1948 yildan beri qiynoqlardan foydalanish - Use of torture since 1948

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "1948 yildan beri qiynoqlardan foydalanish"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2009 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Qiynoq, ma'lumot yoki tan olish uchun yoki noqonuniy ravishda shaxsga qattiq jismoniy yoki psixologik og'riq etkazish suddan tashqari jazo tomonidan taqiqlangan xalqaro huquq va aksariyat mamlakatlarda noqonuniy hisoblanadi. Biroq, u hali ham ko'plab hukumatlar tomonidan qo'llaniladi. Ushbu maqolaning mavzusi 1948 yil qabul qilinganidan beri qiynoqlarni qo'llashdir Inson huquqlari umumjahon deklaratsiyasi (UDHR), buni taqiqlagan.

Zamonaviy jamiyatdagi qiynoqlar

Qiynoq butun dunyoda keng qo'llaniladi: Xalqaro Amnistiya qiynoqqa solingani yoki shafqatsiz ekanligi to'g'risida xabar oldi, g'ayriinsoniy yoki qadr-qimmatni kamsituvchi munosabat yoki 1997 yildan 2000 yilgacha bo'lgan to'rt yillik davrda 150 dan ortiq mamlakatlardagi jazo. Ushbu ayblovlar qarshi qilingan harakatlarga tegishli siyosiy mahbuslar 70 mamlakatda va 130 dan ortiq mamlakatlarda boshqa mahbuslar va mahbuslar.^[1] Davlat tomonidan qiynoqqa solinishi keng ko'lamli hujjatlashtirilgan va o'rganilgan jamoaviy xotira va yarashuv hukumat o'zgarishini boshdan kechirgan jamiyatlarda. Qiynoqlardan omon qolganlar o'rtasida o'tkazilgan so'rovlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, qiynoqlar "asosan ma'lumot olishga qaratilgan emas ... Uning asl maqsadi jabrlanuvchining shaxsiyati va shaxsini buzishdir".^[2] Tarkibsiz qo'llanilganda qiynoqlar repressiya vositasi va muxolifatga qarshi kurash va jamoatchilikning imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish vositasi sifatida ishlatiladi.

Ko'pgina davlatlar qiynoqqa solishgan bo'lsa-da, ozchilik buni o'z fuqarolariga yoki xalqaro tashkilotlarga nisbatan shunday qilishni ta'riflashni xohlaydi. Shunday qilib, ularning huquqiy va gumanitar burchlarini chetlab o'tish uchun turli xil strategiyalar qo'llaniladi, shu jumladan ishonarli inkor etish, maxfiy politsiya, "bilish kerak", ayrim faoliyat turlari qiynoqqa solinishini rad etish, turli qonunlarga (milliy yoki xalqaro) murojaat qilish, yurisdiktsiya argumenti, "haddan tashqari ehtiyoj" da'vosi, foydalanish ishonchli vakil tomonidan qiynoqqa solish, va hokazo.^[3] Qiynoqqa tutilgan deyarli barcha rejimlar va hukumatlar (va insoniyatga qarshi boshqa jinoyatlar), shafqatsiz bo'lishiga qaramay, doimiy ravishda bu bilan shug'ullanishni rad etishmoqda eshitish va ular qiynoqqa solgan fuqarolarning ashyoviy dalillari. Prokuratura rad etilishi yoki ta'qib qilinmaslik orqali, qiynoqqa solishni buyurgan yoki amalga oshirayotgan ko'pchilik odamlar qilmishlari uchun qonuniy oqibatlarga duch kelmaydilar.^[3] BMTning Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasi bo'yicha maxsus ma'ruzachisi, janob Nayjel Rodli, "jazosizlik inson huquqlari buzilishini va xususan qiynoqlarni davom ettirish va rag'batlantirishning asosiy sababi bo'lib qolmoqda" deb hisoblaydi.^[4]

Garchi shtatlar, xususan ularning qamoqxonalari, huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari, harbiy va razvedka apparatlari qiynoqqa qo'l urgan bo'lsa, ko'pchilik nodavlat aktyorlar u bilan ham shug'ullaning. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi harbiy xizmatchilar va partizanlar kabi jinoiy aktyorlar uyushgan jinoyatchilik sindikatlar va o'g'irlab ketuvchilar.

So'roq qilishda yaqinda yondashuv bu kabi usullardan foydalanish bo'ldi suv kemalari, jinsiy kamsitish va jinsiy zo'ravonlik va itlar milliy yoki xalqaro qonunchilikka muvofiq qonuniy deb topilgan tarzda mahbuslarni qo'rqitish yoki ularga bosim o'tkazish. Kabi elektr toki urish texnikasi hayratda qoldiradigan kamarlar va taserslar ular mahbuslarni yoki gumon qilinuvchilarni, hattoki zo'ravon bo'lmaganlarni "nazorat qilish", ma'lumot olish uchun emas, balki ishlatilishi sharti bilan tegishli deb hisoblangan. Ushbu uslublar qiynoq sifatida keng tanqid qilindi.

Texnologiya

Qiynoq usullari ko'pincha qo'pol bo'lsa-da, so'nggi yillarda qiynoqqa soluvchilar tomonidan nazoratning bir qator yangi texnologiyalari qo'llanilmoqda. Braziliya hukumati 1964 yildan 1985 yilgacha bo'lgan harbiy diktatura davrida bir qator yangi elektr va mexanik qiynoq vositalarini o'ylab topdi va boshqa o'ng qanot Lotin Amerikasi mamlakatlarining harbiy amaldorlarini o'zlarining texnikalariga o'rgata boshladi.^[5] Ulardan biri bu butun dunyo bo'ylab qamoqxona ma'muriyatiga keng sotiladigan tasakerlar va elektro-shok qurilmalaridan foydalanish. Qadimgi texnikalarning mayda-chuyda takomillashtirilishlari, shu jumladan temir asboblar bilan tirnoq va oyoq tirnoqlarini yirtib tashlash, oyoq dabdabalarini kiyim dazmollari bilan yoqish va oyoq barmoqlari orasida elektrni yoqib yuboradigan qalam bilan tekshirish. Ba'zi Afrika xalqlari O'rta asr frantsuz botinkasidan keyin naqshinkor temirni oyoqni siqib chiqaruvchi moslamadan foydalanadilar.

Shtatlararo hamkorlik

Ushbu maqoladagi misollar va istiqbol vakili bo'lmasligi mumkin butun dunyo ko'rinishi mavzuning. Sizga mumkin ushbu maqolani yaxshilang, masalani muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi, yoki yangi maqola yarating, tegishli ravishda. (2010 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (2009 yil may) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

1967 yilda AQSh armiyasi tomonidan qo'lga olingan Vetnam Kongo mahbusi so'roq qilishni kutmoqda. U joylashtirilgan stress holati taxtasini qo'llari orasiga bog'lab qo'yish orqali.

Qiynoqlarni qo'llash va muvofiqlashtirish bo'yicha davlatlar o'rtasida sezilarli hamkorlik hujjatlashtirilgan. Orqali Feniks dasturi, Qo'shma Shtatlar yordam berdi Janubiy Vetnam Milliy ozodlik frontining gumon qilingan a'zolarini hibsga olish, qiynoqqa solish va o'ldirish tizimini muvofiqlashtirish yoki Vietnam Kong. 1980-yillarda Markaziy Amerikadagi urushlar paytida AQSh hukumati qo'llanmalar va o'quv mashg'ulotlari bilan ta'minladi so'roq qilish bu qiynoqqa solinishga qadar qo'llanilgan (qarang AQSh armiyasi va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi so'roq qilish uchun qo'llanmalar ). Qo'llanmalar, shuningdek, maxsus kuchlar mobil ta'lim guruhlari tomonidan Kolumbiya, Ekvador, El Salvador, Gvatemala va Perudagi harbiy xizmatchilar va razvedka maktablariga tarqatildi. Qo'llanmada "majburlash texnikasi" ga bag'ishlangan bo'lim mavjud.

Janubiy Amerikaning janubiy konus hukumatlari - Chili, Argentina, Urugvay, Boliviya, Paragvay va Braziliya "Condor" operatsiyasi muvofiqlashtirildi g'oyib bo'lish, 1970-yillarda dissidentlarni qiynoqqa solish va qatl etish. Muvofiqlashtirilgan operatsiyalarda yuzlab odamlar o'ldirilgan va tiklanganlarning jasadlari ko'pincha buzilgan va qiynoq belgilariga ega bo'lgan. Ushbu tizim Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumatining bilimi va ko'magi bilan Davlat departamenti, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi va Mudofaa vazirligi orqali ishladi.^[6]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati hech bo'lmaganda beri Bush ma'muriyati, ning taktikasidan foydalangan qonuniy ijro unda gumon qilingan terrorchilar sodir etilganligi taxmin qilingan jinoyatlar uchun sudga tortilishi kerak bo'lgan mamlakatlarga topshirilgan. "Terrorizmga qarshi urush" da bu rivojlandi g'ayrioddiy ijro Misr, Iordaniya, Marokash va Afg'oniston, qiynoqqa solinishi ma'lum bo'lgan chet el hukumatlariga mahbuslarni yoki yaqinda qo'lga olinganlarni, shu jumladan terrorizmda gumon qilinganlarni etkazib berish. Huquq himoyachilari bu amaliyot miqdori etarli deb da'vo qilishmoqda o'g'irlash qiynoqqa solish yoki proksi tomonidan qiynoqqa solish maqsadida. Shu bilan bog'liq bo'lgan qamoq jazosi uchun qamoqxonalar faoliyat ko'rsatishi va chet ellarda qiynoqqa solinishi keng tarqalgan. 2005 yil noyabr oyida Vashington Post ma'muriyat manbalariga iqtibos keltirgan holda --- bunday ob'ektlar tomonidan boshqarilishi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Tailandda (2004 yilgacha), Afg'onistonda va noma'lum Sharqiy Evropa mamlakatlarida.^[7] Human Rights Watch tashkiloti uchish bilan bog'liq samolyotlar Polsha va Ruminiyaga bir necha bor qo'nganligi haqida xabar beradi.^[8]

