Jorj Aptonning "Ayollar musiqada" asari "taniqli erkak tanqidchilarning" jiddiy "mumtoz musiqa sohasidagi yangi ayol bastakorlarning dahshatli soni deb hisoblangan yutuqlarni ahamiyatsizlashtirish va yo'q qilishga intilgan ko'plab maqolalari va sharhlaridan birinchisi" dir.[1]
Jon Nounz Peyn ikkinchi simfoniya, Bahorda, premyeralari Bostonda bo'lib o'tdi va "mislsiz muvaffaqiyat bilan kutib olindi".[3]
Gussi Lord Devis o'zining birinchi hitini "Biz tepada chinor ostida o'tirdik" bilan ijro etdi va uni muvaffaqiyatga erishgan birinchi afroamerikalik qo'shiq muallifiga aylantirdi. Kalay pan xiyoboni.[4]
Patrik Gilmor Yigirma ikkinchi polk guruhi butun yil davomida butun kun davomida spektakllar bilan shug'ullanadigan mamlakatdagi har qanday to'liq professional ansamblga aylandi.[5]
The Tomas B. Xarms musiqiy nashriyot kompaniyasi faqat ommabop musiqalarni nashr etish uchun tashkil etilgan, keyin unga murojaat qiladi salon musiqasi.[8]
Toni pastor Nyu-York shahridagi 14-ko'chada joylashgan teatr sohibi bo'lib, u birinchi bo'lib "ayol mijozlar uchun ... estrada teatri ", bu maydonni" obro'siz salonlardan "olib chiqib, uni" obro'li ayollar bahramand bo'ladigan munosib o'yin-kulgiga aylantirish ".[9][10]
Rev. Marshall V. Teylorning Plantatsiya ohanglari, negr xalq qo'shiqlari kitobi ning birinchi to'plamiga aylanadi ma'naviy, afroamerikalik tomonidan yig'ilgan.[17]
Betani oratoriyasi jamiyati yilda tashkil topgan Lindsborg, Kanzas, bu erda taniqli yillik Pasxa namoyishi Handel "s Masih bugun namoyish etilmoqda.[18]
The Xitoyni istisno qilish to'g'risidagi qonun Xitoyga qarshi kayfiyat to'lqini ostida xitoyliklarning Qo'shma Shtatlarga immigratsiyasini ancha cheklaydi va bu xitoy musiqa amaliyotlarining pasayishiga olib keladi.[19]
Norvegiyalik amerikalik xorlar Norvegiya madaniyati va musiqasini nishonlash uchun festivallarni va boshqa davriy yig'ilishlarni birlashtirib, tashkilotlar tuzishni boshlaydilar.[21]
C. C. Perkins va J. S. Duayt Qo'shma Shtatlardagi musiqiy jamiyatning birinchi tarixini nashr etdilar Gandel va Xaydn jamiyati Boston.[24][25]
Jon Slocum bir yil oldin, vahiylarni va'z qilishni boshlagan, uning xotini tomonidan davolanmoqda Meri ibodatlar; Slocums-ning izdoshlari Shaker cherkovi, shundan musiqa ajralmas qismdir.[26]
F. L. Ritter Qo'shma Shtatlarning birinchi to'liq musiqiy tarixini nashr etadi, Amerikadagi musiqa.[27]
The Freeman, an Indianapolis, Indiana - davriy nashrga asos solingan va tez orada afroamerikalik teatr guruhlari uchun asosiy savdo qog'ozga aylangan.[28]
Gretsch Qo'shma Shtatlardagi birinchi baraban ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'ldi.[29]
J. S. Putnamning "Shaharda yangi koon" birinchi hitlaridan biri qo'shiqlar nashr etilishi kerak.[30]
Charlz Fletcher Lummis Los-Anjelesga kelganidan ko'p o'tmay Ispaniyaning xalq qo'shiqlarining dastlabki to'plamlaridan birini boshlaydi.[36]
M. Vittmark va o'g'illar faqat mashhur salon musiqalarini nashr etishga yo'naltirilgan.[8]
Gavayi maktab o'quvchisi Jozef Kekuku Gavayi gitarasini ixtiro qilganligi bilan ajralib turadi, unda torlar ohangdor tarzda yig'ilib, metall panjara bilan to'xtatiladi va gitara tizzadan ushlab turiladi.[37][38]
Skott Joplin kirib keladi Sent-Luis, Missuri va tez orada kumush dollarlar salonida ish olib boradi, bu esa o'z ijodiy muhrini "mumtoz" nomi bilan tanilgan ulkan musiqa to'plamiga qo'yadi. latta ".[39][40] Salonga ragtayning muhim homiysi Jon Turpin egalik qiladi, uning o'g'li Tomas Million Turpin "Sent-Luis Ragtimning otasi" sifatida tanilgan.[41]
Chikago musiqiy kompaniyasi amerikalik ayol tomonidan nashr etilgan birinchi operani chiqardi, Joust, Yoki, musobaqa, tomonidan G. Estabrook[42]
Angliya-Kanada musiqiy noshirlari uyushmasi Evropa musiqiy noshirlarining mualliflik huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun tuzilgan.[43]
1886
(Taxminan) Vovoka, a dori odam ning Shimoliy Paiute, ning messian xabarini aniq ifodalaydi Ghost Dance xristianlik (xususan, presviterian va mormon) ta'limotlarini Vovokaning otasi Taviboning ta'limotlari bilan birlashtirgan ma'naviy harakat, bu an'anaviylik va tirilish atrofida aylandi.[44]
Bir nechta shved amerikalik xorlar birlashib, shved amerikalik musiqa sanoatining asosiy qismiga aylanadigan Skandinaviya qo'shiqchilarining ittifoqini tuzadilar.[21]
The Dawes Act rezervasyon tizimini o'rnatadi va mahalliy amerikalik oilalarga erlarni tarqatadi, ko'plab mahalliy madaniyatlarning an'anaviy ijtimoiy o'rnatilishini yo'q qiladi, bu an'anaviy musiqa va raqsning pasayishiga olib keladi.[2]
Mahalliy amerikaliklarning zamonaviy shakli kuch urf-odatlar rivojlana boshlaydi.[2]
The Amerika Folklor Jamiyati shakllantirilgan, keyin modellashtirilgan folklor jamiyati Britaniya va Shimoliy Amerikadagi xalq qo'shiqlari va hikoyalarini yig'ish va nashr etishga bag'ishlangan.[51][52]
Antoni Mallek nufuzli milliy Polsha Xonandalar Ittifoqini tashkil qiladi Polsha amerikalik tashkilot.[54]
Bastakor Edvard Makdauell premeralari uning 2-sonli fortepiano kontserti Nyu-Yorkda, uni davrning eng taniqli bastakorlaridan biri sifatida o'rnatdi.[55]
W. S. B. Matthews ' Amerikada yuz yillik musiqa mamlakatda "ommaviy va oliy musiqa ta'limi" tarixiga birinchi urinish; do'l Louell Meyson Amerika musiqasining asoschisi sifatida.[24][56]
