Toni Bler - Tony Blair

To'g'ri hurmatli Toni Bler
Bler 2010 yilda maxsus vakil sifatida
Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri
Ofisda 1997 yil 2 may - 2007 yil 27 iyun
Monarx	Yelizaveta II
O'rinbosar	Jon Preskott
Birinchi kotib	Jon Preskott (2001–07)
Oldingi	Jon Major
Muvaffaqiyatli	Gordon Braun
Muxolifat lideri
Ofisda 1994 yil 21 iyul - 1997 yil 2 may
Monarx	Yelizaveta II
Bosh Vazir	Jon Major
O'rinbosar	Jon Preskott
Oldingi	Margaret Beket
Muvaffaqiyatli	Jon Major
Mehnat partiyasining etakchisi
Ofisda 1994 yil 21 iyul - 2007 yil 24 iyun
O'rinbosar	Jon Preskott
Bosh kotib	Tom Soyer Margaret McDonagh Devid Trizman Mett Karter Piter Vatt
Kafedra	Charlz Klark Jon Rid Yan Makkartni Hazel Blears
Oldingi	Jon Smit
Muvaffaqiyatli	Gordon Braun
Soya shkafi xabarlar Shadow uy kotibi Ofisda 1992 yil 24 iyul - 1994 yil 24 oktyabr Rahbar Jon Smit Margaret Beket (aktyorlik) O'zi Oldingi Roy Xattersli Muvaffaqiyatli Jek Straw Ishga qabul qilish bo'yicha soya davlat kotibi Ofisda 1989 yil 2 noyabr - 1992 yil 24 iyul Rahbar Nil Kinnok Oldingi Maykl Meacher Muvaffaqiyatli Frank Dobson Energiya bo'yicha soya davlat kotibi Ofisda 1988 yil 23 noyabr - 1989 yil 2 noyabr Rahbar Nil Kinnok Oldingi Jon Preskott Muvaffaqiyatli Frank Dobson Savdo bo'yicha soya vaziri Ofisda 1987 yil 13 iyul - 1988 yil 23 noyabr Rahbar Nil Kinnok Oldingi Bryan Gould Muvaffaqiyatli Robin Kuk
Parlament a'zosi uchun Sedjfild
Ofisda 1983 yil 9 iyun - 2007 yil 27 iyun
Oldingi	Saylov okrugi yaratildi[nb]
Muvaffaqiyatli	Fil Uilson
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	Entoni Charlz Lynton Bler (1953-05-06) 1953 yil 6-may (67 yosh) Edinburg, Shotlandiya
Siyosiy partiya	Mehnat
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Cherie Booth ​ (m. 1980)​
Bolalar	4
Ota-onalar	Leo Bler (ota)
Qarindoshlar	Uilyam Bler (aka)
Ta'lim	Chorister maktabi Fettes kolleji
Olma mater	Sent-Jon kolleji, Oksford Sud xonalari
Imzo
Veb-sayt	Global O'zgarishlar Instituti
nb.^ Saylovchilar bekor qilindi,1974 yil fevral; qayta qurilgan, 1983

Entoni Charlz Lynton Bler (1953 yil 6-mayda tug'ilgan) bo'lib xizmat qilgan ingliz siyosatchisi Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri 1997 yildan 2007 yilgacha va Mehnat partiyasining etakchisi 1994 yildan 2007 yilgacha. Iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng u maxsus vakili etib tayinlandi Yaqin Sharqdagi kvartet, u 2015 yilgacha ishlagan ofis. Hozirda u ijroiya raisi sifatida ishlaydi Toni Bler Global O'zgarishlar Instituti, Leyboristlar partiyasining etakchisi sifatida Bler "Uchinchi yo'l."^[a]

Bler tug'ilgan Edinburg; uning otasi Leo, edi a advokat va akademik. Qatnashgandan keyin mustaqil maktab Fettes kolleji, u huquqshunoslikda o'qigan Sent-Jon kolleji, Oksford va advokat bo'ldi. U leyboristlar siyosatiga aralashdi va saylandi Parlament a'zosi uchun Sedjfild yilda 1983. U partiyani markaz hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritishga yordam berish maqsadida Britaniya siyosatining (u hukumatdan beri edi) 1979 ). U partiyaga tayinlangan frontbench 1988 yilda va bo'ldi Shadow uy kotibi 1992 yilda. U bo'ldi Muxolifat lideri uning Mehnat partiyasi rahbari sifatida saylanish 1994 yilda, avvalgisining to'satdan vafotidan so'ng, Jon Smit. Bler davrida partiya "" iborasini ishlatganYangi mehnat "oldingi leyboristlar siyosati va an'anaviy g'oyasidan uzoqlashish uchun sotsializm. Leyboristlarning chap qanotining qarshiliklariga qaramay, u bekor qildi IV modda, tomonning rasmiy majburiyati milliylashtirish iqtisodiyotning zaiflashishi kasaba uyushmasi partiyadagi ta'sir va erkin bozor va Yevropa Ittifoqi. 1997 yilda Leyboristlar partiyasi eng katta ko'chkini yutdi umumiy saylov o'z tarixidagi g'alaba. Bler mamlakatga aylandi eng yosh rahbar 1812 yildan beri va partiyaning eng uzoq vaqt ishlagan vakili bo'lib qolmoqda. Leyboristlar uning rahbarligidagi yana ikkita umumiy saylovda g'alaba qozondi 2001, unda u yana bir g'alaba qozondi (shu vaqtdan beri eng kam ishtirok etgan bo'lsa ham) 1918 ) va 2005, juda qisqartirilgan ko'pchilik bilan. U 2007 yilda Bosh vazir va Mehnat partiyasi rahbari lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi va uning o'rnini egalladi Gordon Braun, kim unga tegishli edi Bosh vazirning kansleri 1997 yildan beri.

Bler hukumatlari ko'pchiligini olib tashlagan konstitutsiyaviy islohotlarni amalga oshirdi irsiy tengdoshlar dan Lordlar palatasi, shuningdek, Buyuk Britaniyani tashkil qilish bilan Oliy sud va ofisini isloh qilish Lord Kantsler (shu bilan sud vakolatlarini ajratish qonun chiqaruvchi va ijro etuvchi hokimiyatlardan). Uning hukumati referendum o'tkazdi, unda Shotlandiya va Uels saylovchilari yoqlab ovoz berishdi topshirilgan boshqaruv, tashkil etish uchun yo'l ochib beradi Shotlandiya parlamenti va Uels assambleyasi (bugun parlament) 1999 yilda. U muzokaralarda ishtirok etgan Xayrli juma shartnomasi. Uning lavozimdagi faoliyati doimiy iqtisodiy o'sish davrida bo'lgan, ammo bu tobora ortib borayotgan qarzga bog'liq bo'lib qoldi. 1997 yilda uning hukumati Angliya banki belgilash vakolatlari foiz stavkalari avtonom ravishda va keyinchalik u katta o'sishni nazorat qildi davlat xarajatlari, ayniqsa sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim sohalarida. U chempion bo'ldi multikulturalizm 1997-2007 yillarda immigratsiya sezilarli darajada ko'tarildi, ayniqsa uning hukumati immigratsiyani kutib olganidan keyin Evropa Ittifoqiga yangi a'zo davlatlar 2004 yilda. Bu arzon va moslashuvchan ishchi kuchi ta'minotini ta'minladi, shuningdek, yoqilg'ini ham oshirdi Evroseptikizm, ayniqsa uning partiyasining asosiy saylovchilari orasida. Uning boshqa ijtimoiy siyosati odatda edi progressiv; u tanishtirdi Milliy eng kam ish haqi to'g'risidagi qonun 1998 yil, Inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun 1998 yil va Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 2000 yil va 2004 yilda gey juftliklariga kirishga ruxsat berdi fuqarolik sherikliklari. Biroq, u o'zini "jinoyatchilikka qarshi, jinoyatchilikning sabablariga nisbatan qattiq" deb e'lon qildi va hibsga olishning ko'payib borishini nazorat qildi. yangi ijtimoiy-axloqiy qonunchilik, jinoyatchilik darajasi o'zgarishi to'g'risida qarama-qarshi dalillarga qaramay.

Bler Britaniyaning aralashuvlarini nazorat qildi Kosovo (1999) va Serra-Leone (2000) odatda muvaffaqiyatli deb qabul qilingan. Davomida Terrorizmga qarshi urush, u qo'llab-quvvatladi Jorj V.Bush ma'muriyatining tashqi siyosati va Buyuk Britaniya qurolli kuchlari ishtirok etishini ta'minladi Afg'onistondagi urush 2001 yildan va, ko'proq tortishuvlarga ko'ra 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish. Bler bu Saddam Xuseyn rejim faol bo'lgan ommaviy qirg'in qurollari (WMD) dasturi, ammo Iroqda hech qanday WMD zaxiralari yoki faol WMD dasturi topilmadi. The Iroq urushi Britaniya jamoatchiligi orasida tobora ommabop bo'lib qoldi va u raqiblari tomonidan tanqid qilindi va (2016 yilda) Iroq bo'yicha tergov asossiz va keraksiz bosqinchilik uchun. U ish paytida bo'lgan 7/7 portlashlar bo'lib o'tdi (2005) va qatorini taqdim etdi aksilterror qonunchiligi. Uning merosi nafaqat Afg'oniston va Iroq urushlariga aralashganligi sababli ziddiyatli bo'lib qolmoqda. Saylovdagi yutuqlari va islohotlariga qaramay, u ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan aloqalari uchun ham tanqid qilindi, ijro etuvchi hokimiyatni markazlashtirish va uning ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy siyosatining jihatlari.