Yaqinda tanlangan mamlakatlarda qiynoq holatlari

  AQSh va gumon qilingan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi "qora saytlar "

  G'ayrioddiy ijrolar ushbu mamlakatlar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan

  Aytilishicha, hibsga olingan shaxslar ushbu mamlakatlar orqali olib o'tilgan

  Aytilishicha, hibsga olingan shaxslar ushbu mamlakatlarga kelishgan

Manbalar: Xalqaro Amnistiya^[9] Human Rights Watch tashkiloti

Qiynoqlardan foydalanish geografik jihatdan keng tarqalgan. Tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan Xalqaro Amnistiya, ishlatmagan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Qiynoqlarga qarshi konvensiyasi uning qiynoq ta'rifi sifatida, ish materiallarida "1997 yildan 2000 yilgacha 150 dan ortiq mamlakatlardagi davlat amaldorlari tomonidan qiynoqqa solinganligi yoki ularga nisbatan yomon munosabatda bo'lganligi to'g'risida xabarlar" topilgan. Ushbu hisobotlarda 70 dan ortiq mamlakatlarda keng tarqalgan yoki doimiy zo'ravonlik va 80 dan ortiq mamlakatda qiynoqqa solingan o'limlar tasvirlangan.^[10]

Afg'oniston

Afg'onistonda qiynoqlar uning so'nggi har bir hukumati davrida qayd etilgan. Najibullohning Sovetlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan tuzumi davrida urish va elektr toki urishi haqida keng tarqalgan.^[11] Mujohidinlar g'alabasidan so'ng Afg'oniston betartiblik holatiga tushib qoldi va Xalqaro Amnistiya ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, "tinch aholini uylarida qiynoqqa solish endemik holga aylandi ... Qurollangan siyosiy guruhlar boshqaradigan deyarli har bir qamoqxonada qiynoqlar kundalik hayotning bir qismi ".^[12] The Toliblar qiynoqqa solinganligi haqida xabar berilgan.^[13] AQSh Tolibonni ag'darganidan beri, qiynoqlar haqida bir necha bor afg'on guruhlari tomonidan ham, AQSh qo'shinlari tomonidan ham xabar berilgan. In Hirot urush boshlig'i ustun bo'lgan mintaqa Ismoil Xon, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti 2002 yilda keng ko'lamli qiynoqlar haqida xabar bergan.^[14] AQSh qo'shinlari tomonidan qiynoqqa solinganligi haqidagi xabarlarda da'vo qilingan Nyu-York Tayms.^[15] 2008 yil mart oyida Buyuk Britaniya Mudofaa vazirligi ular va Afg'oniston armiyasi Tolibonning qiynoqlar xonasini fosh etishganini da'vo qilgan, u erda ikki kishi kaltaklangan deb taxmin qilingan.^[16]

Albaniya

Ostida Enver Xoxaning Albaniya Xalq Sotsialistik Respublikasi, qiynoqlar politsiya va qamoqxona lagerlari qo'riqchilari tomonidan keng qo'llanilgan.^[17][18] Kommunizm qulaganidan beri Xalqaro Amnistiya hisobot berdi politsiya suiiste'mollari qiynoqqa solish miqdori;^[1] hukumat "Albaniya jinoiy adliya tizimi ostida barcha qiynoqlarni jazolashga harakat qilganini" aytmoqda.^[2]

Jazoir

Ga binoan Per Vidal-Naquet Frants Fanonning "Qiynoqlar; Demokratiya saratoni" va "Les Damnees de la Terre" filmlarida general qo'mondonlik qilgan frantsuz kuchlari tomonidan qiynoqlar keng tarqalgan. Jak Massu, "Les Paras" ning Hind-Xitoy urushi va Germaniya qo'shinlari tajribasini birlashtirgan Frantsiya chet el legioni. Eng taniqli usullardan biri bu edi gegene, yoki generator, unda jabrlanganlar bog'lab qo'yilgan va elektr organlariga elektr toki urishini etkazadigan ibtidoiy vosita bilan elektr toki urilgan.

Angola

Angolaning 27 yillik fuqarolar urushida, Xalqaro Amnistiya ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, "ko'pchilik ikki tomon tomonidan qiynoqqa solingan".^[19][20] O'sha vaqtdan beri A.I. "qurolsiz fuqarolar suddan tashqari qatl qilinmoqda va qiynoqqa solinmoqda"^[21] Angolaga qarshi urushda Kabindan ayirmachilar.

Argentina

"Deb nomlangan davrdaNopok urush "1970-yillarda, xususan, nafaqat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan harbiy diktatura 1976 yildan 1983 yilgacha o'n minglab argentinaliklar "ko'zdan yo'qoldi "Xunta tomonidan, ko'pchilik endi ko'rilmaydi Shaxslarning yo'qolishi bo'yicha milliy komissiya xulosa qildi:

Komissiya e'tiboriga havola etilgan deyarli barcha holatlarda jabrlanganlar qiynoqlar haqida gapirishadi. Qiynoqlar repressiya metodologiyasining muhim elementi edi. Qiynoqlarni bezovta qilinmasdan amalga oshirish uchun boshqa sabablar qatorida maxfiy qiynoq markazlari tashkil etildi.^[22]

Bahrayn

20-asrda Bahrayn hukumati tomonidan qiynoqlardan tez-tez foydalanib kelinmoqda. E'tiborli holatlarga quyidagilar kiradi Yan Xenderson, Bahraynda ishlagan sobiq mustamlakachi zobit, u ko'plab guvohlar tomonidan mahbuslarni qiynoqqa solishda ayblangan.^[23] Adel Flaifel, ko'plab hibsga olinganlar tomonidan qiynoqlarni nazorat qilgani kabi taniqli xavfsizlik xodimi,^[24] ostida immunitet berildi Qirollikning 2002 yildagi 56-sonli farmoni. 1980-1998 yillarda qiynoqlar natijasida qamoqxonada to'qqiz kishi vafot etgan, qiynoqqa solingan jarohatlar natijasida ozod qilinganidan ko'p o'tmay yana besh kishi o'lgan. Xalqaro Amnistiya tomonidan chiqarilgan hisobotlar^[25] Human Rights Watch tashkiloti^[26] ichida 1990-yillar Bahrayn qamoqxonalarida qiynoqlarning keng qo'llanilishiga ishora.^[27](p35)

Davomida Bahrayn qo'zg'oloni, qiynoqlar ko'plab inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi hisobotlarda keng va muntazam ravishda tasvirlangan. 64 foizni tashkil etadigan 1866 yilgacha^[28] hibsga olinganlarning qiynoq holatlari haqida xabar berishdi.^[27](p37) Uchta davlat idoralari, ya'ni Ichki ishlar vazirligi, Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi va Bahrayn mudofaa kuchlari, voqealar bilan bog'liq holda hibsga olinganlarni so'roq qilishda ishtirok etgan qo'zg'olon. NSA va IIB jismoniy va psixologik noto'g'ri munosabatlarni muntazam ravishda qo'llashdi, bu esa ko'p hollarda qiynoqlarga to'g'ri keldi.^[29](p298) BDF tomonidan qiynoqqa solingan deb taxmin qilingan shaxslarning faqat to'rt nafari hibsga olingan.^[29](p283) The Bahrayn mustaqil tergov komissiyasi besh kishining o'limini qiynoqqa solishdi.^{[29](p287-288)}

Braziliya

Tomonidan muntazam ravishda qiynoq qo'llanilgan Braziliya diktaturasi 1964 yildan 1977 yilgacha dissidentlarga qarshi rejim. Bunga o'z farzandlarini qiynoqqa solish, ba'zilari o'sha paytda 2 yoshga to'lmagan bolalar ham qiynoqqa solingan.^[30]

Chili

Ning rejimi Augusto Pinochet 1970-yillarda Chilida siyosiy muxoliflarga nisbatan qiynoqlar keng qo'llanilgan. Chili Siyosiy qamoq va qiynoqlar bo'yicha milliy komissiya (Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura) 2004 yilda qiynoqlar hukumatning muntazam ravishda amalga oshirilgan siyosati bo'lgan degan xulosaga keldi va tovon puli berishni tavsiya qildi. Komissiya 35000 dan ortiq guvohlarning ko'rsatmalarini tingladi, ularning ko'rsatmalari ellik yil davomida sir saqlanishi kerak edi.^[31][32] Qiynoqqa solinganlar orasida bo'lajak prezident ham bor edi Mishel Bachelet, onasi bilan birga taniqli bo'lgan Villa Grimaldi poytaxtdagi hibsxona Santyago.

