. Biroq, bu intellektual asos, yozishmalar ko'proq ta'sir ko'rsatadigan ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik sohasiga ta'sir qilmaydi liberalizm va tomonidan tadbirkorlik Jozef Shumpeter, paydo bo'lgan maydonlari bilan birgalikda ijtimoiy yangilik, aktyor - tarmoq nazariyasi va murakkablik nazariyasi uning jarayonlarini tushuntirish.

Ijtimoiy korxona (xususiy tadbirkorlikdan farqli o'laroq) faqat biznes maktabi sharoitida o'qitilmaydi, chunki u sog'liqni saqlash va davlat xizmatlari ko'rsatish bilan tobora ko'proq bog'lanib bormoqda. Biroq, Oksford universiteti Said biznes maktabi mezbonlik qiladi Skoll Jahon forumi, qaratilgan global voqea ijtimoiy tadbirkorlar.

Nashrlar

Birinchi xalqaro ijtimoiy-korporativ jurnal 2005 yilda Londonda Social Enterprise London (London Development Assotsiatsiyasi ko'magida) tomonidan tashkil etilgan. The Ijtimoiy korxona jurnali dan keyin Ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik jurnaliva tegishli masalalarni yoritish ijtimoiy iqtisodiyot va ijtimoiy korxona ham qamrab olinadi Kooperativ tadqiqotlar jurnali va tomonidan Kooperativ va jamoat iqtisodiyoti yilnomalari. Evropaning ijtimoiy korxonalarini tadqiq qilish tarmog'i (EMES) va Kooperativ tadqiqot bo'limi (CRU) Ochiq universitet ijtimoiy korxona bo'yicha tadqiqotlarini ham nashr etishdi. Tomonidan birgalikda tashkil etilgan Skoll Jahon forumi Oksford va Dyuk universitetlar, butun dunyo bo'ylab tadqiqotchilar va amaliyotchilarni birlashtiradi.

Terminologiya

"Ijtimoiy korxona" atamasi o'ziga xosligi sababli aralash va bahsli merosga ega xayriya Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ildizlar va kooperativ ildizlari Buyuk Britaniya, Evropa Ittifoqi va Osiyoda. AQShda bu atama "xayriya qilish" o'rniga "savdo qilish orqali xayriya qilish" bilan bog'liq esa savdo qilish ». Boshqa mamlakatlarda bunga ancha kuchli urg'u beriladi jamoatchilikni tashkil qilish xayriya qilishdan ko'ra kapitalni va o'zaro tamoyillarni demokratik nazorat qilish.^[19] So'nggi yillarda amalga oshiradigan ijtimoiy maqsadli biznes kontseptsiyasi ko'tarildi ijtimoiy javobgarlik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki mablag 'yig'ish xayriya maqsadlarida.

Gramin bankining asoschisi Muhammad Yunus ijtimoiy korxonani faqat ijtimoiy maqsadga erishish uchun modellashtirish kerak, deb hisoblaydi. Boshqa bir qarash - ijtimoiy korxonalar foyda bilan rag'batlantirilmasligi kerak, aksincha foyda motivlari birinchi darajali ijtimoiy maqsadga ikkinchi darajali bo'lishi kerak. Ijtimoiy Enterprise Alliance (SEA) tomonidan berilgan ikkinchi ta'rifda ijtimoiy korxona o'zining ijtimoiy / ekologik missiyasini amalga oshirish uchun biznes usullaridan foydalanadigan tashkilot sifatida belgilanadi. Ushbu ta'rifga ko'ra, ijtimoiy korxonaning ijtimoiy vazifasi tovarlarni yoki xizmatlarni (pulni emas) to'g'ridan-to'g'ri taqdim etish yo'li bilan amalga oshiriladigan kam ta'minlanganlarga yordam berishdir. Bundan tashqari, olingan daromad tashkilot / korxona uchun asosiy daromad manbai bo'lishi kerak. Uchinchi ta'rif, tashkilotning qonuniy tuzilishi yoki yuridik shaxs sifatida shakllanishiga asoslanadi. Shu nuqtai nazardan, ijtimoiy korxona - bu yuridik shaxs bo'lib, u o'z tanlovi orqali foyda olish maqsadidan voz kechishni tanlaydi. To'rtinchi ta'rifda ta'kidlanishicha, ijtimoiy korxona doimiy ravishda ijtimoiy ta'sir haqida o'ylaydigan va natijada ijtimoiy sabablarga yaqinlashish uchun biznes va menejment usullaridan foydalanadigan, bag'ishlangan shaxslar birlashmasidan iborat.^[3]

Ijtimoiy korxona va notijorat tashkilotlari

Ijtimoiy korxonalar nafaqat notijorat tashkilotining tarkibiy qismi. Ijtimoiy korxonalarning katta qismi notijorat tashkil etadi; ammo, foyda olish uchun ijtimoiy korxonalar ham mavjud.^[3] Ijtimoiy korxonalar ko'pincha notijorat tashkilot sifatida qaraladi, garchi ko'pchilik notijorat tashkiliy shaklga ega bo'lib, ushbu mavzu bo'yicha akademik adabiyotlarda notijorat faoliyatining filiali yoki kichik to'plami sifatida qaraladi (ayniqsa, Ijtimoiy korxonalar bilan taqqoslaganda).^[20] Notijorat shaklidagi ijtimoiy korxonalar o'z tovarlari yoki xizmatlari uchun daromad olishlari mumkin; ular odatda xayriya missiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun daromad olish uchun biznes strategiyalaridan foydalanadigan notijorat sifatida qaraladi.^[20]

So'nggi yillarda ko'pgina nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlar ijtimoiy korxonalar modellarini tanlashni tanladilar, chunki tashqi manbalardan mablag 'olish tobora qiyinlashib bormoqda. Ijtimoiy korxona modeli notijorat tashkilotlarga xayriya yordamiga alternativa taklif qiladi. Bu ularga mablag 'va barqarorlikni oshirishga va ijtimoiy vazifalarini bajarishda yordam berishga imkon berishi mumkin. Shu bilan birga, ikkita potentsial muammo paydo bo'ladi: 1) qarama-qarshi bo'lgan biznes faoliyatini izlashda ijtimoiy maqsaddan chalg'itish va 2) ijtimoiy korxona modelini qabul qilish uchun etarli ko'nikmalar, resurslar va imkoniyatlar.^[8]

Ijtimoiy korxona va korporativ ijtimoiy javobgarlik

Ko'pgina tijorat korxonalari o'zlarini ijtimoiy maqsadlarga ega deb hisoblashadi, ammo ushbu maqsadlarga sodiq qolish, oxir-oqibat, korxonani moliyaviy jihatdan qimmatroq qilishiga olib keladi degan tushunchadan kelib chiqadi. Faoliyat yuritishi aniqroq bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan bu tashkilotlar korporativ javobgarlik dasturlari. Ijtimoiy korxonalar ularning ta'sirga sodiqligi biznesning asosiy vazifasi ekanligi bilan farq qiladi. Ba'zilar o'z sarmoyadorlariga hech qanday foyda keltirishni mo'ljallamasliklari mumkin, faqat o'zlarining ijtimoiy va ekologik maqsadlarini amalga oshirish imkoniyatlarini yanada kuchaytiradi deb hisoblagan holatlar bundan mustasno, ammo shakllar va faoliyat turlarining o'zgarishi juda katta.