Dastlabki yillar

Ushbu maqola qismidir haqida bir qator Toni Bler
Saylov tarixi Sedgefield uchun deputat Beaconsfield-ga qo'shimcha saylovlar Muxolifat lideri Etakchilikka saylov Jigarrang bitim Soya shkafi Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri Premer-liga Siyosatlar Blerizm Yangi mehnat Uchinchi yo'l Uchrashuvlar "Tony's Cronies" Birinchi vazirlik va muddat Vazirlik 1997 yilgi saylov Xayrli juma shartnomasi Tinchlik jarayoni Gonkongni topshirish Syerra-Leonedagi harbiy aralashuv Ikkinchi vazirlik va muddat Vazirlik 2001 yil qayta saylanish Afg'onistondagi urush Iroq bosqini Bushning eslatmasi Dauning ko'chasi bo'yicha eslatma Fevral hujjati Bosqin Sentabr hujjati Iroqqa ultimatum Urush Uchinchi vazirlik va muddat Vazirlik 2005 yil qayta saylanish Kabinetni almashtirish Faxriy mukofotlar uchun naqd pul Etakchilik vorisligi London portlashlari Kun tartibini hurmat qiling Bosh vazirdan keyin Sayohat Associates Iymon fondi Iroq bo'yicha tergov Yaqin Sharqdagi kvartet Sport jamg'armasi

Entoni Charlz Lynton Bler qirolicha Meri onalik uyida tug'ilgan Edinburg, Shotlandiya,^[1] 1953 yil 6-mayda.^[2][3] U ikkinchi o'g'li edi Leo va Hazel (nee Korskaden) Bler.^[4] Leo Bler ikki ko'ngilocharning noqonuniy o'g'li edi va chaqaloq tomonidan asrab olingan Glazgo tersanenin ishchisi Jeyms Bler va uning rafiqasi Meri.^[5] Hazel Korskaden qassob va Jorj Korskaddenning qizi edi To'q sariq 1916 yilda Glazgoga ko'chib o'tgan. 1923 yilda u qaytib kelgan (va keyinchalik vafot etgan) Ballyshannon, Donegal okrugi. Ballyshannonda Korsaddenning rafiqasi Sara Margaret (Lipsett ismli ayol) oilaning oziq-ovqat do'konidan yuqori qismida Blerning onasi Hazelni dunyoga keltirdi.^[6][7]

Blerning akasi bor, Ser Uilyam Bler, a Oliy sud sudya va singlisi Sara. Blerning birinchi uyi oilasi bilan Edinburgning Willowbrae hududidagi Paisley Terrace-da bo'lgan. Ushbu davrda otasi kichik soliq inspektori bo'lib ishlagan, shu bilan birga yuridik diplomini olgan Edinburg universiteti.^[1]

Blerning birinchi ko'chishi o'n to'qqiz oyligida bo'lgan. 1954 yil oxirida Blerning ota-onasi va ularning ikki o'g'li Paisli Terasdan ko'chib o'tishdi Adelaida, Janubiy Avstraliya.^[8] Uning otasi huquqshunoslikda ma'ruza qilgan Adelaida universiteti.^[9] Avstraliyada Blerning singlisi Sara tug'ildi. Blerlar shahar atrofi hududida yashagan Dulvich universitetga yaqin. 1958 yil yozida oila Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytib keldi. Ular bir muncha vaqt Hazelning onasi va o'gay otasi (Uilyam Makkley) bilan o'z uylarida yashadilar. Qadamlar shimoliy-sharqiy Glazgo chekkasida. Blerning otasi o'qituvchi sifatida ishga qabul qilingan Durham universiteti va shu tariqa oilani ko'chib o'tdi Darxem, Angliya. Besh yoshga to'lganida, bu Blerning Do'rxem bilan uzoq muddatli aloqalarining boshlanishi edi.^[8]

Bolaligidan Toni Bler muxlis bo'lgan "Nyukasl Yunayted" futbol jamoasi.^[10][11][12]

Ta'lim va yuridik martaba

Ota-onasi Durhamda o'z oilalarini qurgan holda, Bler ishtirok etdi Chorister maktabi 1961 yildan 1966 yilgacha.^[13] O'n uch yoshga to'lganida, u maktabga vaqtini internatda o'tkazishga yuborilgan Fettes kolleji 1966 yildan 1971 yilgacha Edinburgda.^[14] Xabarlarga ko'ra, Bler Fettesdagi vaqtini yomon ko'rgan.^[15] Uning o'qituvchilari u bilan ta'sirlanmagan; uning biografi, Jon Rentul, "Kitobni o'rganayotganda men suhbatlashgan barcha o'qituvchilar uning orqa tomoni butunlay og'riyotganini aytishdi va ular uning orqa tomonini ko'rganlaridan juda xursand bo'lishdi".^[14] Xabarlarga ko'ra, Bler o'zini o'rnak qilgan Mik Jagger, qo'shiqchisi Rolling Stones.^[16] U erda bo'lganida u uchrashdi Charli Falconer (raqib o'quvchisi Edinburg akademiyasi ), keyinchalik u tayinlagan Lord Kantsler.

O'n sakkiz yoshida Fettes kollejini tark etib, Bler keyingi yilni o'tkazdi London rok musiqa targ'ibotchisi sifatida shuhrat topishga urinish.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1972 yilda, o'n to'qqiz yoshida, Bler universitetga o'qishga kirdi Sent-Jon kolleji, Oksford, o'qish Huquqshunoslik uch yil davomida.^[17] Talaba bo'lganida u gitara chalib, rok-guruhda qo'shiq kuylagan Yomon mish-mishlar,^[18] va ba'zi birlarini ijro etdi stend-up komediya shu jumladan parodiya qilish Jeyms T. Kirk nomli belgi sifatida Kapitan Kink.^[19] Unga boshqa talaba va Anglikan ruhoniy Piter Tomson, uning diniy e'tiqodi va chap siyosatini uyg'otgan. Bler Oksfordda bo'lganida, u qisqacha a Trotskiychi, birinchi jildini o'qigandan so'ng Isaak Deuther ning tarjimai holi Leon Trotskiy, bu "yonayotgan chiroq kabi" edi.^[20][21] 1975 yilda 22 yoshida Oksfordni a ikkinchi darajali faxriylar B.A. huquqshunoslikda.^[22][23]

1975 yilda, Bler edi Oksford, onasi Hazel 52 yoshida qalqonsimon bez saratonidan vafot etdi, bu unga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[24]

Oksforddan keyin Bler unga a'zo bo'ldi Linkolnning mehmonxonasi va o'quvchilarning advokati sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tgan. U kelajakdagi rafiqasi bilan uchrashdi, Cherie Booth (aktyorning qizi Toni But ) tomonidan tashkil etilgan qonun palatalarida Derri Irvin (u Blerning birinchi lord-kansleri bo'lishi kerak edi), 11 qirolning skameykada yurish palatasi.^[25]

Dastlabki siyosiy martaba

Bler qo'shildi Mehnat partiyasi 1975 yilda Oksfordni tugatgandan ko'p o'tmay, 1980 yillarning boshlarida u ishtirok etdi Mehnat siyosati yilda Hackney South va Shoreditch, u erda u o'zini "yumshoq chap "partiyaning. U o'zini nomzod sifatida ilgari surdi Hackney kengashi xavfsiz mehnat zonasi bo'lgan Kvinsbridj palatasidagi 1982 yilgi saylovlar, ammo tanlanmagan.^[26]

1982 yilda Bler seyf uchun Leyboristlar partiyasidan nomzod sifatida tanlandi Konservativ joy Maykonsfild, bo'lajak qo'shimcha saylovlar bo'lgan joyda.^[27] Garchi Bler yutqazgan bo'lsa ham Beaconsfield-ga qo'shimcha saylov Leyboristlarning ovozlaridagi ulushi 10 foizga kamaydi va u partiyadagi obro'siga ega bo'ldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Mag'lub bo'lishiga qaramay, Uilyam Rassel, siyosiy muxbir The Glasgow Herald, Blerni "juda yaxshi nomzod" deb ta'riflagan, natijada Leyboristlar partiyasi uchun "falokat" bo'lganini tan olgan.^[28] Keyinchalik uning farqli o'laroq markazchilik, Bler leyboristlar rahbariga yozgan xatida buni aniq ko'rsatib berdi Maykl Foot 1982 yil iyulda (2006 yilda nashr etilgan) u "sotsializmga marksizm orqali kelgan" va o'zini chap tomonda deb hisoblagan.^[29] Yoqdi Toni Benn, Bler "Mehnat huquqi" bankrot deb hisoblagan:^[30] "Sotsializm oxir-oqibat odamlarning yaxshi ongiga murojaat qilishi kerak. Agar siz hokimiyatdagi pragmatik davrga haddan ziyod bulg'angan bo'lsangiz, buni qila olmaysiz."^[29][30] Shunga qaramay, u ko'rdi qattiq chap yaxshi emas, deb:

Oddiy a'zolar uchun juda yoqimsiz bo'lgan chap chapdagi ko'plab guruhlarga nisbatan takabburlik va o'zini o'zi oqlash bor ... Faqat ular bilan rozi bo'lgan odamlar bilan aralashish juda ko'p.^[29][30]

Umumiy saylovlar tufayli Bler hech qaerda nomzod sifatida tanlanmagan edi. Uni yana ichkarida turishga taklif qilishdi Maykonsfild va dastlab rozi bo'lishga moyil edi, lekin uning palatasi rahbari Derri Irvine g'olib bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan boshqa joyni topishni maslahat berdi.^[31] Vaziyat murakkablashdi, chunki Leyboristlar rejalashtirilgan chegara o'zgarishlariga qarshi qonuniy kurash olib borgan va nomzodlarni avvalgi chegaralar asosida tanlagan. Yuridik da'vo muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagach, partiya barcha tanlovlarni yangi chegaralar bo'yicha qayta ko'rib chiqishi kerak edi; aksariyati mavjud o'rindiqlarga asoslangan edi, ammo odatdagidan Durham okrugida yangi Sedjfild Saylov okrugi ilgari aniq o'rindiqqa ega bo'lmagan leyboristlar ovoz beradigan hududlardan tashkil topgan.^[32]

Sedgefild uchun tanlov shu vaqtgacha boshlangan 1983 yilgi umumiy saylov deb nomlangan. Blerning dastlabki surishtiruvlari chap tomonning tanlovni tashkil qilishga urinayotganligini aniqladi Les Xekfild, boshqa joyda harakat qilayotgan Nuneaton uchun o'tirgan deputat; Bunga chegara o'zgarishi tufayli ko'chirilgan bir necha o'tirgan deputatlar ham qiziqish bildirishdi. U kashf etganida Trimdon filiali nomzodini ilgari surmagan edi, Bler ularni ziyorat qildi va filial kotibining qo'llab-quvvatlashiga sazovor bo'ldi Jon Berton va Burtonning yordami bilan filial tomonidan nomzod ko'rsatildi. So'nggi daqiqada u qisqa ro'yxatga qo'shildi va Xekfild ustidan g'alaba qozondi. Bu Leyboristlar partiyasi saylovdan oldin o'tkazgan so'nggi nomzod tanlovi edi va Leyboristlar partiyasi barcha nomzodlarining tarjimai holini e'lon qilganidan so'ng o'tkazildi ("Leyboristlar saylovi kim kim").^[33]