Xitoy

1996 yilda Xitoyda qiynoqlar noqonuniy deb topilgan bo'lsa-da, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining tergovchisi qiynoqlarni 2005 yilda ham keng tarqalgan deb topdi, ayniqsa izning qoldirilgan qonunning tor ta'rifi BMT ta'rifiga mos kelmaydi.^[33]

Kuba

Kechayu kunduz, Xudoning rahm-shafqatini so'rab vahima va umidsizlik ichida qiynoqqa solingan ayollarning qichqiriqlari qamoqxona ma'murlarining karlariga quloq solmoqda. Ular "tortmachalar" deb nomlangan quyosh nurlari bo'lmagan tor hujayralar bilan chegaralanadilar, ular tsement karavotlari, tanadagi ehtiyojlari uchun teshiklari bor va ko'plab kemiruvchilar, shoxchalar va boshqa hasharotlar bilan zararlangan. Ushbu mahbus ayollarda har xil shaxsiy narsalar mavjud emas va deyarli har doim suv yo'q, hatto cho'milish uchun ham, ko'pincha hasharotlarga to'la bu qimmatbaho suyuqlikni ichishadi. Ularga tarqatilgan oziq-ovqat dahshatli, hidlari chirigan va gigiena talablariga javob bermaydigan idishlarda saqlanadi. Hatto qamoqxona ma'murlari ham oz miqdordagi xizmatlardan shikoyat qilishgan. Ushbu "tortma" larda ayollar haftalar va oylar bo'lib qoladilar. Qorong'ulik (qorayish tez-tez uchraydi) va jazirama tufayli dahshatdan qichqirganlarida, ularga yarim dorilarni ushlab turadigan tinchlantiruvchi vositalar yuboriladi.^[34]

Xabarlarga ko'ra, kommunistik rejim qamoqqa tashlagan odamlar qiynoqqa solinadi.^[34][35]

Sharqiy Germaniya

Sotsialistik Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi bo'lingan Germaniya, qiynoqlar va g'ayriinsoniy va qadr-qimmatni kamsitadigan munosabat xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan muntazam ravishda qo'llanilgan, shu jumladan Stasi maxfiy politsiya, rejimning gumon qilingan muxoliflariga qarshi.^[36]

Frantsiya

Davomida Jazoirning mustaqillik urushi (1954-1962), Frantsiya harbiylari ga qarshi qiynoqlardan foydalangan Milliy ozodlik fronti va tinch aholi. Frantsuz so'roqchilari odam tomonidan ishlatilganligi bilan mashhur edilar elektr generatorlari gumon qilinuvchilar to'g'risida: qiynoqning ushbu shakli chaqirilgan (la) gégène.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Frantsiyaning g'arbiy qiynoq amaliyotlari evolyutsiyasida hal qiluvchi rol o'ynaganligi frantsuz filmining asosiy tezisidir O'lim otryadlari: frantsuz maktabi tomonidan Monik Robin.Fransuzlar o'zlarining tanazzulga uchragan imperiyasini himoya qilish amaliyotini 20-asrga qadar rivojlantirdilar va qiynoq "universitetlari" ni tashkil qildilar Poulo Kondor (hozir Côn Son ) - Vetnam yaqinidagi orol (u holda) Frantsuz Hind-Xitoy, keyinchalik AQSh tomonidan qabul qilingan) va Filippil (hozir Skikda) Jazoirda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Politsiyani suiiste'mol qilish bugungi kunda Frantsiyada haqiqat bo'lib qolmoqda, Frantsiya esa tomonidan qoralangan Evropa inson huquqlari sudi (EKIH) qamoqxonalarda ushlab turish shartlari, shu jumladan hibsga olinganlarga nisbatan qiynoqlarni qo'llash.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Garchi qonun va Konstitutsiya har qanday qiynoqlarni taqiqlagan bo'lsa-da, bunday amaliyotlar sodir bo'ladi. 2004 yilda, Milliy politsiyaning bosh inspektori Yilning birinchi 11 oyida politsiyaning noqonuniy zo'ravonligi to'g'risida 469 ta ro'yxatdan o'tgan shikoyat kelib tushgan, bu 2003 yilning shu davrida 500 taga kamaygan. Militsiya zo'ravonligi bilan tasdiqlangan 59 ta holat mavjud, o'tgan yilgi 65 ta. 2004 yil aprel oyida EKIH hukumatni 1997 yil politsiya hibsxonasida kaltaklangan o'spirin ishi bo'yicha "g'ayriinsoniy va qadr-qimmatni kamsituvchi muomalalar" uchun qoraladi. Sud hukumatni Giovanni Rivasga 20 500 dollar (15 000 evro) tovon puli va 13 500 (10 000 evro) sud xarajatlari to'lashni buyurdi.^[37] Ichki ishlar boshqarmasi boshlig'i Sen-Denis, Parij yaqinida, uning buyrug'iga binoan politsiya tomonidan zo'rlash va boshqa zo'ravonliklarga oid ayblovlardan so'ng iste'foga chiqishga majbur bo'ldi. Ushbu politsiya uchastkasida politsiyani suiiste'mol qilish bo'yicha to'qqizta tergov 2005 yilda IGS politsiyani tekshirish.^[38][39] Ushbu takroriy suiiste'molliklar sabablarning biri deb aytiladi 2005 yilgi fuqarolik tartibsizliklari.^[40] Shartlar hibsxonalar uchun noqonuniy chet elliklar inson huquqlari bo'yicha nodavlat tashkilotlar tomonidan ham keng tanqid qilindi. 2006 yilda yosh 20 yoshli serbiyalik qiz politsiyachini bunday markazda uni zo'rlashga uringanlikda aybladi Bobiny, Parijning chekkasida, bir yil oldin.^[41]

Gvatemala

Davomida Gvatemaladagi fuqarolar urushi armiya tomonidan tinch aholiga va harbiy diktaturaning gumon qilingan muxoliflariga qarshi qatag'onlar, qotillik (hatto genotsid ), qiynoqlar, zo'rlashlar va g'ayriinsoniy va qadr-qimmatni kamsituvchi munosabat Gvatemala qurolli kuchlari va politsiyasi tomonidan muntazam ravishda qo'llanilgan. Dalil mavjud Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi 1980-yillar davomida antikommunistik kampaniyalarda ushbu qiynoqlarda qatnashgan (Lotin Amerikasida kommunizm tahdidi ko'pincha diktatura uchun asos sifatida ishlatilgan Sovuq urush ). Minglab qurbonlar qiynoqqa solingan va o'ldirilgan. Masalan, Dianna Ortiz, kambag'allarga dars beradigan amerikalik rohib Maya Gvatemala tog'laridagi bolalar, AQSh xodimlari tergov va qiynoq xonalarida bo'lganligini da'vo qilishmoqda Gvatemala shahri 1989 yilda u o'g'irlab ketilgan, maxfiy qamoqxonaga olib ketilgan va Gvatemalaning o'ng qanot kuchlari tomonidan bir necha bor zo'rlangan va qiynoqqa solingan. Ortiz Amerika fuqaroligi tufayli omon qoldi. Ortiz opa o'z tajribalari va tiklanishlarini kitobda yozib, Ko'zi ojizning ko'zlari.^[42] "Yashirin kamerada, yashirin qamoqxonada ham boshqa odamlar bo'lgan va men dahshatli qichqiriqlarni eshitganman. Ko'pchilik o'ldirilgan. Men ba'zi jasadlarni ko'rdim. Bolalar ham bor edi", deb yozgan Dianna Ortiz.

Hindiston

Hindiston BMTning Qiynoqlarga qarshi konvensiyasini tasdiqlamagan. Ozodlikdan mahrum etish bilan bog'liq o'limlar va suddan tashqari qotilliklar ko'paymoqda. The Osiyo inson huquqlari markazi Nyu-Dehlida bo'lib o'tgan matbuot anjumanida "Hindistondagi qiynoqlar 2010" hisobotini e'lon qildi. Hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, 2000 yilni asosiy yil sifatida qamoqdagi o'lim 41,66 foizga kamaygan^[43] 2004-2005 - 2007-2008 yillar oralig'ida hukumat. Bunga qamoqxonada o'limning 70,72 foizga ko'payishi va politsiya hibsxonasida bo'lgan davrda 12,60 foizga o'sish kiradi.Hukumat BMTning qiynoqlarga qarshi konvensiyasini ratifikatsiya qilish uchun 2010 yil Qiynoqlarga qarshi qonunni qabul qilish niyatida ekanligini bildirdi. Qonun loyihasida politsiya tomonidan jismoniy yoki ruhiy qiynoqlar uchun 10 yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum qilish jazosi ko'zda tutilgan.^[44]

Eron

38-moddasi Islom respublikasi konstitutsiyasi man qiladi "ning barcha shakllari qiynoq iqror bo'lish yoki ma'lumot olish "va" shaxslarni guvohlik berish, iqror bo'lish yoki qasamyod qilishga majburlash "maqsadida. Shuningdek, unda" tazyiq ostida olingan har qanday guvohlik, iqrorlik yoki qasamyod qadriyat va ishonchdan mahrumdir ".^[45][46] Islom Respublikasining o'zi hukumat tomonidan qiynoqqa solinishini qat'iyan rad etadi.