Korporativ ijtimoiy javobgarlik (KSS) - bu korxonalar o'z faoliyatiga etkazadigan ijtimoiy va atrof-muhit ta'siridan xabardor bo'lish uchun foydalanishi mumkin bo'lgan amaliyotdir. Hisobot va ichki / tashqi elementlar kabi turli xil KSS markerlari mavjud. Ijtimoiy korxonalar o'zlarining ijtimoiy maqsadlari natijasida tashqi ijtimoiy javobgarlikka katta e'tibor berishadi, shu sababli ijtimoiy ta'sir tashkilotga o'rnatiladi. Biroq, ijtimoiy korxonalar ichki KSSga etarlicha e'tibor beradimi yoki yo'qmi degan munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi. Ichki KSS tarkibiga inson resurslari / kapitalni boshqarish, sog'liqni saqlash va xavfsizlik standartlari, yangilik va o'zgarishlarga moslashish hamda tashkilot ichidagi boshqaruv sifati kiradi.^[21] Ijtimoiy korxonalarning katta qismi etarli mablag'ga ega bo'lmaganligi sababli, ular o'z xodimlariga raqobatbardosh ish haqi to'lay olmaydilar va natijada ular xodimlarni jalb qilish uchun boshqa (moliyaviy bo'lmagan) usullarga murojaat qilishlari kerak. Buning uchun ko'plab menejerlar ijtimoiy korxonaning ikkilamchi vazifasi / maqsadining ijtimoiy tarkibiy qismidan foydalanadilar.^[9]

Ijtimoiy korxona va ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik

Ijtimoiy korxona singari, ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik mavjud bo'lgan turli xil ta'riflarga ega. Hozirda ushbu atama uchun keng tarqalgan, standart ta'rif mavjud emas va tavsiflar tafsilotlar darajasida turlicha. Ijtimoiy korxonalarning tashkiliy yo'nalishidan farqli o'laroq, ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik uchun o'zgarish agentlariga alohida e'tibor qaratilgan. Ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik odatda yangi echimlarni yaratish va amalga oshirishga yo'naltirilgan holda, notijorat sohada amalga oshiriladi.^[22]

Ijtimoiy ta'sir ijtimoiy korxonaga nisbatan

Ijtimoiy ta'sir va ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik bir xil emas. Ijtimoiy ta'sir biznesning umumiy ta'siriga ishora qilishi mumkin, ammo ijtimoiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan biznes ijtimoiy korxona bo'lishi mumkin yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin. Ijtimoiy korxonalar ijtimoiy jihatdan bog'langan missiya bayonotlariga ega va o'z vazifalarining bir qismi sifatida ijtimoiy muammoni hal qilish maqsadida ishlaydi. Ijtimoiy korxona an'anaviy notijorat tashkilotidan farqli o'laroq ishbilarmonlik farqi sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Ijtimoiy korxona o'z evolyutsiyasini keng doiradagi va innovatsiyalarga yo'naltirilgan shakllardan uzoqlashtirib, bozorga asoslangan echimlarga va dasturlarning ijtimoiy ta'sirini o'lchash uchun ishchan echimlarga yo'naltiradi.^[23]

Ijtimoiy korxonalarni moliyalashtirish

Ijtimoiy javobgar sarmoyalar (SRI) moliyaviy daromadni ham, ijtimoiy ta'sirni ham maksimal darajada oshirishga intiladi.^[3]

Ijtimoiy korxonalar ko'pincha o'zlarining ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarini moliyalashtirish uchun foyda olish uchun biznes strategiyalaridan foydalanadilar. Ushbu Ijtimoiy Korxonalarning barqaror daromad manbalarini yaratish usullari ijtimoiy biznesdan har xil ijtimoiy biznesga farq qiladi, ammo barchasi davlat yoki donorlar ko'magi ehtiyojidan voz kechish maqsadini birlashtiradi. Gregori Dilar va Bet Anderson moliyalashtirish strategiyasidagi ushbu farqni ijtimoiy korxonani an'anaviy notijorat aktyoridan ajratib turadigan yangilik sifatida muhokama qilmoqdalar.^[24]

Salesforce.com savdo markasi bo'yicha nizo

2012 yilda Ijtimoiy korxona Buyuk Britaniya qarshi "Bizning nomimizga emas" aksiyasini o'tkazdi Salesforce.com, mahsulotlarini tavsiflash uchun "ijtimoiy korxona" atamasidan foydalanishni boshlagan va Evropa Ittifoqi, AQSh, Avstraliya va Yamaykada "ijtimoiy korxona" savdo belgilariga murojaat qilgan global dasturiy ta'minot va CRM kompaniyasi. Aksiya AQSh (Social Enterprise Alliance), Kanada, Janubiy Afrika va Avstraliyadagi o'xshash tashkilotlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Salesforce.com kompaniyasining bosh direktori va raisiga Salesforce.com saytidan "ijtimoiy korxona" atamasidan foydalanishni to'xtatishni so'rab ochiq xat yuborildi. Uni butun dunyo bo'ylab odamlar va tashkilotlar, shu jumladan imzolagan Muhammad Yunus (Gramin banki asoschisi va Tinchlik uchun Nobel mukofoti laureati), Richard G. Uilkinson va Keyt Pikett (hammualliflari Ruh darajasi ). Salesforce, "ijtimoiy korxona" atamasini savdo belgisi bilan to'ldirish uchun arizalarni qaytarib olishlarini va kelajakda uning marketing materiallarida "ijtimoiy korxona" ga tegishli har qanday ma'lumotni olib tashlashlarini aytdi.^[25]

Gibrid shakllar

Xususiy, jamoat yoki notijorat tashkilotining alohida shaklini olmagan tashkilotlar gibrid tashkilotlar deb tasniflanadi.^[9] Yuridik va soliq maqsadlarida gibrid shakllar foyda keltiruvchi sub'ektlar qatoriga kiradi. Gibrid tashkilotlarning ikkita asosiy turi - L³C, yoki kam foyda keltiradigan mas'uliyati cheklangan jamiyat, va foyda korporatsiyasi (B-korp). L³C ning asosiy maqsadi ijtimoiy foydali maqsadlarga erishishdir. Ular ushbu maqsadlarga erishish uchun mas'uliyati cheklangan jamiyatning moliyaviy va egiluvchan afzalliklaridan foydalanish orqali borishga qodir. L³C modelidan foydalanishga ruxsat bergan davlatlar uchta talabni qo'ydilar: daromad olish uchun emas, balki siyosiy yoki qonunchilik kun tartibini bajarish uchun emas, balki xayriya yoki ta'lim maqsadida ishlash. A foyda korporatsiyasi, yoki B-Corp - bu "umumiy jamoat manfaati" ga erishish / yaratish uchun ishlaydigan korporatsiya.^[7]

Ta'sir

Ijtimoiy korxona sifatida sog'liqni saqlash va reabilitatsiya ishlariga jalb qilingan ishchilar kooperativlarini taklif qilgan birinchi ilmiy maqola 1993 yilda nashr etilgan.^[26] Kooperativ rivojlanish ko'lami va integratsiyasi "qizil kamar" da Italiya (taxminan 7000 ishchi va 8000 ijtimoiy kooperativ) keyinchalik ingliz tilidagi nufuzli nashrlar orqali Buyuk Britaniyaga va Evropaning qolgan qismiga tilni tarqatadigan EMES ijtimoiy iqtisodiyot tadqiqotchilar tarmog'ining shakllanishiga ilhom berdi.^[27]

Hozirgi bahslar

Ijtimoiy korxona birinchi marta paydo bo'lganida, ilmiy adabiyotlarning aksariyati ijtimoiy korxonalarning asosiy xususiyatlari va ta'riflarini aniqlashga qaratilgan. Ayni paytda ijtimoiy korxonalar sektorining paydo bo'lishi, shuningdek, ijtimoiy korxona tashkilotlarining ichki boshqaruvi to'g'risida ko'proq adabiyotlar va tadqiqotlar mavjud. Ijtimoiy korxonalarning ikki tomonlama vazifalari tufayli tashkilotlar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri belgilangan biznes modellarining odatiy boshqaruv strategiyalaridan foydalana olmaydilar. So'nggi akademik adabiyotlarda ikki korxonalar o'rtasidagi ziddiyat o'rtasidagi muvozanatni saqlashda ijtimoiy korxonalarning yutuqlari to'g'risida ilgari ijobiy qarashlarga qarshi chiqishdi va buning o'rniga moliyaviy barqarorlik foydasiga ijtimoiy missiya buzilganligini ta'kidlashdi. Ijtimoiy yaxshilikni moliyaviy barqarorlikdan ustun qo'yish, odatda moliyaviy va foyda olish maqsadlarini birinchi o'ringa qo'yadigan ratsional firma boshqaruviga zid keladi. Natijada, manfaatdor tomonlarning (va menejmentning) firma maqsadlari bo'yicha kelishib olishidan, lekin harakatlar rejasi bo'yicha kelishmovchiligidan tortib turli xil boshqaruv masalalari paydo bo'ladi; menejment va manfaatdor tomonlarga firma maqsadlari to'g'risida kelishmovchiliklar. Ba'zi ijtimoiy korxonalar bir tarmoq va tarmoqlararo sheriklikni o'z zimmalariga oldi, boshqalari esa o'z faoliyatini mustaqil ravishda davom ettirmoqdalar.^[9]

