Uesli Klark - Wesley Clark

Ushbu maqola Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining generali va prezidentlikka nomzod haqida. Kompyuter olimi uchun qarang Uesli A. Klark.

Uesli Klark
General Uesli Klarkning rasmiy fotosurati, tahrirlangan.jpg
1997 va 2000 yillar oralig'ida Klark
Tug'ilgan kunning ismiUesli Keyn
Tug'ilgan (1944-12-23) 1944 yil 23-dekabr (75 yosh)
Chikago, Illinoys, AQSh
Sadoqat Qo'shma Shtatlar
Xizmat /filial Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari1966–2000
RankUS-O10 insignia.svg Umumiy
Buyruqlar bajarildiEvropaning ittifoqchi kuchlari
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Evropa qo'mondonligi
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Janubiy qo'mondonligi
Janglar / urushlarVetnam urushi
Kosovo urushi
MukofotlarBarchasini ko'ring
Turmush o'rtoqlar
Gertruda Kingston
​
​
(m. 1967)​
ImzoUesli Klark imzosi.gif

Uesli Kanne Klark, kichik (1944 yil 23-dekabrda tug'ilgan) - nafaqaxo'r umumiy ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi. Sifatida tugatgan valediktorian 1966 yilgi sinf G'arbiy nuqta va mukofotlandi a Rods stipendiyasi uchun Oksford universiteti, u erda ilmiy darajani olgan Falsafa, siyosat va iqtisod. Keyinchalik u Qo'mondonlik va general shtab kolleji magistr darajasiga ega harbiy fan. U 34 yilni AQSh armiyasida o'tkazdi va ko'plarni qabul qildi harbiy bezaklar, bir nechta faxriy ritsarlik, va Prezidentning Ozodlik medali.

Klark buyruq berdi Ittifoq kuchlari operatsiyasi ichida Kosovo urushi sifatida uning davrida Evropa ittifoqdoshlarining oliy qo'mondoni ning NATO 1997 yildan 2000 yilgacha.

Klark 2004 yilgi musobaqaga qo'shildi Demokratik partiya prezidentlikka nomzod 2003 yilda nomzod sifatida qatnashgan, ammo g'olib chiqqanidan keyin 2004 yilda asosiy poygadan chiqib ketgan Oklaxoma shtat birlamchi, Demokratik nomzodni tasdiqlash va saylovoldi tashviqoti, Jon Kerri. Klark rahbarlik qiladi siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi, "WesPAC", u 2004 yilgi ibtidoiy saylovlardan so'ng tuzgan[1][2] va Demokratik partiyaning nomzodlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun foydalanilgan 2006 yil oraliq saylovlar.[3] Klark uchun potentsial nomzod sifatida qaraldi 2008 yilda demokratik nomzod, ammo 2007 yil 15 sentyabrda Senatorni ma'qulladi Hillari Klinton.[4] Klinton prezidentlik poygasidan chiqib ketgandan so'ng, Klark o'sha paytda taxmin qilingan Demokratik nomzodni ma'qulladi, Barak Obama.[5] Klarkning o'zining Wesley K. Clark and Associates konsalting firmasi bor va u litsenziyalangan butik investitsiya banki Enverra-ning raisi va bosh direktori hisoblanadi.[6] U energetika, xavfsizlik va moliyaviy xizmatlar bo'yicha 100 dan ortiq xususiy va davlat kompaniyalari bilan ishlagan. Klark biznes bilan shug'ullanadi Shimoliy Amerika, Afrika, Evropa, Yaqin Sharq, lotin Amerikasi va Osiyo. 2012 yil iyuldan 2015 yil noyabrgacha u Ruminiya bosh vazirining faxriy maxsus maslahatchisi bo'lgan Viktor Ponta iqtisodiy va xavfsizlik masalalari bo'yicha.[7][8]

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Klarkning otasining oilasi yahudiy edi; uning ota bobosi ko'chib kelgan dan AQShga Belorussiya ga javoban Aholining rangparligi va yahudiylarga qarshi zo'ravonlik Ruscha pogromlar. Klarkning otasi Benjamin Jeykob Kanne Chikago-Kent yuridik kolleji va xizmat qilgan AQSh dengiz qo'riqxonasi sifatida praporjik Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida, garchi u hech qachon janglarda qatnashmagan. Kanne, yashaydi Chikago bilan bog'liq bo'lib qoldi palata siyosati 1920 yillarda prokuror bo'lib ishlagan va mahalliy idoralarda ishlagan. U delegat sifatida xizmat qilgan 1932 yil Demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi nomzod Franklin D. Ruzvelt partiyaning prezidentlikka nomzodi sifatida[9] (garchi uning ismi anjuman delegatlari nashr etilgan ro'yxatida ko'rinmasa ham). Uning onasi edi Ingliz tili ajdodlari va metodist bo'lgan.[10]

Kanne kelgan Kohen oilaviy nasl,[11] va Klarkning o'g'li Klarkning ota-onasining nikohini xarakterladi Metodist onasi Veneta (qarindoshi Updegraf) va uning yahudiy otasi Benjamin Jeykob Kanne,[12] "1944 yilda qo'lga kiritganingizdek ko'p madaniyatli".[13]

Klark Uesli Keyn 1944 yil 23-dekabrda Chikagoda tug'ilgan. Uning otasi Benjamin 1948 yil 6-dekabrda vafot etgan; keyin onasi oilani ko'chib o'tdi Little Rok, Arkanzas. Ushbu harakat Chikago shahrida yashash narxidan qochish uchun, Arkanzasdagi Venetaning oilasini qo'llab-quvvatlashi va uning Kanne oilasi diniga begona bo'lganligi hissi uchun qilingan.[14] Little Rokda bo'lganida, Veneta Viktorda Klark bilan turmushga chiqdi, u bankda kotib bo'lib ishlagan.[15] Viktor Ueslini o'g'li sifatida va rasman tarbiyaladi qabul qilingan uni Ueslining 16 yoshida. Ueslining ismi Uesli Kanne Klark deb o'zgartirildi. Viktor Klarkning ismi aslida Ueslining biologik otasining ismini almashtirdi tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnoma, keyinchalik Uesli aytganidek, ular qilmagan bo'lishlarini xohlardi.[16] Veneta Ueslini yahudiylarga qarshi harakatlaridan himoya qilish uchun uning yahudiy ajdodi haqida aytmasdan ko'targan Ku-kluks-klan AQShning janubida[17] Uning onasi metodist bo'lsa-da, Klark a ni tanladi Baptist Little Rock-ga ko'chib o'tgandan keyin cherkov va bolaligida u erda qatnashishni davom ettirdi.[18]

U bitirgan Hall o'rta maktabi bilan Milliy Merit stipendiyasi. U suzish bo'yicha jamoasini shtat chempionatiga olib borishda yordam berib, a .ning ikki oyog'ini suzish bilan kasal jamoadoshini to'ldirdi o'rni.[19][20] Klark ko'pincha takrorlagan latifa u borishni xohlaganiga qaror qildi G'arbiy nuqta uchrashuvdan keyin a kursant Klarkga (u ham ko'zoynak taqqan) kerak emasligini aytgan ko'zoynak bilan mukammal ko'rish Klark o'ylaganidek West Point-da qatnashish.[13][21] Klark ariza topshirdi va u 1962 yil 24 aprelda qabul qilindi.[22]

Harbiy martaba

Klarkning qabul xati G'arbiy nuqta

Klarkning harbiy faoliyati 1962 yil 2-iyulda boshlangandan so'ng boshlangan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy akademiyasi da West Point, Nyu-York. Keyinchalik u shunday dedi Duglas Makartur mashhur "Burch, sharaf, mamlakat "nutq uning harbiy qarashlariga muhim ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Nutq Klark G'arbiy Poytnga kirishdan bir necha oy oldin 1962 yilgi sinfga berilgan edi, ammo ular birinchi kelganlarida sinflari uchun yozuv yozilgan edi.[13][23]

Klark ko'plab sinflarida oldingida o'tirar edi, bu pozitsiyani sinfdagi eng yuqori ijrochi egallagan. Klark katta ishtirok etdi munozara, doimiy ravishda sinfining eng yaxshi 5% tarkibiga kirgan (unga "Muhtaram kadet" yulduzlarini kiyib olgan) va tugatgan valediktorian G'arbiy Point. Valedictorian birinchi bo'lib armiyada martaba mutaxassisligini tanlaydi va Klark tanlangan zirh. U keyinchalik turmushga chiqqan Gertruda Kingston bilan uchrashdi USO uchun raqs midshipmenlar va West Point kursantlari.[13][23]