Dastlab opera yaratgan birinchi afroamerikalik ayol Louisa Melvin Delos Mars, bilan Çingene malikasi Leoni.[57] U, shuningdek, har biri birinchisi bo'lgan uchta ayoldan biridir operetta ular Emma Marcy Raymondniki bilan birgalikda ishlab chiqarilgan Dovetta va Emma Roberts Shtayner Fleret.[42]
Etnolog J. Walter Fewkes a dan foydalangan birinchi bo'lib fonograf, a yurish - mahalliy Amerika musiqasi va nutqini yozib olish uchun mashinani ishga tushirish[59]
Harriett Gibbs Marshal musiqa yo'nalishini tugatgan birinchi afroamerikalik ayolga aylandi Oberlin kolleji. U Vashington musiqa konservatoriyasini tashkil etishga kirishadi.[60]
Columbia Records silindr yozuvlaridan iborat o'n sahifadan iborat birinchi yozuvlar katalogini chiqaradi. Katalog asosan mo'ljallangan jukebokslar.[63]
Sam Jeksning "Kreol Burlesk" kompaniyasi Nyu-Yorkda ochiladi va bu mashhur yangilik bo'lib, odatdagidek g'ayrioddiy bo'lib, aktyorlar tarkibida erkaklar ham, ayollar ham bor va shou formati ko'proq xilma-xillik dan minstrel namoyishi.[68]
Samuel W. Cole, ehtimol mamlakatdagi to'liq oratoriya bo'yicha birinchi o'rta maktab ishlab chiqarishiga rahbarlik qiladi.[69]
The Chikago simfonik orkestri shakllar, har uch yil uchun 1000 dollarni va'da qilgan qo'llab-quvvatlovchilarning daromadlari bilan. Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar orkestrlar uyushmasini tuzdilar, unga musiqiy direktor yollandi. Keyinchalik ko'plab shaharlar xuddi shu modeldan, jumladan Pitsburg, Filadelfiya, Sent-Luis, Sinsinnati va Minneapolisdan foydalanganlar.[6][7]
Leopold Vinsent nashr etadi Alliance and Labor Songster, kashshof erta to'plam mehnat qo'shiqlar.[71]
Karnegi Xoll Nyu-York shahrida klassik spektakllar o'tkaziladigan joy sifatida qurilgan.[72] Bu shaharning birinchi konsert sahnasiga aylanadi.[73]
Chinatownga sayohat birinchi marta nashr etilgan; uni Amerikaning birinchi misollaridan biri deb hisoblash mumkin musiqiy teatr, chunki u butun ishlab chiqarish atrofida aylanadigan bitta uchastkadan iborat.[7]
Papa Jek Leyn, Nyu-Orleanlik oq tanli barabanchi va saksofonchi, u Nyu-Orleanning proto-jaz guruhlarida birinchi saksafondan birinchi bo'lib foydalangan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Ba'zida u birinchi ragtime guruhini ham tuzgan deyishadi.[78] Leyn birinchi oq jazz musiqachilaridan biri hisoblanadi.[79]
Jon Filipp Sousa chapdan chiqib, Amerika professional guruhlari uchun yangi standartni o'rnatadigan guruhni tashkil qiladi AQSh dengiz piyoda guruhi.[80] U va uning guruhi shu kabi guruhlar uchun mashhurlik cho'qqisiga chiqqan eng taniqli va nufuzli professional simfonik guruh bo'ladi.[7]
Charlz K. Xarris premeralar "To'pdan keyin ", a vals vaqtga xos,[8] bu o'n yillikning eng mashhur qo'shig'i deb aytilgan,[81] va asrning eng katta zarbasi.[82] U spektaklga interpolatsiya qilingan va nota musiqasi besh milliondan ortiq nusxada sotilganligi aytilmoqda.[8]
Garri Lourens Freeman u o'zi yozgan opera uchun birinchi afroamerikalik bo'lib, o'zining birinchi asari bo'lgan, Epteliya. U dunyoviy va muqaddas afroamerikalik musiqani an'anaviy g'arbiy opera bilan birlashtirganligi bilan mashhur bo'ladi.[83]
1890-yillarning boshlarida musiqa tendentsiyalari
Irlandiyalik va amerikaliklarning musiqiy teatrdagi hukmronligi tugaydi.[84]
Elis Fletcher o'zining samarali ilmiy faoliyatini musiqa musiqasini o'rganish bilan boshlaydi Omaha tub amerikaliklar qabilasi.[86][87] Ko'magi bilan olib borilgan o'rganish Frensis La Flesche, qurilishi o'n yil davom etdi.[24]
The Dunyo Kolumbiya ko'rgazmasi, Amerika madaniyatidagi suv havzasi,[88] diqqatini Chikagoga jalb qiladi latta Patriarx Plunk Genri boshchiligidagi va ekspozitsiyasida namoyish etilgan sahna Jonni Seymur[89] va Skott Joplin[90] Skripkachi Jozef Duglass u erda namoyish etganidan so'ng keng tan olinishga erishdi va transkontinental gastrol safari o'tkazgan birinchi afroamerikalik skripkachi va kontsert skripkachisi sifatida birinchi bo'lib gastrol safari bo'lib o'tadi.[91][92] Qo'shma Shtatlardagi birinchi Indoneziya musiqiy ijrosi ko'rgazmada bo'lib o'tgan deb ishoniladi.[93] Xuddi shu tadbirda taniqli raqqosa bilan musiqachilar ansambli Kichik Misr, ko'plab amerikaliklar uchun Yaqin Sharq madaniyatiga birinchi ta'sir qilish,[94] bir guruh esa hula raqqoslar xabardorligini oshirishga olib keladi Gavayi musiqasi butun mamlakat bo'ylab amerikaliklar orasida.[37]
Chexiya bastakori Antonin Dvork qo'ng'iroqlar ma'naviy "buyuk va olijanob musiqa maktabi uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha narsalar".[96]
Jeyn Addams ' Hull House Chikagoda bu aholi punkti bilan bog'liq bo'lgan birinchi musiqa maktabi.[97]
Faylasuf Richard Vallaschek afroamerikalik degan da'voni ilgari surganda, "kelib chiqishi" mojarosini keltirib chiqaradi ma'naviy birinchi navbatda Evropa musiqasidan olingan.[98] Bu 1960-yillarga qadar, olimlar ma'naviyat "Afrikadan kelib chiqqan musiqiy qadriyatlarga asoslanib, Shimoliy Amerika sotsial-madaniy tajribasining bevosita natijasi sifatida o'ziga xosligi bilan shakllanganligini" ko'rsatguncha, bu aniq hal qilinmaydi.[99]
Nyu-York shahridagi birinchi xitoy opera teatri ochildi Chinatown.[19]
Rutven Langniki Dramatik Uverture tomonidan taqdim etiladi Boston simfonik orkestri, ushbu muassasa birinchi marta amerikalik ayol bastakorning asarini ijro etganligini nishonladi.[101]