Ijtimoiy korxonalarni boshqarishda keskinlik turlari

Tangliklar to'rt xil toifaga bo'linadi: bajarish, tashkil qilish, tegishli bo'lish va o'rganish.^[28]

• Tanglikni amalga oshirish tashkilotlar turli xil qarama-qarshi maqsadlarni bajarishga intilishlari natijasida paydo bo'ladi, masalan, har xil manfaatdor tomonlarning talablari, ijtimoiy vazifalar maqsadlari va ishlash ko'rsatkichlari. Muvaffaqiyatni qarama-qarshi maqsadlar bilan qanday o'lchashni aniqlash asosiy muammo.^[28]
• Tanglikni tashkil qilish tashkiliy tuzilma, madaniyat va inson resurslari amaliyotidagi nomuvofiqlik tufayli yuzaga keladi. Ko'pgina ijtimoiy tashkilotlar kimni yollashi haqida bahslashmoqdalar, chunki ko'pchilik kam ta'minlangan odamlarga yordam berishni xohlaydi, shuningdek, korxona muvaffaqiyatini ta'minlash uchun ishbilarmonlik qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan ishchilarga muhtoj. Tashkilotlar qaysi tashkiliy tuzilma va tashkiliy-huquqiy shaklda (masalan, nodavlat, foyda uchun) faoliyat yuritishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishda qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishmoqda.^[28]
• Ziddiyatlarga tegishli identifikatsiyadan yoki qarama-qarshi maqsadlar va qadriyatlarga tegishli bo'lish tuyg'usidan kelib chiqadi, bu ichki tashkilot ziddiyatini keltirib chiqaradi. Ushbu ziddiyatlar tashkilot tomonidan ziddiyatli shaxslarga ega bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan manfaatdor tomonlar bilan munosabatlarni saqlab qolish bilan kuchayadi.^[28]
• O'quv tarangligi ziddiyatli vaqt ufqlari natijasidir (ya'ni qisqa muddatli va uzoq muddatli). Qisqa muddatli istiqbolda tashkilotlar barqarorlikni maqsad qilib oladilar, uni xarajatlar, foyda va daromadlar kabi ko'rsatkichlar asosida baholash mumkin, ammo uzoq muddatda ular o'zlarining ijtimoiy vazifalariga erishishda o'sish, moslashuvchanlik va taraqqiyotni xohlashadi.^[28]

Avstraliyada

Ijtimoiy korxonalar qabul qilishi mumkin bo'lgan shakllar va ular faoliyat yuritadigan sohalar juda ko'p va xilma-xil bo'lib, ijtimoiy korxonalarni aniqlash, topish va hisoblash har doim qiyin bo'lib kelgan. 2009 yilda Ijtimoiy savdogarlar Avstraliya xayriya va notijorat tadqiqotlari markazi (ACPNS) bilan hamkorlik qildilar. Kvinslend texnologiya universiteti ijtimoiy korxonani aniqlash va birinchi marta Avstraliya, ijtimoiy korxona sektorini aniqlash va xaritasini yaratish: uning ko'lami, xilma-xilligi, savdo sabablari, moliyaviy o'lchovlari va ijtimoiy korxonalar foyda ko'rishni maqsad qilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ushbu qidiruvda Avstraliyaning ijtimoiy korxonalar sektori loyihasi o'zining yakuniy hisobotini 2010 yil iyun oyida tayyorladi. Loyihani avstraliyalik ijtimoiy korxona akademigi, dotsent Jo Barraket olib bordi. Ushbu Avstraliya tadqiqotining asosiy xususiyatlaridan biri bu ijtimoiy korxonalarni ijtimoiy korxonalarda yoki ular bilan ishlaydiganlar tomonidan xabardor qilingan va ularga ma'no beradigan tarzda belgilash niyatidir. Shu sababli tadqiqot loyihasi ijtimoiy korxonalar menejerlari, tadqiqotchilari va tegishli siyosat ishlab chiqaruvchilari tomonidan "ijtimoiy korxona" atamasi nimani anglatishini o'rganish va sinab ko'rish uchun seminarlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Natijada olingan ta'rif:^[29] Ijtimoiy korxonalar:

• jamoat yoki jamiyat manfaatlariga mos keladigan iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy, madaniy yoki ekologik missiya tomonidan boshqariladi
• daromadlarining katta qismini savdo-sotiqdan olish
• o'zlarining vazifalarini bajarish uchun foyda / profitsitning katta qismini qayta investitsiya qilish

Bu harakatni ko'pchilik Avstraliya iqtisodiyotining barcha sohalarida qo'lga kiritdi. Ijtimoiy korxona faoliyati asosan kichik jamoalarda va yirik muassasalarda bo'lishi mumkin. 2015 yilda boshlangan Impact Investment Ready Growth Grant dasturida ta'kidlanishicha, bunday tashkilotlarning aksariyati Avstraliyaning uchta shtatida: Viktoriya, Yangi Janubiy Uels va Kvinslendda to'plangan.^[30] Ushbu institutlar faqat foyda olishdan ko'proq ishlaydi; ular ijtimoiy va ekologik innovatsiyalarni rivojlantiradi va o'z xodimlari, iste'molchilari va jamoalari uchun javobgardir. Ular tashkilotni boshqarishda odamlarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ovoz berilishi mumkin bo'lgan biznes modelini taklif qilishadi.

Ijtimoiy korxona tez-tez rivojlanayotgan jamoat manfaatlari nuqtai nazarini o'z ichiga olgan, ayniqsa, ular tijorat tashkilotlari uchun aniq foyda keltirishi mumkin bo'lmagan masalalarni qo'zg'atadi. Masalan, yaqinda butun dunyoda sun'iy intellektning kengayishi bilan sun'iy intellektning axloq qoidalari jamiyat nima istayotgani to'g'risida mustahkam ommaviy suhbatlarni talab qiladi. Avstraliyaning Providence Foundation fondi axloqiy sun'iy intellektning kelajakda Avstraliya jamoat manfaatlariga yo'nalishiga ta'sir o'tkazish uchun akademiya, xususiy tadbirkorlik va davlat sektori mutafakkirlarining hamkorlikdagi tarmoqlarini yaratdi.

Ijtimoiy korxonalar iste'molchilarga ko'proq axloqiy iste'mol qarorlarini qabul qilish huquqini beradilar. "Sizning dollaringiz bilan ovoz berish" tendentsiyasi o'sib bormoqda, ya'ni sizning sotib olish to'g'risida qarorlaringiz jamoatchilikka ta'sir qiladi. Avstraliyada joylashgan bir nechta ta'sirchan ijtimoiy korxonalar mavjud.^[31]

Shimoliy Amerikada

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Ijtimoiy korxonalar alyansi "ijtimoiy korxona" ni "Asosiy qondirilmagan ehtiyojni qondiradigan yoki ijtimoiy yoki ekologik muammoni bozorga asoslangan yondashuv bilan hal qiladigan tashkilotlar" deb ta'riflaydi.."^[32]

AQShda ikki xil xususiyat ijtimoiy korxonalarni boshqa biznes turlari, notijorat tashkilotlari va davlat idoralaridan ajratib turadi:

• Ijtimoiy korxonalar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ijtimoiy ehtiyojlarni mahsulot va xizmatlari orqali yoki ish bilan ta'minlangan kam ta'minlangan odamlar soni orqali hal qilishadi. Bu ularni ijobiy yaratadigan "ijtimoiy mas'uliyatli biznes" dan ajratib turadi ijtimoiy o'zgarish orqali bilvosita korporativ ijtimoiy javobgarlik (masalan, a yaratish va amalga oshirish xayriya jamg'armasi; o'z xodimlariga teng ish haqi to'lash; ekologik toza foydalanish xom ashyolar; ta'minlash ko'ngillilar jamoat loyihalarida yordam berish).
• Ijtimoiy korxonalar ikki-uch baravar daromad olish strategiyasini qo'llaydilar pastki chiziq yoki yolg'iz (ijtimoiy sektorning ishi sifatida, ikkalasida ham xususiy yoki notijorat sektori) yoki xayriya badallarini o'z ichiga olgan notijorat tashkilotining aralash daromad oqimining muhim qismi sifatida va davlat sektori subsidiyalar. Bu ularni an'anaviy ravishda notijorat tashkilotlaridan ajratib turadi, ular asosan xayriya va davlat ko'magiga tayanadi. Ikki pastki chiziq ijtimoiy maqsadlardan iborat va foyda maksimallashtirish. Bu erda ikkalasi bir-biriga zid emas; ammo ijobiy foyda olish uchun to'g'ri moliyaviy boshqaruv tashkilotlarning ijtimoiy maqsadlarini amalga oshirish uchun zarurdir. Uchta pastki chiziq, asosan, ekologik barqarorlik qo'shilgan holda, ikkita pastki chiziqdir.^[13] U iqtisodiy hayotiylik, ekologik barqarorlik va ijtimoiy mas'uliyatga qaratilgan.^[33]