Klark a uchun murojaat qildi Rods stipendiyasi West Point-da o'qiyotgan yili va 1965 yil dekabrida u qabul qilinganligini bilib oldi. U yozini o'tkazdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo-desant maktabi da Fort Benning, Gruziya. Magistrlik darajasini tugatgan Falsafa, siyosat va iqtisod (PPE) da Magdalena kolleji 1968 yil avgust oyida Oksford universitetida. U Oksfordda bo'lganida, Angliyada yashagan Klarkning yahudiy amakivachchasi unga telefon qildi va Veneta Klarkdan ruxsat olgan holda yahudiy merosi to'g'risida xabar berdi. Klark maktabni tugatgandan keyin uch oy o'tkazdi Noks-Fort, Kentukki, zirhli ofitserning asosiy kursidan o'tib, keyin davom etdi Tabiiy qo'riqchilar maktabi Fort Benningda. U lavozimga ko'tarildi kapitan va A qo'mondoni etib tayinlangan Kompaniya birinchi batalyon, 63-zirh, 24-piyoda diviziyasi da Fort-Rayli, Kanzas.[24]

Vetnam

Klarkniki Kumush yulduz iqtibos

Klark tayinlandi 1-piyoda diviziyasi va uchib ketdi Vetnam 1969 yil iyulda, AQSh ishtirokida Vetnam urushi. U xodimlarni ofitser sifatida ishlagan, ma'lumotlarni to'plagan va operatsiyalarni rejalashtirishda yordam bergan va mukofotlangan Bronza yulduzi xodimlar bilan ishlashi uchun. Keyinchalik Klark 1970 yil yanvarida 1-piyoda diviziyasining 16-piyoda qo'shinlari A kompaniyasining qo'mondoni bo'lgan, 1-batalyon. Fevral oyida, uning qo'mondonligidan atigi bir oy o'tgach, u to'rt marta o'qqa tutildi. Vietnam Kong askar bilan AK-47. Yarador Klark odamlariga buyruq baqirdi, ular qarshi hujum va Vietnam Kong kuchlarini mag'lubiyatga uchratdi. Klarkning o'ng elkasi, o'ng qo'li, o'ng kestirib, o'ng oyog'i shikastlangan va unga yuborilgan Valley Forge Army Hospital yilda Fenikvill, Pensilvaniya, sog'ayish uchun. U mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Kumush yulduz va Piyodalarga qarshi kurash nishoni uchrashuv paytida qilgan harakatlari uchun.[25]

Klark Vetnamda bo'lganida, uning rafiqasi Gertrudaning dini bo'lgan katoliklikni qabul qildi. U birinchi marta o'g'li Uesli Klarkni, kichik, ko'rganida Valley Forge kasalxonasi.[26] Klark C Company, 6-batalyon, 32-zirh, 194-zirhli brigada, yarador askarlardan tashkil topgan kompaniya,[27] Noks-Fortda. Klarkning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu buyruq uni 1974 yilda tugatilgan West Point tomonidan talab qilingan sakkiz yillik majburiyatdan keyin harbiy faoliyatini davom ettirishga qaror qildi. Klark Fort Noksda qo'shimcha tanlov kurslarida qatnashib, zirhli ofitser kursini tugatdi. Armor Association Writing mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan maqola yozish. Uning keyingi xabarlari ofisiga yuborildi Armiya shtabi boshlig'i Vashingtonda, u erda ishlagan "Zamonaviy ko'ngillilar armiyasi "dasturi 1971 yil maydan iyulgacha. Keyinchalik u 1971 yil iyuldan 1974 yilgacha uch yil davomida West Point-da ijtimoiy fanlar bo'limida o'qituvchi bo'lib ishlagan.[28][29]

Klark taniqli bitiruvchi sifatida bitirgan va Jorj C. Marshall mukofoti dan g'olib Qo'mondonlik va general shtab kolleji (CGSC), harbiy san'at ustasi darajasiga ega harbiy fan Amerika siyosati bo'yicha tezis bilan CGSC-dan bosqichma-bosqichlik Vetnam urushida. Klark nazariyasi eskalatsiyaning ustunligiga erishish uchun tezkorlik bilan kuch ishlatishdan iborat bo'lib, oxir-oqibat AQSh milliy xavfsizlik siyosati sifatida shakllanadigan kontseptsiya Vaynberger doktrinasi va uning vorisi, Pauell doktrinasi. Klark lavozimiga ko'tarildi katta CGSCni tugatgandan so'ng.[30]

Vetnamdan keyingi

1975 yilda Klark a Oq uy do'sti ichida Boshqarish va byudjet idorasi (OMB) direktorining maxsus yordamchisi sifatida, Jeyms Tomas Lin. U 2307 nafar murojaat etuvchidan tayinlangan 14 kishidan biri edi.[31] Lin shuningdek, Klarkga yordam berish uchun olti haftalik topshiriq berdi Jon Marsh, keyin Prezidentning maslahatchisi. Klark bilan do'stlik paytida Vetnam faxriylarini yodga olish uchun yordam berish uchun murojaat qilishdi. U yaratilishiga olib kelgan harakat bilan ishlagan Vetnam faxriylari yodgorligi Vashingtonda Klark bilan ikki buyruqda xizmat qilgan 1-zirhli diviziya 1976 yil avgustdan 1978 yil fevralgacha Germaniyada joylashgan bo'lib, avval 3-batalyonning S-3, 35-zirh va keyin 3-brigada uchun S-3 sifatida.[28] Klarkning brigada qo'mondoni sobiq lavozimida bo'lganida Klark "alohida ajralib turardi, ayniqsa ajoyib" edi. U mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Xizmat ko'rsatgan xizmat uchun medal bo'linishdagi ishi uchun.

Brigada komandiri, shuningdek, "mayor Klarkning ajoyib iste'dodi haqida so'z tarqaldi", deb aytgan va bitta holatda o'sha paytdagi stolga etib borgan. Oliy ittifoq qo'mondoni Aleksandr Xeyg. Xeyg Klarkni xodimlarining maxsus yordamchisi sifatida shaxsan tanlagan, bu lavozimni u 1978 yil fevraldan 1979 yil iyungacha egallagan. Evropaning ittifoqchi kuchlari (SHAPE), Klark siyosiy ma'ruzalar yozdi va ikkita ko'p millatli harbiy mashg'ulotlarni muvofiqlashtirdi. Xeygning shtatida ishlash natijasida Klark lavozimiga ko'tarildi podpolkovnik va mukofotlandi Xizmat legioni. Evropadagi lavozimidan keyin u ko'chib o'tdi Fort-Karson, Kolorado u erda birinchi bo'lib 1-brigadaning ijrochi xodimi bo'lib xizmat qilgan, 4-piyoda diviziyasi 1979 yil avgustdan 1980 yil fevralgacha, keyin qo'mondon sifatida 1-batalyon, 77-zirh, 1980 yil fevraldan 1982 yil iyulgacha bo'lgan 4-piyoda diviziyasi. Amerikalik jurnalistning so'zlariga ko'ra Devid Xolberstam, Fort-Karsondagi qo'mondon, o'shanda general-mayor Jon Hudachek, West Point bitiruvchilari va Klark kabi tez o'sib borayotgan ofitserlarni yoqtirmaslik obro'siga ega edi.[32][33] Shunday bo'lsa-da, Klark to'liq yil guruhida birinchi bo'lib tanlandi polkovnik va ishtirok etdi Milliy urush kolleji batalyon qo'mondonligidan keyin darhol. Klark 1983 yil iyun oyida bitirgan va to'liq lavozimga ko'tarilgan polkovnik 1983 yil oktyabrda.[28][34]