1890-yillarning o'rtalarida musiqiy tendentsiyalar
Turkiyadagi ko'plab armanlarning qirg'inlari Qo'shma Shtatlarga keng miqyosli arman immigratsiyasining birinchi to'lqini va arman amerikalik musiqasining boshlanishiga olib keladi.[94]
Ning ommaviy ko'rgazmasi Harakatli Rasmlar, deyarli har doim mahalliy ijro etiladigan jonli musiqa bilan boshlanadi.[102]
Guruhlari John Robichaux va Buddy Bolden Nyu-Orlean davrning eng yaxshi raqs guruhlariga aylanadi va tez-tez iqtisodiy jihatdan ham, haqiqiy chiqishlarda ham raqobatdosh. Ushbu bantlar muhim kashshofdir jazz.[103]
1894
Chikagodagi standart kvartet afroamerikalik qo'shiq kvartetining birinchi tijorat yozuviga aylandi.[104]
The Black Extravaganza, Nyu-York shahridagi ochiq kontsert To'rt uyg'unlik shohi, Eski janubiy kvartet va boshqa mashhur afroamerikalik musiqachilar, afroamerikaliklar musiqasi tarixidagi "yutuq" namoyishi.[105]
Orvil Gibson sotishni boshlaydi gitara, uning texnik yangiliklari asbobni Qo'shma Shtatlar bo'ylab tarqalishiga yordam berdi.[107]
Nyu-Orlean, Luiziana talab qiladigan qonunni qabul qiladi Kreollar shaharda yashash, shu bilan ularni va ularning musiqalarini afroamerikaliklar bilan yaqinroq aloqada bo'lish.[103]
E. B. Marks birinchilardan bo'lib afroamerikalik qo'shiq mualliflarini katta muvaffaqiyat bilan nashr etadigan musiqiy nashriyot kompaniyasini tashkil qiladi.[111]
1895
Oktorun birinchi "muhim qora (teatrlashtirilgan) asar" ga aylanadi.[8]
Charlz L. Edvards nashr etadi Bahama qo'shiqlari va hikoyalari, xususiyatli ma'naviy ichida to'plangan Bagama orollari, o'sha paytda aholining katta qismi afroamerikalik qullardan kelib chiqqan.[112]
Elis Fletcher ning birinchi ma'lum yozuvlarini amalga oshiradi Ghost Dance, xususan, Vashingtonga, Left Hand va Row Lodgesga tashrif buyurgan ikki Janubiy Arapaxoning erkaklarining qo'shiqlari.[26] Uning oldingi tadqiqotlaridan ba'zilari ilhomlantirgan Frensis Densmor, juda muvaffaqiyatli ma'ruzalar seriyasini boshladi Mahalliy Amerika musiqasi.[113]
Birinchi doimiy orkestrlar Sincinnati va Pitsburgda tashkil etilgan.[7]
Uilyam Lionning Sent-Luisdagi Li Shelton tomonidan o'ldirilishi "deb nomlangan baladni ilhomlantiradi.Dovdirab qolgan Li "1897 yildan beri 150 martadan ko'proq yozib olingan, bu Li Amerika folklor musiqasining eng taniqli jinoyatchisiga aylangan.[115]
Bilan Nil ustasi, Viktor Gerbert muvaffaqiyatli qirqta operettalar qatorini namoyish etadi, ularning bir nechtasi Amerika repertuarining asosiy qismiga aylandi va "mashhur qo'shiqlarning doimiy merosi" ni yaratdi.[116]
Olti bron agentlari shakllantirish uchun o'z resurslarini birlashtirish Sindikat, Nyu-York va butun mamlakat bo'ylab teatrlarni boshqarish uchun kelgan.[122]
Birinchi "o'ziga xos sinxronlashtirilgan qo'shiqlar" ostida nashr etilgan.latta 'yorliq ".[123] Ular orasida "Mening ko'mir qora xonimim" W. T. Jefferson va Ernest Xogan "Hamma Coons menga o'xshaydi".[124]
Ernest Xogan "Hamma Coons menga o'xshaydi" - bu darhol zarba,[126] va sinxronlashtirilganlar uchun modani ishga tushiradi qo'shiqlar bu Birinchi Jahon urushigacha davom etadi.[127] Nashr qilingan versiyada "so'zning eng qadimgi birlashmasi" bo'lgan ikkinchi xorni tavsiflovchi izoh mavjud latta (kabi) latta ) instrumental musiqa "deb nomlangan.[128]
Gomer A. Norris nashr etadi Frantsiya asosidagi amaliy kelishuv, ning kashshofi va xabarchisi Amerika klassik musiqasi Germaniya yo'naltirilgan uslubidan frantsuz uslubiga yaqinlashib kelayotgan harakat.[131]
Bob Koul va Billi Jonson tuzmoq Coontownga sayohat, afroamerikalik musiqiy komediya maydonini yaratishga yordam bergan ishlab chiqarishlardan biri.[57] Bu Broadway-da paydo bo'lgan birinchi qora shou.[136]
Buddy Bolden guruhi ijro etishni boshlaydi; ba'zilari buni birinchi deb hisoblashadi jazz guruh,[127] va Bolden birinchi jaz musiqachisi.[137] Bolden ta'sirchan kornetist jazning dastlabki tarixida,[138] va uning guruhi torli bass o'rniga tuba.[139]
Uilyam X. Krell mualliflik huquqi "Missisipi Rag", bu so'zni o'z ichiga olgan birinchi "pianino" nashr etilgan latta (kabi) latta ) "sarlavhasida." Bu birinchi ragtime qo'shig'i sifatida reklama qilingan.[141] Biroq, Teodor Nortrup Yilning oxirida nashr etilgan "Luiziana lattasi" ba'zan birinchi "haqiqiy pianino latta" hisoblanadi.[134][142]Tom Turpin Afro-amerikalik tomonidan nashr etilgan birinchi latta "Harlem Rag" ham shu yilda nashr etildi va birinchi ragtime yozuvlari Vess L. Ossman va Metropolitan Band, esa Ben Xarni, pianist-bastakor, nashr etadi Rag-time o'qituvchisi.[143] So'zning mashhur ommaviy axborot vositalarida birinchi haqiqiy ishlatilishi latta bu yil Chikago gazetasida chop etilgan maqolada.[144][145]
Alderman Story boshchiligidagi Nyu-Orlean fohishabozlik tumanini tashkil etdi Storyville. Musiqachilar u erda gravitatsiya qilishadi va bu hudud innovatsiyalar uyasiga aylanadi va ularning asosiy qismiga aylanadi jazning kelib chiqishi.[103][146]
Genri Sloan, afsonaviy, taniqli bo'lmagan blyuzman, bu yilgi paytdayoq blyuz o'ynadi. U murabbiyga boradi Charley Patton, eng qadimgi blyuzmenlardan biri.[147]