Qo'shma Shtatlarda "ijtimoiy korxona" "ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik" dan ham ajralib turadi, bu turli xil o'yinchilarni keng qamrab oladi. B korp kompaniyalar, ijtimoiy mas'uliyatli investorlar, "manfaat uchun" korxonalar, to'rtinchi sektor tashkilotlari, yirik shaxslarning KSS harakatlari korporatsiyalar, "ijtimoiy innovatorlar "va boshqalar. Ushbu turdagi sub'ektlar ijtimoiy ehtiyojlar bilan turli xil yo'llar bilan kurashadilar, ammo agar ular to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'zlarining mahsulotlari yoki xizmatlari yoki ish bilan ta'minlangan kambag'al odamlar soni orqali ijtimoiy ehtiyojlarni qondirmasa, ular ijtimoiy korxona sifatida qatnashmaydi.

Kanada

Kanada Ijtimoiy Korxonalar Kengashi (SECC) ning Kanada "ijtimoiy korxona" ni "daromad olish va ijtimoiy, madaniy va / yoki ekologik maqsadlarga erishish uchun aralashtirish maqsadida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tovar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqarish va / yoki sotish bilan shug'ullanadigan notijorat tashkilotlarga tegishli korxonalar" deb tushuntiradi. notijorat tashkilotlarning sog'lom jamiyatlarga hissa qo'shish vazifalarini bajarish uchun foydalanishlari uchun yana bir vosita. "^[34]

Kanada ijtimoiy korxonalarining xususiyatlari mintaqalar va viloyatlarga qarab ijtimoiy korxonalarni foyda keltirmaydigan, kooperativlar va davlat idoralarining boshqa biznes turlaridan ajratib turishi bilan farq qiladi:

• Ijtimoiy korxonalar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mahsulot va xizmatlar, ish bilan band bo'lgan odamlar soni yoki moliyaviy ortiqcha narsalardan foydalanish orqali ijtimoiy ehtiyojlarni qondirishi mumkin. Bu ularni ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan "foyda olish uchun ijtimoiy mas'uliyatli biznes" dan ajratib turishi mumkin ijtimoiy o'zgarish orqali bilvosita korporativ ijtimoiy javobgarlik (masalan, xayriya jamg'armasini yaratish va amalga oshirish; o'z xodimlariga adolatli ish haqi to'lash; ekologik toza foydalanish xom ashyolar; ta'minlash ko'ngillilar jamoat loyihalarida yordam berish).
• Ijtimoiy korxonalar daromad olish strategiyalaridan foydalanishlari mumkin ikki baravar yoki uch baravar pastki chiziq yoki yolg'iz (ijtimoiy iqtisodiyotning ishi sifatida, ikkalasida ham xususiy yoki foyda keltirmaydigan sektor) yoki xayriya badallarini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin bo'lgan notijorat korporatsiyasining aralash daromad oqimining muhim qismi sifatida va davlat sektori yordam. Bu ularni xayriya va davlat yordamiga to'liq yoki qisman tayanishi mumkin bo'lgan ba'zi an'anaviy nodavlat notijorat korporatsiyalardan ajratib turadi.

Qonunchilik, moliyalashtirish, qo'llab-quvvatlash agentliklari va korporativ tuzilmalardagi sezilarli mintaqaviy farqlarni Kanada bo'ylab ijtimoiy iqtisodiyotning turli xil tarixiy rivojlanish yo'llari natijasida ko'rish mumkin. Umumiy mintaqaviy xususiyatlarni ko'rish mumkin Britaniya Kolumbiyasi, Prairiyalar, Ontario, Kvebek va Atlantika Kanada.

Osiyoda

Yaqin Sharq

Ijtimoiy korxonalar uchun alohida yuridik shaxs mavjud emas Yaqin Sharq. Ijtimoiy korxonalarning aksariyati kompaniya yoki notijorat tashkilot sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tkaziladi. Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlari hukumatlari tomonidan ijtimoiy korxonalarning to'g'ri ta'rifi mavjud emas.^[35]

Biroq, Yaqin Sharqdagi ijtimoiy korxonalar turli sohalarda va sohalarda faol va innovatsion faoliyat ko'rsatmoqda. Mavjud ijtimoiy korxonalarning aksariyati inson kapitalini rivojlantirish bilan shug'ullanadi. Ko'pchilik mintaqaning global raqobatbardoshligini oshirish, shuningdek, ijtimoiy maqsadlarga erishish uchun zarur bo'lgan tajriba va ko'nikmalarga ega bo'lgan etakchilar kadrlarini tarbiyalamoqda. Mintaqadagi tendentsiyalar bunday faoliyat uchun va umuman ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik uchun tobora muhim rol va salohiyatni ko'rsatmoqda. Ular orasida yoshlar orasida ijtimoiy ta'sirga erishishga bo'lgan qiziqishning tobora ortib borishi va yoshlar orasida ko'ngillilikning o'sishi kiradi.^[36]

Ga ko'ra Shvab fondi Yaqin Sharqda 35 ta eng yaxshi ijtimoiy tadbirkorlar mavjud.^[37]

Janubiy Koreya

Huquqiy yordam

Yilda Janubiy Koreya Ijtimoiy korxonalarni targ'ib qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yil dekabrda tasdiqlangan va 2007 yil iyulda kuchga kirgan.

2-moddada ijtimoiy korxonalar "ijtimoiy xizmatlar ko'rsatish va kam ta'minlanganlar uchun ish o'rinlari yaratish orqali mahalliy aholining hayot sifatini oshirishga qaratilgan ijtimoiy maqsadni ko'zlagan holda tovar va xizmatlarni ishlab chiqarish va sotish bilan shug'ullanuvchi tashkilot, 7-moddada belgilangan talablarga muvofiq sertifikatlangan korxona sifatida "kam ta'minlanganlar" sifatida o'zlari uchun zarur bo'lgan ijtimoiy xizmatlarni bozor narxiga sotib olishda qiynalayotgan odamlar, ularning batafsil mezonlari Prezident Farmoni bilan belgilanadi "va ijtimoiy xizmatlar sifatida "Ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash, ijtimoiy ta'minot, atrof-muhit va madaniyat sohasidagi xizmatlar va shunga mos keladigan boshqa xizmatlar, ularning yo'nalishi Prezident Farmoni bilan belgilanadi."

Mehnat vazirligi har besh yilda bir marta "Ijtimoiy korxonalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashning asosiy rejasini" belgilashga majburdir (5-modda), nafaqat korxonalar, balki kooperativlar va notijorat tashkilotlar ham soliqlarni kamaytirish huquqiga ega bo'lgan ijtimoiy korxonalar sifatida tan olinishi mumkin. / yoki Koreya / viloyat hukumatlari yoki shahar kengashlarining moliyaviy yordami. 2012 yil oktyabr oyi holatiga ko'ra 680 ta tashkilot ijtimoiy korxona sifatida tan olindi. Koreyadagi ijtimoiy korxonalarning aksariyati birinchi navbatda ish o'rinlarini yaratish bilan shug'ullanadi.^[38] Koreyaning ijtimoiy korxonalarini ilgari surish bo'yicha agentligi, shu jumladan, ijtimoiy korxonalarni rivojlantirish uchun tashkil etilgan Happynarae va Chiroyli do'kon.