Jon Berton Blerga tegishli bo'ldi saylov agenti va uning eng ishonchli va eng qadimgi ittifoqchilaridan biri.^[34] Blerning saylovoldi adabiyoti 1983 yilgi umumiy saylov 1980-yillarning boshlarida Leyboristlar ilgari surgan chap qanot siyosatini ma'qulladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} U Britaniyani tark etishga chaqirdi EEC^[35] 1970-yillarda,^[36] u o'zining tanlov konferentsiyasida shaxsan a'zolikni davom ettirishni ma'qullashini aytgan bo'lsa-da^{[iqtibos kerak ]} va "Ha" ga ovoz berdi 1975 yil mavzu bo'yicha referendum. U qarshi chiqdi Valyuta kursi mexanizmi (ERM) 1986 yilda, ammo ERMni 1989 yilgacha qo'llab-quvvatlagan.^[37] U a'zosi edi Yadro qurolsizlanish uchun kampaniya, hech qachon qat'iyan tarafdor bo'lmaganiga qaramay bir tomonlama yadroviy qurolsizlanish.^[38] Blerga saylovoldi kampaniyasida seriyali aktrisa yordam berdi Pat Feniks, qaynotasining sevgilisi. O'ttiz yoshida, 1983 yilda Sedgefildga deputat etib saylandi; partiyaning umumiy saylovlardagi mag'lubiyatiga qaramay.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Uning ichida birinchi nutq 1983 yil 6 iyuldagi jamoatlar palatasida Bler shunday degan edi: "Men sotsialistman, men o'zimning intellektual xayolimni jalb qilgan darslikni o'qish orqali yoki o'ylamagan an'analar orqali emas, balki sotsializm eng yaxshi tarzda sotsializmga eng mos keladi deb o'ylayman. ham oqilona, ​​ham axloqiy mavjudot. Bu qarama-qarshilikni emas, hamkorlikni, qo'rquvni emas, do'stlikni anglatadi. Bu tenglikni anglatadi. "^[39]

Saylanganidan so'ng, Blerning siyosiy yuksalishi tez edi. U birinchi qabul qildi oldingi skameyka 1984 yilda yordamchi lavozimiga tayinlangan Xazina vakili. 1985 yil may oyida u BBC-da paydo bo'ldi Savol vaqti, konservativ hukumatnikiga asoslanib Jamoat tartibi Oq qog'oz fuqarolar erkinligiga tahdid bo'lgan.^[40]

Bler tergovni talab qildi Angliya banki qulab tushganlarni qutqarish to'g'risidagi qaror Jonson Matthey 1985 yil oktyabrda bank. Bu vaqtga kelib, Bler partiyadagi islohot tendentsiyalariga (rahbar rahbar) rahbarlik qildi Nil Kinnok ) va keyin ko'tarilgan 1987 yilgi saylov soyaga Savdo va sanoat vakili sifatida jamoa London shahri.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Etakchilik rollari

1987 yilda u saylovlarda qatnashdi Soya shkafi, 71 ovoz olgan.^[41] Kinnok ketma-ket to'rtinchi g'alabadan so'ng iste'foga chiqqanida 1992 yilgi umumiy saylov, Bler bo'ldi Shadow uy kotibi ostida Jon Smit. Qadimgi gvardiya tendentsiyalar Smitning kuchli rahbarligi ostida o'z kuchlarini tiklayotganligini ko'rsatdi, deb ta'kidladi. Ayni paytda, ajralish SDP fraksiya. bilan birlashdi Liberal partiya; natijada Liberal-demokratlar leyboristlar bazasiga katta tahdid solgandek tuyuldi. Modernizatsiya qilinayotgan fraksiya rahbari Bler uzoq muddatli tendentsiyalarni bekor qilish kerakligini ta'kidlab, umuman boshqacha qarashga ega edi. Mehnat partiyasi torayib borayotgan bazaga juda qulflangan edi, chunki u ishchilar sinfiga, kasaba uyushmalariga va imtiyozli kengash uylari aholisiga asoslangan edi. Shiddat bilan o'sib borayotgan o'rta sinf, ayniqsa, yanada shuhratparast ishchi oilalari e'tiborga olinmadi. Ular o'rta sinf maqomiga ega bo'lishga intildilar, ammo konservativ dalillarni qabul qildilar, chunki Leyboristlar o'zlarining tekislash siyosati bilan shuhratparast odamlarni jilovlaydilar. Ular Leyboristlarni oppozitsiya tomonidan belgilangan soliqlar va yuqori foiz stavkalari borasida tobora ko'proq ko'rmoqdalar. Yangi ishchi kuchiga aylanadigan qadamlar protsessual edi, ammo bu juda zarur edi. Shiori ostida "Bitta a'zo, bitta ovoz "Jon Smit (Blerning cheklangan ishtiroki bilan) 1993 yilgi konferentsiyada Vestminster nomzodini tanlash uchun kasaba uyushmalarining blokirovka ovozini to'xtatdi.^[42] Ammo Bler va modernizatorlar Smitning bundan keyin ham borishini xohladilar va sanoatni milliylashtirish bo'yicha tarixiy majburiyat bo'lgan "IV band" ni bekor qilish orqali partiya maqsadlarini tubdan o'zgartirishga chaqirdilar. Bunga 1995 yilda erishiladi.^[43]

Muxolifat lideri

Jon Smit 1994 yilda to'satdan yurak xurujidan vafot etdi. Bler mag'lub bo'ldi Jon Preskott va Margaret Beket ichida keyingi rahbariyat saylovi va bo'ldi Muxolifat lideri.^[44] Ushbu ofis egasi uchun odatdagidek, Bler a Maxfiy maslahatchi.^[45]

Bler bilan uchrashuv Felipe Gonsales da Monkloa saroyi, 1996 yil aprel.

Bler 1994 yilgi Leyboristlar partiyasining konferentsiyasidagi nutqi oxirida uni almashtirish niyatida ekanligini e'lon qildi IV modda maqsad va qadriyatlarning yangi bayoni bilan partiya konstitutsiyasining.^[44] Bu partiyaning "ishlab chiqarish va ayirboshlash vositalariga umumiy egalik qilish" to'g'risidagi majburiyatini bekor qilishni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, u keng miqyosda ulgurji savdoga tegishli deb talqin qilingan milliylashtirish.^[44][46] 1995 yil aprelda bo'lib o'tgan maxsus konferentsiyada ushbu band partiya o'rniga "degan bayonot bilan almashtirildi"demokratik sotsialistik ",^[46][47][48] va Bler ham o'sha yili o'zini "demokratik sotsialist" deb da'vo qilgan.^[49] Biroq, uzoqlashish milliylashtirish eski IV bandda Leyboristlar partiyasining chap qanotida ko'pchilik Mehnat 1918 yilda belgilangan millatchilashtirishning an'anaviy sotsialistik tamoyillaridan uzoqlashayotganini va ular tomonidan partiyaning tomon siljishining bir qismi sifatida ko'rilganligini his qilishdi.Yangi mehnat ".^[50]

U leyboristlar etakchiligini meros qilib oldi, chunki partiyaning fikri so'rovlarda konservatorlar ustidan ko'tarilgan edi, chunki konservativ hukumatning pul ustunligi ko'rsatkichi bilan obro'si buzilgan edi Qora chorshanba 1992 yil sentyabrdagi iqtisodiy falokat. Blerning rahbar etib saylanishi leyboristlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash darajasining yuqoriligini ko'rdi^[51] Konservativ hukumat (boshchiligida) davom etayotgan iqtisodiy tiklanish va ishsizlikning pasayishiga qaramay Jon Major ) 1990–92 yillarning oxiridan beri nazorat qilib kelgan turg'unlik.^[51] 1996 yil Leyboristlar partiyasining konferentsiyasida Bler o'z lavozimiga kelish uchun uchta asosiy ustuvor vazifa "ta'lim, ta'lim va ta'lim" ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[52]

Ning mashhur bo'lmaganligi yordam beradi Jon Major Konservativ hukumat (o'zi ustidan chuqur bo'linish Yevropa Ittifoqi ),^[53] "Yangi Mehnat" g'alaba qozondi 1997 yilgi umumiy saylov, Konservativ partiyaning o'n sakkiz yillik boshqaruvini tugatdi va shu vaqtdan beri konservatorlarning eng og'ir mag'lubiyati bilan 1906.^[54]

Tomonidan chiqarilgan kundaliklarga ko'ra Paddy Ashdown, Smitning Leyboristlar partiyasini boshqarishi paytida, Ashdau bilan a tashkil etish to'g'risida munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi koalitsiya hukumat, agar navbatdagi umumiy saylovlar a osilgan parlament. Ashdaun shuningdek, Bler tarafdori bo'lganini da'vo qildi mutanosib vakillik (PR).^[55] Ashdowndan tashqari, Liberal-demokrat Deputatlar Menzies Kempbell va Alan Beyt Leyborist-Lib Dem koalitsiyasi tuzilgan taqdirda kabinetdagi joylar uchun ajratilgan edi.^[56] Bler ushbu takliflardan qaytishga majbur bo'ldi, chunki Jon Preskott va Gordon Braun PR tizimiga qarshi chiqdi va Shadow Kabinetning ko'plab a'zolari Lib Demsga nisbatan imtiyozlar berishidan xavotirda edilar.^[56] Tadbirda, 1992 yil oxiridan beri o'tkazilgan deyarli har bir so'rovnoma Leyboristlarni umumiy ko'pchilikni tashkil etish uchun etarlicha qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan oldinga surdi.^[57]

Bosh Vazir

Bler AQSh prezidenti bilan Bill Klinton, 1999 yil noyabr

Bler bo'ldi Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri kuni 1997 yil 2-may kabi bir vaqtda xizmat qilmoqda G'aznachilikning birinchi lordidir, Davlat xizmati vaziri va Mehnat partiyasining rahbari. 43 yoshda, Bler o'shandan beri Bosh vazir bo'lgan eng yosh odam bo'ldi Lord Liverpool 1812 yilda 42 yoshda Bosh vazir bo'ldi.^[58] Shuningdek, u keyinchalik tug'ilgan birinchi Bosh vazir edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi va qo'shilish Yelizaveta II taxtga. 1997 yildagi g'alabalar bilan 2001 va 2005, Bler Leyboristlar partiyasining eng uzoq muddatli bosh vaziri bo'lgan,^[59] va partiyani ketma-ket uchta umumiy saylov g'alabasiga olib borgan birinchi va yagona shaxs.^[60]

Shimoliy Irlandiya

Bler olomonga murojaat qilmoqda Armagh 1998 yilda

Uning yordamiga qo'shgan hissasi Shimoliy Irlandiya tinchlik jarayoni muzokaralarga yordam berish orqali Xayrli juma shartnomasi (30 yillik ziddiyatdan so'ng) keng e'tirof etildi.^[61][62] Keyingi Omagni bombardimon qilish a'zolari tomonidan 1998 yil 15 avgustda Haqiqiy IRA 29 kishini o'ldirgan va yuzlab odamlarni yarador qilgan tinchlik jarayoniga qarshi bo'lgan Bler Tайрон okrugi shahar va jabrlanganlar bilan uchrashdi Belfastdagi Royal Victoria kasalxonasi.^[63]