Shunga qaramay, inson huquqlari bo'yicha guruhlar va kuzatuvchilar, masalan Xalqaro Amnistiya, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti va Human Rights Watch tashkiloti, Eronda siyosiy mahbuslarga nisbatan qiynoqlar tez-tez qo'llanilishidan shikoyat qildilar.^{[47][48][49][50][51]}

Eronliklarning katta qismi diniy politsiya tomonidan qiynoqqa solingan va qamoqqa olingan. Arya Aramnejad xonanda, "Ali Barxiz" qo'shig'i uchun qamoqqa tashlandi, u erda Islom rejimining jinoyatlarini qoraladi 2009 yil Ashura noroziligi. Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, qamoqxonada u qiynoqqa solingan (jinsiy kamsitilgan - yalang'och suratga tushgan, kulgan, yordamchilarning qoni bilan yalangoyoq yurishga majbur bo'lgan).^[52] Farzad Kamangar qamoqda bir necha bor qiynoqqa solingan. Amnesty International xabar berishicha Kamangar bir necha bor kaltaklangan, kaltaklangan va elektr toki bilan urilgan va hozirda qiynoqlar natijasida u qo'llari va oyoqlarida spazmlarga duch kelmoqda.^[53][54] U Eron rasmiylari hibsxonasida vafot etganidan keyin, Zahra "Ziba" Kazemi-Ahmadabadiy, eronlik-kanadalik mustaqil fotosuratchi aniq qiynoq belgilarini, shu jumladan a bosh suyagi sinishi, burni singan, zo'rlash belgilari va og'ir qorin jarohatlari.^[55] Ehson Fatahian, eronlik Kurdcha faol, qatl etilishidan oldin aybiga iqror bo'lganligi uchun qiynoqqa solingan.^[56] Zeynab Jalolian, shuningdek, a Kurdcha faol, hozirda qamoq sharoitlari va qiynoqlar tufayli kasal. U o'limga mahkum etilgan.^[57] Boshqa taniqli qurbonlar orasida Behruz Javid Tehroniy,^[58] Habibolloh Latifiy,^[59] Xushang Asadi,^[60] Said Malekpur,^[61] Shirkoh (Bahman) Moarefi,^[57] Xusseyn Xezri,^[62] va Akbar Muhammadiy.^[63][64]

1999 yilda Eronda chop etilgan qiynoqlarni o'rganish bo'yicha tadqiqotda Eronda tug'ilgan siyosiy tarixchi Ervand Ibrohimyan Eron bilan birga "Stalinist Rossiya, Maoist Xitoy va erta zamonaviy Evropa "ning Inkvizitsiya va jodugar ovi, qiynoqlarni muntazam ravishda ishlatishda "o'zlarining ligasida deb hisoblashlari mumkin bo'lgan" jamiyatlar sifatida.^[65]

Islom Respublikasida qo'llanilgan qiynoq usullari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi.

tanani temir karavotga bog'lab, ba'zan orqa tomondan, lekin ko'pincha oyoqlardan qamchilash; qopani; uyqusiz qolish; ship va baland devorlardan osma; bilaklar sinib ketguncha burama; qo'llarni va barmoqlarni metall presslar orasida ezish; tirnoq ostiga o'tkir asboblarni kiritish; sigareta kuyishi; suv ostiga tushish; soatlab bir joyda bir joyda turish; soxta qatllar; va oila a'zolariga nisbatan jismoniy tahdidlar. Shulardan eng keng tarqalgani, bu shariat tomonidan aniq taqiqlanganligi sababli, taglikning qamchilanishi edi.^[66]

Oliy ta'lim xronikasi Xalqaro, keng tarqalgan amaliyoti haqida xabar beradi zo'rlash siyosiy norozilik namoyishlarida qatnashgani uchun qamalgan ayollar, kollej talabalarini siyosiy namoyishlarda "ochiqroq va kam qatnashish" da saqlashda samarali bo'ldi. Jurnal Eronlik kollej o'quvchisining "hibsga olingan qizlarning aksariyati qamoqxonada zo'rlangan. Oilalar bunga dosh berolmayapti" degan so'zlarini keltiradi.^[67]

Bir nechta qonun loyihalari qabul qilindi Eron parlamenti 2003 yilda Eron qiynoqlarni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi xalqaro konvensiyaga qo'shilishi kerak edi islohotchilar nazorat qilingan parlament, ammo tomonidan rad etilgan Himoyachilar kengashi.^[68][69]

Iroq

Boshchiligidagi hukumat Baatist Saddam Xuseyn qiynoqlardan keng foydalangan, shu jumladan taniqli Abu Graib qamoqxonasi.

Post-bosqin Iroq hukumati minglab odamlarni qamoqda ushlab turadi. 2004 yil iyuldan oktyabrgacha bo'lgan tergovdan so'ng, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti qiynoqlar "odatiy va odatiy" ekanligini aniqladi. Ularning hisobotlariga ko'ra,

Ko'rsatilgan qiynoq yoki yomon munosabatda bo'lish usullari turli xil asboblar, masalan, kabellar, hosepipes va metall tayoqchalar yordamida tanani muntazam ravishda kaltaklashni o'z ichiga olgan. Hibsga olinganlar tepish, tarsaki va musht tushirish; qo'llarni orqasiga bog'lab, bilaklaridan uzoq vaqt davomida to'xtatib turish; tananing sezgir qismlariga, shu jumladan quloq va jinsiy a'zolarga elektr toki urishi; va bir necha kun davomida doimiy ravishda ko'zlarini bog'lash va / yoki kishanlab turish. Bir necha holatlarda, hibsga olingan shaxslar jismoniy nogironlik bo'lishi mumkin.

— Human Rights Watch tashkiloti, ^[70]

Odamlarga to'ydirilgan ishonchli da'volarga qaramay Saddam Xusseynning plastik maydalagichi (ehtimol Abu Graib ichida) 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirishdan oldin, urushdan keyin bunday qurilma topilmadi. 1990 yil oktabrda Iroq askarlari Kuvaytga bostirib kirish paytida "chaqaloqlarni inkubatorlardan uloqtirishgan" deb da'vo qilishgan. Ushbu voqea 15 yoshli kuvaytlik qizning "guvohlari guvohligi" dan kelib chiqishi kerak edi, Hamshira Nayira. Yillar o'tib, uning qizi ekanligi ma'lum bo'ldi Saud bin Nosir as-Saboh, Quvaytning AQShdagi elchisi va bu voqeaning yaratilishi edi Tepalik va Knowlton Quvaytliklar tomonidan ishlaydigan jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar firmasi.^[71]

Isroil

Qiynoqlarga oid davom etgan da'volarni tekshirgandan so'ng, Oliy sud 1999 yilda qaror chiqardi^[72][73] barcha qiynoqlar, hatto o'rtacha jismoniy bosim ham noqonuniy edi. Ushbu qaror inson huquqlari tashkilotlari tomonidan yuqori baholandi. Ushbu qonun islohotiga qaramay, Xalqaro Amnistiya Isroilga qiynoqqa teng keladigan muomaladan xavotirlarini bildirishda davom etdi va qiynoqlarni yo'q qilish uchun Isroil tomonidan qilingan qadamlardan norozi bo'lib qoldi. Xalqaro Amnistiya 2002 yilda aytilgan:

... 1999 yil sentyabr oyida Isroil HCJ bir qator so'roq qilish usullarini taqiqladi ... Ammo sud qarorida ... hibsda qiynoqqa solish yoki boshqa yomon munosabatda bo'lish usullarini davom ettirish uchun bo'shliqlar qoldirildi.

— Xalqaro Amnistiya, ^[74]

Inson huquqlari guruhi B'Tselem terrorizmda gumon qilinayotgan barcha falastinlik qamoqqa olinganlarning 85% uzoq muddatga jabrlanayotganini taxmin qildi uyqusizlik; uzoq vaqt ko'rish qobiliyatidan mahrum qilish yoki hissiy mahrumlik; tobora og'riqli bo'lib boradigan tana holatlarini majburiy, uzoq vaqt saqlab turish; kichkina, shkafga o'xshash joylarda saqlash; haroratni haddan tashqari ta'sir qilish, masalan, atayin haddan tashqari sovigan xonalarda; uzoq vaqt davomida hojatxonadan va gigienadan mahrum qilish; qamoqqa olinganlarni bir vaqtning o'zida ovqatlanishga va hojatxonadan foydalanishga majburlash kabi qadr-qimmatni kamsitadigan muomala. Da'volar tez-tez kaltaklangan. Bunday xatti-harakatlar 16-moddasini buzadi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Qiynoqlarga qarshi konvensiyasi. 2000 yil yanvar oyida B'Tselem isroillik deb da'vo qildi Umumiy xavfsizlik xizmati (GSS) so'roq qilish usullari quyidagilarni tashkil etdi beshta usul: "[GSS] inglizlar tomonidan 1971 yilda qo'llanilgan usullar bilan taqqoslanadigan usullarni qo'llagan, ya'ni. Uyqusiz qolish, jismoniy azoblanish va hissiy izolyatsiya. Ammo GSS ularni ancha uzoq vaqt ishlatgan, shuning uchun og'riq va azob sezilarli darajada bo'lgan Bundan tashqari, GSS to'g'ridan-to'g'ri zo'ravonlik ishlatgan ... Shunday qilib, ... amalda GSS usullari inglizlar tomonidan 1971 yilda qo'llanilganiga qaraganda ancha jiddiyroq edi ... "^[75]

Keniya

Mau Mau 1819 yilda qiynoq va o'limga duchor bo'lgan Kikuyu 1950 yilgi qo'zg'olon paytida, Evropa va Osiyo millatiga mansub 58 kishi bilan birga.