Gonkong

Ijtimoiy korxonalar uchun alohida yuridik shaxs yo'q Gonkong. Odatda ular kompaniyalar yoki notijorat tashkilotlar sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tkaziladi. Gonkong hukumati ijtimoiy korxonalarni aniq ijtimoiy maqsadlarga erishadigan biznes deb ta'riflaydi va uning foydasi asosan o'z aktsiyadorlariga tarqatish o'rniga, amalga oshiradigan ijtimoiy maqsadlari uchun biznesga qayta tiklanadi.^[39] Yaqin o'tkan yillarda, venchur xayriya organizations, such as Social Ventures Hong Kong and Social Enterprise Business Centre of the HKCSS, have been set up to invest in viable social enterprises with a significant social impact.

Hindiston

Yilda Hindiston, a social enterprise may be a non-profit nodavlat tashkilot (NGO), often registered as a Society under Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860, a Trust registered under various Indian State Trust Acts or a Section 25 Company registered under Indian Companies Act, 1956. India has around 3 million^[40] NGOs, including a number of religious organizations and religious trusts, like Temples, Mosque and Gurudwara associations etc., who are not deemed as social enterprises.

NGOs in India raise funds through some services (often fund raising events and community activities) and occasionally products. Despite this, in India the term "social enterprise" is not widely used, instead terms like NGOs and NPOs (non-profit organizations) are used, where these kind of organizations are legally allowed to raise fund for non-business activities. Bola huquqlari va siz va Yoshlar Yunayted are examples of social enterprise, who raise funds through their services, fund-raising activities (organizing events, donations, and grants) or sometimes products, to further their social and environmental goals.

However, there are social businesses with an aim for making profit, although the primary aim is to alleviate poverty through a sustainable biznes modeli. According to Bala Vikasa Social Service Society sister organization of SOPAR-Canada "Social Enterprise is a hybrid business with a goal of solving social problems, while also generating revenues and profits like any other enterprise. However, when it comes to choosing between profits or social cause, social cause is paramount for social enterprises, while profits are considered only for sustainability."

In the agriculture sector, International Development Enterprises has helped pull millions of small farmers out of poverty in India.

Another area of social enterprise in India and the developing world are piramidaning pastki qismi (BOP) businesses which were identified and analyzed by C. K. Prahalad in "Fortune at the Base of the Pyramid". This seminal work has been a springboard for a robust area of both innovation and academic research.

Pokiston

Ushbu bo'lim kengayishga muhtoj. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (2018 yil aprel)

Malayziya

Social Enterprise Alliance Malaysia defines social enterprises as "organizations created to address social problems that use business models to sustain themselves financially. Social enterprises seek to create not only financial returns but also social returns to their beneficiaries." Social Enterprise Alliance Malaysia regards social enterprises as businesses with a social focus, distinct from non-profit organisations.^[41]

Filippinlar

In December 1999, a group was organized called Social Enterprise Network. Its members, based in Metro Manila, include entrepreneurs, executives, and academics who believe in social entrepreneurship (setting up businesses by creating opportunities for the poor). SEN served is a networking opportunity for like-minded individuals to share their interests and pass on their experience to others. One of its projects eventually was adopted by the Foundations for People Development. It is called the Cooperative Marketing Enterprise. CME is devoted solely to providing the need for cooperatives, micro, small, and medium enterprises for the marketing of their products.

From the academe, a course "Social Entrepreneurship and Management" was first offered at the Osiyo va Tinch okeani universiteti School of Management in 2000. This course was developed and taught by Dr. Jose Rene C. Gayo, then Dean of the School of Management. It was offered as an elective for the senior students of the Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurial Management. In March 2001, a seminar on "Social Enterprises: Creating Wealth for the Poor" was held at the University of Asia and the Pacific.

A social enterprise in the Filippinlar is GKonomics International, Inc., a non-stock, non-profit organization, incorporated in 2009. They are a Gavad Kalinga partner in social enterprise development. Their mission is building a new generation of producers.

Tailand

Yilda Tailand social entrepreneurship is small but growing. Thammasat universiteti yilda Bangkok bo'ladi Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo partner of the Global Ijtimoiy Venture tanlovi (GSVC-SEA).^[42] Every year new emerging social enterprises present their business model showcasing variety of business models ranging from agriculture, to technology, tourism and education. In 2013 the winners of GSVC-SEA were Wedu (female leadership development and education) and CSA Munching box (agriculture).

A major player in the social entrepreneurship space in Thailand is ChangeFusion, led by the Ashoka Fellow Sunit Shrestha. A major figure in the space is Mexai Viravaidya,^[43] asoschisi Aholi va jamiyatni rivojlantirish assotsiatsiyasi (PDA).

Members of the Royal Family of Thailand have been involved in social entrepreneurship like with the creation of the brand Doi Tung by the Mae Fah Luang jamg'armasi.

Singha Park Chiangrai is also a social enterprise.^[44] With eco-agricultural tourism concept as main idea to attract tourists to the 8500-rai park, 1200 unemployed people became employee generating income for local people and their families. This not only helps prevent drugs problem because of constant salary people earns every month, but the park attracts tourist from around the country to visit and spend money in Chiangrai province as well.

The government of Thailand supports the creation of new social enterprises via the Thai Social Entrepreneurship office (TSEO).^[45]

Evropada

EMES

The best established European research network in the field, EMES, works with a more articulated definition — a Veberian 'ideal type ' rather than a prescriptive definition — which relies on nine criteria:^[46]

Economic criteria:

• Continuous activity of the ishlab chiqarish and/or sale of goods and services (rather than predominantly advisory or grant-giving functions).
• Yuqori daraja muxtoriyat: social enterprises are created voluntarily by groups of citizens and are managed by them, and not directly or indirectly by public authorities or private companies, even if they may benefit from grants and donations. Their members have the right to participate ('voice') and to leave the organisation ('exit').
• A significant economic xavf: the financial viability of social enterprises depends on the efforts of their members, who have the responsibility of ensuring adequate financial resources, unlike most public institutions.
• Social enterprises' activities require a minimum number of paid workers, although, like traditional non-profit organisations, social enterprises may combine financial and non-financial resources, voluntary and paid work.

Social criteria:

• An explicit aim of community benefit: one of the principal aims of social enterprises is to serve the community or a specific group of people. To the same end, they also promote a sense of social responsibility at local level.
• Citizen initiative: social enterprises are the result of collective dynamics involving people belonging to a community or to a group that shares a certain need or aim. They must maintain this dimension in one form or another.
• Qaror qabul qilish not based on capital ownership: this generally means the principle of 'one member, one vote', or at least a voting power not based on capital shares. Although capital owners in social enterprises play an important role, decision-making rights are shared with other manfaatdor tomonlar.
• Ishtirok etish character, involving those affected by the activity: the users of social enterprises' services are represented and participate in their structures. In many cases one of the objectives is to strengthen democracy at local level through economic activity.
• Limited distribution of profit: social enterprises include organisations that totally prohibit profit distribution as well as organisations such as co-operatives, which may distribute their profit only to a limited degree, thus avoiding profit maximising behaviour.

Ongoing research work characterises social enterprises as often having multiple objectives, multiple stakeholders and multiple sources of funding. However their objectives tend to fall into three categories:

• integration of disadvantaged people through work (work integration social enterprises yoki Aqllis)
• provision of social, community and environmental services
• ethical trading such as o'zaro foydali savdo-sotiq

Despite, and sometimes in contradiction to, such academic work, the term ijtimoiy korxona is being picked up and used in different ways in various European countries.

Evropa komissiyasi

As part of its Social Business Initiative,^[47] which ran from 2011 until 2014, the Evropa komissiyasi developed the following definition based on three key criteria: social objective, limited profit distribution and participatory governance:^[48]

A social enterprise is an operator in the social economy whose main objective is to have a social impact rather than make a profit for their owners or shareholders. It operates by providing goods and services for the market in an entrepreneurial and innovative fashion and uses its profits primarily to achieve social objectives. It is managed in an open and responsible manner and, in particular, involve employees, consumers and stakeholders affected by its commercial activities.

The Commission uses the term 'social enterprise' to cover the following types of business:

• those for which the social or societal objective of the common good is the reason for the commercial activity, often in the form of a high level of social innovation,
• those where profits are mainly reinvested with a view to achieving this social objective,
• and where the method of organisation or ownership system reflects their mission, using democratic or participatory principles or focusing on social justice.

Shunday qilib:

• businesses providing social services and/or goods and services to vulnerable persons (access to housing, health care, assistance for elderly or disabled persons, inclusion of vulnerable groups, child care, access to employment and training, dependency management, etc.); va / yoki
• businesses with a method of production of goods or services with a social objective (social and professional integration via access to employment for people disadvantaged in particular by insufficient qualifications or social or professional problems leading to exclusion and marginalisation) but whose activity may be outside the realm of the provision of social goods or services.