Harbiy aralashuv va Terrorizmga qarshi urush

O'zining boshqaruvidagi dastlabki olti yilda Bler Buyuk Britaniya tarixidagi boshqa barcha bosh vazirlarga qaraganda besh marta ingliz qo'shinlarini jangga buyurdi. Bu ikkalasiga ham Iroq kiradi 1998 va 2003, Kosovo (1999), Serra-Leone (2000) va Afg'oniston (2001).^[64]

The Kosovo urushi, Bler axloqiy asoslarda targ'ib qilgan, dastlab faqat havo hujumlariga tayanganida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan; quruqlikdagi hujum xavfi Serbiyani tahdid qildi Slobodan Milosevich chekinmoq Bler quruqlik hujumining asosiy himoyachisi bo'lgan Bill Klinton qilishni xohlamadi va 50 ming askarni - mavjud bo'lgan Britaniya armiyasining aksariyatini - harakatga tayyorlashni buyurdi.^[65] Keyingi yil cheklangan Palliser operatsiyasi yilda Serra-Leone qo'zg'olon kuchlariga qarshi oqimni tezlik bilan silkitdi; joylashtirishdan oldin Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Syerra-Leondagi vakolatxonasi qulash arafasida edi.^[66] Palliser evakuatsiya vazifasi sifatida mo'ljallangan edi, ammo Brigada Devid Richards Blerni roli kengayishiga imkon berishiga ishontira oldi; o'sha paytda, Richardsning harakati ma'lum emas edi va Bler uning ortida turgan deb taxmin qilingan edi.^[67]

Bler buyurdi Barras operatsiyasi, juda muvaffaqiyatli SAS /Parashyut polki Syerra-Leone isyonchilar guruhidan garovga olinganlarni qutqarish uchun ish tashlash.^[68] Tarixchi Endryu Marr quruqlikdagi hujumlarning haqiqiy va tahdid ostida bo'lgan havo hujumlari orqali muvaffaqiyati Blerning Iroq urushini rejalashtirishga ta'sir qilgani va Bler birinchi uchta urushning muvaffaqiyati "o'zini axloqiy urush rahbari sifatida his qilgani uchun o'ynadi" deb ta'kidladi. ".^[69] 2010 yilda Palliserning muvaffaqiyati "britaniyalik siyosatchilarga" harbiy harakatlarni siyosat varianti sifatida qarashga undagan bo'lishi mumkinmi? "Degan savolga general Ser Devid Richards u erda" shu narsa bo'lishi mumkin "deb tan oldi.^[67]

Toni Bler va Jorj V.Bush 2004 yil 12 noyabrda Oq uyning Sharqiy xonasida o'tkazilgan matbuot anjumanidan so'ng qo'l berib ko'ring.

Boshidan Terrorizmga qarshi urush 2001 yilda, Bler kuchli qo'llab-quvvatladi tashqi siyosat ning Jorj V.Bush, ishtirok etish 2001 yil Afg'onistonga bostirib kirish va 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish. Iroqqa bostirib kirish ayniqsa ziddiyatli edi, chunki u keng jamoatchilik qarshiligini tortdi va Blerning o'z deputatlaridan 139 nafari bunga qarshi chiqdi.^[70]

Natijada, u siyosatning o'zi va qaror sharoitlari ustidan tanqidlarga duch keldi. Alastair Kempbell Blerning WMD bo'yicha ma'lumot "shubhasiz" ekanligi haqidagi bayonotini "unga berilgan bahoga bergan bahosi" deb ta'rifladi.^[71] 2009 yilda Bler olib tashlashni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytgan Saddam Xuseyn u bunday qurolga ega emasligini isbotlagan taqdirda ham hokimiyatdan.^[72] Dramaturg Garold Pinter va Malayziyaning sobiq bosh vaziri Maxathir Mohamad Blerni urush jinoyatlarida aybladi.^[73][74]

Oldin guvohlik berish Iroq bo'yicha tergov 2010 yil 29 yanvarda Bler Saddamni "hayvon" deb aytgan va men u nafaqat mintaqaga, balki butun dunyoga tahdid qilganiga ishonaman.^[75] Bler Britaniyaning va Amerikaning munosabatini aytdi Saddam Xuseyn dan keyin "keskin o'zgargan" edi 11 sentyabr hujumlari. Bler Saddamda ommaviy qirg'in qurollari yo'q deb o'ylagan taqdirda ham Iroqqa bostirib kirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaganini rad etdi. U bosqinchilik natijasida dunyo xavfsizroq ekaniga ishonishini aytdi.^[76] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "rejim o'zgarishini istash va Iroqni qurolsizlantirishni istash o'rtasida haqiqiy farq yo'q: rejim o'zgarishi AQSh siyosati edi, chunki Iroq BMTning majburiyatlarini buzgan".^[77] 2015 yil oktyabr oyida CNN bilan suhbat Zakariya, Bler Iroq urushi borasidagi "xatolari" uchun uzr so'radi va bosqinning ko'tarilishiga yordam bergan degan fikrda "haqiqat unsurlari" borligini tan oldi. IShID.^[78] The Chilcot bo'yicha so'rov 2016 yilgi hisobotda Blerning Iroq urushidagi roliga tanqidiy baho berildi, ammo sobiq bosh vazir yana AQSh boshchiligidagi bosqinni qo'llab-quvvatlash to'g'risidagi qarori uchun kechirim so'rashdan bosh tortdi.^[79]

Parlament bilan aloqalar

Uning Bosh vazir lavozimidagi birinchi harakatlaridan biri haftasiga ikki marta 15 daqiqalik sessiyalarni almashtirish edi Bosh vazirning savollari seshanba va payshanba kunlari chorshanba kunlari 30 daqiqalik bitta mashg'ulot bilan o'tkaziladi. PMQdan tashqari, Bler har oy matbuot anjumanlarini o'tkazdi va u erda jurnalistlarning savollarini berdi^[80] va 2002 yildan - har yili ikki marotaba eng katta Commons tanlov qo'mitasi oldida dalillarni berishga rozilik berib, presedentni buzdi Aloqa qo'mitasi.^[81] Bler ba'zan o'z kabinetidagi hamkasblarining fikrlariga ham, ularnikiga ham etarlicha e'tibor bermagan deb qabul qilingan Jamiyat palatasi.^[82][83] Uning uslubi ba'zida bosh vazirnikiga o'xshamasligi va tanqid qilingan hukumat rahbari u kim edi, lekin u prezident va davlat rahbari - u emas edi.^[84] Blerga haddan tashqari ishonganlikda ayblangan aylantirish.^[85][86] U Buyuk Britaniyaning birinchi bosh vaziri bo'lib, hanuzgacha lavozimida bo'lganida, ehtiyotkorlik bilan bo'lmasa ham, rasmiy ravishda politsiya tomonidan so'roq qilingan.^[87]

Iste'fodan oldingi voqealar

Bler 2007 yilda

Sifatida Iroq urushi qurbonlari Bler parlamentni yo'ldan ozdirishda ayblandi,^[88][89] va uning mashhurligi keskin tushib ketdi.^[90][91]

Mehnatning umumiy ko'pligi 2005 yilgi umumiy saylov 167 o'rindan 66 o'ringa tushirildi. Ning birlashgan natijasi sifatida Bler-Braun shartnomasi, Iroq urushi va past reyting ko'rsatkichlari, bosim kuchaygan Mehnat partiyasi Bler iste'foga chiqishi uchun.^[92][93] 2006 yil yozida ko'plab deputatlar, shu jumladan odatda qo'llab-quvvatlovchi deputatlar, Blerni sulh tuzishni talab qilmagani uchun tanqid qildilar 2006 yil Isroil-Livan mojarosi.^[94] 2006 yil 7 sentyabrda Bler jamoat oldida partiya rahbari lavozimidan ketishini ma'lum qildi Kasaba uyushma Kongressi (TUC) konferentsiyasi 2007 yil 10-13 sentyabr kunlari bo'lib o'tdi,^[95] oldingi umumiy saylov kampaniyasi davomida to'liq muddatga xizmat qilishni va'da qilgan. 2007 yil 10-may kuni Trimdon mehnat klubi, Bler Leyboristlar partiyasi rahbari va Bosh vazir lavozimidan iste'foga chiqish niyatini e'lon qildi.^[96] Bu sabab bo'ldi 2007 yil Leyboristlar partiyasi rahbariyatiga saylov, unda Braun etakchiga yagona nomzod bo'lgan.^[97]

In maxsus partiya konferentsiyasida "Manchester" 2007 yil 24 iyunda Bler rasmiy ravishda Leyboristlar partiyasi rahbariyatini topshirdi Gordon Braun, kim bo'lgan Bosh vazirning kansleri Blerning uchta vazirligida.^[98] Bler 2007 yil 27 iyunda iste'foga chiqishni taklif qildi va Braun shu kuni tushdan keyin o'z lavozimiga kirishdi. Bler undan iste'foga chiqdi Sedgfild o'rindiq Jamiyat palatasi an'anaviy qabul qilish shaklida Chiltern yuzlab odamlarni boshqarish, u tomonidan tayinlangan Gordon Braun ikkinchisining so'nggi harakatlaridan birida Bosh vazirning kansleri.^[99] Natijada Sedjfildga qo'shimcha saylov Leyboristlarning nomzodi g'olib bo'ldi, Fil Uilson. Bler ro'yxatini chiqarmaslikka qaror qildi Iste'fodagi faxriylar, uni bunday qilmagan zamonaviy davrning birinchi Bosh vaziri.^[100]

Siyosatlar

Ijtimoiy islohotlar

2001 yilda Bler: "Biz a markazning chap tomonida partiya, iqtisodiy farovonlik va ijtimoiy adolatni qarama-qarshi tomon sifatida emas, balki sherik sifatida izlaydi ".^[101] Bler bunday yorliqlarni o'ziga kamdan kam qo'llaydi, ammo u 1997 yilgi saylovlar oldidan bunga va'da bergan Yangi mehnat "radikal markazdan" boshqaradi va umrbod ishchi partiyasining bir a'zosiga ko'ra, o'zini doim a sotsial-demokrat.^[102] Biroq, 2007 yildagi fikr qismida Guardian, chap qanot sharhlovchisi Nil Louson Blerni shunday deb ta'riflagan markazning o'ng tomonida.^[103] A YouGov 2005 yilda o'tkazilgan ijtimoiy so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, Britaniyalik saylovchilarning ozgina qismi, shu jumladan ko'pchilik Yangi mehnat tarafdorlari, Blerni siyosiy spektrning o'ng tomoniga joylashtirdilar.^[104] The Financial Times Boshqa tomondan, Bler konservativ emas, aksincha a populist.^[105]