Will Marion Cook "s Klorindi yoki Kek yurishining kelib chiqishi va Bob Koul "s Coontownga sayohat "afroamerikalik rassomlar tomonidan yozilgan, boshqarilgan va ijro etilgan" birinchi musiqiy filmlar.[8]Klorindi, a lattaoperetta, "Broadway-ga" sinxronlashtirilgan "qaynoq" musiqani "kiritdi va bosh rollarni ijro etdi Ernest Xogan.[83]Coontownga sayohat "Brodveyda qora tanlilar tomonidan yozilgan va ishlab chiqarilgan birinchi to'liq metrajli musiqiy pyesa",[149][150] va zamonaviy sinxronlashtirilgan uslubdagi birinchi qora operetta.[151] Bu yangi uslubning xabarchisi: amerikalik musiqiy teatr.[136]
Musiqiy ta'lim birinchi marta Nyu-York shahrining davlat maktablari tizimiga kiritilgan.[152]
Puerto-Riko Qo'shma Shtatlarning bir qismiga aylanib, ko'plab muhojirlarning kelishiga va ular bilan birga bo'lishiga olib keladi, Puerto-Riko musiqasi Nyu-York shahrida va boshqa joylarda.[153]
Birinchi afroamerikalik millatchi bastakor, Garri T. Burli, "bastakor, aranjirovkachi va konsert rassomi sifatida milliy xususiyatlarga erishish uchun" kompozitsiyani boshlaydi.[155]
Skott Joplin "Maple Leaf latta "tomonidan nashr etilgan John Stillwell Stark yilda Sedaliya, Missuri; qo'shiq "Amerika musiqa tarixidagi muhim belgi" va qora tanli bastakor uchun misli ko'rilmagan katta tijorat yutug'idir.[157][158] Bu eng mashhur va mashhur pianino latta bo'lib qolmoqda,[127] va "jiddiy kompozitsiyaga qiziqqan barcha latta bastakorlari tomonidan taqlid qilinadigan (bo'ladigan) klassik ragtim uchun modelni yaratadi". Birinchi nashridan beri Maple Leaf Rag hech qachon chop etilmagan.[159][160]
Ebi Bleyk "Charleston Rag "nashr etilgan; bu uning" birinchi va eng mashhuri latta asar "va uning karerasi Sharqiy ragtimning eng yaxshi bastakorlaridan biri sifatida belgilanadi.[161]
Afrika-ingliz bastakori Samuel Kolidj-Teylor tomonidan o'tkazilgan kontsertda qatnashadi Fisk yubiley qo'shiqchilari, unga pianino uchun sozlangan Afrikadan olingan kuylar to'plamini yaratishga ilhom berdi. The Bambuk eng mashhur bo'lib, uning asarlari "Amerika jamoatchiligida, xususan qora tanli jamoalarda katta taassurot qoldiradi".[162]
Yahudiy xorist kasaba uyushmasi foyda aktsiyalaridan ko'ra ish haqi uchun ish tashlashlar.[164]
1900
1900-yillarning boshlarida musiqa tendentsiyalari
Beyl ko'chasi yilda afroamerikaliklar madaniyati poytaxtiga aylanadi Memfis va butun janubning o'rtasi.[165]
Skripkachi va kornetist Xelen May Butler "s Xonimlar harbiy orkestri gastrol safarini boshlaydi, "ayollarning turistik hayot qiyinchiliklariga dosh bera olishlarini va musiqa biznesida omon qolish uchun etarli miqdordagi pullik mijozlarni ijaraga olishlarini ko'rsatib, o'sha davrdagi stereotiplarni" buzib tashlamoqda.[166]
The vedvil musiqiy teatr formati shakllana boshlaydi.[167]
Pat Shappelle dastlab asoslangan afroamerikalik teatr turistik kompaniyasini tashkil qiladi Jeksonvill, Florida ammo 1918 yildan boshlab Port Gibson, Missisipi bilan boshlanadigan musiqiy filmlarni yaratish Quyonning oyog'i. Bu juda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lib, erta afroamerikaliklarning ko'pchiligida ishlaydi ko'k va vedvil ijrochilar, shu jumladan Bessi Smit va Ma Reyni.[169]
Baytlahmdagi Bax xori musiqasini taqdim etadigan bir qator yillik konsert festivallarini boshlaydi Yoxann Sebastyan Bax; ushbu festivallar Baxning kompozitsiyalarini qayta tiklashda "asosiy dastlabki rag'batlantirish" dir.[171]
Birinchi ikkitasi musiqa ta'limi davriy nashrlar chiqarila boshlanadi: Maktab musiqasi va Maktab musiqasi oyligi.[172]
Gitara uchun po'lat torlar kiritilgan bo'lib, asbob gavjum va shovqinli sharoitda osonroq eshitiladi, bu gitara janubga tarqalishiga yordam beradi.[107]
Florodora, musiqa va so'zlar bilan asosan Lesli Styuart, o'zining asl aktyorlari tomonidan yozib olingan birinchi musiqiy teatr qismiga aylanadi.[173]
Jon Uesli II, professor Fisk universiteti va qora tanli folklor qo'shiqlarining birinchi afroamerikalik kollektsioneri o'zining ukasi bilan nashr etdi, Frederik Jerom Work, Fisk yubiley qo'shiqchilarining quyoshi sifatida yangi yubiley qo'shiqlari.[179]
Kutubxonachisi Metropolitan Opera teatri birinchi qiladi dastlabki oyoq yozuvlar, garchi amaliyot ovozli yozuvlar uchun himoya yo'qligi sababli mualliflik huquqini buzmasa ham.[180]
Yozilgan disklarga qo'llaniladigan birinchi qog'oz yorlig'i chiqariladi. Ushbu turdagi yorliqlar - yozuv yorliqlari - ma'lum bir kompaniya tomonidan chiqarilgan bir qator yozuvlarga berilgan tovar nomini aniqlash.[181]
Charlz Ives bastakor sifatida shaxsiy karerasini boshlaydi va "tubdan istiqbolli uslubda, ammo Amerika musiqa an'analariga asoslangan va Amerika hayotini nishonlaydigan" yangi uslubni yaratadi.[183] U "musiqa tarixidagi eng ajoyib havaskor" ga aylanadi.[184]
Oskar Sonneck Musiqa bo'limining rahbari bo'ladi Kongress kutubxonasi. U "Qo'shma Shtatlardagi musiqashunoslik yo'nalishlarini shakllantirish uchun hamma kabi" ishlaydi.[24]
Ma Reyni o'z ichiga oladi ko'k oxir-oqibat mamlakatdagi ushbu janrning eng taniqli ijrochilaridan biriga aylandi.[185]
Luiza Adolf Kern "s Palmira malikasi Zenobiya Germaniyada muvaffaqiyatli ishlab chiqarilgan birinchi Amerika operasi.[42]
O'rtasida kelishuv Gramofon kompaniyasi va Enriko Karuzo ovoz yozish kompaniyasi va ijrochi o'rtasida birinchi royalti shartnomasini tashkil etadi.[187]
Skott Joplin Entertainer-dan Amerika jamoatchiligi zavq oldi.