Brigada generali Klarkning Fort Irvinda qo'mondon sifatida portreti

Bitirgandan so'ng, Klark Vashingtonda, 1983 yil iyuldan 1984 yilgacha idoralarda ishlagan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining bosh shtabi boshlig'i va o'rinbosarlari, ishi uchun ikkinchi darajali Legion mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. Keyinchalik Operatsion guruh qo'mondoni bo'lib xizmat qilgan Fort Irwin harbiy rezervatsiyasi 1984 yil avgustdan 1986 yil iyungacha. U yana bir xizmat uchun Legion va a Xizmat ko'rsatgan xizmat uchun medal Fort Irwindagi ishi uchun va 1986 yilda Fort Carsonda brigada qo'mondoni bo'lgan. U 3-brigadani boshqargan, 4-piyoda diviziyasi 1986 yil apreldan 1988 yil martgacha. Ueslining onasi Veneta Klark yurak xurujidan vafot etdi Onalar kuni 1986 yilda. Brigada komandiri bo'lganligi to'g'risida, uning batalon qo'mondonlaridan biri Klarkni "u ilgari tanilgan eng zo'r va iste'dodli zobit" deb atagan.[35] Fort Karsondan keyin Klark qo'mondonlik va Bosh shtab kollejiga 1989 yil oktyabrgacha jangovar qo'mondonlikni tayyorlash dasturini (BCTP) yo'naltirish va yanada rivojlantirish uchun qaytib keldi. BCTP yuqori darajadagi ofitserlarga urushga oid ko'nikmalarni o'rgatish uchun eskalatsiya mashg'ulotlaridan foydalanish uchun yaratilgan. o'sha paytdagi qo'mondon general.[36] 1989 yil 1-noyabrda Klark lavozimiga ko'tarildi brigada generali.[28][37]

Klark Irvin Fortiga qaytib keldi va buyruq berdi Milliy o'quv markazi (NTC) 1989 yil oktyabrdan 1991 yilgacha Ko'rfaz urushi Klarkning buyrug'i paytida yuz bergan va ko'pchilik Milliy gvardiya uning qo'mondonligi ostida o'qitilgan divizion davra brigadalari. Amerika qo'shinlarini boshqaradigan bir nechta generallar Iroq va Quvayt Klarkning mashg'ulotlari sohada natijalarni berishga yordam berganini va u Vetnam davridagi strategiyadan o'tgan harbiylarning yangi avlodini tayyorlashni muvaffaqiyatli boshlaganini aytdi. Iqtibosga ko'ra, MTCni "saqlashda muhim rol o'ynagan" "shaxsiy harakatlari" uchun u yana bir xizmat uchun Legion mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. Shundan so'ng u rejalashtirish lavozimida ishlagan, shtab boshlig'ining tushunchalar, doktrinalar va ishlanmalar bo'yicha o'rinbosari sifatida ishlagan Ta'lim va doktrina buyrug'i (TRADOC) da Fort-Monro, Virjiniya. U erda bo'lganida u TRADOC qo'mondonligi generaliga armiyani urushga tayyorlashda va yangi lavozimlarni ishlab chiqishda yordam berdi.Sovuq urush strategiyalar. Klark a tashkil etish uchun armiyada texnologik taraqqiyotga intildi raqamli tarmoq u "jang maydonini raqamlashtirish" deb atagan harbiy qo'mondonlik uchun.[38] U lavozimga ko'tarildi General-mayor 1992 yil oktyabr oyida ushbu buyruq oxirida.[28][39]

Fort-Hood va Vako qamalida

Shuningdek qarang: Vakoning qamal qilinishi

Klarkning divizion buyrug'i 1-otliq diviziyasi da Fort Hood, Texas. Klark Fort-Hooddan Quvaytda tinchlikni saqlash uchun uchta alohida kuchlarni joylashtirish paytida qo'mondon bo'lgan.

Klark 1996 yil iyun oyida USSOUTHCOM qo'mondonligini o'z zimmasiga oldi.

CounterPunch Klark qaysidir darajada shu bilan bog'liq bo'lgan deb da'vo qilmoqda Vakoning qamal qilinishi qaerda 76 Devidiyaliklar filiali shu jumladan Devid Koresh paytida o'ldirilgan Federal qidiruv byurosi guruh qarorgohiga yakuniy reyd.[40] Jurnalist Jeyms Ridjyuey ushbu da'volarni "ularni isbotlovchi ozgina dalillar" sifatida rad etadi.[41]

Uning Fort-Hooddagi qo'mondoni uchun ofitserlarni baholash to'g'risidagi hisoboti (OER) uni "armiyaning eng zo'rlari va eng yorqinlaridan biri" deb atagan.[42] Klark ushbu mukofot bilan taqdirlandi Ajoyib xizmat medali Fort Hooddagi ishi uchun va lavozimga ko'tarildi general-leytenant 1994 yilda qo'mondonligi tugagandan so'ng. Klarkning navbatdagi vazifasi - Strategik rejalar va siyosat (J5) direktori lavozimiga tayinlash edi. Birlashgan shtab boshliqlari (JCS), 1994 yil apreldan 1996 yil iyungacha.[28][43] Ushbu lavozimda u AQShning butun dunyo bo'ylab harbiy siyosati va strategiyasini ishlab chiqish va muvofiqlashtirishga yordam berdi. U ishtirok etdi Richard Xolbruk ichida Dayton tinchlik jarayoni, bu tugagan Bosniya urushi sobiq Yugoslaviyada. Shu davrda u Koreyadagi yadro muzokaralarida "orqaga to'xtash" da qatnashdi va demokratiyani tiklashni rejalashtirdi Gaiti, o'zgartirish Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Janubiy qo'mondonligi bosh qarorgohi Panama ga Mayami, yanada qattiq cheklovlarni joriy etish Saddam Xuseyn, qayta yozish Milliy harbiy strategiya va AQShning kelgusida urush olib borishi uchun Qo'shma Vizyon-2010 ni ishlab chiqish.[44]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Janubiy qo'mondonligi

Armiya qoidalari uch yulduzli general lavozimiga ko'tarilishidan keyin "soat soati" deb nomlangan bo'lib, asosan Klarkni dastlabki lavozimidan ko'tarilgandan yoki nafaqaga chiqqanidan keyin ikki yil ichida boshqa lavozimga ko'tarilishini talab qiladi.[45] Ushbu muddat 1996 yilda tugagan va Klark bunday lavozimni egallashga umidvor emasligini aytdi, chunki o'sha paytdagi mish-mishlar Generalni taklif qildi Dennis Reymer uni lavozimiga ko'tarilishni tavsiya qilmoqchi emas, ammo "aniq bir sabab ko'rsatilmagan".[46] Klarkning kitobiga ko'ra, general Robert Skalesning aytishicha, ehtimol Klarkning razvedkaga bo'lgan obro'si boshqa generallardan norozilik hissi uchun javobgar bo'lgan. Klark nomini oldi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Janubiy qo'mondonligi Ushbu mish-mishlarga qaramay (USSOUTHCOM) post. Kongress uning lavozimini to'liq tasdiqladi umumiy 1996 yil iyun oyida va general Jon M. Shalikashvili buyruqni imzoladi. Klark u asl nomzod emasligini aytdi, ammo tanlangan birinchi ofitser "ba'zi sabablarga ko'ra qabul qilinmagan".[46][47]

Bolqon

Bosniya va Gertsegovina

Shuningdek qarang: Bosniya va Gersegovinadagi urush va Deyton shartnomasi

Klark javoblar uchun ishni rejalashtirishni boshladi Bosniya va Gertsegovinadagi urush 1994 yilda JCS xodimlarining direktori, strategik rejalar va siyosat (J5) lavozimiga tayinlangandan so'ng. Mojaroni hal qilishning harbiy variantlarini belgilash uchun ma'lumot to'plash paytida Klark uchrashdi Bosniyalik serblar harbiy rahbarlari, shu jumladan Ratko Mladić, keyinchalik ayblangan harbiy jinoyatlar va genotsid. Klark Mladich bilan shapka almashayotgan paytda suratga tushgan va bu surat AQShda tortishuvlarga sabab bo'lgan. A Vashington Post hikoya Klarkning ogohlantirishiga qaramay tashrifni amalga oshirganligi haqida e'lon qilingan AQSh elchisi.[48] Biroz Klinton ma'muriyati A'zolarning ta'kidlashicha, voqea "Hermann Gyoring bilan gaplashishga o'xshaydi".[49] Klark ushbu tashrifni elchiga taqdim etgan marshrutida sanab o'tdi, ammo keyinchalik u tasdiqlanmaganligini bildi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, hech qanday ogohlantirish bo'lmagan va hech kim unga tashrifni bekor qilishni aytmagan, garchi ikkitasi bo'lsa ham Kongressmenlar qat'i nazar, uni ishdan bo'shatishga chaqirdi. Keyinchalik Klark almashinuvdan pushaymon bo'lganini aytdi,[50] va Prezident Klinton Kongressga Klarkni himoya qilgan maktub yuborganligi sababli va munozaralar tugashi bilan bu masala oxiriga etkazildi.[51] Klarkning aytishicha, bu uning "yuqori ko'rinishning qo'pol va yiqilib tushishidagi birinchi tajribasi ... va og'riqli bir necha kun".[52] Konservativ mulohaza yurituvchi Robert Novak keyinchalik Klarkning 2004 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida ustunda shlyapa almashinuviga murojaat qilib, uni nomzod sifatida Klark bilan "muammo" deb baholadi.[53]