Tanqidchilar va muxlislar Blerning saylovdagi muvaffaqiyati uning markazni egallab olish va saylovchilarga siyosiy spektrda murojaat qilish qobiliyatiga asoslanib, u an'anaviy Mehnat partiyasining qadriyatlariga mutlaqo zid bo'lgan darajada bo'lganligi bilan rozi bo'lishadi. Kabi ba'zi chap qanot tanqidchilari Mayk Marquzi 2001 yilda Bler Leyboristlar partiyasining uzoq muddatli siljishining so'nggi bosqichini o'ng tomonga boshqarganini ta'kidladi.^[106]

Blerning uzoq vaqt davomida markazda hukmronlik qilishi uning konservativ raqiblarini unga qarshi chiqish uchun uzoq masofani chapga siljitishga majbur qilganligi haqida ba'zi dalillar mavjud. gegemonlik U yerda.^[107] Yangi leyboristlar davridan keyingi etakchi konservatorlar Blerni hurmat qilishadi: Jorj Osborne uni "usta" deb ta'riflaydi, Maykl Gove 2003 yil fevral oyida "konservativ hurmat qilish huquqiga ega" deb o'ylagan Devid Kemeron xabarlarga ko'ra, Blerni norasmiy maslahatchi sifatida saqlab kelgan.^{[108][109][110]}

Bler hibsga olinadigan huquqbuzarliklar sonini majburiy ravishda qo'shib, politsiya vakolatlarini oshirdi DNK yozuvi tarqatish buyruqlaridan foydalanish.^[111] Bler hukumati davrida yangi qonunchilik miqdori oshdi^[112] bu tanqidni jalb qildi.^[113] U shuningdek, qattiq terrorizmga qarshi kurashni va shaxsiy guvohnoma to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari.

Iqtisodiy siyosat

Bler Jahon iqtisodiy forumi 2005 yilda Davosda

Bosh vazir sifatida Bler soliqlarni oshirdi; kiritilgan Milliy minimal ish haqi va yangi ish bilan ta'minlash huquqlari (saqlash paytida) Margaret Tetcher kasaba uyushmalaridagi islohotlar^[114]); muhim konstitutsiyaviy islohotlarni amalga oshirdi; gey odamlar uchun yangi huquqlarni ilgari surdi Fuqarolik sherikligi to'g'risidagi qonun 2004 yil; va Buyuk Britaniyani Evropa Ittifoqi bilan yanada yaqinlashtiradigan shartnomalar imzoladi. U ta'lim va sog'liqni saqlash sohalarida bozorga asoslangan sezilarli islohotlarni amalga oshirdi; talaba bilan tanishtirdi o'qish to'lov pullari va ayrim toifadagi ijtimoiy to'lovlarni kamaytirishga intildi. U teskari tomonga qaytmadi temir yo'llarni xususiylashtirish salafi tomonidan qabul qilingan Jon Major va buning o'rniga tartibga solishni kuchaytirdi (yaratish orqali Temir yo'llarni tartibga solish boshqarmasi ) va cheklangan tariflar ko'tariladi inflyatsiya +1%.^{[115][116][117]}

NHS 1948/49 dan 2014/15 gacha sarflaydi^[118]

Bler va Braun NHS va boshqa davlat xizmatlariga xarajatlarni oshirdilar, 2010-2011 yillarda xarajatlarni YaIMning 39,9 foizidan 48,1 foizigacha oshirdilar.^[119][120] Ular 2001 yilda NHS xarajatlarini boshqa Evropa davlatlari darajasiga etkazishga va'da berdilar va faqat Angliyada 100 mlrd funtdan oshadigan xarajatlarni ikki baravar oshirdilar.^[121]

Immigratsiya

1997 yildan beri Evropa bo'lmagan immigratsiya sezilarli darajada oshdi, chunki bu nafaqat hukumat 1997 yil iyun oyida asosiy maqsad qoidasini bekor qilish.^[122] Ushbu o'zgarish Buyuk Britaniya aholisi uchun chet ellik turmush o'rtoqlarni mamlakatga olib kirishni osonlashtirdi. Sobiq hukumat maslahatchisi Endryu Nizer Kechki standart vazirlarning 2000 yil oxiridan 2008 yil boshigacha bo'lgan qasddan qilingan siyosati Buyuk Britaniyani ommaviy migratsiya uchun ochish ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[123][124] Keyinchalik uning so'zlari burishib ketganini aytdi: "Asosiy maqsad, hozirgi paytda tasavvur qilish qiyin bo'lganidek, gullab-yashnayotgan iqtisodiyot mahorat etishmovchiligiga qarshi kurashayotgan bir paytda ko'proq mehnat muhojirlarini jalb qilish edi.". bu g'oyat hayajonli o'ng qanot gazetasi sharhlovchilari tomonidan Buyuk Britaniyani ko'p madaniyatli qilish uchun "fitna" ga aylantirildi. Hech qanday fitna yo'q edi.^[125]

Atrof-muhit bo'yicha rekord

Bler boshqa hukumatlarni hal qilish uchun etarlicha ishlamayotgani uchun tanqid qildi global iqlim o'zgarishi. 1997 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarga tashrif buyurganida, u zararli gazlar chiqindilarini kamaytira olmaydigan "buyuk sanoati rivojlangan davlatlar" haqida izoh berdi. 2003 yilda yana Bler oldinroq ketdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi va iqlim o'zgarishini "e'tiborsiz qoldirib bo'lmaydi", deb aytdi va "biz bundan ham oshib o'tishimiz kerak" deb ta'kidladi Kioto."^[126] Bler va uning partiyasi karbonat angidrid gazining 20 foizga kamayishini va'da qilishdi.^[127] Leyboristlar partiyasi 2010 yilga qadar energiyaning 10% qayta tiklanadigan manbalardan olinishini ta'kidladi; ammo, bu nuqtada u atigi 7% ga yetdi.^[128]

2000 yilda Bler yashil siyosat uchun 100 million evroni "bayroqqa qo'ydi" va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qiluvchi va biznesni birgalikda ishlashga chaqirdi.^[129]

Tashqi siyosat

Jak Shirak, Jorj V.Bush, Toni Bler va Silvio Berluskoni yilda G8 sammiti paytida Evian, 2003 yil iyun

Bler o'zining tashqi siyosatini asosiy printsiplar asosida qurdi (AQSh va Evropa Ittifoqi bilan yaqin aloqalar) va yangi "intervensionizm" falsafasini qo'shdi. 2001 yilda Britaniya terrorizmga qarshi global urushda AQShga qo'shildi.^[130]

Bler Evropaning bir qator rahbarlari bilan do'stlik aloqalarini o'rnatdi, shu jumladan Silvio Berluskoni Italiya,^[131] Angela Merkel Germaniya^[132] va keyinroq Nikolya Sarkozi Frantsiya.^[133]

Bler AQSh davlat kotibi bilan uchrashmoqda Kondoliza Rays, 2005 yil mart

Bilan yaqin munosabatlardan zavq olish bilan birga Bill Klinton, Bler bilan kuchli siyosiy ittifoq tuzdi Jorj V.Bush, ayniqsa tashqi siyosat sohasida. O'z navbatida, Bush Bler va Buyuk Britaniyani maqtadi. Uning ichida 9 / 11dan keyin nutq, masalan, u "Amerikaning Buyuk Britaniyadan ko'ra haqiqiy do'sti yo'q" deb aytdi.^[134]

Bush va Bler o'rtasidagi ittifoq Blerning Amerika ta'siridan g'azablangan britaniyaliklar oldida turishiga jiddiy zarar etkazdi.^[135] Bler, Oq uyda kim bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, AQSh bilan "aloqani himoya qilish va mustahkamlash" Britaniyaning manfaati ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[136]

Biroq, shaxsiy va siyosiy yaqinlikni bir tomonlama murosaga keltirishni anglash Buyuk Britaniyaning ommaviy axborot vositalarida "Poodle-ism" atamasini muhokama qilishga, "Maxsus munosabatlar "Buyuk Britaniya hukumati va Bosh vazirining AQSh Oq Uyi va Prezidenti bilan.^[137] Bush va Bler o'rtasidagi oshkora suhbat, birinchisi ikkinchisiga "Yo (yoki ha), Bler "ular mikrofonning jonli efirda ekanligini bilmaganlarida yozilgan G8 sammit Sankt-Peterburg 2006 yilda.^[138] 2019 yil sentyabr oyida Balt har yili Yaltadagi Evropa strategiyasi forumining muhokamasi paytida G'arbiy mamlakatlar Rossiya Federatsiyasi bilan munosabatlarda Ukrainani e'tiborsiz qoldirmasliklari kerakligini aytdi.^[139]

Yaqin Sharq siyosati

2003 yil 30-yanvarda Bler imzoladi Sakkiz kishining maktubi qo'llab-quvvatlovchi AQShning Iroqqa nisbatan siyosati.^[140]

Bler chuqur his-tuyg'ularini namoyish etdi Isroil, qisman uning imonidan tug'ilgan.^[141] Bler uzoq vaqtdan beri Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi lobbi guruhining a'zosi bo'lgan Isroilning mehnat do'stlari.^[142]

1994 yilda Bler yaqin aloqalarni o'rnatdi Maykl Levi, etakchisi Yahudiylarning etakchilik kengashi.^[143] Levi Leyboristlar Lideri fondini 1997 yilgi saylovlar oldidan Blerning saylovoldi kampaniyasini moliyalashtirish uchun boshqargan va Leyboristlarning g'alaba qozonishi uchun 12 million funt sterling to'plagan, Levi mukofotlangan tengdoshlik va 2002 yilda Bler lord Levini Yaqin Sharqdagi shaxsiy vakili etib tayinladi. Levi Blerni "Isroil davlatini qat'iy va qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi" uchun maqtadi.^[144] Tam Deyliell, esa Uyning otasi 2003 yilda Blerning tashqi siyosiy qarorlariga yahudiy maslahatchilarining, shu jumladan Levining "kabalasi" noo'rin ta'sir ko'rsatgan deb taxmin qilgan, Piter Mandelson va Jek Straw (oxirgi ikkitasi yahudiy emas, lekin ba'zi yahudiy ajdodlari bor).^[145]

Bler ofisga kelganida "o'ng qanot tomon salqin edi" Netanyaxu hukumat ".^[146] Bler Isroilga birinchi tashrifi chog'ida isroilliklar uni mashinasida buzib tashlagan deb o'ylardi.^[147] 1999 yilda bo'lib o'tgan saylovlardan so'ng Ehud Barak Bler kim bilan yaqin munosabatlarni o'rnatgan bo'lsa, u Isroilga nisbatan ko'proq xayrixoh bo'lib qoldi.^[146] 2001 yildan Bler munosabatlarni o'rnatdi^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} Barakning vorisi bilan, Ariel Sharon va ijobiy javob berdi Arafat u bosh vazir bo'lganidan beri o'n uch marta uchrashgan va kelgusi muzokaralar uchun muhim deb hisoblagan.^[146] 2004 yilda 50 nafar sobiq diplomatlar, shu jumladan elchilar Bag'dod va Tel-Aviv AQSh 2003 yilda Iroqda urush boshlaganidan keyin Britaniyani "chuqur xavotir bilan kuzatganliklarini" ta'kidladilar. Ular Blerning tinchlik uchun yo'l xaritasi saqlashni o'z ichiga olgan Isroil aholi punktlari ustida G'arbiy Sohil.^[148]