Enriko Karuzo da ijro etganidan keyin asosiy yulduzga aylanadi Metropolitan Opera Nyu-Yorkda.[193] U ovoz yozish texnologiyasining barcha imkoniyatlarini ishga solgan xalqaro miqyosda taniqli birinchi ijrochi bo'ladi.[194]
Birinchi doimiy orkestr Minneapolisda tashkil etilgan.[7]
J. Berni Barbour va N. Klark Smit Chikagoda "birinchi doimiy (afroamerikalik) musiqiy nashriyot" kompaniyasini topdi; u "ehtimol tarixdagi birinchi qora tanli musiqiy nashriyot kompaniyasi" dir.[196]
Dastlabki musiqa ijrochi va asbobsoz Arnold Dolmetsch Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'chib o'tadi. Uning bilan ishlash Chickering kompaniya davriy cholg'ularda ijro etiladigan Amerikaning dastlabki musiqiy tarixiy qismidir.[171]
W. C. Handy ichida Tutviler, Missisipi va blyuz ijroini eshitadi. Bu uning karerasini ilhomlantiradi va haqiqiy blyuzning birinchi hujjati va undan foydalanish haqida aytiladi slayd gitara.[199]
The Konfederatsiyaning birlashgan qizlari Alabama shtati so'zlarini "ga o'zgartirish uchun ish boshladiDiksi ", ularni janubiy sabablarga ko'ra yanada qulayroq qilish uchun. da yangi versiyalarning kiritilishi Birlashgan konfederatsiya faxriylari anjuman shov-shuvga sabab bo'ldi va qurbonlik deb e'lon qilindi. So'zlarni o'zgartirishga bo'lgan har qanday umid, qo'shiq muallifi Daniel Emmett o'n bir kundan keyin vafot etganida tugadi.[200]
Charlz F. Lummis Kaliforniyada Meksika amerikalik musiqasining birinchi yozuvlarini yozishni boshlaydi.[201]
The Estoniya qo'shiqchilar jamiyati San-Frantsiskoda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, eston musiqasini Qo'shma Shtatlarda targ'ib qiluvchi birinchi tashkilot bo'ldi.[21]
Hazel Xarrison nufuzli joyda ijro etishga taklif qilinadi Qirollik teatri Berlinda. U "musiqa olamida pianist sifatida shov-shuv ko'targan birinchi qora tanli ayol" bo'ladi.[202]
Bu yilgacha tug'ilgan blyuz ijrochilarining aksariyati odatda o'zlarini musiqachilar deb hisoblashadi, ularning repertuarida turli xil musiqiy uslublar mavjud edi; keyinchalik tug'ilganlar, asosan, o'zlarini alohida janrda o'ynashadi.[204]
Filippinlarning Qo'shma Shtatlarga birinchi keng ko'lamli immigratsiyasi boshlanadi va shu bilan Filippinlik amerikalik musiqiy an'analari boshlanadi.[205]
Artur Farwell nashr etadi G'arb va Janubning folk-qo'shiqlari, Farwell birinchi deb atagan "The Lone Prairee" ni o'z ichiga olgan qo'shiqlar to'plami kovboy qo'shig'i ham so'z, ham musiqa bosilishi kerak ".[206]
Ernest Xogan yaratadi vedvil "tarixdagi birinchi sinxronlashtirilgan musiqiy kontsert" bo'lgan akt.[208] Ijrochilar Memfis talabalari tomonidan tashkil etilgan Jeyms Riz Evropa va keyinchalik boshqargan Will Marion Cook. Ko'rgazmada "raqsga tushadigan dirijyor", guruhni mahkam ishlashini ta'minlash uchun ritmlarni raqsga tushirgan Uill Dixon va guruhning davulchisi qatnashdi. Buddi Gilmor, barabanchilar bilan bir qatorda noodatiy shovqin qurilmalaridan foydalanilgan. Odatiy bo'lmagan xalq cholg'ulari an'anaviy mis va yog'ochdan yasalgan shamollar qatorida ham qo'llaniladi. Guruh birinchi bo'lib "qo'shiq guruhi" kontseptsiyasini ko'ngilochar olamga tatbiq etdi "va hozirda ma'lum bo'lgan uslubda ijro etdi. sartaroshxona musiqasi ba'zi qo'shiqlar uchun.[209]
Xelli Anderson yaxshi tashrif buyuradigan yillik qabul va balni targ'ib qilishni boshlaydi. U birinchi yirik amerikalik ayol dirijyor.[210]
Freddi Keppard guruhining lideri bo'ladi Olympia Band, tez orada eng taniqli kishilardan biriga aylandi jazz o'sha shaharda karnaychilar. Keyinchalik u musiqani o'g'irlashni juda oson qilishidan qo'rqib, ovoz yozish shartnomasini rad etadi; o'rniga shartnoma beriladi Original Dixieland Jazz guruhi, kim milliy yulduzlarga aylanadi.[212]
Millat tarkibiga kiritilgan birinchi afroamerikalik orkestr Filadelfiyada.[213]
The Viktor Talking Machine kompaniyasi chiqaradi Victrola, eng mashhur grammofon 1920-yillarning oxirigacha bo'lgan model.[215] Victrola shuningdek, ichki shoxni o'z ichiga olgan birinchi ijro etish mashinasi.[194] Shuningdek, Viktor o'sha paytdagi Nyu-Yorkdagi Brodveyda dunyodagi eng katta yoritilgan reklama taxtasini o'rnatib, kompaniya rekordlarini reklama qilmoqda.[216]
The Koloniyalararo zal kuni Dadli ko'chasi Bostonda a sifatida ochiladi ijtimoiy klub Irlandiyalik amerikaliklar va kanadaliklar uchun. Bu 20-asrning o'rtalarida mamlakatdagi eng mashhur Irlandiya musiqa maskanlaridan biri bo'ladi.[219]
Skott Joplin nashr etadi "Gladiolus latta "bilan Jozef V. Stern, "afsonaviy amerikaliklarning ildizlarini o'ynatib, musiqiy musiqa bozorida ragtime-ni qayta joylashtirish" niyatida.[220]
Yapon-gavayi aholisining Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga ko'chishi taqiqlangan, bundan oldin Yaponiyada mehnat muhojirligini taqiqlash taqiqlangan bo'lib, yapon amerikaliklar materikda va Gavayida bir-biridan ham, Yaponiyaning o'zida ham samarali ravishda izolyatsiya qilingan.[34]
Florenz Zigfeld sifatida tanilgan shouni boshlaydi Zigfeldning follysi, bu "har qanday ekstravagant taqdimot, shu jumladan dolzarb mavzular, komediya tartib-qoidalari va, albatta, doimo mavjud bo'lgan ajoyib qizlar bilan o'yin-kulgi ko'lamini kengaytirdi.[222] U "kassa standartlarini va (tanaffuslarini) o'rnatadi".[223]
The Yashil tegirmon Chikagoda ochiladi. 2009 yilga kelib, bu shahardagi eng qadimgi tungi klub.[225]
1908
Arturo Toskanini dirijyoriga aylanadi Metropolitan Opera; u "uning kuchi, shohsupaga ko'targan buyrug'i, mukammallikka bo'lgan talablari va g'ayritabiiy musiqiy xotirasi" uchun maqtovga sazovor.[226]
Skott Joplin ta'limni nashr etadi Ragtime maktabi, "Klassikaning rivojlanishi va tarqalishidagi muhim belgi latta ".[158]
Birinchi qora tanli ustalar AQSh armiyasiga to'qqizinchi va o'ninchi otliqlar va yigirma to'rtinchi va yigirma beshinchi piyoda polklari uchun tayinlangan.[186]
Edvard L. Gruber "Kessonlar ketmoqda" qo'shig'ini "Armiya ketmoqda" singari qo'shiqning rasmiy qo'shig'iga aylantiradi. AQSh armiyasi.[227]
Frederik Convers "s Iolan, Yoki istak trubkasi chet elda nashr etilgan birinchi Amerika to'liq opera ballari.[42]
Ovoz yozuvlari fotosurat va kinematografiya bilan bir qatorda xalqaro Bern konventsiyasiga qo'shiladi mualliflik huquqi Qo'shma Shtatlar hali imzolamagan kelishuv.[46]
1909
The Mualliflik huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun yozuvlar va ommaviy ijrolarni sotishda bastakorlarning gonorarlarini ta'minlash uchun beriladi.[229][230] Shuningdek, musiqa noshirlaridan, agar biron bir shaxs bunga imkon bersa, kimdir tomonidan mexanik ko'paytirishga ruxsat berilishi kerak edi; Bundan tashqari, ushbu qonun Amerika tarixida birinchi bo'lib xususiy mulkdan foydalanish narxini belgilash yo'li bilan bozorga bevosita aralashgan va har birining yaratuvchisidan mualliflik huquqi egasiga ikki sent to'lashni talab qilgan. pianino rulosi, yozuv silindr va fonograf yozuv.[231][232]