Klark Bosniyaga yuborilgan Mudofaa vaziri Uilyam Perri davlat kotibining yordamchisi boshchiligidagi diplomatik muzokaralar guruhiga harbiy a'zosi sifatida xizmat qilish Richard Xolbruk. Keyinchalik Xolbruk Klarkning pozitsiyasini "murakkab" deb ta'rifladi, chunki bu unga kelajakdagi imkoniyatlarni taqdim etdi, ammo "uni katta martabali ofitserlar bilan martaba uchun xavfli mojarolarga olib kelishi mumkin".[54] Jamoa birinchi hafta davomida tog 'yo'li bo'ylab harakatlanayotganda, yo'l bo'shab qoldi va transport vositalaridan biri Xolbrukning o'rinbosari, shu qatorda yo'lovchilar ketayotgan jarlik ustiga qulab tushdi, Robert Frayzer, Mudofaa kotibi yordamchisining o'rinbosari Jozef Kruzel va Havo kuchlari Polkovnik Nelson Drew. Vashingtonda dafn marosimidan so'ng muzokaralar davom etdi va jamoa oxir-oqibat Deyton shartnomasi da Rayt-Patterson harbiy-havo bazasi yilda Dayton, Ogayo shtati va keyinchalik uni 1995 yil 14 dekabrda Parijda imzoladi.[55]

Klark Evropa teatri va Bolqonga qaytib keldi USSOUTHCOM u tayinlanganda lavozim AQSh Evropa qo'mondonligi 1997 yil yozida Prezident Klinton tomonidan. U SOUTHCOM bilan bo'lgani kabi, bu lavozimga nomzod emas edi. Armiya allaqachon ushbu lavozimga boshqa general tanlagan edi. Prezident Klinton va general Shalikashvili Klarkni ushbu lavozim uchun eng yaxshi odam deb hisoblashganligi sababli, u oxir-oqibat nominatsiyani oldi. Shalikashvili "[Klarkning] so'nggi ikki ishida juda kuchli rol o'ynaganini" ta'kidladi.[56] Klark uning paytida qayd etdi tasdiqlash eshitish oldin Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi ning 105-kongress u ishongan NATO oxiridan beri siljigan edi Sovuq urush dan Evropani himoya qilish Sovet Ittifoqi mintaqada yanada barqarorlikni ta'minlashga intilish. Bundan tashqari, Klark USSOUTHCOM-ni qo'llab-quvvatlash kabi hozirgi buyrug'i bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qildi Amerika maktabi va Qo'shma Shtatlar Janubiy Amerika davlatlariga qarshi samarali kurashish uchun yordamni davom ettirishi kerakligiga ishongan Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi urush.[50] Klark tezda a tomonidan tasdiqlandi ovozli ovoz berish uning tasdiqlash eshituvi bilan bir kun,[57] unga 109000 amerika qo'shinlari, ularning 150 000 oila a'zolari, armiyaga yordam beradigan 50 000 tinch aholi va 89 ta Evropa, Afrika va Yaqin Sharqning 89 mamlakati va hududlaridagi Amerikaning barcha harbiy harakatlariga buyruq berish.[58] Bu pozitsiya Klarkni Evropa ittifoqdoshlarining oliy qo'mondoni (SACEUR), bu unga Evropadagi NATO harbiy kuchlariga umumiy qo'mondonlikni berdi.

Kosovo urushi

Shuningdek qarang: Kosovo urushi va 1999 yil Yugoslaviyani NATO tomonidan bombardimon qilish

Klarkning SACEUR lavozimidagi faoliyatidagi eng katta voqea NATOning qarama-qarshilik bo'lgan Yugoslaviya Federativ Respublikasi ichida Kosovo urushi. 1998 yil 22 sentyabrda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi tanishtirdi Qaror 1199 urush harakatlarini to'xtatishga chaqirmoqda Kosovo va Richard Xolbruk yana tinchlik bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishga harakat qildi. Ushbu jarayon muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, ammo quyidagilarga amal qilindi Rachak qatliomi. Keyin AQSh davlat kotibi Madlen Olbrayt Yugoslaviyani Kosovoni ajratib qo'yishga majbur qilishga majbur qildi Rambuyadagi kelishuv, bu Yugoslaviya rad etdi. Klark Rambuyadagi muzokaralarda bo'lmagan. U alohida-alohida Yugoslaviya prezidentini ishontirishga urindi Slobodan Milosevich unga "faollashtirish buyrug'i bor. Agar ular sizni bombardimon qilishimni aytsalar, men sizni yaxshi bombardimon qilaman" deb aytgan. Keyinchalik Klark Miloshevichning qarshi emotsional tiradni boshlaganini da'vo qildi Albanlar va ular bilan 40-yillarda "muomala" qilinganligini aytdi etnik tozalash.[59][60]

Klark 510- va 555-chi qiruvchi eskadronlardan AQSh harbiy xizmatchilariga ma'lumot beradi Aviano aviabazasi, 1999 yil may oyida Italiya.

Prezident Klintonning buyrug'iga binoan Klark portlashlarni kod nomi bilan boshladi Ittifoq kuchlari operatsiyasi 1999 yil 24 martda, Yugoslaviyaning Rambuye shartnomasini rad etishidan keyin Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining 1199-sonli qarorini bajarishga urinish to'g'risida buyruqlar bilan. Biroq, tanqidchilarning ta'kidlashicha, 1199-sonli qarori harbiy harakatlarni to'xtatish uchun chaqiriq edi va har qanday tashkilotga harbiy harakatlarni amalga oshirishga vakolat bermaydi. Mudofaa vaziri Uilyam Koen Klarkning kuchli ittifoqchilari borligini his qildi oq uy, masalan, uni chetlab o'tishga imkon bergan Prezident Klinton va davlat kotibi Madlen Olbrayt Pentagon strategik g'oyalarini targ'ib qilishda. Biroq, Klark, u bilan munozaralarga etarlicha kiritilmaganligini his qildi Milliy qo'mondonlik ma'muriyati, uni o'zini "shunchaki NATOning ofitseri ham Qo'shma Shtatlarga hisobot bergan" deb ta'riflashga undadi.[61] Klark dastlab NATOning 50 yilligini nishonlash uchun Vashingtonda bo'lib o'tgan sammitga, uning oliy harbiy qo'mondoni bo'lishiga qaramay, taklif qilinmagach, ushbu buyruq to'qnashuvi tantanali ravishda boshlandi. Oxir oqibat Klark sammitga taklifnomani rasmiylashtirdi, ammo Koen quruqlikdagi qo'shinlar haqida hech narsa demasligini aytdi va Klark bunga rozi bo'ldi.[62]

Qo'shma Shtatlarning Gonkongdagi bosh konsulligidagi AQSh dengiz piyoda piyodalari 1999 yil Xitoy elchixonasi tomonidan portlash qurbonlariga hurmat ko'rsatib, Amerika bayrog'ini tushirmoqda.[63]

Klark sammitdan so'ng SHAPE-ga qaytib keldi va davom etayotgan bombardimon operatsiyalari to'g'risida matbuotga ma'lumot berdi. Dan muxbir Los Anjeles Tayms bombardimonlarning Serbiya kuchlariga ta'siri haqida savol berdi va Klark faqat qarama-qarshi qo'shinlar sonini hisoblash Miloshevichning haqiqiy yo'qotishlarini ko'rsatmasligini ta'kidladi, chunki u qo'shimcha kuchlarni olib kelmoqda. Amerikalik ko'plab yangiliklar tashkilotlari bu so'zlardan kapitalizatsiya qilib, Klark "sharhni buzib ko'rsatdi", "NATO boshlig'i bomba Serblarning operatsiyasini to'xtata olmadi" degan sarlavhalar bilan. The New York Times. Keyinchalik Klark o'z so'zlarini himoya qilib, bu "mening bayonotimni va faktlarni to'liq tushunmaslik" deb aytdi va prezident Klinton Klarkning so'zlari noto'g'ri tuzilganiga rozi bo'ldi. Nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, Klark ertasi kuni kechqurun qo'ng'iroq qildi Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi Umumiy Xyu Shelton "U kotib Koenga so'zma-so'z ko'rsatma berishni buyurganini aytdi:" Televizordan yuzingni olib qoch. Endi brifinglar bo'lmaydi, muddat. Mana shu ".[64][65]