2006 yilda Bler sulhni darhol to'xtatishga chaqirmagani uchun tanqid qilindi 2006 yil Livan urushi. Kuzatuvchi Gazetaning ta'kidlashicha, 2006 yil 28 iyulda Bler Bush bilan sammitga ketishdan oldin vazirlar mahkamasi yig'ilishida ko'plab vazirlar Blerga Livondagi o'lim va halokat ko'lami bo'yicha Isroilni tanqid qilish uchun bosim o'tkazgan.^[149] Bler AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush bilan Yaqin Sharq siyosatiga nisbatan qat'iy pozitsiyasi uchun tanqid qilindi.^[150]

Suriya va Liviya

Axborot erkinligi so'rovi Sunday Times 2012 yilda Bler hukumati ko'rib chiqqanligini aniqladi ritsarlik Suriya Prezidenti Bashar al-Assad. Hujjatlarga ko'ra, Bler Assad bilan birgalikda matbuot anjumanida qatnashishga tayyor edi, garchi suriyaliklar kameralar bilan vidolashish uchun kelishib olishgan bo'lsa kerak; Britaniya rasmiylari Assadni yaxshi ko'rinishda tasvirlash uchun ommaviy axborot vositalarini manipulyatsiya qilishga intildilar; va Blerning yordamchilari Assadning "fotogen" rafiqasiga uning profilini ko'tarishda yordam berishga harakat qilishdi. Gazeta ta'kidlagan:

Arablar etakchisiga Uels qirolichasi va shahzodasi, Dauning-stritda Bler bilan tushlik qilish, parlamentdagi minbar va boshqa ko'plab imtiyozlar berildi ... U va uning atrofidagilarga berilgan qizil gilam bilan davolash sharmandali. qon to'kilishi O'shandan beri u Suriyada uning hukmronligi ostida ro'y bergan ... Uchrashuv Blerning do'stona munosabatlariga o'xshashdir Muammar Qaddafiy.^[151]

Bler Liviya rahbari Polkovnik Qaddafiy bilan do'stona munosabatda bo'lgan, AQShga va Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi sanktsiyalar bekor qilinganda.^[152][153]

Hatto Liviya fuqarolar urushi 2011 yilda u Liviyaning marhum rahbari bilan yaqin munosabatlaridan afsuslanmasligini aytdi.^[154] Blerning premerligi paytida, MI6 ko'rsatilgan Abdelhakim Belhadj 2004 yilda Qaddafiy rejimiga, ammo keyinchalik Bler bu voqeani "eslamagan" deb da'vo qilgan.^[155]

Zimbabve

Bler Zimbabve prezidenti bilan antagonistik munosabatlarga ega edi Robert Mugabe va go'yo rejalashtirilgan rejim o'zgarishi 2000 yil boshlarida Mugabega qarshi.^[156] Zimbabve bir dasturni boshladi kompensatsiya qilinmagan erlarni qayta taqsimlash from the country's white commercial farmers to the black population, a policy that disrupted agricultural production and threw Zimbabwe's economy into chaos. Umumiy Charlz Gutri, Mudofaa shtabining boshlig'i, 2007 yilda u va Bler Zimbabvega bostirib kirishni muhokama qilganliklarini ma'lum qildi.^[157] Guthrie advised against military action: "Hold hard, you'll make it worse."^[157] In 2013, South African President Tabo Mbeki said that Blair had pressured South Africa to join in a "regime change scheme, even to the point of using military force" in Zimbabwe.^[156] Mbeki "Mugabe bu muammoni hal qilishning bir qismi" deb o'ylaganligi sababli rad etdi.^[156] Biroq, Blerning vakili "u hech qachon hech kimdan bunday harbiy aralashuvni rejalashtirish yoki ishtirok etishni so'ramagan" dedi.^[156]

Ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan aloqalar

Rupert Merdok

Blair was reported by Guardian in 2006 to have been supported politically by Rupert Merdok, asoschisi Yangiliklar korporatsiyasi tashkilot.^[158] In 2011, Blair became Godfather to one of Rupert Merdok 's children with Vendi Deng,^[159] but he and Murdoch later ended their friendship, in 2014, after Murdoch suspected him of having an affair with Deng while they were still married, according to Iqtisodchi jurnal.^{[160][161][162][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]}

Contacts with UK media proprietors

A Vazirlar Mahkamasi axborot erkinligi response, released the day after Blair handed over power to Gordon Braun, documents Blair having various official phone calls and meetings with Rupert Merdok ning Yangiliklar korporatsiyasi va Richard Desmond ning Shimoliy va Shell Media.^[163]

The response includes contacts "clearly of an official nature" in the specified period, but excludes contacts "not clearly of an official nature."^[164] No details were given of the subjects discussed. In the period between September 2002 and April 2005, Blair and Murdoch are documented speaking 6 times; three times in the 9 days before the Iroq urushi, including the eve of 20 March US and UK invasion, and on 29 January 25 April and 3 October 2004. Between January 2003 and February 2004, Blair had three meetings with Richard Desmond; on 29 January and 3 September 2003 and 23 February 2004.^[165]

The information was disclosed after a ​3 ¹⁄₂-year battle by the Liberal-demokratlar ' Lord Avebury.^[163] Lord Avebury's initial October 2003 information request was dismissed by then leader of the Lords, Baronessa Amos.^[163] A following complaint was rejected, with Dauning ko'chasi claiming the information compromised free and frank discussions, while Vazirlar Mahkamasi claimed releasing the timing of the PM's contacts with individuals is undesirable, as it might lead to the content of the discussions being disclosed.^[163] While awaiting a following appeal from Lord Avebury, the cabinet office announced that it would release the information. Lord Avebury said: "The public can now scrutinise the timing of his (Murdoch's) contacts with the former Prime Minister, to see whether they can be linked to events in the outside world."^[163]

Blair appeared before the Leveson so'rovi on Monday 28 May 2012.^[166] During his appearance, a protester, later named as David Lawley-Wakelin, got into the court-room and claimed he was guilty of war crimes before being dragged out.^[167]

Media tasviri

Blair has been noted as a xarizmatik, articulate speaker with an informal style.^[44] Film and theatre director Richard Eyr opined that "Blair had a very considerable skill as a performer".^[168] A few months after becoming Prime Minister Blair gave a tribute to Diana, Uels malikasi, on the morning of her death in August 1997, in which he famously described her as "the People's Princess".^[169][170]

After taking office in 1997, Blair gave particular prominence to his press secretary, who became known as the Bosh vazirning rasmiy vakili (the two roles have since been separated). Blair's first PMOS was Alastair Kempbell, who served in that role from May 1997 to 8 June 2001, after which he served as the Prime Minister's Director of Communications and Strategy until his resignation on 29 August 2003 in the aftermath of the Hutton so'rovi.^[171]

Blair had close relationships with the Clinton family. The strong partnership with Bill Klinton was made into the film "Maxsus munosabatlar "2010 yilda.^[172]

Relationship with Labour Party

Blair's apparent refusal to set a date for his departure was criticised by the British press and Members of Parliament. It has been reported that a number of cabinet ministers believed that Blair's timely departure from office would be required to be able to win a fourth election.^[173] Some ministers viewed Blair's announcement of policy initiatives in September 2006 as an attempt to draw attention away from these issues.^[173]

Gordon Braun

Gordon Braun (rasmda in 2002) was Chancellor under Blair. Together, they made a pact that Brown would succeed Blair as prime minister.

Vafotidan keyin Jon Smit in 1994, Blair and his close colleague Gordon Braun (they shared an office at the Jamiyat palatasi^[44]) were both seen as possible candidates for the party leadership. They agreed not to stand against each other, it is said, as part of a supposed Blair–Brown pact. Brown, who considered himself the senior of the two, understood that Blair would give way to him: opinion polls soon indicated, however, that Blair appeared to enjoy greater support among voters.^[174] Their relationship in power became so turbulent that (it was reported) the bosh vazir o'rinbosari, Jon Preskott, often had to act as "marriage guidance counsellor".^[175]

During the 2010 election campaign Blair publicly endorsed Gordon Brown's leadership, praising the way he had handled the financial crisis.^[176]

Post-premiership (since 2007)

Diplomatiya

On 27 June 2007, Blair officially resigned as Prime Minister after ten years in office, and he was officially confirmed as Middle East elchi for the United Nations, European Union, United States, and Russia.^[177] Blair originally indicated that he would retain his parliamentary seat after his resignation as Prime Minister came into effect; however, on being confirmed for the Middle East role he resigned from the Commons by taking up an foyda idorasi.^[99] Prezident Jorj V.Bush had preliminary talks with Blair to ask him to take up the envoy role. White House sources stated that "both Israel and the Palestinians had signed up to the proposal".^[178][179] 2008 yil may oyida Bler tinchlik va Falastin huquqlari bo'yicha yangi g'oyalarni e'lon qildi Peace Valley plan.^[180] Blair resigned as envoy in May 2015.^[181]

Xususiy sektor

In January 2008, it was confirmed that Blair would be joining investment bank JPMorgan Chase in a "senior advisory capacity"^[182] and that he would advise Tsyurix moliyaviy xizmatlari kuni Iqlim o'zgarishi. His salary for this work is unknown, although it has been claimed it may be in excess of £500,000 per year.^[182] Blair also gives lectures, earning up to US$250,000 for a 90-minute speech, and in 2008 he was said to be the highest paid speaker in the world.^[183]

Blair taught a course on issues of faith and globalisation at the Yel universiteti Maktablari Menejment va Ilohiylik kabi Howland distinguished fellow during the 2008–09 academic year. In July 2009, this accomplishment was followed by the launching of the Faith and Globalisation Initiative with Yale University in the US, Durham universiteti in the UK, and the Singapur Milliy universiteti in Asia, to deliver a postgraduate programme in partnership with the Foundation.^[184]

Blair's links with, and receipt of an undisclosed sum from, UI Energy Corporation, have also been subject to media comment in the UK.^[185]

In July 2010 it was reported that his personal security guards claimed £250,000 a year in expenses from the tax payer, Foreign Secretary Uilyam Xeyg dedi; "we have to make sure that [Blair's security] is as cost-effective as possible, that it doesn't cost any more to the taxpayer than is absolutely necessary".^[186]