Homer Allen Rodeheaver tomonidan yollangan Billi yakshanba, an influential development in the early history of xushxabar musiqasi. Rodeheaver will be the first gospel artist to record, and will found the first gospel label, Rainbow Records.[241] Music historian Don Cusic has called Rodeheaver the first American chorister perceived as a ladies' man or jinsiy belgi.[242]
Jon Lomaks publishes a collection of kovboy qo'shiqlar, Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads, a ground-breaking publication that launched his career;[243] he is shortly afterwards elected president of the Amerika Folklor Jamiyati.[244] This collection is the first of American folk songs to be printed with the music.[135]
The Meksika inqilobi spurs a wave of immigration, mostly to states with large Mexican populations, like Colorado and New Mexico; these immigrants bring with them contemporary Mexican culture and helped to revitalize the indigenous music of the Hispanic Southwest.[246]
R. Nathaniel Dett becomes the "first black pianist to make a transcontinental tour of the nation".[202]
Gomer Rodeheaver publishes the first of many gospel song collections that will quickly become a major part of the repertoire for African American churches across the nation.[249]
Irving Berlin "Bu sirli latta "birinchi latta song to not revolve around explicitly black lyrical themes. Berlin shifts to describing his work in this style as "syncopated", rather than "ragtime".[254] Uning "Aleksandrning Ragtime guruhi " is "conspicuously representative" of the Kalay pan xiyoboni qo'shiq mualliflari,[255] and brings about a "brief revival of interest in (ragtime)" despite being the "oqqush qo'shig'i " of the ragtime era.[256]
Charlz Griffes moves away from a German Romantic style and towards a more free-form style that comes to include French, East Asian and other influences.[257]
The first permanent orchestra is established in San Francisco.[7][258]
Within a week of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, songs have been composed about the disaster, one being a ballad being sold by a black, seemingly blind, preacher to A. E. Perkins.[275]
Cyrus H. K. Curtis gives the first public recital of organ music in the United States, in Portlend, Men.[276]
Jorj Uayfild Chadvik opera Padrone tomonidan rad etilgan Metropolitan Opera on the basis that it was "probably too real to life" in its portrayal of "life among the humble Italians". The opera takes place in "the seamy side of Boston (which) Chadwick was the first to dramatize... musically and realistically".[277] It is among the earliest American operas to present its subject realistically.[42]
John Stillwell Stark nashr etadi Standard High-Class Rags, to'plam latta songs arranged for small orchestra. It will eventually become known as The Red-Backed Book of Rags, "and as such it (will be) a wellspring of the 1970s ragtime revival".[278]
So'z jazz is used in print for the first time, in San Francisco in reference to "speed and excitement" in a game of beysbol.[281] The word's first use to describe a genre of music this year as well, in the catalogue for the International Exhibition of Modern Art (Qurol-yarog 'namoyishi ) Nyu-Yorkda,[282] and in reference to US Army musicians "trained in ragtime and 'jazz'".[235]
Frensis Densmor 's research constitutes the most extensive description of traditional Ojibve musiqasi,[283] and the "largest collection ever published from one tribe".[113]
Italiya Luidji Russolo nashr etadi L'arte dei rumori, "in which he (views) the evolution of modern music as parallel to that of industrial machinery", a basis for futurizm, a movement "identified with technology and the urban-industrial environment... "seeking to enlarge and enrich the domain of sounds in all categories".[286] The foremost proponent of futurism in the United States is Leo Ornshteyn, kim yozadi Dwarf Suite bu yil; it is the first of his "anarchistic" and highly dissonant pieces.[287]
Jeyms Muni begins founding community groups in Chicago, and staging "mammoth concerts" at the Kolizey va Orkestr zali. Choruses led by Mundy and J. Uesli Jons will sing at "all important occasions in Chicago that called for the participation of blacks" into the 1930s, when the duo's choruses attracted wide attention for their rivalry.[162]
Bill Jonson tashkil etadi Original Creole Orchestra xususiyatli Freddi Keppard, who become the first African American dance band to make transcontinental tours, on the vedvil elektron. This band carries the "jazz of New Orleans to the rest of the nation".[290]
W. C. Handy nashr etadi "Sent-Luis Blyuz ", "the most widely popular and enduring commercial success of all blues songs"[296] It will carry "the blues all over the world".[267]
Freddie Kreppard, a jazz cornetist, takes his Original Creole Orchestra to California, causing a popular sensation with his music, which he calls jass.[302]
Jewish American choirs begin springing up in urban areas across the country, many of them associated with socialism.[303]
Jeyms P. Jonson publishes "Carolina Shout", the song that will make him famous and launch his career as one of the big composers of Eastern ragtime.[278]
Tom Braun becomes the first white jazz performer to leave New Orleans to make a career in Chicago.[304]
1915
Mid-1910s music trends
The United States begins to become an "outpost where new European works were seldom heard into an important international center for the presentation of new music."[305]
The Panama-Tinch okeani ko'rgazmasi is held in San Francisco, and Hawaiian performances lead to unprecedented interest for Hawaiian music, as well as the ukulele and the Hawaiian guitar, which eventually becomes the po'lat gitara used primarily in country music. Qo `shiq "Waikiki shahridagi plyajda " is usually credited with sparking the craze.[37]
"Jelly Roll Blues "tomonidan Jelly Roll Morton becomes the first published jazz arrangement. Morton, one of the first jazz pianists,[309] will come to be regarded as "the first true jazz composer" in that he was probably the first to write down his jazz arrangements in musical notation.[310]Klarens Uilyams claimed to be the first to use the word jazz kuni notalar varaqasi, for the song "Brown Skin, Who You For?", which he described as a "Jazz Song".[235]
Charlz Demut begins a series of jazz-themed paintings that are a "definitive contribution to the early history of jazz.[282]
Tom Braun forms a white band, Brown's Dixieland Jass Band, uchun Qo'zi klubi Chikagoda; this dance orchestra was the first group to "formally introduce the music called jazz or jazz " to white Americans. African American ensembles did not use the word jazz consistently until the 1920s.[282]