Bombardimon kampaniyasi qachon tanqid oldi Serbiya Radio Televiziyasining bosh qarorgohini bombardimon qildi 1999 yil 23 aprelda. O'n olti nafar fuqaroning ishchisini o'ldirgan hujum harbiy jinoyat deb topildi Xalqaro Amnistiya[66] va akt sifatida terrorizm tomonidan Noam Xomskiy.[67] NATO bombardimonni oqlash uchun stansiya Milosevich rejimi uchun targ'ibot vositasi sifatida ishlaganini aytdi.[68] Ittifoq kuchlari operatsiyasi yana bir muammoga duch keldi NATO Belgraddagi Xitoy elchixonasini bombardimon qildi 1999 yil 7 mayda. Amaliyot Serbiyaning ko'plab maqsadlariga, shu jumladan "493-sonli maqsad, Federal Xarid qilish va Ta'minot Boshqarmasi Bosh qarorgohi" ga qarshi uyushtirilgan edi, garchi mo'ljallangan bino aslida maqsad qilingan hududdan 300 metr uzoqlikda bo'lgan. Elchixona ushbu xato nishonda joylashgan bo'lib, uchta xitoylik jurnalist o'ldirilgan. Klark razvedkasining xodimi Klarkni barcha javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olgan va iste'foga chiqishni taklif qilgan deb chaqirgan, ammo Klark bu amaldorning aybi yo'qligini aytib rad etdi. Davlat kotibi Koen va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi direktori Jorj Tenet ertasi kuni javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Keyinchalik Tenet guvohlikda tushuntirish bergan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari palatasining Razvedka bo'yicha doimiy tanlov qo'mitasi 1999 yil 22-iyulda nishonga olish tizimida havo bombalari uchun noto'g'ri pozitsiyalar berilgan ko'cha manzillari ishlatilgan. Shuningdek, uning ta'kidlashicha, chegaradan tashqari maqsadlarning turli xil ma'lumotlar bazalarida elchixonaning nisbatan yangi joylashuvi uchun zamonaviy manzil mavjud emas.[69][70][71]

1999 yil 10-iyun kuni buyruq bilan bombardimon kampaniyasi tugatildi NATO Bosh kotibi Xaver Solana Milosevich xalqaro hamjamiyat tomonidan qo'yilgan shartlarga rioya qilganidan keyin va Yugoslaviya kuchlari Kosovodan chiqib ketishni boshladilar.[72] Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashining 1244-sonli qarori o'sha kuni qabul qilindi va Kosovoni Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti boshqaruviga topshirdi va a Kosovo tinchlikparvar kuchlari.[73] NATO jangovar o'limga duch kelmadi,[74] ikki ekipaj a'zosi vafot etgan bo'lsa-da Apache vertolyoti halokat.[75] A F-117A pastga tushirildi qishlog'i yaqinida Budjanovci. Bombalash natijasida taxmin qilingan 495 nafar fuqaro halok bo'lgan va 820 kishi yaralangan Sobiq Yugoslaviya uchun Xalqaro jinoiy sud.[76] Yugoslaviya, o'ldirilgan tinch aholi soni 2000 dan ortiq va 5000 dan ortiq kishi yaralangan deb taxmin qildi.[77] Human Rights Watch tashkiloti NATOning bombardimonlari oqibatida tinch aholi orasida o'lganlar sonini 488 dan 527 gacha bo'lgan joyda taxmin qilmoqda.[78]

Milosevichning Yugoslaviyadagi vakolat muddati yakuniga etmoqda va 2000 yil 24 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tgan saylovlar firibgarliklar va soxta saylovlar ayblovlari tufayli norozilik namoyishiga chiqdi. Bularning barchasi 5 oktyabr kuni deb nomlangan joyda boshiga keldi Buldozer inqilobi. Miloshevich 7 oktyabr kuni iste'foga chiqdi Serbiyaning demokratik muxolifati ko'pchilikni qo'lga kiritdi parlament saylovlari o'sha dekabr. Milosevich 2001 yil 1 aprelda hibsga olingan va 28 iyun kuni harbiy jinoyatlar va genotsidda ayblanib, sobiq Yugoslaviya Xalqaro Tribunaliga o'tkazilgan. Klark Miloshevichning 2003 yil dekabrdagi mahkamasida yopiq majlisda guvohlik berishga chaqirilgan. Srebrenitsa qirg'ini Klark Milosevich bilan faoliyati davomida qilgan suhbatlariga.[79] Ba'zi bir urushga qarshi faol guruhlar, shuningdek, Klark va Bill Klintonni (bir qator boshqalar bilan) NATOning butun bombardimon kampaniyasi uchun urush jinoyatchisi deb atashadi. butun operatsiya NATO nizomiga zid edi.[80][81]

Priştina xalqaro aeroportidagi voqea

Klarkning SACEUR qo'mondonligi paytida eng ko'p tortishgan qarorlaridan biri bu operatsiya qilishga urinish edi Priştina xalqaro aeroporti Kosovo urushi tugaganidan keyin darhol. Rossiya kuchlari Kosovoga etib kelishdi va aeroport tomon 1999 yil 12 iyunda, bombardimon kampaniyasi tugaganidan ikki kun o'tgach, Kosovoning o'sha qismida politsiyaga yordam berishni kutishdi. Boshqa tomondan, Klark buni rejalashtirgan edi Kosovo kuchlari hududni politsiya qilish. Klark NATOning o'sha paytdagi Bosh kotibini chaqirdi, Xaver Solana, va "albatta siz aeroportga etib borishingiz kerak" va "sizga vakolatni topshirishingiz kerak" deb javob berishgan. Kosovo kuchlarining ingliz qo'mondoni general Mayk Jekson ammo, "Men sizlar uchun Uchinchi jahon urushini boshlamayman" deb harbiy harakatlar orqali ruslarni to'sishdan bosh tortdi.[82][83] Jekson choralar ko'rishdan bosh tortganini aytdi, chunki u ruslar bilan harbiy to'qnashuv xavfiga loyiq emasligiga ishonmagan, aksincha aerodromni qo'shinlar o'rab olishini talab qilgan. Qarama-qarshilik ikki hafta davom etdi. Rossiya qo'shinlari aeroportni egallashni davom ettirdilar, oxir-oqibat ular NATO qo'mondonligidan tashqarida bo'lib, tinchlikni saqlash vazifalariga qo'shilishi to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdilar.[84]

Rad etish AQShning ba'zi yuqori martabali harbiy xizmatchilari tomonidan tanqid qilindi Xyu Shelton Jeksonning rad etishini "bezovta qiluvchi" deb atash. Tinglovlar paytida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati, Senator Jon Uorner rad etish noqonuniy bo'lishi mumkinligini va agar u qonuniy bo'lsa, qoidalarni o'zgartirish kerakligini taxmin qildi.[85] Hali ham inglizlar Mudofaa shtabining boshlig'i Charlz Gutri - dedi Jekson bilan kelishib.[86] Jekson ham juda ko'p maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi. Tez orada Klark nafaqaga chiqadi.[87] Jekson Pristina hodisasidan keyin o'z faoliyatini davom ettirdi: U Vanna ordeni ritsar qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi (1998), "Buyuk xizmat" ordeni oldi (1999), Qurol qo'mondoni (2000) ning bosh qo'mondoni bo'ldi va nihoyat, 2003 yil, Britaniya armiyasidagi eng yuqori lavozim bo'lgan Bosh shtab boshlig'i.