Livan

Shubhali Hizbulloh ilgari partizanlar, ularning oilalari va Livan fuqarolik internatlari hibsga olingan Janubiy Livan armiyasi (SLA) qamoqxonasi Xiam o'sha paytda Isroil tomonidan bosib olingan Janubiy Livan. SLA tomonidan qiynoqqa solish, shu jumladan elektr toki urishi qiynoqlari odatiy hol edi. Bu ishg'ol tugagandan so'ng 2000 yilda, mahbuslarni ozod qilgan livanliklar qiynoq vositalarini topgandan keyin batafsil bayon qilingan.^[76][77]

Nigeriya

2005 yilda Human Rights Watch Nigeriya politsiyasining shaharlarda joylashganligini hujjatlashtirdi Enugu, Lagos va Kano muntazam ravishda qiynoqqa solish. O'nlab guvohlar va tirik qolganlar bir necha bor, qattiq kaltaklash, jinsiy a'zolarni suiiste'mol qilish, zo'rlash, o'ldirish bilan tahdid qilish, otishma bilan jarohat etkazish va oziq-ovqat va suvdan bosh tortish to'g'risida guvohlik berish uchun oldinga qadam qo'yishdi. Ushbu huquqbuzarliklar keng tarqalgan jinoyatchilikka qarshi kampaniyalarda ishlatilgan.^[78]

Tizimli qiynoqlar harbiy okkupatsiya bilan birgalikda qo'llanib, piyodalarga qarshi kurashni bostirish uchun ishlatilgan.moy tomonidan noroziliklar Ogoni xalqi ichida Niger deltasi, a ga binoan Butunjahon cherkovlar kengashi hisobot.^[79]

Nigeriyadagi nasroniy ruhoniylar sehrgarlikda ayblangan bolalarni qiynoqqa solishda va o'ldirishda qatnashgan. Cherkov ruhoniylari tanlovdan ajralib turishga intilib, bolalarni sehrgarlikda ayblab, o'zlarining ishonch yorliqlarini o'rnatdilar. Bu borada bir necha bor izoh berishni so'raganda, Cherkov izoh berishdan bosh tortdi.^[80]

Shimoliy Koreya

Qiynoqlar keng tarqalgan va jazosiz ishlatilgan Shimoliy Koreyaning qamoqxonalar tizimi va majburiy mehnat lagerlari. Soqchilar qattiq kaltaklash, simulyatsiya qilingan g'arq qilish, stress holatlari, ochlik, kichik joylarda qamalish, bilakka yoki to'piqqa osib qo'yish, elektr toki urishi va jinsiy zo'ravonlik qilish kuchiga ega.^[81]

Shimoliy Vetnam

1961 yildan 1973 yilgacha Shimoliy Vetnam va Vetkong yuzlab amerikaliklarni asirlikda ushlab turishdi. Xanoyning jamoat xavfsizligi vazirligining tibbiy idorasi (MPSMO) asirlardan ma'lumot olish uchun "eng samarali sovet, frantsuz, kommunistik xitoy va boshqa ... texnikalar bo'yicha tadqiqotlar tayyorlash va tadqiqotlar o'tkazish ..." uchun mas'ul bo'lgan. MPSMO "... mahbuslarni hamkorlikka undash uchun qiynoqlar va giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishni nazorat qildi." Uning funktsiyalari, shuningdek, "... tibbiyot texnikasini razvedka maqsadlarida ishlatishda malakali bo'lgan Sovet va kommunistik xitoy razvedkasining maslahatchilari bilan ishlashni o'z ichiga olgan."^[82]

Qarang Kon Son oroli AQShning qiynoq amaliyotlari to'g'risidagi hisobotlari uchun.

Falastin hududlari

The Falastin ma'muriyati yillar davomida Falastin hududlarida qiynoqlarni qo'llagan. Xalqaro Amnistiya topdi: "Qiynoq [Falastin ma'muriyati tomonidan] hibsga olinganlar keng tarqalgan bo'lib qoldi. Yetti mahbus hibsda vafot etdi. Noqonuniy o'ldirishlar, shu jumladan suddan tashqari qatllar haqida xabar berish davom etmoqda. "^[83]

1995 yilda tabiiy fuqaroligi bo'lgan Amerika fuqarosi Azzam Rahim G'arbiy Sohilda Falastin ma'muriyati tomonidan hibsga olingan. Keyinchalik u Erixo shahridagi qamoqxonaga olib ketilgan va u erda qiynoqqa solingan va o'ldirilgan.^[84] Rahimning oilasi PA va sudni sudga berishga urinishgan Falastinni ozod qilish tashkiloti, ammo Oliy sud oxir-oqibat ularga qarshi qaror chiqardi.^[85]

2010 yilda Falastin xavfsizlik xizmatlari tomonidan 100 dan ortiq qiynoq holatlari qayd etilgan. Human Rights Watch tashkilotining Yaqin Sharq bo'yicha direktor o'rinbosari Djo Stork: "Falastin xavfsizlik xizmatlari tomonidan qiynoqqa solinayotgani haqidagi xabarlar doimiy ravishda tarqalmoqda. Prezident Abbos va Bosh vazir Fayyod yaxshi Ular ushbu keng qamrovsiz jazoni bekor qilishlari va aybdorlarning javobgarlikka tortilishiga ishonch hosil qilishlari kerak. "^[86]

Kamida olti falastinlik PA qamoqxonalarida qiynoq ostida o'lgan. Britaniyadagi Arab Inson Huquqlari Tashkilotining hisobotiga ko'ra, PA yillar davomida qiynoqlarni muntazam ravishda ishlatib keladi. Kabellar bilan urish, tirnoqlarni tortib olish, shiftdan osib qo'yish, qamchilash, tepish, la'natlash, elektr toki urishi, jinsiy zo'ravonlik va zo'rlash tahdidi. Hisobotda yana shunday deyilgan: "Hibsga olinganlarning har biri kamsituvchi va qadr-qimmatini kamsituvchi munosabatlarga duchor bo'lgan va 10 kundan ortiq vaqt davomida kameralarda saqlangan. Tahlillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, qamoqqa olinganlarning 95 foizini qattiq qiynoqlarga solishgan, boshqalari esa o'zlarini" turli muddatlarda ularning sog'lig'iga zararli ta'sir ko'rsatadi. "^[87] The Shabehqamoqqa olingan kishilarning qo'llari kishanlanib, uzoq vaqt davomida stress holatida bo'lishlarini o'z ichiga oladi, bu qiynoqlarning eng keng tarqalgan usuli hisoblanadi.^[88]

2012 yilda, Xevrondagi uyni yahudiy oilasiga sotganidan so'ng, Muhammad Abu Shahala Falastin ma'muriyati tomonidan hibsga olingan, qiynoqqa solingan va iqror bo'lish uchun o'ldirilgan.^[89]

Human Rights Watch Xamas tomonidan 2011 yil davomida G'arbiy Sohilda XAMAS tomonidan qiynoqqa solingan 147 holat haqida xabar bergan va aybdorlarning hech biri "qattiq suiiste'mol qilish to'g'risidagi doimiy da'volariga qaramay" javobgarlikka tortilmagan. Unda "Ba'zi erkaklar qiynoqlar tufayli tibbiy yordamga muhtoj ekanliklarini aytishdi va qiynoqqa solinganliklari to'g'risida dalil sifatida tibbiy ma'lumot olishlarini istashdi, ammo kasalxona rasmiylari ularni taqdim etishdan bosh tortishdi. Xamasning G'arbiy sohildagi raqibi, Fathlar hukmronlik qilmoqda Falastin ma'muriyati, o'zboshimchalik bilan Falastinliklarni hibsga oladi va hibsga oladi, shu jumladan HAMAS a'zolari yoki hamdardlari va hibsga olinganlarni qiynoqqa solishga va shafqatsizlikka duchor qiladi. "^[90]

Boshqa bir hisobotda Human Rights Watch "[Falastin] xavfsizlik kuchlari jurnalistlarni qiynoqqa solgan, kaltaklagan va o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olgan, jihozlarini tortib olgan va G'arbiy sohil va G'azodan chiqib ketishni taqiqlagan ishlarni hujjatlashtiradi". HRW shuningdek, "Xamas Ichki ishlar vazirligi Xamas ma'murlari tomonidan maxfiy hibsxonalarda qiynoqqa solinishi to'g'risida maqola chop etgan jurnalistni chaqirib, agar u ushbu maqola uchun uzr so'ramagan bo'lsa, unga qarshi qonuniy choralar ko'rilishi bilan tahdid qilgan va ogohlantirgan voqeani xabar qildi. uni "bir tomonlama" hisobotini tuzatishi kerak. "^[91]

Filippinlar

Hukmronligi davrida Ferdinand Markos, qiynoqlar va qadr-qimmatni kamsitadigan muomalalar politsiya hibsxonasida odatiy hol edi. Siyosiy mahbuslarni kaltaklash, dazmol bilan yoqish, stress holatiga qo'yish, jinsiy zo'ravonlik va boshqa qattiq usullar qatorida elektr toki urishiga duchor qilish.^[92][93]

Portugaliya

Davomida Estado Novo Portugaliyada maxfiy politsiya siyosiy mahbuslarni qiynoqqa solgani ma'lum. Hibsga olinganlar "haykal" (portugalcha:) usuli bo'yicha bir necha soat davomida turishga majbur bo'ldilar. estátua) tor, ho'l kameralarda, tabiiy yorug'ligi bo'lmagan, sinovlarda kaltaklangan, o'ziga va oila a'zolariga tahdidlarga duch kelgan yoki bir xil musiqa yoki tovushlarni uzoq vaqt tinglashga majbur bo'lgan. Ushbu amaliyotlar 1957 yilda o'tkazilgan maxfiy politsiya amaliyoti bo'yicha surishtiruv va keyingi tergov va sud jarayonida aniqlandi.^[94]

Ruminiya

Ostida kommunistik rejim ning Jorje Georgiyu-Dej, va keyinchalik Nikolae Chaushesku, qiynoqlar ko'pincha siyosiy va diniy mahbuslarga, shu jumladan taniqli mahbuslarga nisbatan qo'llanilgan Pitesti tajribasi.^[95][96]