Toni Bler Associates

Sobiq isyonchilar rahbari Xashim Tachi va Toni Bler bilan Kosovoning mustaqilligi to'g'risidagi deklaratsiya

Blair established Toni Bler Associates unga "boshqalar bilan hamkorlikda tijorat bo'yicha strategik maslahatlar berish va pro bono siyosiy, iqtisodiy tendentsiyalar va hukumat islohotlari asosida ".^[187] The profits from the firm go towards supporting Blair's "work on faith, Africa and climate change".^[188]

Blair has been subject to criticism for potential conflicts of interest between his diplomatic role as a Middle East envoy, and his work with Tony Blair Associates,^{[189][190][191]} and a number of prominent critics have even called for him to be sacked.^[192] Blair has used his Kvartet Tony Blair Associates works with the Kazakhstan government, advising the regime on judicial, economic and political reforms, but has been subject to criticism after accusations of "whitewashing" the image and human rights record of the regime.^[193]

Blair responded to such criticism by saying his choice to advise the country is an example of how he can "nudge controversial figures on a progressive path of reform", and has stated that he receives no personal profit from this advisory role.^[194] Qozog'iston tashqi ishlar vazirining aytishicha, mamlakat Blerdan maslahat olgani uchun "sharafli va sharafli".^[195][196] A letter obtained by Daily Telegraph in August 2014 revealed Blair had given damage-limitation advice to Nazarbayev after the December 2011 Zhanaozen massacre.^[197] Blair was reported to have accepted a business advisory role with President Abdel Fattoh as-Sisi of Egypt, a situation deemed incompatible with his role as Middle East envoy. Bler hisobotni "bema'nilik" deb ta'rifladi.^[198][199]

Xayriya

In November 2007 Blair launched the Tony Blair Sports Foundation, which aims to "increase childhood participation in sports activities, especially in the North East of England, where a larger proportion of children are socially excluded, and to promote overall health and prevent childhood obesity."^[200] On 30 May 2008, Blair launched the Tony Blair Faith Foundation as a vehicle for encouraging different faiths to join together in promoting respect and understanding, as well as working to tackle poverty. Reflecting Blair's own faith but not dedicated to any particular religion, the Foundation aims to "show how faith is a powerful force for good in the modern world". "The Foundation will use its profile and resources to encourage people of faith to work together more closely to tackle global poverty and conflict," says its mission statement.^[201]

In February 2009 he applied to set up a charity called the Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative: the application was approved in November 2009.^[202] In October 2012 Blair's foundation hit controversy when it emerged they were taking on unpaid interns.^[203]

Notijorat tashkilotlar

Blair with Ukrainian Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman yilda Ukraina 2018 yil sentyabr oyida

In December 2016, Blair created the Tony Blair Institute to promote global outlooks by governments and organisations.^[204][205]

Xotiralar

In March 2010, it was reported that Blair's memoirs, titled Sayohat, would be published in September 2010.^[206] In July 2010 it was announced the memoirs would be retitled Sayohat.^[207] The memoirs were seen by many as controversial and a further attempt to profit from his office and from acts related to overseas wars that were widely seen as wrong,^{[208][209][210]} leading to anger and suspicion prior to launch.^[209]

On 16 August 2010 it was announced that Blair would give the £4.6 million advance and all royalties from his memoirs to the Britaniya qirollik legioni – the charity's largest ever single donation.^[208][211]

Media analysis of the sudden announcement was wide-ranging, describing it as an act of "desperation" to obtain a better launch reception of a humiliating "publishing flop"^[212] that had languished in the ratings,^[208][212] "qon puli " for the lives lost in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars,^[208][210] an act with a "hidden motive" or an expression of "guilt",^[208][209] a "genius move" to address the problem that "Tony Blair ha[d] one of the most toxic brands around" from a PR perspective, and a "cynical stunt to wipe the slate", but also as an attempt to make amends.^[212] Friends had said that the act was partly motivated by the wish to "repair his reputation".^[208]

The book was published on 1 September and within hours of its launch had become the fastest-selling autobiography of all time.^[213] On 3 September Blair gave his first live interview since publication on Kechiktirilgan shou in Ireland, with protesters lying in wait there for him.^[214] On 4 September Blair was confronted by 200 anti-war and hardline Irish nationalist demonstrators before the first book signing of his memoirs at Eason bookstore on O'Konnel ko'chasi in Dublin, with angry activists chanting "war criminal" and that he had "blood on his hands", and clashing with Irish Police (Garda Siochana ) as they tried to break through a security cordon outside the Eason's store. Blair was pelted with eggs and shoes, and encountered an attempted fuqaroning hibsga olinishi uchun harbiy jinoyatlar.^[215]

Harbiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha ayblovlar

Since the Iraq War, Blair has been the subject of harbiy jinoyatlar ayblovlar. Critics of his actions, including Bishop Desmond Tutu,^[216] Garold Pinter^[217] va Arundhati Roy^[218] have called for his trial at the Xalqaro jinoiy sud.

In November 2011, a war crimes tribunal of the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission, established by Malaysia's former and current Prime Minister Maxathir Mohamad, reached a unanimous conclusion that Blair and Jorj V.Bush are guilty of crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and genocide as a result of their roles in the 2003 Iraq War. The proceedings lasted for four days, and consisted of five judges of judicial and academic backgrounds, a tribunal-appointed defence team in lieu of the defendants or representatives, and a prosecution team including international law professor Frensis Boyl.^[219]

In September 2012, Desmond Tutu suggested that Blair should follow the path of former African leaders who had been brought before the International Criminal Court in Gaaga.^[216] The human rights lawyer Geoffrey Bindman, interviewed on BBC radio, concurred with Tutu's suggestion that there should be a war crimes trial.^[220] In a statement made in response to Tutu's comments, Blair defended his actions.^[216] U tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Lord Falconer, who stated that the war had been authorised by Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Xavfsizlik Kengashining 1441-sonli qarori.^[220]

Blair and Genri Kissincer da Myunxen xavfsizlik anjumani in January 2014

In July 2017, former Iraqi general Abdulwaheed al-Rabbat launched a private war crimes prosecution, in the High Court in London, asking for Tony Blair, former foreign secretary Jek Straw and former attorney general Lord Goldsmith 2003 yilda Iroqqa bostirib kirganligi uchun "bosqinchilik jinoyati" uchun javobgarlikka tortilishi kerak. Oliy sud qaroriga ko'ra, agressiya jinoyati xalqaro huquqda tan olingan bo'lsa-da, bu Buyuk Britaniya qonunchiligiga binoan jinoyat emas va shuning uchun prokuratura ishni davom ettira olmaydi.^{[221][222][223][224]}

Response to the Iraq Inquiry

The Chilcot report after the conclusion of the Iroq bo'yicha tergov was issued on 6 July 2016 and it criticised Blair for joining the US in the Iroqdagi urush in 2003. Afterwards, Blair issued a statement and held a two-hour press conference to apologise and to justify the decisions he had made in 2003 "in good faith" and denying allegations that the war had led to a significant increase in terrorism.^[225] He acknowledged that the report made "real and material criticisms of preparation, planning, process and of the relationship with the United States" but cited sections of the report that he said "should lay to rest allegations of bad faith, lies or deceit". He stated: "whether people agree or disagree with my decision to take military action against Saddam Hussein; I took it in good faith and in what I believed to be the best interests of the country. ... I will take full responsibility for any mistakes without exception or excuse. I will at the same time say why, nonetheless, I believe that it was better to remove Saddam Hussein and why I do not believe this is the cause of the terrorism we see today whether in the Middle East or elsewhere in the world".^[226][227]

Blair with U.S. Secretary of State Mayk Pompeo at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., on 17 July 2019

Iran–West tensions

Blair wrote in an op-ed published by Washington Post on 8 February 2019: "Where Iran is exercising military interference, it should be strongly pushed back. Where it is seeking influence, it should be countered. Where its proxies operate, it should be held responsible. Where its networks exist, they should be disrupted. Where its leaders are saying what is unacceptable, they should be exposed. Where the Iranian people — highly educated and connected, despite their government — are protesting for freedom, they should be supported."^[228] The Tony Blair Institute for Global Change warned of growing Eron tahdid.^[229] The Tony Blair Institute confirmed that it has received donations from the U.S. State Department and Saudiya Arabistoni.^[230][231]

Yevropa Ittifoqi

Blair did not want the UK to leave the EU. Blair had called for a Brexitdan chiqish shartnomasi bo'yicha referendum. Blair also maintained, that once the terms deciding how the UK leaves the EU were known the people should vote again on those terms. Blair stated, "We know the options for Brexit. Parliament will have to decide on one of them. If Parliament can't then it should decide to go back to the people."^[232]

Ammo keyin 2019 yilgi umumiy saylov when the pro-withdrawal Conservative party won a sizeable majority of seats, Blair argued that remain supporters should "face up to one simple point: we lost" and "pivot to a completely new position...We're going to have to be constructive about it and see how Britain develops a constructive relationship with Europe and finds its new niche in the world." ^[233]

Views on 2020s American power

Blair was interviewed in June 2020 for an article in the American magazine Atlantika on European views of U.S. foreign policy following the Covid-19 pandemiyasi va natijada turg'unlik, increased tensions in Xitoy-Amerika munosabatlari, va Jorj Floyd norozilik bildirmoqda. He affirmed his belief in the continued strength of American yumshoq kuch and the need to address Iranian military aggression, European defence budgets, and Chinese trade. He said, however, "I think it's fair to say a lot of political leaders in Europe are dismayed by what they see as the isolationism growing in America and the seeming indifference to alliances. But I think there will come a time when America decides in its own interest to reengage, so I'm optimistic that America will in the end understand that this is not about relegating your self-interest behind the common interest; it's an understanding that by acting collectively in alliance with others you promote your own interests." Blair warned that structural issues plaguing American domestic policy needed to be addressed imminently.^[234]

Shaxsiy hayot

Oila

Blair with wife, Cherie Booth, touring the Amber xonasi during a visit to Russia, 2003.