Iste'fo

1999 yil iyul oyida Klark general Sheltondan yana bir chaqiriq oldi, unda kotib Koen Klarkni ushbu lavozimni egallaganidan uch yil o'tmay, 2000 yil aprelida o'z qo'mondonligidan ketishini istashini aytdi. Klark bundan hayratda qoldi, chunki u SACEURlarning kamida uch yil xizmat qilishi kutilganiga ishongan.[88] Klarkga buning sababi general deb aytilgan Jozef Ralston sifatida o'z lavozimidan ketayotgan edi Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi o'rinbosari va 60 kun ichida yana 4 yulduzli buyruq kerak bo'ladi yoki u nafaqaga chiqishga majbur bo'ladi. Ralston tayinlanmoqchi emas edi Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi o'tmishdagi nikohdan tashqari ish tufayli va SACEUR pozitsiyasi u uchun so'nggi potentsial lavozim deb aytilgan.[89] Klark bu tushuntirish "yuvilmadi" dedi; u huquqiy masalalar uni to'liq muddatdan chetlatishi shart emasligiga ishongan.[90] Klinton Ralstonning boshqa lavozimga tayinlanishiga imzo chekdi Devid Xolberstam prezident va Madlen Olbrayt Klarkning davolanishidan g'azablanganligini yozgan. Klark vaqtining qolgan qismini tinchlikparvar kuchlarni nazorat qiluvchi SACEUR sifatida o'tkazdi va yangi buyruq bermasdan 2000 yil 2 mayda harbiy xizmatdan ketishga majbur bo'ldi.[91][92]

Mish-mishlarga ko'ra, Klark Vashingtondagi ba'zi kishilar bilan tortishuvli munosabati tufayli majburan chiqarib yuborilgan; ammo, u bunday mish-mishlarni rad etib, buni "odatdagi kadrlar harakati" deb atadi. Mudofaa vazirligi bu shunchaki "amerikalik yuqori martabali martabalarning umumiy aylanishi" ekanligini aytdi.[93] Ammo, dedi NATO elchisi International Herald Tribune Klarkning ishdan bo'shatilishi "Qo'shma Shtatlardan siyosiy narsa" kabi tuyuldi.[94] Umumiy Xyu Shelton, raqobatdosh prezidentlik kampaniyasi uchun ishlaydi Jon Edvards 2003-2004 yillarda,[95] Klark 2004 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasi paytida "uning Evropadan erta chiqishining sababi yaxlitlik va fe'l-atvor muammolari, qalbimga juda yaqin va qadrli narsalar bilan bog'liq edi. Respublika yoki a Demokrat. Men faqat Ues mening ovozimni olmaydi deb aytaman. "[96] Shelton bu masalalar haqida hech qachon batafsilroq ma'lumot bermagan.[97]

Fuqarolik martaba

Klark a boshladi omma oldida chiqish 2000 yil yozida bir necha sobiq hukumat amaldorlariga murojaat qilib, hukumatdagi hayotdan keyin ishlash, shu jumladan Uy spikeri Nyut Gingrich, Oq uy apparati rahbari Mack McLarty va Richard Xolbruk. Klark McLarty-ga qaytib borishni maslahatini oldi Little Rok, Arkanzas va shu erda joylashgan shtab-kvartirasi bo'lgan "Stephens Inc" investitsiya firmasi bilan pozitsiyani egalladi. U mudofaa bilan bog'liq firmalarda bir nechta boshqa lavozimlarda ishlagan va 2003 yil mart oyida u Uesli K. Klark va Associatesni tashkil etish uchun Stephens Inc kompaniyasidan do'stona ravishda ketgan. Klark ikkita kitob yozdi, Zamonaviy urush olib borish va Zamonaviy urushlarda g'olib bo'lish. Shuningdek, u mualliflik qildi oldingi so'zlar bir qator harbiy tarjimai hollari va bir qator tahririyat maqolalari uchun.[1] U 2003 yilga qadar 40 million dollarlik maqsadga erishish uchun atigi 3,1 million dollar yig'di va u o'z biznes karerasini ta'qib qilish o'rniga davlat lavozimlariga saylanish haqida o'ylashni boshladi.[98]

Klark ham a'zosi Atlantika kengashi direktorlar kengashi.[99]

2004 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi

Asosiy maqola: Uesli Klark 2004 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi
Shuningdek qarang: Demokratik partiya (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari) prezidentlik saylovlari, 2004 yil va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida prezident saylovi, 2004 yil

Klarkning ta'kidlashicha, u o'z siyosatini faqat harbiy nafaqaga chiqqanidan keyin va keyin aniqlay boshladi 2000 yilgi prezident saylovi, g'alaba qozondi Jorj V.Bush. Klark bilan suhbatlashdi Kondoliza Rays unda u unga Kosovadagi urush Bush davrida sodir bo'lmasligini aytgan. Klark bunday qabulni bezovta qildi, chunki u SACEUR lavozimiga tanlangan edi, chunki u ko'proq ishongan aralashuvchi Klinton ma'muriyatining siyosati. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, buni Bush davridagi Amerika tashqi siyosati bilan bog'liq muammolar "yomonlasha boshlaganligi" belgisi sifatida qabul qiladi.[100] Klark ma'muriyatni qo'llab-quvvatladi Afg'onistondagi urush ga javoban 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, hujumlar lekin qo'llab-quvvatlamadi Iroq urushi. Klark sharhlovchi sifatida odamlarni ogohlantirishda davom etdi CNN u Iroqda Qo'shma Shtatlar boshqarilmasligiga ishongan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, urush "hech qachon [haqida] ... WMD yoki rejim o'zgarishi "va" Terrorizmga qarshi urush bilan bog'liqlik ko'rsatilmagan "deb hisoblaydi.[101][102]

Klark Nyu-Yorkning bir qator boy demokratlari bilan uchrashdi Alan Patrikof ularga 2004 yilgi saylovlarda prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'yishni o'ylayotganini aytish. Patrikof, tarafdori Al Gor 2000 yilda barcha demokrat nomzodlar bilan uchrashgan, ammo 2004 yilda Klarkni qo'llab-quvvatlagan. Klark Al Gore va Ronald Reygan, uchun teng hurmat Duayt D. Eyzenxauer va Garri S. Truman va ro'yxatdan o'tgan edi mustaqil Harbiy faoliyati davomida saylovchi. Klark o'zini demokrat deb qaror qilganini aytdi, chunki "Men ijobiy fikr bildirganman, men tanlovni tanlaganman, men ta'limni qo'llab-quvvatlaganman ... Men sog'liqni saqlash tarafdoriman ... Men o'zim bo'lishni xohlaganimni angladim Amerikadagi eng yolg'iz respublikachi yoki men baxtli demokrat bo'laman ".[103] Klark Demokratik partiyani yoqtirganini aytdi, u o'zini o'zi turgan deb biladi "internatsionalizm "," oddiy erkaklar va ayollar "va" adolatli o'yin ".[104][105]

A "Qoralama Klark "aksiyasi 2003 yil 10 aprelda DraftWesleyClark.com ishga tushirilishi bilan o'sishni boshladi.[106] Tashkilot o'n minglab ko'ngillilarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazdi, Klarkni muhokama qilgan 150 ommaviy axborot vositasida chiqish qildi va 1,5 million dollar yig'di garovlar uning kampaniyasi uchun. DraftClark2004.com boshqa veb-sayti a sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tgan birinchi tashkilot edi siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi 2003 yil iyun oyida Klarkni ishlashga ishontirish uchun. Ular unga 2003 yil may oyida butun mamlakat bo'ylab 1000 ta elektron pochta xabarini topshirishdi, undan qochishni so'rashdi. DraftClark2004 asoschilaridan biri Brent Blekabi chaqirish harakati to'g'risida shunday dedi: "Bundan ellik ikki yil muqaddam butun mamlakat fuqarolari muvaffaqiyatli ishtirok etishdi. ularning loyiha uchun harakatlari General Eisenhower. Biz ham 2004 yilda General Klarkning loyihasini tayyorlash orqali shunday qilmoqchimiz. Agar u yugursa, u g'alaba qozonadi. "[107][108]

2003 yil iyun oyida Klark tashqi ko'rinishidan prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'yishni "jiddiy ko'rib chiqayotganini" aytdi Matbuot bilan tanishing.[107]Klark nomzodini e'lon qildi Demokratik prezidentlik saylovlari 2003 yil 17 sentyabrda Little Rock-dan, boshqa nomzodlardan bir necha oy o'tgach. U Klark loyihasi harakatining ta'sirini tan olib, ular "aqlga sig'maydigan g'oyani oldilar va buni tasavvurga keltirdilar" dedi.[109] Kampaniya dastlabki ikki hafta ichida 3,5 million dollar yig'di.[110][111] Internet-kampaniya shuningdek, Klark jamoatchilik bloglarini yaratadi,[112] ishlatishda qoladigan va og'ir ishlatilgan Meetup.com, DraftWesleyClark.com o'sha paytda Meetuplarning ikkinchi yirik jamoasini tashkil qilgan edi.[113]