Rossiya

Qozuv Qizil terror qurbonlari Xarkov Chekasining shtab-kvartirasi oldida Xarkov

The Rossiya Konstitutsiyasi o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olish, qiynoqqa solish va yomon munosabatda bo'lishni taqiqlaydi. Konstitutsiyaning 21-moddasi ikkinchi qismida "hech kim qiynoqqa solinishi, zo'ravonlik yoki boshqa qattiq yoki kamsituvchi munosabat yoki jazoga duchor etilishi mumkin emas ..." deyilgan.^[97] Biroq, Rossiya politsiyasi hibsga olingan gumonlanuvchilarni so'roq qilishda qiynoqqa solish, shu jumladan kaltaklash, elektr toki urishi, zo'rlash, bo'g'ishni o'z ichiga olgan muntazam ravishda kuzatilmoqda.^{[98][99][100]}

Qiynoq va xo'rlik, yoki dedovshchina Human Rights Watch ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Rossiya harbiy xizmatida ham keng tarqalgan.^[101] Bu aslida rus tilidagi versiyasidir bezorilik yoki hazing Amerika armiyasida qo'llaniladi, ammo bu ko'pincha juda shafqatsizdir. Har yili ko'plab yigitlar o'ldiriladi yoki o'z joniga qasd qiladi.^[102] Xalqaro Amnistiya tashkiloti chechenistonliklarning Rossiya harbiy kuchlari kirib kelgani haqidagi da'volari to'g'risida xabar berdi Checheniston mahalliy ayollarni zo'rlash va qiynoqqa solish elektr toki urishi, elektr simlari ko'kragidagi sutyen kamarlariga ulanganda.^[97]

Eng o'ta og'ir holatlarda, ko'chadan yuzlab begunoh odamlar o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olingan, kaltaklangan, qiynoqqa solingan va maxsus politsiya kuchlari tomonidan zo'rlangan ("Qizil terror"). Bunday hodisalar nafaqat Chechenistonda, balki Rossiyaning Blagoveshensk, Bezetsk va Nefteyugansk shaharlarida ham sodir bo'lgan.^{[103][104][105]}

Saudiya Arabistoni

Saudiya Arabiston rasmiy ravishda qiynoqlarni noqonuniy deb hisoblaydi Islom qonuni; ammo, u xuddi xuddi bo'lgani kabi, keng qo'llaniladi Uilyam Sampson. Xalqaro Amnistiya tomonidan 2003 yilgi hisobotga ko'ra, "qiynoqlar va shafqatsiz muomala keng tarqalgan bo'lib qolmoqda".^[106] Human Rights Watchning Yaqin Sharq va Shimoliy Afrika bo'limi ijrochi direktori Xeni Megalli 2002 yilda "Saudiya Arabistonida qiynoqqa solish amaliyoti yaxshi hujjatlashtirilgan",^[107] Human Rights Watch ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Jahon hisoboti 2003 yil, "Siyosiy mahbuslar va jinoiy gumondorlarni so'roq qilishda qiynoqlar davom etdi",^[108] va 2006 yildagi hisobotda "o'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olish, hibsga olinganlarga nisbatan yomon muomala va qiynoqlar, harakat erkinligini cheklash va rasmiy javobgarlikning yo'qligi jiddiy tashvish bo'lib qolmoqda".^[109]

Sovet Ittifoqi

Shafqatsizlar tomonidan qiynoqqa solish keng qo'llanilgan Cheka qizil armiyaning dastlabki kunlarida, keyin esa Sovet NKVD erta davrida Stalin ko'pincha chaqirilgan gumon qilinuvchilardan (ko'pincha yolg'on) iqror bo'lish uchun davr xalq dushmanlari. Qiynoqlarning eng keng tarqalgan va samarali turlaridan biri bu edi uyqusizlik, mahbusni uxlamaslik uchun so'roqchilar bir-birini almashtirgani tufayli "konveyer" laqabli.^[110] Tomonidan qiynoqqa solinishga ruxsat berilgan Kommunistik partiyaning Markaziy qo'mitasi va shaxsan tomonidan Jozef Stalin. Davomida Doktorlik fitnasi, Stalin soxta ayblangan shifokorlarni "o'limga qadar" qiynoqqa solishni buyurdi.^[111] Stalindan keyin ham qiynoqlar qo'llanilgan KGB lekin bir xil darajada va darajada emas.

Ispaniya

O'sha yillarda qiynoqlar dissidentlarga va ular bilan bog'liq bo'lganlarga qarshi keng tarqalgan edi Frantsisko Franko Ispaniyani boshqargan.^[112] Bunday suiiste'mollar 1970-yillarda ham davom etdi va qattiq kaltaklash va suv osti kemalarini o'z ichiga oldi.^[113]

Ispaniya qirolligi bugungi kunda qiynoqlar mavjudligini qat'iyan rad etadi.^[114] Biroq, Ispaniya hukumati Evropa Kengashining Qiynoqlarning oldini olish bo'yicha qo'mitasi va BMTning qiynoqlarga qarshi qo'mitasi tomonidan hibsxonada qiynoqlardan foydalanishga qarshi kurash bo'yicha tavsiyalarini doimiy ravishda bajarmayapti. BMT qo'mitasi "sud protseduralarining davomiyligi to'g'risida" o'z xavotirini bildirdi va ba'zan jinoyat va jazo o'rtasida besh yil o'tganligini ko'rsatuvchi xabarlarga ishora qildi. Qo'mita ushbu muammo jazo choralari ta'sirini kamaytiradi va odamlarni shikoyat qilishlariga yo'l qo'ymaydi, deb ogohlantirdi. " Bundan tashqari, "Qo'mitaning barcha a'zolari besh kunlik qamoqqa olishning huquqiy amaliyotidan jiddiy xavotirda ekanliklari" ko'rsatildi (2003 yil oktyabrdan boshlab Jinoyat-protsessual kodeksining isloh qilinishi ushbu muddatni maksimal 13 kungacha uzaytirdi).^[115][116]

Suriya

Xabarlarga ko'ra, Damashq yaqinidagi Adra qamoqxonasida qiynoqlar qo'llanilgan.^[117] 2010 yilda qamoqxonada 7000 mahbus saqlangan.^[118] The Tadmor qamoqxonasi Palmirada og'ir sharoitlar, inson huquqlarini keng buzilishi, qiynoq va qisqacha qatllar. U 2001 yilda yopilgan va qolgan barcha siyosiy mahbuslar Suriyadagi boshqa qamoqxonalarga ko'chirilgan. Ammo Tadmor qamoqxonasi 2011 yil 15 iyunda qayta ochilgan va rejimga qarshi namoyishlarda qatnashgani uchun hibsga olingan 350 kishi u erga so'roq qilish va hibsga olish uchun ko'chirilgan.^[119]

Suriyada qo'lga olingan bir qator isroilliklar qiynoqqa solingan. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Eli Koen, 1965 yilda qatl etilgan.^[120] 1955 yilda yashirin operatsiya davomida beshta Isroil askari qo'lga olindi Golan balandliklari va Suriya qamoqxonasida shafqatsiz qiynoqqa solingan.^[121] Askarlardan biri, Uri Ilan, o'z yo'ldoshlari tomonidan o'ldirilganligi to'g'risida yolg'on xabar berilganda o'z joniga qasd qilgan.^[122] Ilan Isroilda jasorat va vatanparvarlik ramziga aylandi.^[123][124] Davomida Yom Kippur urushi, ko'plab isroillik mahbuslar, ular suriyaliklar tomonidan qiynoqqa solinganligini aytdilar,^[125] va bitta asir, Avraam Lanir, qiynoqqa solinib o'ldirilgan.^[126][127]

Davomida Suriya fuqarolar urushi, Suriya xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan keng tarqalgan va muntazam ravishda qiynoqqa solinayotgani haqida xabarlar berilgan.^[128] This includes electrocution, brutal beatings and sexual assault. Amnesty said of the situation : "Torture and other ill-treatment in Syria form part of a widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population, carried out in an organized manner and as part of state policy and therefore amount to crimes against humanity."^[129] In February 2019, two Syrians were arrested in Germany on suspicion of having conducted or abetted torture for the regime of Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War.^[130]

kurka

Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari

In April 2009 a video emerged of a United Arab Emirates Royal Shayx, Sheik Iso bin Zoid Ol Nahyan (o'g'li Zayd bin Sulton Ol Nahyon ) directing the torture of Afghan grain dealer Mohammed Shah Poor. The video includes the man being tortured with a cattle prod to his genitals, sand in his mouth and being run over by a Mercedes SUV. A man in a UAE police uniform is seen on the tape tying the victim's arms and legs, and later holding him down. The official response of the UAE government was that Sheik Issa is the man shown in the video but he did nothing wrong. The incidents depicted in the videotapes were not part of a pattern of behaviour, the Ministry of the Interior said.^[131][132]

Birlashgan Qirollik

Keniya

Davomida Mau Mau qo'zg'oloni of the 1950s, British colonial forces rounded up more than a million of Kikuyu odamlari — most of them innocent victims of jamoaviy jazo — and imprisoned them in kontslagerlar in order to flush out the Mau Mau insurgency. In order to extract information about the insurgency and terrorize the enemy, the British used brutal methods to force Kenyans to confess and repudiate the Mau Mau oath. Under slogans like "labor and freedom" and other variations on "Arbeit macht frei," inmates were worked to death as slave labor filling in mass graves under cruel conditions. Some men were anally raped with knives. Some women had their breasts mutilated and cut off. Eyes were gouged out and ears cut off and skin lacerated with coiled barbed wire. Interrogation involved stuffing a detainee's mouth with mud and stamping on his throat until he passed out or died. Survivors were sometimes burned alive, while British guards and interrogators took joy and laughed. British troops denying access to medical aid to the detainees were widespread. A former British officer described a British detention camp in Kenya in 1954: "Short rations, overwork, brutality, humiliating and disgusting treatment, flogging — all in violation of the BMTning inson huquqlari deklaratsiyasi." According to Canon Bewes, a British missionary, there was a "constant stream of reports of brutalities by police, military and home guards. Some of the people had been using castration instruments and two men had died under castration."^{[133][134][135]}