The Howard Theater.the most prominent African American music venue in Washington, D.C., opens.[312]
African Americans begin moving to northern cities, especially Chicago,[313] in large numbers, bring with them their distinctive forms of musiqa.[314]
Garri T. Burli arranges a series of ma'naviy, artistically composed to fit within the Western classical madhiya va ariya urf-odatlar,[259] yilda Jubilee Songs of the United States of America. He is the first to arrange a spiritual for solo voice,[186] and is also credited with "starting the practice of closing recitals with a group of spirituals".[178]
Lyusi Kempbell becomes the music director of the Baptistlarning milliy konvensiyasi 's Sunday School and the Union Congress of the Baptist Young People; during her career, she will compose a number of important madhiyalar, including "Heavenly Sunshine", "Something Within", "He Understands, He'll Say 'Well Done'" and "The King's Highway".[315]
English folklorist Sesil Sharp begins collecting Scottish and English folk songs in the southern Appalachian region, and is surprised to discover that the "cult of singing (British) traditional songs is far more alive than it is in England, or has been, for fifty years or more".[228][317][318]
The first Lithuanian American song festival is held, predating the first similar festival in Lithuania by eight years.[21]
A bookstore in New York is opened by Myron Surmach, becoming one of the major institutions of the Ukrainian American music industry.[319]
Ernest Bloch comes to America. His subsequent work will mark "the crux of the Hebraic impact in America's art music".[321]
Sherman Kley begins publishing Hawaiian notalar varaqasi in San Francisco, greatly improving distribution for Hawaiian music on the mainland, while Ernest Kaai nashr etadi a ukulele instruction book, The Ukulele: A Hawaiian Guitar and How to Play It, the first of many to come throughout the following decade.[37]
Emma Azaliya Xakli becomes one of the first African Americans to record, though the results are never released.[179]
Nataniel Klark Smit begins his teaching career at Linkoln o'rta maktabi yilda Missuri, Kanzas-Siti. He will go on to pioneer the African American "master teacher" phenomenon, in which a public school teacher contributes an "enormous amount of time to developing the skills of talented young people". Smith becomes a local legend, and his students include many of the "leading jazz and concert artists" of the mid-20th century.[323]
The Original Dixieland Jazz guruhi makes the first jazz recordings,[132][282][329][330] though the white band's style is meant for white audiences with little awareness of African American music practices, and the band is unable to impress black audiences or jazz enthusiasts.[295][331][332]
English folk song collector Sesil Sharp publishes an anthology of songs from western North Carolina, Janubiy Appalachilarning xalq qo'shiqlari, bilan Olive Dame Campbell;[333] this is the "first major scholarly collection of the mountain people's music".[334]
The Oktyabr inqilobi in Russia leads to political change, soon resulting in state support for professional, virtuoso balalaika orchestras; these groups come to be seen as "role models" by similar groups in the United States.[247]
The Oliy sud rules that the "public performance of music contributed to the ability of an establishment to make profits even if no special admission was charged for that music".[74]
With the United States' entry into World War 1, warrior customs among the Plains Native Americans are briefly revived, as many ceremonies and rituals are allowed, after many years of being banned, for the duration of the war.[2]
Garri T. Burli, one of the most prominent African American composers of his time, publishes "Chuqur daryo ", the first of many classically arranged ma'naviy.[83]
W. Benton Overstreet "Jazz raqsi "tomonidan ommalashtirilgan vedvil Estelle Harris at Chicago's Katta teatr, is an early use of the word jazz and is used by "more black vaudeville acts than any other song ever published".[282]
The Navy shuts down Storyville, the prostitution district of New Orleans, because the Dengiz kuchlari kotibi believed it threatened the moral integrity of the armed forces;[330] the result is an exodus of black musicians, who had played in the bars and clubs of Storyville, to cities like Memphis and Chicago.[314] Many of the musicians are hired by Northern bands because their style was considered a novelty that is thought to increase an ensemble's commercial potential; the Northerners, however, tended to adopt the "hot", bluesy style themselves.[285]
Leo Sowerby, bandmaster of service bands during World War I composes "Tramping Tune".[328]
The most famous riverboat bandleader of the early jazz era, Fate Marable, forms his first band. He will play with a wealth of well-remembered recording artist, though he will only play on one record, from 1924.[336]
Art Xikman, a San Francisco bandleader, publishes "Rose Room". Hickman and his pianist-arranger, Ferde Grofé, are influential figures, who "are generally given credit for inventing the type of dance band which" dominates American popular music for the first half of the 20th century; they were among the earliest to "write separate music for the reed and brass sections, combining the higher and lower instruments in each section into choirs... for dancing rather than listening." Hickman was also probably the first to hire three saxophones, enabling the use of more complex and richer harmonies.[337]
1918
Late 1910s music trends
The wind ensembles that have dominated local community bands since the Civil War begin to decline in importance.[80]
More than 60,000 African Americans from Texas, Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas move to Chicago, especially in the city's Janubiy tomon. The black population boom "ushered in the city's jazz age, widening the market for black musical entertainment", including kabaretkalar, raqs zallari va vedvil va kinoteatrlar.[338]
Kalay pan xiyoboni songwriters capitalize on the Hawaiian music fad, creating songs with thematic elements evoking Hawaii.[37]
Charlz N. Daniels ' "Mickey (Pretty Mickey)" is one of the first pieces of music written expressly for a film, for the movie of the same name starring Mabel Normand.[74]
The first permanent professional orchestra is established in Cleveland.[7]
The Million dollarlik teatr is opened in Los Angeles, eventually becoming one of the premier avenues for Spanish language performances in the Western hemisphere.[201]
A Kansas woman named Nora Xolt becomes the first African American to complete a master's degree education in music, from the Chikago musiqa kolleji.[342]