Chex Respublikasi

In the Czech Republic a working party stemming from the development partnerships in the EQUAL programme agreed on the following distinctions (April 2008):

Ijtimoiy iqtisodiyot

It is a complex of autonomous private activities realized by different types of organizations that have the aim to serve their members or local community first of all by doing business. The social economy is oriented on solving issues of unemployment, social coherence and local development. It is created and developed on the base of concept of triple bottom line—economic, social and environmental benefits. Social economy enables citizens to get involved actively in the regional development. Making profit/surplus is desirable, however is not a primary goal. Contingent profit is used in preference for development of activities of organization and for the needs of local community. Internal relations in the social enterprises are headed to the maximum involvement of members/employees in decision-making and self-management while external relations strengthen ijtimoiy kapital. Legal form of social economy entities is not decisive—what is crucial is observing public benefit aims as listed in the articles. Subjects of the social economy are social enterprises and organizations supporting their work in the areas of education, consulting and financing.

Ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik

Social entrepreneurship develops independent business activities and is active on the market in order to solve issues of employment, social coherence and local development. Its activities support solidarity, social inclusion and growth of social capital mainly on local level with the maximum respect of sustainable development.

Ijtimoiy korxona

Social enterprise means "a subject of social entrepreneurship", i.e. legal entity or its part or a natural person which fulfils principles of the social enterprise; social enterprise must have appropriate trade license.

The above mentioned definitions stem from the four basic principles that should be followed by social enterprises. Standards with a commentary were settled for each principle. These standards were settled as the minimum so that they should be observed by all legal entities and all types of social enterprises. Specific types of enterprises, that are undergoing pilot verification within CIP EQUAL projects and that are already functioning in the Czech Republic, are social firms employing seriously disadvantaged target groups, and municipal social cooperatives as a suitable form of entrepreneurship with the view of development of local communities and microregions.

The legal form a social enterprise takes may not always be seen as important—however, they must be subject of private law. According to the existing legal system, they can function in a form of cooperatives, civic associations, public benefit associations, church legal entities, Ltd., stock companies and sole traders. Budgetary organizations and municipalities should not be social enterprises as they are not autonomous—they are parts of public administration.

Social entrepreneurship is defined very broadly. Beside employment of the people disadvantaged at the labour market it also includes organizations providing public benefit services in the area of social inclusion and local development including environmental activities, individuals from the disadvantaged groups active in business and also complementary activities of NGOs destined to reinvest profit into the main public benefit activity of an organization. Social entrepreneurship defined in such a wide way should not be directly bound to legal benefits and financial support because the concept of social entrepreneurship might be then threatened by misuse and disintegration. Conditions of eventual legal and financial support should be discussed by experts.

Finlyandiya

In Finland a law was passed in 2004 that defines a ijtimoiy korxona (sosiaalinen yritys) as being any sort of enterprise that is entered on the relevant register and at least 30% of whose employees are disabled or long-term unemployed. As of March 2007, 91 such enterprises had been registered, the largest with 50 employees. In the UK the more specific term "social firm" is used to distinguish such "integration enterprises". This legal definition of a social enterprise (sosiaalinen yritys) made it hard for actual social entrepreneurship to enter the Finnish consciousness and public debate so a new term Yhteiskunnallinen Yrittäjyys (societal entrepreneurship) was dubbed and promoted by the early players in the field. Nowadays the term is recognised, accepted and even promoted by entrepreneurial NGOs, entrepreneurs themselves, co-operatives and government organisations. Finnish Social Enterprise Research Network FinSERN collects and exchanges national and international research data, maintains connections with social enterprise researchers and research networks around the world, and finds financing opportunities for research. There is also a growing interest in impact investment in Finland.

Italiya

Italy passed a law in 2005 on imprese sociali, to which the government has given form and definition by Legislative Decree no. 155, dated 24 March 2006. Under Italian law a social enterprise is a private entity that provides social utility goods and services, acting for the common interest and not for profit.

In an effort to develop social enterprises and measure social impact, the Italian governmental work placement agency—Italia Lavoro—has developed a method to calculate the social efficiency of their project, from an economic point of view. For example, they measure the economic value to the society of providing a job to a disabled person. Since 1997, Italia Lavoro provides work placements to people with mental and physical disabilities, health problems or ijtimoiy jihatdan nochor. To this aim, they help people who have fallen through the cracks of the general work system to reintegrate themselves into society through the creation of small and medium non-profit enterprises.^[49]

Also intended to generate more social enterprises is the non-profit cooperative Make a Change. Make a Change provides financial, operational and management support to social start-ups. In 2010, they organized the first edition of a contest to elect the "Social entrepreneur of the year", as well as another contest entitled "The World's Most Beautiful Job". This year's winner of the former was the social cooperative "Cauto", which manages the entire trash life-cycle in the Brescia viloyati. One-third of Cauto's workers are disabled or disadvantaged.

The winner of the "World's Most Beautiful Job" prize was the "Tavern of the Good and Bad" project by a group called 'Domus de luna' from Kalyari. The tavern employs mums and children recently graduated from rehabilitation programs. The prize consisted of a grant of €30,000 and 12 months of professional consulting and support. The awards ceremony was included in the program of the Global Entrepreneurship Week.^[50]

Birlashgan Qirollik

Ta'rif

In the UK the accepted Government-backed definition of social enterprise used by the UK social enterprise sector bodies such as Ijtimoiy korxona Buyuk Britaniya va Social Enterprise Mark CIC comes from the 2002 Savdo va sanoat boshqarmasi report 'Social Enterprise: a strategy for success' report as:^[51]

A business with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principally reinvested for that purpose.

Ning asl tushunchasi ijtimoiy korxona was first developed by Freer Spreckley in 1978, and later included in a publication called Ijtimoiy audit: kooperativ ishlash uchun boshqaruv vositasi published in 1981 by Beechwood College. In the original publication the term social enterprise was developed to describe an organisation that uses Social Audit. Freer went on to describe a social enterprise as:^[52]

An enterprise that is owned by those who work in it and/or reside in a given locality, is governed by registered social as well as commercial aims and objectives and run co-operatively may be termed a social enterprise. Traditionally, 'capital hires labour' with the overriding emphasis on making a 'profit' over and above any benefit either to the business itself or the workforce. Contrasted to this is the social enterprise where 'labour hires capital' with the emphasis on social, environmental and financial benefit.

Later on, the three areas of social, environmental and financial benefits used for measuring social enterprise became known as the uch baravar pastki chiziq. Freer later revised the Social Audit in a more structured way.^[53]

Twenty years later Spreckley and Cliff Southcombe established the first^[54] specialist support organisation in the UK Social Enterprise Partnership Ltd. in March 1997.

In the British context, ijtimoiy korxonalar include community enterprises, kredit uyushmalari, trading arms of xayriya tashkilotlari, employee-owned businesses, kooperativlar, development trusts, uy-joy birlashmalari, ijtimoiy firmalar, and leisure trusts.

Whereas conventional businesses distribute their profit among aktsiyadorlar, in social enterprises the surplus tends to go towards one or more social aims which the business has – for example education for the poor, vocational training for disabled people, environmental issues or for animal rights, although this may not always be the case.^[55]

Social enterprises are often seen as distinct from charities (although charities are also increasingly looking at ways of maximising income from trading)^[56] and from private sector companies with policies on korporativ ijtimoiy javobgarlik. An emerging view, however, is that social enterprise is a particular type of trading activity that sometimes gives rise to distinct organisation forms reflecting a commitment to social cause working with stakeholders from more than one sector of the economy.

Three common characteristics of social enterprises as defined by Social Enterprise London are:

• Enterprise orientation: They are directly involved in producing goods or providing services to a market. They seek to be viable trading organisations, with an operating surplus.
• Social aims: They have explicit social aims such as job creation, training or the provision of local services. They have ethical values including a commitment to local capacity building, and they are accountable to their members and the wider community for their social environmental and economic impact.
• Social ownership: They are autonomous organisations with governance and ownership structures based on participation by stakeholder groups (users or clients, local community groups etc.) or by trustees. Profits are distributed as profit sharing to stakeholders or used for the benefit of the community.