Among the detainees who suffered severe mistreatment was Husayn Onyango Obama, ning bobosi AQSh prezidenti Barak Obama. According to his widow, British soldiers forced pins into his fingernails and buttocks and squeezed his testicles between metal rods and two others were castrated.^[136] One British settler described the typical British interrogation:

We knew the slow method of torture [at the Mau Mau Investigation Center] was worse than anything we could do. Special Branch there had a way of slowly electrocuting a Kuke—they'd rough up one for days. Once I went personally to drop off one gang member who needed special treatment. I stayed for a few hours to help the boys out, softening him up. Things got a little out of hand. By the time I cut his balls off, he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him.^[137]

On 22 November 1954, Colonel Arthur Young sent a letter to Hokim Evelin Baring about the "inhumanity" of various parts of the security forces amid his investigations of wrongdoing:

The other lamentable aspect of this case [i.e. Judgment of the East Africa Court of Appeal, Criminal Appeals 891 and 892 of 1954] is the horror of some of the so called Screening Camps which, in my judgment, now present a state of affairs so deplorable that they should be investigated without delay so that the ever increasing allegations of inhumanity and disregard of the rights of the African citizen are dealt with and so that Government will have no reason either to be embarrassed or ashamed of the acts which are done in its name by its own servants. As things are at present there is no one who can investigate such allegations and no independent authority who is responsible for the conduct at these camps. An African who is unfortunate enough to suffer from the brutalities which are clearly evident has no one to whom he can complain and no one to regard his interests since the local Administrative Officer is, himself, the authority for the camps. Moreover, the injured person is unlikely to appeal to the police for redress if they are to be regarded as subordinate to the Executive...I do not consider that in the present circumstances Government have taken all the necessary steps to ensure that in its Screening Camps the elementary principles of justice and humanity are observed.^[138]

In January 1955, Baring sent a telegram to Alan Lennoks-Boyd, the Secretary of State for the Colonies and a cabinet minister, and told them that eight white European officers who had been accused of serious crimes, including accessory to murder, would be given immunity from prosecution. One district officer was accused of the "beating up and roasting alive of one African". A Kenyan Regiment Sergeant and a field intelligence assistance had been implicated in the burning of two further suspects "during screening operations". "I had not myself realised until today that the extension of the principle of clemency to all members of the security forces involved so many cases with Europeans as principals," wrote Baring.^[139]

In 1956, Baring's administration devised the "dilution technique" — a system of assaults and psychological shocks to detainees, to force the compliance of the toughest Mau Mau supporters. Lennox-Boyd was told that one commander, Terrence Gavaghan, had developed the techniques at the Mwea camps in central Kenya - and he needed permission to treat the worst detainees in a "rough way". Baring telegrammed the Colonial Secretary in London asking for his approval to use "overpowering" force, and the cabinet minister's approval came within weeks. A ministerial delegation saw firsthand prisoners beaten for refusing to don camp clothes. Ringleaders of the "Mau Mau moan" - a chant of defiance - were singled out for special punishment. They were beaten and forced to the ground. Once there, a boot was placed on their throat while mud was forced into their mouths. Gavaghan also explained how difficult detainees would be subjected to the "third degree". "The measures adopted were to be kept awake all night, having water thrown at him and to be beaten up on a variety of pretexts."^[139]

One Hanslope Park document is a letter between Kenyan Special Branch police officers about treatment of "fanatical" detainees at the Mwea camps.

If they deny having taken an oath they are given summary punishment which usually consists of a good beating up. This treatment usually breaks a large proportion. If this treatment does not bear fruit the detainee is taken to the far end of the camp where buckets of stone are waiting. These buckets are placed on the detainee's head and he is made to run around in circles until he agrees to confess the oath.^[139]

In June 1957, Erik Griffit-Jons, the attorney general of the British administration in Kenya, wrote to Baring, detailing the way the regime of abuse at the colony's detention camps was being subtly altered. He said that the mistreatment of the detainees is "distressingly reminiscent of conditions in Natsistlar Germaniyasi yoki Kommunistik Rossiya ". Despite this, he said that in order for abuse to remain legal, Mau Mau suspects must be beaten mainly on their upper body, "vulnerable parts of the body should not be struck, particularly the spleen, liver or kidneys", and it was important that "those who administer violence ... should remain collected, balanced and dispassionate". He also agreed to draft legislation that sanctioned beatings, as long as the abuse was kept secret, and reminded the governor that "If we are going to sin," he wrote, "we must sin quietly."^[140][141]

Shimoliy Irlandiya

Davomida muammolar, members of the British Army and the British security forces had routinely used torture on Irlandiya respublika armiyasi (IRA) suspects in Shimoliy Irlandiya, a part of the United Kingdom.

In 1971, as part of Demetrius operatsiyasi, fourteen arrested men were subjected to a programme of "deep interrogation" at a secret interrogation centre. The interrogation methods involved hissiy mahrumlik and were referred to as the "Five Techniques " Evropa inson huquqlari sudi defined them as wall-standing, hooding, subjection to noise, deprivation of sleep, and deprivation of food and drink. For seven days, when not being interrogated, the detainees were kept qalpoqli and handcuffed in a cold cell and subjected to a continuous loud hissing noise. Here they were forced to stand in a stress holati for many hours and were deprived of sleep, food and drink. They were also repeatedly beaten, and some reported being kicked in the genitals, having their heads banged against walls and being threatened with injections. The effect was severe pain, severe physical and mental exhaustion, severe anxiety, depression, hallucinations, disorientation and repeated loss of consciousness.^[142][143]

The fourteen so-called "Hooded Men" were the only detainees subjected to all Five Techniques together. Some other detainees were subjected to at least one of the Five Techniques, along with other interrogation methods.^[144] These allegedly included suv kemalari,^[145] elektr toki urishi, burning with matches and candles, forcing internees to stand over hot electric fires while beating them, beating and squeezing of the genitals, inserting objects into the anus, injections, whipping the soles of the feet, and psychological abuse such as Rossiya ruleti.^[144]

Details of the "deep interrogation" programme became known to the public, sparking outrage. Bunga javoban Britaniya hukumati commissioned an inquiry, under Lord Parker, to look into the Five Techniques. In 1972 the Parker Report concluded that the Five Techniques were illegal under domestic law. Buyuk Britaniya bosh vaziri Edvard Xit, then announced that the Five Techniques would no longer be used under his government. However, he said that if a future British government decided to reintroduce them, it would need to be approved by Parliament.^[146]

The Irlandiya hukumati had begun international legal action against the British Government over the Hooded Men in 1971. In 1976, the Evropa inson huquqlari komissiyasi ruled that the programme of deep interrogation, using the Five Techniques, amounted to "torture".^[147] The case was then referred to the Evropa inson huquqlari sudi. In 1978 it ruled that the programme amounted to "inhuman and degrading treatment" which breached the Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasi, but did not amount to torture.^[147] In 2014, evidence emerged that the British Government had withheld information from the Court. Following these revelations, the Irish Government announced in December 2014 that it would be asking the Court to review its judgement and acknowledge the Five Techniques as torture.^[148]

The Court's ruling, that the Five Techniques did not amount to torture, was later cited by the United States and Israel to justify their own interrogation methods.^[149]

21-asr

On 23 February 2005, British soldiers were found guilty of abuse of Iraqi prisoners arrested for looting at a Britaniya armiyasi camp called Bread Basket, in Basra, during May 2003. The judge at the military court, Judge Advocate Michael Hunter, said of photographs and the soldier's behaviour:

Anyone with a shred of human decency would be revolted by what is contained in those pictures. The actions of you and those responsible for these acts have undoubtedly tarnished the international reputation of the British Army and, to some extent, the British nation too, and it will no doubt hamper the efforts of those who are now risking their lives striving to achieve stability in the Gulf region, and it will probably be used by those who are working against such ends.

— Judge Advocate Michael Hunter

At the court martial,^[150] the prosecution alleged that in giving the order to "work [the prisoners] hard", Captain Dan Taylor had broken the Jeneva konvensiyalari. Neither Taylor, nor his commanding officer Lt-Col Paterson (who was briefed on the operation "Ali Baba" by Taylor), was sanctioned and, indeed, during the period of time between the offence and the trial, both were given promotions. All the leaders of the major British political parties condemned the abuse. Toni Bler, British Prime Minister, declared that the pictures were "shocking and appalling". After sentencing, the Bosh shtab boshlig'i, General janob Mayk Jekson, made a statement on television and said that he was "appalled and disappointed" when he first saw photographs of the Iraqi detainees and that^{[151][152][153][154]}

The incidents depicted are in direct contradiction to the core values and standards of the British Army ... Nevertheless, in the light of the evidence from this trial I do apologize on behalf of the army to those Iraqis who were abused and to the people of Iraq as a whole.