Klark Demokratik partiyaga sodiqligini, poyga kirishi bilanoq, ba'zilar shubha ostiga olishdi. Senator Djo Liberman Klarkning partiya tanlovini "siyosiy qulaylik, ishonch emas" deb atadi. Respublika gubernatori Bill Ouens ning Kolorado va Denver universiteti Prezident Mark Xoltsman Klark bir paytlar "agar men respublikachi bo'lardim Karl Rove Keyinroq Klark o'zini shunchaki hazillashyapti deb da'vo qildi, ammo Ouens ham, Xoltsman ham bu so'z "juda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri" va "hazil emas" deb aytdilar. Katarin Q. Selye ko'pchilik Klarkning tanlaganiga ishongan deb yozgan. 2004 yilda Demokrat bo'ling, chunki u "nomzodga ega bo'lmagan yagona partiya" edi.[104] 2001 yil 11 mayda Klark ham nutq so'zladi Pulaski okrugi Arkanzasdagi Respublikachilar partiyasi, u "biz jamoada katta jamoamiz borligidan juda xursandmiz, erkaklar kabi Kolin Pauell, Don Ramsfeld, Dik Cheyni, Kondoliza Rays, Pol O'Nil - men yaxshi biladigan odamlar - bizning prezidentimiz Jorj V.Bush ".[114] AQSh yangiliklari va dunyo hisoboti ikki hafta o'tgach, Klark Respublikachilar partiyasi sifatida siyosiy yurish deb hisoblaganligi haqida hikoya qildi.[115]

Siyosiy bo'lmagan kelib chiqishi bo'lgan Klarkning jamoatchilik uchun kun tartibini belgilaydigan pozitsiyasi bo'lmagan. Shu bilan birga, kampaniyada bir nechta ko'ngillilar ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan aloqalar tarmog'ini o'rnatdilar va Klark turli masalalar bo'yicha o'z pozitsiyalarini tushuntira boshladi. U aytganidek edi Washington Post oktyabrda tanlovni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi va tasdiqlovchi harakatlar. U so'nggi Bushni bekor qilishga chaqirdi soliq imtiyozlari 200 ming dollardan ortiq maosh oladigan odamlar uchun va sug'urtalanmaganlarga tibbiy xizmatni umuman yangi tizimga o'tkazishni emas, balki mavjud tizimni o'zgartirish orqali taqdim etishni taklif qildi. universal sog'liqni saqlash tizim. U ekologik sabablarni qo'llab-quvvatladi, masalan Bush ma'muriyati tomonidan qo'llanilgan "kichraytirilgan qoidalarni" bekor qilishni va'da qilmoqda Toza havo va Toza suv aktlari va potentsial bilan shug'ullanish global isishning ta'siri avtotransport vositalaridan chiqadigan issiqxona gazlari, chorva mollari gazlari va boshqa manbalarni kamaytirish orqali. Klark, shuningdek, Amerikaning boshqa davlatlar bilan munosabatlarini mustahkamlash uchun global sa'y-harakatlarni taklif qildi Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun, va 100 milliard dollar sarmoya kiritdi ichki xavfsizlik. Finally, he released a budget plan that claimed to save $2.35 trillion over ten years through a repeal of the Bush tax cuts, sharing the cost of the Iroq urushi with other nations, and cutting government waste.[116]

Some have speculated that Clark's inexperience at giving "tovushlar " answers hurt him in the media during his primary campaign.[117] The day after he launched his campaign, for example, he was asked if he would have voted for the Iraq War Resolution, which granted President Bush the power to wage the Iraq War, a large issue in the 2004 campaign. Clark said, "At the time, I probably would have voted for it, but I think that's too simple a question," then "I don't know if I would have or not. I've said it both ways because when you get into this, what happens is you have to put yourself in a position—on balance, I probably would have voted for it." Finally, Clark's matbuot kotibi clarified his position as "you said you would have voted for the resolution as leverage for a UN-based solution." After this series of responses, although Clark opposed the war, The New York Times ran a story with the headline "Clark Says He Would Have Voted for War".[118] Clark was repeatedly portrayed as unsure on this critical issue by his opponents throughout the primary season. He was forced to continue to clarify his position and at the second primary debate he said, "I think it's really embarrassing that a group of candidates up here are working on changing the leadership in this country and can't get their own story straight ... I would have never voted for war. The war was an unnecessary war, it was an elective war, and it's been a huge strategic mistake for this country."[119]

Another media incident started during the New Hampshire primary September 27, 2003, when Clark was asked by kosmik transport kosmonavt Jey C. Buki what his vision for the space program was after the Kolumbiya kosmik kemasi halokati. Clark responded he was a great believer in the exploration of space but wanted a vision well beyond that of a new shuttle or space plane. "I would like to see mankind get off this planet. I'd like to know what's out there beyond the solar system." Clark thought such a vision could probably require a lifetime of research and development in various fields of science and technology. Then at the end of his remarks, Clark dropped a bombshell when he said "I still believe in E = mc². But I can't believe that in all of human history we'll never ever be able to go beyond the speed of light to reach where we want to go. I happen to believe that mankind can do it. I've argued with physicists about it. I've argued with best friends about it. I just have to believe it. It's my only faith-based initiative."[120] These comments prompted a series of derisive headlines, such as "Beam Us Up, General Clark" in The New York Times, "Clark is Light-Years Ahead of the Competition" in Washington Post, "General Relativity (Retired)" on the AQSh yangiliklari va dunyo hisoboti website, and "Clark Campaigns at Light Speed" in Simli jurnal.[121][122]

Klark (markazda) with his wife Gertrude (o'ngda) yilda Sietl, Washington, on August 19, 2004.

Several polls from September to November 2003 showed Clark leading the Democratic field of candidates or as a close second to Xovard Din bilan Gallup so'rovi having him in first place in the presidential race at 20% as late as October 2003.[123] The Jon Edvards campaign brought on Hugh Shelton—the general who had said Clark was made to leave the SACEUR post early due to "integrity and character issues"—as an advisor, a move that drew criticism from the Clark campaign.[124] Since Dean consistently polled in the lead in the Ayova shtatidagi kokuslar, Clark opted out of participating in the caucuses entirely to focus on later primaries instead. The 2004 Iowa caucuses marked a turning point in the campaign for the Democratic nomination, however, as front-runners Dean and Dik Gefardt garnered results far lower than expected, and Jon Kerri and John Edwards' campaigns benefited in Clark's absence. Clark performed reasonably well in later primaries, including a tie for third place with Edwards in the Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov and a narrow victory in the Oklaxoma primary over Edwards. However, he saw his third-place finishes in Tennessi va Virjiniya as signs that he had lost janub, a focus of his campaign. He withdrew from the race on February 11, 2004, and announced his endorsement of John Kerry at a rally in Madison, Viskonsin, on February 13.[125] Clark believed his opting out of the Iowa caucus was one of his campaign's biggest mistakes, saying to one supporter the day before he withdrew from the race that "everything would have been different if we had [been in Iowa]."[126]

Post-2004 campaign

Clark continued to speak in support of Kerry (and the eventual Kerry/Edwards ticket) throughout the remainder of the 2004 presidential campaign, including speaking at the 2004 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya on the final evening.[127] U asos solgan siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi, WesPAC, in April 2004.[2] Fox News kanali announced in June 2005 that they had signed General Clark as a military and tashqi ishlar tahlilchi.[128] He joined the Burkle Center for International Relations at UCLA katta o'rtoq sifatida.[129] A managing partner of the companies that support the Center, Ronald Burkl, described Clark's position as "illuminat[ing] the center's research" and "teaching [the] contemporary role of the United States in the international community".[130]

A woman holds a Clark sign with one of his 2004 slogans at a Ned Lamont rally Clark attended in 2006

Clark campaigned heavily throughout the 2006 midterm election campaign, supporting numerous Democrats in a variety of federal, statewide,[3] and state legislature campaigns.[131] Ultimately his PAC aided 42 Democratic candidates who won their elections, including 25 who won seats formerly held by Republicans and 6 newly elected faxriy a'zolari Uy va Senat.[132] Clark was the most-requested surrogate of the Demokratik Kongressning tashviqot qo'mitasi throughout the 2006 campaign,[133] and sometimes appeared with the leadership of the Democratic Party when they commented on security issues.[134][135]