Charlz Tomlinson Griffes ' Pianino uchun sonata is considered his "most original... most complex and ambitious work", and a "powerfully creative and consistently conceived work that (stands) as a peak for neo-Romantic expression in American music for piano".[344]
Shanewis tomonidan Charlz Ueykfild Kadman is the "most notable" of the Native American-themed operas then popular; it will run for eight shows in two seasons, setting a new American record for opera.[345]
Jeyms Riz Evropa 's band for the 369th Infantry is the only African American military band of World War 1 sent on a special mission to perform for troops on leave in Aix-les-Bains. The band performs throughout the area, and is very well received.[346] The band popularizes latta Fransiyada.[347][348][349]
Congress, on the suggestion of General Jon J. Pershing, authorizes the creation of twenty additional bands for the duration of World War I. Pershing also increases the size of bands to allow for full instrumentation, setting the standard lineup for future military bands, relieves bandsmen of all non-musical duties, and establishes a band school at Chaumont Fransiyada.[351]
The first attempt to cross-promote a song and film comes from Mikki, a film whose title song, "Mickey", is written by Charlz N. Daniels.[352]
1919
Popular bandleader Jeyms Riz Evropa is murdered; he becomes the first African American honored with a public funeral in New York City.[353]
Kalay pan xiyoboni publishes songs that spark a fad for ko'k -like music; these songs include syncopated foxtrots like "Jazz Me Blues", pop songs that were marketed as blues like "Wabash Blues", as well as actual blues songs.[354]
Taqiq begins, driving the consumption of spirtli ichimliklar into secret clubs and other establishments, many of which became associated with the developing genre of jazz.[355]
The first permanent orchestra is established in Los Angeles.[7][258]
Karl dengiz qirg'og'i "s Musiqiy iste'dodning o'lchovlari is a system of assessing musical aptitude that becomes widely adopted but also inspires controversy.[32][152]
Merle Evans begins leading the Ringling-Barnum Band, becoming the most famous circus bandleader in the country, especially known for leading the other performers with one hand while simultaneously playing the kornet.[356]
Irving Berlin 's "You Cannot Make Your Shimmy Shake on Tea" is one of many songs from the era that expressed opposition to Taqiq. Other songs, like "Drivin' Nails in My Coffin (Every Time I Drink a Bottle of Booze)" expressed support for the abolition of alcohol.[357]
James Sylvester Scott publishes three rags, "which are among the most demanding of all published piano ragtime": "New Era Rag", "Troubadour Rag" and "Pegasus: A Classic Rag".[358]
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Ukpokodu, Piter (2000 yil may). "Raqs, musiqa, teatr va filmdagi afroamerikalik erkaklar". Amerika siyosiy va ijtimoiy fanlar akademiyasining yilnomalari. 569 (Afrikalik amerikalik erkak Amerika hayotida va fikrida): 71-85. doi:10.1177/0002716200569001006.
^Kolduell Titkomb (1990 yil bahor). "Qora torli musiqachilar: Taroziga ko'tarilish". Qora musiqa tadqiqotlari jurnali. Qora musiqa tadqiqotlari markazi - Chikagodagi Kolumbiya kolleji va Illinoys universiteti matbuoti. 10 (1): 107–112. doi:10.2307/779543. JSTOR779543.
^Olmos, Beverli; Barbara Benari. "Indoneziya musiqasi". Jahon musiqasi Garland entsiklopediyasi. 1011-1023 betlar.
^ abRasmussen, Anne K. "Yaqin Sharq musiqasi". Jahon musiqasi Garland entsiklopediyasi. 1028–1041-betlar.
^Deyli, laing. "Bootleg". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasining davomli ensiklopediyasi. p. 481.
^Deyli, laing. "Yorliq". Ommabop musiqaning uzluksiz ensiklopediyasi. p. 620.
^Viskonsin shahrining hikoyalari: Jeynvill. Viskonsin jamoat televideniesi. WPNE-TV. 2008-01-17. 45 daqiqa ichida. Shuningdek, 1910 yilda Bond tomonidan nashr etilgan "A Perfect Day" ga murojaat qiling infra.
^Abel, pgs. 50-51; Birlashgan Millatlar Konfederatsiyasi faxriylarining vitse-prezidenti Uilyam Lyuis Kabel buni konvensiyadagi sahnada fidoyilik deb qoraladi, boshqalari yangiliklar jurnaliga o'xshash fikrlarni bildirdi. Konfederatsiya faxriysi
^ abLoza, Stiven. "Ispaniyalik Kaliforniya". Jahon musiqasi Garland entsiklopediyasi. 734-753 betlar.
^Deyli, laing. "Mualliflik huquqi". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasining davomli ensiklopediyasi. 481-485 betlar.
^Sanjek, Devid va Uill Stro, "Musiqa sanoati", pg. 256–267 yillarda Garland Jahon musiqasi entsiklopediyasida Sanjek va Strovaning ta'kidlashicha, bu "mamlakat tarixida birinchi marta (a) xususiy mulkdan foydalanish narxi federal qonun bilan kodlangan".
^Klark, bet. 229; Klarkning aytishicha, bu "hukumat mahsulotni etkazib beruvchi va foydalanuvchi o'rtasida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aralashgan tarixda birinchi marta" bo'lgan.
^Leger, Jeyms K. "Musica Nuevomexicana". Jahon musiqasi Garland entsiklopediyasi. 754-769 betlar.
^ abLivingston, Tamara E. va Ketrin K. Preston, "Oniy tasvir: musiqa va sinfning ikki ko'rinishi", pgs. 55-62, yilda Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi
^Ba'zi mualliflar, masalan, Upkopodu, pg. 75, "Memfis Blues" deb nomlangan birinchi blyuz kompozitsiyasi.
^Qush, pg. 45, Birdning aytishicha, Xendi "birinchi savdo blyuz" ni nashr etishni boshladi
^Krouford, bet. 546; Krouford bu raqsning Qo'shma Shtatlardagi mashhur musiqaning ajralmas qismiga aylanishiga olib kelishini va 1912-1914 yillarda 100 dan ortiq yangi raqslar paydo bo'lganligini ta'kidlamoqda.
^Krouford, bet. 569; Kroufordning ta'kidlashicha, bu voqea shu qadar bahsli bo'lganki, u hali ham suhbat mavzusi bo'lgan Garvard universiteti 1919 yilda fakultet, qachon Virjil Tomson u erda o'qishni boshladi.
^Kovderi, Jeyms R. va Anne Lederman, "Ijtimoiy va musiqiy identifikatorlar chegaralarini xiralashtirish", pg. 322–333, yilda Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi
^Preston, Ketrin K.; Susan Key, Judith Tick, Frank J. Cipolla va Raul F. Kamyu. "Snapshot: Qo'shma Shtatlarda musiqaning to'rt ko'rinishi". Jahon musiqasi Garland entsiklopediyasi. 554-569 betlar.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
^Bakli, Devid; Deyv Laing. "Spirtli ichimliklar". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasining davomli ensiklopediyasi. 149-152 betlar.
Fayf, Ostin E.; Alta S. Fayf (1966). Kovboylar qo'shiqlari, n. Howard ('Jack') Thorp: Variantlar, sharhlar, eslatmalar va leksikon. Nyu-York: C.N. Potter.
Keskin, Sesil J.; Mod Karpeles (1960 (1924)). Janubiy Appalachilarning Ingliz Xalq Qo'shiqlari. London: Oksford universiteti matbuoti. Sana qiymatlarini tekshiring: | yil = (Yordam bering)