— General janob Mayk Jekson

On 7 December 2005, the House of Lords reversed the deportations of Muslims convicted on "evidence procured by torture inflicted by foreign officials", and cited the 1978 case in ruling that centuries of common law and recent international conventions made torture anathema in the country's courts. Lord Bingham said it was "clear that from its very earliest days the common law of England set its face firmly against the use of torture"; Lord Nicholls said "Torture is not acceptable. This is a bedrock moral principle in this country"; Lord Hoffman said "The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it."; Lord Hope said it was "one of most evil practices known to man"; Lord Rodgers said "the unacceptable nature of torture ... has long been unquestioned in this country."; Lord Carswell referred to the "abhorrence felt by civilised nations for the use of torture"; and Lord Brown said that "torture is an unqualified evil. It can never be justified. Rather it must always be punished.".^[155]

On 13 March 2007, the six-month court martial of the seven soldiers – including Colonel Jorge Mendonca and Major Michael Peebles – over the detention of Iraqi prisoners in Basra during May 2003 ended with all but one, Ongli Donald Peyn, being acquitted.^[156][157] On 30 April 2007, Payne, Britain's first convicted war criminal found guilty under the provisions of the Xalqaro jinoiy sud to'g'risidagi qonun 2001 yil, who had pleaded guilty to mistreating prisoners, was jailed for a year and dishonourably discharged from the army.^{[158][159][160]}

In March 2008, the Ministry of Defence admitted breaching the human rights of Baxa Musa, who died in British custody in Basra, and of eight other Iraqi men held at the same facility, opening the way for a multimillion-pound compensation package for the relatives of Baha Mousa and the other men injured during illegal interrogations.^[161] On 14 May 2008, Defence Secretary Des Braun announced in the House of Commons that there would be a ommaviy so'rov into the death of Baha Mousa in which "no stone [will be left] unturned in investigating his tragic death."^[162]

On 26 July 2008, the Inson huquqlari bo'yicha qo'shma qo'mita accused Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram in 2004 and Lieutenant-General Robin Brims, Commander Field Army, in 2006 of misleading the committee when they declared that conditioning practices (based on the beshta usul, banned since their use in Northern Ireland in the 1970s) were not being used. It has now emerged that such techniques were being used by some troops deployed abroad. The BBC reported that "Labour MP Andrew Dismore, chairman of the committee, said he hoped the ommaviy so'rov [into the death of Baha Mousa] would give some indications as to why they were given 'wrong evidence'. Earlier this month, the MR agreed to pay almost £3m in compensation to Mr Mousa's family and nine Iraqi men after admitting breaching human rights".^[163]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

While the United States is a party to international conventions against torture, a proponent of human rights treaties and a critic of torture by other countries, torture has taken place within its borders and on its government's behalf outside of its borders.

On 13 December 1999, NYPD ofitser Justin Volpe was sentenced to thirty years in prison for sodomizing detainee Abner Louima with the handle of a bathroom piston.^[164][165]

The Chikago politsiya boshqarmasi Qo'mondon boshchiligidagi 2-sonli qism Jon Burge repeatedly used electroshock, near-suffocation by plastic bags and excessive beating on suspects in the 1970s and 1980s. Chikago Siti Kasbiy Standartlar Ofisi (OPS) jismoniy zo'ravonlik muntazam ravishda o'tkazilgan degan xulosaga keldi va "Ta'riflangan zo'ravonlik turi odatdagi kaltaklash bilan cheklanmagan, balki psixologik metodlar va rejalashtirilgan qiynoqlar kabi ezoterik sohalarga o'tib ketgan".^[166] The Supermax facility at the Maine State Prison has been the scene of video-taped forcible extractions that Lance Tapley in the Portlend Feniks "qiynoqqa o'xshab ko'ring" deb yozgan.^[167]

In 2003 and 2004 there was substantial controversy over the "stress va chidamlilik " methods that were used in the U.S. Terrorizmga qarshi urush that had been sanctioned by the U.S. Executive branch of government at Cabinet level.^[168][169]

Xalqaro Amnistiya and numerous commentators have accused the 2006 yilgi Harbiy komissiyalar to'g'risidagi qonun of approving a system that uses torture, destroying the mechanisms for judicial review created by the Supreme Court ruling in Hamdan va Ramsfeld va xalqaro standartlardan past bo'lgan parallel huquqiy tizimni yaratish.^{[170][171][172]}

Bilan suhbatda Vashington Post, vakolatli vakolat ning Guantanamo harbiy komissiyalari, Syuzan J. Krouford, a retired judge, who was responsible for reviewing practices at the Guantanamo qamoqxonasi, said of one Guantanamo Bay detainee, "his treatment met the legal definition of torture, and that is why I did not refer the case" for prosecution.^[173] The U.S. Government denies that torture is being conducted in the detention camps at Guantanamo qamoqxonasi.^[174][175]

It was reported in June 2008 that, according to human rights lawyers, the USA was "operating floating prisons to house those arrested in its war on terror":

"According to research carried out by Reprieve, the US may have used as many as 17 ships as 'floating prisons' since 2001. Detainees are interrogated aboard the vessels and then rendered to other, often undisclosed, locations, it is claimed. Ships that are understood to have held prisoners include the Bataan USS va USS Peleliu. A further 15 ships are suspected of having operated around the British territory of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, which has been used as a military base by the UK and the Americans.
... The Reprieve study includes the account of a prisoner released from Guantánamo Bay, who described a fellow inmate's story of detention on an amphibious assault ship. 'One of my fellow prisoners in Guantánamo was at sea on an American ship with about 50 others before coming to Guantánamo ... he was in the cage next to me. He told me that there were about 50 other people on the ship. They were all closed off in the bottom of the ship. The prisoner commented to me that it was like something you see on TV. The people held on the ship were beaten even more severely than in Guantánamo.'"^[176]

O'zbekiston

After an investigating visit to Uzbekistan, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining maxsus ma'ruzachisi on Torture Teo van Boven xulosa qildi:^[177]

Even though only a small number of torture cases can be proved with absolute certainty, the copious testimonies gathered ... are so consistent in their description of torture techniques and the places and circumstances in which torture is perpetrated that the pervasive and persistent nature of torture throughout the investigative process cannot be denied.

— Teo van Boven

Forms of torture frequently cited include immersion in boiling water, exposure to extreme heat and cold, "the use of electric shock, temporary suffocation, hanging by the ankles or wrists, removal of fingernails, punctures with sharp objects, rape, the threat of rape, and the threat of murder of family members."^[178] (Masalan, qarang Muzafar Avazov.)

In 2003, Britain's Ambassador for Uzbekistan, Craig Murray, said that information was being extracted under extreme torture from dissidents in that country, and that the information was subsequently being used by Britain and other western, democratic countries which disapproved of torture.^[179]

Venesuela

Under the dictator Markos Peres Ximenes, Venezuelan authorities held little regard for the human rights of citizens. Police often raided homes without qidiruv orderlari and individuals were imprisoned without evidence. While initially detained, individuals faced torture in instances of interrogation.^[180] Political police targeted, arrested, tortured and killed his opponents.^[181] Those who were attacked include future Venezuelan president Romulo Betankur, Xayme Lusinchi va Luis Errera Kempins.^[181] Lusinchi was jailed for two months in 1952 and was beaten with a sword.^[182] Ga binoan Human Rights Watch tashkiloti, Karlos Andres Peres administration also tortured and executed opponents with a judicial branch that largely ignored abuses by his government.^[183] The Caracas Metropolitan Police [es] and DISIP were used as tools to persecute dissenters.^[184] Keyingi 1992 yil Venesuela davlat to'ntarishiga urinishlar, a crackdown on alleged plotters resulted in accusations of torture by those arrested.^[185] Davomida Bolivar inqilobi, levels of torture occurred that had not been seen since the dictatorship of Pérez Jiménez.^[186] Saylovdan so'ng Ugo Chaves, human rights in Venezuela deteriorated. 2009 yilga kelib Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Amerikaaro komissiya released a report stating that Venezuela's government practiced "repression and intolerance".^[187]In November 2014, Venezuela appeared before the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Qiynoqlarga qarshi qo'mitasi over cases between 2002 and 2014, which criticized the Venezuelan National Commission for the Prevention of Torture for being biased in favor towards the Bolivarian government.^{[188][189][190]} The Committee had also expressed concern with "beatings, burnings and electric shocks in efforts to obtain confessions" that occurred during the 2014 yil Venesueladagi norozilik namoyishlari and that of the 185 investigations for abuses during the protests, only 5 individuals had been charged.^[191] United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture Xuan E. Mendez stated on 11 March 2015 that Venezuela had ignored requests for information and that he had made "conclusions based on the lack of response" and "concluded that the government violated the rights of prisoners", further saying that the Maduro government failed "with the obligation to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment".^[192]

Prezidentligi davrida Nikolas Maduro, torture in Venezuela increased further. Yilda La Tumba, one of the headquarters and prisons of SEBIN, has been used for oq qiynoq and some of its prisoners have attempted suicide.^{[193][194][195]} Conditions in La Tumba have resulted with prisoner illnesses, though Venezuelan authorities refuse to medically treat those imprisoned.^[196] Bright lights are continuously left on and prison cells are set at near-freezing temperatures.^{[197][193][195]}

Davomida 2017 yil Venesueladagi norozilik namoyishlari, more than 290 cases of torture were documented by the Amerika davlatlari tashkiloti.^[198] Human Rights Watch tashkiloti has documented over 350 cases of torture and abuse. Methods include severe beatings, cutting the soles of the feet with razors, partial asphyxiation, withholding food and medication, and electric shock.^[199]

Zimbabve

Hukumati Robert Mugabe, in power from 1980 to 2017, has been accused of torturing protestors and members of the political opposition.^[200][201]

Shuningdek qarang

• Buyruq javobgarligi
• Yashirin politsiya

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Qisqa film Men Yolg'iz emasman (1956) saytidan bepul yuklab olish mumkin Internet arxivi