Some UK social enterprises

• Katta masala
• Kafe
• Kamara
• Kooperativ guruh
• Divine Chocolate (Kuapa Kokoo)
• Aden loyihasi
• Fairfield Materials Management Ltd
• HCT guruhi
• Jon Lyuis bilan hamkorlik
• London simfonik orkestri
• Skoll ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik markazi
• Technology Trust
• Two Fingers Brewing Co.
• Uels suvi

Miqyosi

A survey conducted for the Social Enterprise Unit in 2004 found that there were 15,000 social enterprises in the UK (counting only those that are incorporated as companies limited by guarantee or industrial and provident societies). This is 1.2% of all enterprises in the UK. They employ 450,000 people, of whom two-thirds are full-time, plus a further 300,000 volunteers. Their combined annual turnover is £18 billion, and the median turnover is £285,000. Of this, 84% is from trading. In 2006, the government revised this estimate upwards to 55,000, based on a survey of a sample of owners of businesses with employees, which found that 5% of them define themselves as social enterprises.^[57] The most up to date estimates suggest that there are approximately 68,000 social enterprises in the UK, contributing £24 billion to the UK economy.^[58]

Using the EU definition of social economy, the annual contribution of social enterprises to the UK economy is four times larger at £98 billion^[59] because it includes the contribution of all co-operatives, mutuals and associations that produce goods or services to improve human well-being.

Every two years, Social Enterprise UK carries out and publishes the findings of the state of social enterprise survey, the largest piece of research looking at the UK's social enterprise sector. Eng so'nggi hisobot, The People's Business, details the findings of the 2013 survey.

Tanalar

The first agency in the UK—Social Enterprise London (SEL)—was established in 1998 following collaboration between bodies supporting co-operative enterprise. SEL did more than provide support to emerging businesses: it created a community of interest by working with the London taraqqiyot agentligi (LDA) to establish both an undergraduate degree in social enterprise at the Sharqiy London universiteti va a Ijtimoiy korxona jurnali (now managed by Liverpul Jon Mur universiteti ). SEL built a network of over 2,000 social enterprises and social entrepreneurs, directly brokered over 500 social enterprise jobs under the DWP's Future Jobs Fund and delivers consultancy and business support across the world in countries including Vetnam, Koreya va Xorvatiya.

The national membership and campaigning body for the social enterprise movement in Britain is Ijtimoiy korxona Buyuk Britaniya (SEUK) (previously the Social Enterprise Coalition),^[60] and this liaises with similar groups in each region of Angliya, shuningdek Shimoliy Irlandiya, Shotlandiya va Uels. SEUK's chief executive, Peter Holbrook, joined in January 2010 from the award-winning social enterprise, Sunlight Development Trust, based in Gillingem, Kent. Claire Dove is the Chair of SEUK and runs the social enterprise Blackburne uyi yilda "Liverpul".

Social Enterprise Mark CIC is the accreditation body responsible for the only internationally available social enterprise accreditation—the Social Enterprise Mark and Social Enterprise Gold Mark. It exists to recognise and promote the capabilities of social enterprises as competitive, sustainable businesses, dedicated to maximising social impact above shareholder profit. It ensures the social enterprise business model remains ethical, credible and commercial through accreditation. There are over 200 organisations that currently hold Social Enterprise Mark/Gold Mark accreditation. The assessment and accreditation process is overseen by an independent Certification Panel, which ensures that the Social Enterprise Mark/Gold Mark criteria are rigorously applied.

In 2002, the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) established the Sustainable Funding Project. Using funds from Futurebuilders England, Centrica and Charity Bank, this project promoted the concept of sustainability through trading to voluntary groups and charities.^[61] From 2005 onwards, NCVO began using the term social enterprise to refer to voluntary sector trading activities.

In 2002, the British government launched a unified Social Enterprise Strategy,^[62] and established a Social Enterprise Unit (SEnU) to co-ordinate its implementation in England and Wales, primarily to consult on a new type of company to support social enterprise development. After a consultation (see CIC below), policy development was increasingly influenced by organisations in the conventional "non-profit" sector rather than those with their origins in employee-ownership and co-operative sectors. The 2003 DTI report on the consultation shows the disproportionate influence of charitable trusts and umbrella organisations in the voluntary sector, and evidence now exists that the voices of progressive employee-owned organisations were marginalised in the course of producing the report.^[63]

The Social Enterprise Unit was initially established within the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and in 2006 became part of the newly created Office of the Third Sector, under the wing of the Vazirlar Mahkamasi.

Following broad consultation, SEnU adopted a broader definition which is independent of any legal model. This latitudinarian definition could include not only kafolat bilan cheklangan kompaniyalar va industrial and provident societies but also companies limited by shares, unincorporated associations, partnerships and sole traders.

2012 yil aprel oyida Bosh vazir Devid Kemeron ishga tushirildi Big Society Capital, the world's first social investment wholesaler. Capitalised with a total of £600 million, it will distribute funds to intermediaries that will lend money to social enterprises, charities and community groups.

Shotlandiya

Yilda Shotlandiya, social enterprise is a devolved function and is part of the remit of the Shotlandiya hukumati.^[64] Activities are co-ordinated by the Scottish Social Enterprise Coalition, and intellectual leadership is provided by the Social Enterprise Institute at Heriot-Vatt universiteti (Edinburgh), established under the directorship of Declan Jones. Senscot, based in Edinburg, supports social entrepreneurs through a variety of activities, including a weekly email bulletin by co-founder Lawrence Demarco.^[65] The Social Enterprise Academy "deliver leadership, enterprise, and social impact programmes" throughout Scotland,^[66] and further support is provided by Development Trust Assotsiatsiyasi Shotlandiya and Co-operative Development Scotland.^[67][68]

Community Interest Companies

The UK has also developed a new legal form called the jamoatchilikni qiziqtiradigan kompaniya (CIC). CICs are a new type of limited company designed specifically for those wishing to operate for the benefit of the community rather than for the benefit of the owners of the company. This means that a CIC cannot be formed or used solely for the personal gain of a particular person, or group of people. Legislation caps the level of dividends payable at 35% of profits and returns to individuals are capped at 4% above the bank base rate.

CICs can be limited by shares, or by guarantee, and will have a statutory "asset lock " to prevent the assets and profits being distributed, except as permitted by legislation. This ensures the assets and profits are retained within the CIC for community purposes, or transferred to another asset-locked organisation, such as another CIC or charity. A CIC cannot be formed to support political activities and a company that is a charity cannot be a CIC, unless it gives up its charitable status. However, a charity may apply to register a CIC as a subsidiary company.

Ijtimoiy firmalar

Another type of social enterprise category in the UK is a social firm, a business set up specifically to create employment for people otherwise severely disadvantaged in the labour market.^[69]

Afrikada

Keniya

Yilda Keniya, many NGOs use business models to improve the lives of people, mainly in rural Kenya. Bunga misol KOMAZA, a social enterprise that plants trees with kichik mulkdor farmers and uses economies of scale to enable them to access high value markets for processed trees. Another example of this is RISE Kenya that runs projects to mitigate Iqlim o'zgarishi in the semiarid Sharqiy viloyat Keniya. They also run to'quvchilik projects whereby women who would traditionally engage in weaving make products that are marketed in the capital city Nayrobi and in overseas markets of Europe and America.

Other development-oriented social enterprises in Kenya include the One Acre Fund, Nuru International and Tirik va tepish, which has produced over 200,000 sports balls from its stitching centre in Nairobi.^[70] Kenya's social enterprises include M-Pesa, which facilitated economic transactions via mobile phone.

Social enterprise in Kenya has grown to include spaces with IT infrastructure such as internet connectivity and computer hardware. Two of these, the iHub and NaiLab, are centers for technological enterprise, with ventures such as Tandaa in cooperation with the ICT Board of Kenya and Akirachix.^[71]

Zambiya

As in much of Africa, social enterprises in Zambiya are often focused on the creation of sustainable employment. Tirik va tepish established a stitching centre in Lusaka in 2007, which employs 50 stitchers and produces 2,000 sports balls a month.^[72] Zambikes produces a range of bicycles from their Lusaka factory, including 'Zambulances' and ones made from bambuk, and provide three levels of mechanic training.^[73]

In Latin America

Chili

Chile is promoting social inclusion and further development of the private sector through Social Enterprises. Support to social enterprises has been included as part of the Productivity, Innovation and Growth Agenda, which has 47 measures, 10 bills and 37 administrative initiatives with an investment of US$1,500 million between 2014 and 2018.