Blair married Cherie Booth, a Roman Catholic, who would later become a Qirolichaning maslahatchisi, on 29 March 1980.^[235] They have four children: Euan, Nicholas, Kathryn, and Leo.^[236] Leo, delivered by the Royal Surgeon/Gynaecologist Marcus Setchell, was the first legitimate child born to a serving Prime Minister in over 150 years – since Francis Russell was born to Lord Jon Rassel on 11 July 1849.^[237] All four children have Irish passports, by virtue of Blair's mother, Hazel Elizabeth Rosaleen Corscadden (12 June 1923 – 28 June 1975).^[238] The family's primary residence is in Connaught Square; the Blairs own eight residences in total.^[239]

His first grandchild (a girl) was born in October 2016.^[240]

Boylik

Blair's financial assets are structured in a complicated manner, and as such estimates of their extent vary widely.^[241] These include figures of up to £100 million. Blair stated in 2014 that he was worth "less than £20 million".^[242] A 2015 assertion, by Frensis Bekket, Devid Xenke va Nick Kochan, concluded that Blair had acquired $90 million and a property portfolio worth $37.5 million in the eight years since he had left office.^[243]

Diniy e'tiqod

Bilan intervyuda Maykl Parkinson efirga uzatildi ITV1 on 4 March 2006, Blair referred to the role of his Christian faith in his decision to go to war in Iraq, stating that he had prayed about the issue, and saying that God would judge him for his decision: "I think if you have faith about these things, you realise that judgement is made by other people ... and if you believe in God, it's made by God as well."^[244]

According to Press Secretary Alastair Kempbell 's diary, Blair often read the Bible before taking any important decisions. He states that Blair had a "wobble" and considered changing his mind on the eve of the bombing of Iraq in 1998.^[245]

A longer exploration of his faith can be found in an interview with Uchinchi yo'l jurnali. There he says that "I was brought up as [a Christian], but I was not in any real sense a practising one until I went to Oxford. There was an Australian priest at the same college as me who got me interested again. In a sense, it was a rediscovery of religion as something living, that was about the world around me rather than some sort of special one-to-one relationship with a remote Being on high. Suddenly I began to see its social relevance. I began to make sense of the world".^[246]

At one point Alastair Campbell intervened in an interview, preventing the Prime Minister from answering a question about his Christianity, explaining, "We don't do God."^[247] Campbell later said that he had intervened only to end the interview because the journalist had been taking an excessive time, and that the comment had just been a throwaway line.^[248]

Cherie Blair's friend and "spiritual guru" Kerol Kaplin is credited with introducing her and her husband to various Yangi asr symbols and beliefs, including "magic pendants" known as "BioElectric Shields".^[249] The most controversial of the Blairs' New Age practices occurred when on holiday in Mexico. The couple, wearing only bathing costumes, took part in a rebirthing procedure, which involved smearing mud and fruit over each other's bodies while sitting in a steam bath.^[250]

Later on, Blair questioned the Pope's attitude towards homosexuality, arguing that religious leaders must start "rethinking" the issue.^[251] Blair was reprimanded by Cardinal Basil Hume in 1996 for receiving Muqaddas birlashma at Mass, while still an Anglican, in contravention of kanon qonuni.^[252] On 22 December 2007, it was disclosed that Blair had joined the Rim-katolik cherkovi. The move was described as "a private matter".^[253][254] He had informed Papa Benedikt XVI on 23 June 2007 that he wanted to become a Catholic. The Pope and his advisors criticised some of Blair's political actions, but followed up with a reportedly unprecedented red-carpet welcome, which included the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, Kormak Merfi-O'Konnor, who would be responsible for Blair's Catholic instruction.^[255] 2010 yilda, Tabletka named him as one of Britain's most influential Roman Catholics.^[256]

Nikohdan tashqari aloqada ayblovlar

2014 yilda, Vanity Fair va Iqtisodchi published allegations that Blair had had an extramarital affair with Vendi Deng, keyin kim bilan turmush qurgan Rupert Merdok.^[162][257] Blair categorically denied the allegations.^[161][162]

Portrayals and cameo appearances

Tashqi ko'rinish

Blair made an animated cameo appearance as himself in Simpsonlar epizod "Regina monologlari " (2003).^[258] He has also appeared as himself at the end of the first episode of Ajoyib xonim Pritchard, a British television series about an unknown housewife becoming Prime Minister. On 14 March 2007, Blair appeared as a celebrity judge on Masterchef katta after contestants had to prepare a three-course meal in the Downing Street kitchens for Blair and Berti Ahern.^[259] On 16 March 2007, Blair featured in a comedy sketch with Ketrin Teyt, uning xarakteri ko'rinishida paydo bo'lgan Loren Kuper dan Ketrin Teyt namoyishi. Eskiz BBC uchun qilingan Qizil burun kuni fundraising programme of 2007. During the sketch, Blair used Lauren's catchphrase "Am I bovvered?"^[260]

Portretlar

Maykl Shin has portrayed Blair three times, in the films Bitim (2003), Qirolicha (2006) va Maxsus munosabatlar (2009). Robert Lindsay portrayed Blair in the TV programme Juda ijtimoiy kotib (2005), and reprised the role in Toni Bler ustidan sud jarayoni (2007). U shuningdek tasvirlangan Jeyms Larkin yilda Davlat inspektori (2005), and by Ioan Gruffudd yilda V (2008). In the 2006 Channel 4 comedy drama documentary, Toni Bler: Rok yulduzi, u tomonidan tasvirlangan Xristian Brassington.^[261]

Blair in fiction and satire

When Blair resigned as Prime Minister, Robert Xarris, avvalgi Filo ko'chasi political editor, dropped his other work to write Arvoh. The CIA-influenced British prime minister in the book is said to be a thinly disguised version of Blair.^[262] The novel was filmed as Ghost Writer bilan Pirs Brosnan portraying the Blair character, Adam Lang. Stiven Mangan portrays Blair in Toni Bler uchun ov (2011), a one-off Comic Strip taqdim etadi ... satire presented in the style of a 1950s film noir. In the film, he is wrongly implicated in the deaths of Robin Cook and John Smith and on the run from Inspector Hutton.^[263] In 2007, the scenario of a possible war crimes trial for the former British prime minister was satirised by the British broadcaster 4-kanal, in a "mockumentary", Toni Bler ustidan sud jarayoni, with concluded with the fictional Blair being dispatched to the Hague.^[264]

Hurmat

Blair is presented with the Prezidentning Ozodlik medali by then US President George W. Bush.

Blair in Kosovo meeting children named after him.

• Maxfiy maslahatchi (1994)^[45]
• Kongressning oltin medali (2003)^[265]
• Faxriy Yuridik fanlari doktori (LL.D.) dan Qirolichaning Belfast universiteti (2008)
• Prezidentning Ozodlik medali (2009)
• Dan Devid mukofoti (2009)
• Ozodlik medali (2010)

In May 2007, before his resignation, it was speculated that Blair would be offered a knighthood in the Qushqo'nmas ordeni, owing to his Scottish connections (rather than the Garter buyrug'i, which is usually offered to former Prime Ministers).^[266] Blair reportedly indicated that he did not want the traditional knighthood or peerage bestowed on former prime ministers.^[267]

On 22 May 2008, Blair received an honorary law doctorate from Qirolichaning Belfast universiteti, oldingi bilan bir qatorda Taoiseach Berti Ahern, for distinction in public service and roles in the Shimoliy Irlandiya tinchlik jarayoni.^[268]

On 13 January 2009, Blair was awarded the Prezidentning Ozodlik medali Prezident Jorj V.Bush tomonidan.^[269] Bush stated that Blair was given the award "in recognition of exemplary achievement and to convey the utmost esteem of the American people"^[270] and cited Blair's support for the Terrorizmga qarshi urush and his role in achieving peace in Shimoliy Irlandiya as two reasons for justifying his being presented with the award.^[271]

On 16 February 2009, Blair was awarded the Dan Devid mukofoti by Tel Aviv University for "exceptional leadership and steadfast determination in helping to engineer agreements and forge lasting solutions to areas in conflict". He was awarded the prize in May 2009.^[272][273]

On 13 September 2010, Blair was awarded the Ozodlik medali da Milliy Konstitutsiya markazi yilda Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya.^[274] It was presented by former President Bill Clinton, and is awarded annually to men and women of courage and conviction who strive to secure the blessings of liberty to people around the globe.^[274]

On 8 July 2010, Blair was awarded the Ozodlik ordeni by the President of Kosovo, Fatmir Seydiu.^[275] As Blair is credited as being instrumental in ending the conflict in Kosovo, some boys born in the country following the war have been given the name Toni or Tonibler.^[276]

In May 2007, Blair was invested as a birinchi darajali boshliq by the chiefs and people of Mahera village, Serra-Leone. The honour was bestowed upon him in recognition of the role played by his government in the Syerra-Leondagi fuqarolar urushi.^[277]

Ishlaydi

• Blair, Tony (2010). Sayohat. Tasodifiy uy; ISBN  0-09-192555-X OCLC Number 657172683 (London, UK)
• Blair, Tony (2002). The Courage of Our Convictions. Fabian Jamiyati; ISBN  0-7163-0603-4 (London, Buyuk Britaniya)
• Blair, Tony (2000). Superpower: Not Superstate? (Federal Trust European Essays). Federal Trust for Education & Research; ISBN  1-903403-25-1 (London, Buyuk Britaniya)
• Bler, Toni (1998). The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century. Fabian Society; ISBN  0-7163-0588-7 (London, Buyuk Britaniya)
• Bler, Toni (1998). Leading the Way: New Vision for Local Government. Davlat siyosatini o'rganish instituti; ISBN  1-86030-075-8 (London, Buyuk Britaniya)
• Blair, Tony (1997). New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country. Asosiy kitoblar, ISBN  0-8133-3338-5 (Nyu York)
• Bler, Toni (1995). Let Us Face the Future. Fabian Society, ISBN  0-7163-0571-2 (London, Buyuk Britaniya)
• Bler, Toni (1994). What Price a Safe Society?. Fabian Society, ISBN  0-7163-0562-3 (London, Buyuk Britaniya)
• Bler, Toni (1994). Sotsializm. Fabian Society, ISBN  0-7163-0565-8 (London, Buyuk Britaniya)

Shuningdek qarang

• Blatcherizm
• Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo
• Faxriy mukofotlar uchun naqd pul
• Cultural depictions of Tony Blair
• Parliamentary motion to impeach Tony Blair (November 2004)
  • Xalsberi Angliya qonunlari (2004), reference to impeachment in volume on Konstitutsiyaviy qonun va Inson huquqlari, paragraph 416

Izohlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• Toni Blerning idorasi - rasmiy veb-sayt
• Toni Bler iymon jamg'armasi
• Toni Bler yangiliklar va sharhlarni yig'di da Guardian
• "Toni Bler yangiliklar va sharhlarni yig'di". The New York Times.
• Bler yillari - Xronologiya da BBC yangiliklari
• Toni Bler kuni IMDb
• Tashqi ko'rinish kuni C-SPAN
• Toni Blerning portretlari da Milliy portret galereyasi, London
• Bosh vazir Toni Charlz Lynton Bler da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi (2007 yil 7-iyun kuni arxivlangan) www.pm.gov.uk saytida
• Parlamentdagi hissalar da Hansard 1803–2005
• Ovoz berish yozuvi da Ommaviy qamchi
• Parlamentdagi yozuv da Ular siz uchun ishlaydi