Social enterprises in Chile adopt various forms like cooperatives, associations, private limited companies or corporations. The Ministry of Economy is developing a law project to create a new legal form through which they will establish the rights and duties for social enterprises.^[74]

The Government has launched several initiatives to support social enterprises. For example, the Chilean Economic Development Agency KORFO has implemented programs like the Social Innovation Program and the Seed Subsidy for Flexible Asignation to Support Social Innovation Start Ups Program. Through these programs they have provided access to seed capital to social entrepreneurs and financial support to incubators supporting social entrepreneurs. Additionally, the Ministry of Social Development also promoted matching grant funds like Mas por Chile^[75] (More for Chile) and Incubia Fund in order to support the development of solutions aiming to reduce poverty and strengthen youth.

Shuningdek qarang

• Piramidaning pastki qismi
• Citizen enterprise
• Korporativ ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik
• Ta'sirga investitsiya
• Ijtimoiy korxonalar ro'yxati
• Mikro-korxona
• MicroCignignment
• Mutualizm (iqtisodiy nazariya)
• Public/social/private partnership
• Ijtimoiy shovqin kapitali

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

• Ayken, M. (2010) "Uzoq qarash: Buyuk Britaniyaning uchinchi sektori tashkilotlari oldida turgan muammolarni kontseptsiyalashtirish". Evers, A. va Zimmer, A. (tahr.) Turbulent muhit: tijoratlashtirishning tashkiliy qonuniylik va xizmatlar sifatiga ta'siri. Baden-Baden: Nomos nashriyoti.
• Billis, D. (2010). Uchinchi sohadagi gibrid tashkilotlar. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
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• Gergen, Kristofer, Gregg Vanurek (2008), Hayotiy tadbirkorlar: g'ayrioddiy hayot yaratadigan oddiy odamlar
• Kevin Linch, Yulius Uolls, (2009) Mission, Inc.: Ijtimoiy korxonalar uchun amaliyotchilar uchun qo'llanma
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• Praxalad, CK (2009) Piramida bazasida boylik: Qashshoqlikni foyda orqali yo'q qilish
• Nayza, R. (2001). "Birlashgan Qirollik: mehnat bozorining integratsiyasi va bandlikni yaratish" Evropada ijtimoiy istisnoga qarshi kurash, tahrir. Nayza, R., Defurni, J., Favro, L. va Lavil, J-L. Aldershot: Eshgeyt.
• Spreckley, Freer (2011) Ijtimoiy korxonalarni rejalashtirish bo'yicha qo'llanma
• Woodin, T., Crook, D. va Carpentier, V. (2010). Jamiyat va o'zaro mulk: tarixiy sharh. York: Jozef Rountri jamg'armasi.
• Vayler, S. (2009). Jamiyat aktivlariga egalik qilish tarixi. London: Development Trust Assotsiatsiyasi.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Bu qo'shimcha o'qish bo'limda Vikipediya ta'qib qilinmasligi mumkin bo'lgan noo'rin yoki ortiqcha takliflar bo'lishi mumkin ko'rsatmalar. Iltimos, faqat a o'rtacha raqam ning muvozanatli, dolzarb, ishonchliva o'qishga oid muhim takliflar keltirilgan; bilan kamroq ahamiyatga ega yoki ortiqcha nashrlarni olib tashlash xuddi shu nuqtai nazar tegishli joyda. Tegishli matnlardan foydalanishni o'ylab ko'ring ichki manbalar yoki yaratish alohida bibliografiya maqolasi. (Oktyabr 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

• IJTIMOIY AUDIT: Kooperativ ishlashni boshqarish vositasi, Freer Spreckley tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan asl ijtimoiy korporativ nashr.
• Fightback Britaniya: Ijtimoiy korxonalar so'rovi holati to'g'risida hisobot, Social Enterprise UK tomonidan nashr etilgan (2011)
• SEUK: Xalq korxonalari Ijtimoiy korxonalar o'rtasida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalari to'g'risida hisobot, Social Enterprise UK tomonidan nashr etilgan (2013)
• Muhammad Yunus, Bertran Moingeon, Lorens Lehmann-Ortega, "Ijtimoiy biznes modellarini yaratish: Gramin tajribasidan saboqlar", Aprel-iyun, jild 43, n ° 2-3, Uzoq masofani rejalashtirish, 2010, p. 308-325
• Rivojlangan dunyo: Dunyo bo'ylab ijtimoiy tadbirkorlarning hikoyalarini o'z ichiga olgan onlayn ijtimoiy nashr.
• "Dunyo o'zgarishi mumkinmi? Ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik va ijtimoiy innovatsiyalarning istiqbollari"
• "Ijtimoiy korxonalarni rivojlantirish": AQSh va Evropada ijtimoiy korxonalar rivojlanishining ekspertizasi
• Dunyoni qanday o'zgartirish mumkin: ijtimoiy tadbirkorlar va yangi g'oyalar kuchi: Devid Bornshteyn to'qqizta etakchi ijtimoiy tadbirkorlarning profillari.
• Ijtimoiy korxona: moliyaviy istiqbol: Agentlik nazariyasi va boshqa tahlillarni o'zida mujassam etgan ijtimoiy korxonalarga muqobil qarash.
• Ijtimoiy tadbirkorlikning ma'nosi Dyuk universiteti ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik va notijorat menejmenti amaliyoti professori J. Gregori Dizning 1998 yildagi ushbu maqolasi. Fuqua biznes maktabi, ijtimoiy tadbirkor nima qilishini aniqlashga urinishlar.
• Aqlsiz odamlarning kuchi: Ijtimoiy tadbirkorlar dunyoni o'zgartiradigan bozorlarni qanday yaratadilar: Jon Elkington va Pamela Xartigan ijtimoiy tadbirkorlarning yangiliklari turli xil ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va ekologik muammolarni qanday hal qilishini tasvirlab bering.
• Ijtimoiy audit bo'yicha qo'llanma Bu 1970-yillarning oxirida ijtimoiy korxonalarga asos solgan Freer Spreckley tomonidan ijtimoiy korxona va ijtimoiy audit to'g'risidagi nashrlarning eng so'nggi versiyasidir.
• Gergen, Kristofer, Gregg Vanurek, (2008), Hayotiy tadbirkorlar: g'ayrioddiy hayot yaratadigan oddiy odamlar [1]
• Kevin Linch, Yulius Uolls, (2009) Missiya, Inc.: Ijtimoiy korxonalar uchun amaliyotchilar qo'llanmasi [2]
• Prahalad, CK (2009) Piramida asosidagi boylik: Qashshoqlikni foyda orqali yo'q qilish [3]
• Ted London va Styuart Xart (2010) Piramida asoslari uchun yangi avlod biznes strategiyalari: o'zaro qiymat yaratish uchun yangi yondashuvlar [4]
• Urs P. Jäger (2010) Ijtimoiy biznesni boshqarish. Missiya, boshqaruv, strategiya va hisobdorlik. Palgrave Makmillan.
• Ijtimoiy korxonalarni rejalashtirish bo'yicha qo'llanma 2011 yil: Freer Spreckley ijtimoiy korxonalarning to'liq ta'rifi va tarixini taqdim etadi va ijtimoiy korxonalarni yaratish uchun zarur bo'lgan jarayonlarni taqdim etadi.
• Qiymatni yaratish, qiymatni ushlab qolish va qiymatni o'zgartirish: ijtimoiy korxonalar qaerda turadi?: Alejandro Agafonow tomonidan, Ma'muriyat va jamiyat DOI: 10.1177 / 0095399714555756, 2014 yil 24-noyabr.
• [5] Financial Times gazetasi Buyuk Britaniyada ijtimoiy korxona hisobiga o'sishga bag'ishlangan maqola, Endryu Bounds (2013)
• [6]: Courier Times-ning BeechTree ijtimoiy korxonasi Clubhouse-ni ochish haqidagi maqolasi, Maykl Macagnone (2014)
• Serxio Sparviero, "Ijtimoiy yo'naltirilgan biznes model tuvali uchun masala: Ijtimoiy korxona modeli tuvali", 2-son, 10-tom, Ijtimoiy tadbirkorlik jurnali, 2019, p. 232-251.