Clark has opposed taking military action against Eron and in January 2007 he criticized what he called "New York money people" pushing for a war. This led to accusations of antizionism.[136]

In September 2007 Clark's memoir Etakchilik qilish vaqti: burch, sharaf va mamlakat uchun. In the book Clark alleged that during a visit to the Pentagon in the autumn of 2001 after 9/11, a "senior general" told him that the Mudofaa vazirining devoni had produced a confidential paper proposing a series of rejim o'zgarishi operations in seven countries over a period of five years. He had made the allegation a number of times in public and media appearances in 2006 and 2007. The book also described a conversation Clark had with Pol Volfovits in May 1991 after the Gulf War, quoting Wolfowitz as lamenting the non-removal of Saddam Hussein, but also telling him that "...we did learn one thing that's very important. With the end of the Cold War, we can now use our military with impunity. The Soviets won't come in to block us. And we've got five, maybe 10, years to clean up these old Soviet surrogate regimes like Iraq and Syria before the next superpower emerges to challenge us...".[137]

Clark serves on the Advisory Boards of the Global Panel Foundation va Milliy xavfsizlik tarmog'i. He is also the chairman of Enverra,[138] and was also chairman of Rodman & Renshaw, a New York investment bank,[139] and Growth Energy.[140] His chairmanship at Rodman & Renshaw is part of the documentary China Hustle. Clark is interviewed about his involvement in selling toxic stocks of unregulated Chinese companies; eventually though, he exits the interview to avoid association with Rodman & Renshaw. The film speculates that the company used his name as chairman to gain legitimacy for its operations.[141]

Speculation of 2008 presidential campaign

Shuningdek qarang: Demokratik partiya (AQSh) prezidentlik saylovlari, 2008 yil va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida prezident saylovi, 2008 yil

Clark was mentioned as a potential 2008 presidential candidate on the Democratic ticket before endorsing Hillari Klinton Prezident uchun.[142] Before that time, he was ranked within the top Democratic candidates according to some Internet polls.[143][144] After endorsing Hillary Clinton, Clark campaigned for her in Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, and Ohio and in campaign commercials. There are many reports that Clinton had already decided to choose Clark to be her running mate had she won the nomination. The Clinton campaign even considered picking Clark as a running mate with the team running together in the primaries, though the idea was later abandoned.[145] After Barack Obama secured the Democratic nomination, Clark voiced his support for Obama.[5] Clark was considered to be one of Obama's possible vice-presidential running mates. Clark, however, publicly endorsed Kansas governor Ketlin Sebelius for the position, introducing her as "the next Vice President of the United States" at a June 2008 fundraiser in Texas.[146] Obama eventually chose Jo Bayden uning sherigi sifatida.[147]

McCain military service controversy

On June 29, 2008, Clark made comments on Xalq bilan yuzlash that were critical of Republican Jon Makkeyn, calling into question the notion that McCain's military service alone had given him experience relevant to being president. "I certainly honor [McCain's] service as a prisoner of war", Clark said, "but he hasn't held executive responsibility. That large squadron in the Navy that he commanded—it wasn't a wartime squadron. He hasn't been in there and ordered the bombs to fall."[148] When moderator Bob Shifer noted that Obama had no military experience to prepare him for the presidency nor had he "ridden in a fighter plane and gotten shot down", Clark responded that, ultimately, Obama had not based his presidential bid on his military experience, as McCain has done throughout his campaign. Clark's retort, however, is what drew rebuke. In referring to McCain's military experience, he stated: "Well, I don't think riding in a fighter plane and getting shot down is a qualification to be president."[149] Both the McCain and Obama campaigns subsequently released statements rejecting Clark's comment. However, Clark has received the backing of several prominent liberal groups such as MoveOn.org and military veteran groups such as VoteVets.org; Obama ultimately stated that Clark's comments were "inartful" and were not intended to attack McCain's military service.[150] In the days following the controversial interview, Clark went on several news programs to reiterate his true admiration and heartfelt support for McCain's military service as a fellow veteran who had been wounded in combat.[151][152] In each program, Clark reminded the commentator and the viewing public that while he honored McCain's service, he had serious concerns about McCain's judgment in matters of national security policy, calling McCain "untested and untried".[153]

Book on modern wars

In Clark's book Zamonaviy urushlarda g'olib bo'lish, published in 2003, he describes his conversation with a military officer in the Pentagon shortly after 9/11 regarding a plan to attack seven countries in five years: "As I went back through the Pentagon in November 2001, one of the senior military staff officers had time for a chat. Yes, we were still on track for going against Iraq, he said. But there was more. This was being discussed as part of a five-year campaign plan, he said, and there were a total of seven countries, beginning with Iraq, then Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and finishing off Iran."[154] Clark regards the 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish as "a huge mistake".[155]

Jannat hujjatlari

On November 5, 2017, the Jannat hujjatlari, tegishli maxfiy elektron hujjatlar to'plami offshor investitsiyalar, revealed that online gambling company Yulduzlar guruhi, then Amaya, along with its former member of board of directors Wesley Clark, made business with offshore law firm Appleby.[156][157]

Reality television career

Clark was the host of Yulduzlar chiziqlar ishlashadi, a reality television program that aired on NBC for four episodes in 2012. The program followed celebrities who competed in challenges based on U.S. military exercises.

Mukofotlar va sharaflar

Shuningdek qarang: List of Wesley Clark awards and honors

Wesley Clark has been awarded numerous honors, awards, and knighthoods over the course of his military and civilian career. Notable military awards include the Mudofaada xizmat ko'rsatganligi uchun medal to'rttasi bilan eman bargi klasterlari, Xizmat legioni uchta eman barglari to'plami bilan Kumush yulduz, va Bronza yulduzi with an oak leaf cluster.[158] Internationally Clark has received numerous civilian honors such as the Germaniya Federativ Respublikasining xizmatlari uchun Buyuk xoch and military honors such as the Grand Cross of the "Harbiy xizmatlari uchun" medali dan Portugaliya and knighthoods.[159] Clark has been awarded some honors as a civilian, such as the Prezidentning Ozodlik medali 2000 yilda.[160] Odamlar Gjakova, Kosovo, named a street after him for his role in helping their city and country.[161][162] Shahar Medison yilda Alabama has also named a boulevard after Clark.[163][164] Municipal approval has been granted for the construction of a new street to be named "General Clark Court" in Virjiniya shtati, Virjiniya shtati.[165]He has also been appointed a Fellow at the Burkle Center for International Relations at UCLA. He is a member of the guiding coalition of the Milliy xavfsizlikni isloh qilish loyihasi. In 2000 he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Britaniya imperiyasining ordeni.[166] In 2013, General Clark was awarded the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Fuqarolik mukofoti jointly presented by the Praga xalqaro hamkorlik jamiyati and Global Panel Foundation .[167]

Bibliografiya

  • Don't Wait for the Next War: A Strategy for American Growth and Global Leadership. Nyu-York: jamoat ishlari. 2014 yil. ISBN  978-1-61039-433-8.
  • Etakchilik qilish vaqti: burch, sharaf va mamlakat uchun. Sent-Martin matbuoti. 2007 yil. ISBN  978-1403984746.
  • Great Generals series. Palgrave Makmillan. 2006 yil. (Muqaddima)
  • Winning Modern Wars: Iraq, Terrorism, and the American Empire. Nyu-York: jamoat ishlari. 2004 yil. ISBN  1-58648-277-7.
  • Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Future of Combat. Nyu-York: jamoat ishlari. 2001 yil. ISBN  1-58648-043-X.

Adabiyotlar

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  3. ^ a b "List of all endorsed candidates". Securing America. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2006 yil 4-noyabrda. Olingan 16-noyabr, 2006.
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  8. ^ "Retired US General Wesley Clark becomes an adviser to Romania's PM Victor Ponta". Ruminiya-Insider.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 14 avgustda. Olingan 17 avgust, 2012.
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  10. ^ Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention, held at Chicago, Illinois, June 27 to July 2, inclusive, 1932
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  12. ^ "Clark 2004 biography". Clark04.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 26 oktyabrda. Olingan 15 avgust, 2011.
  13. ^ a b v d Amerika o'g'li by Linda Bloodworth. Produced by Linda Burstyn, Cathee Weiss and Douglas Jackson; edited by Gregg Featherman.
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  28. ^ a b v d e f Detailed resume included with his nomination before the Senate Armed Services Committee, First Session, 105th Congress. 1997 yil 9-iyul.
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  30. ^ Felix, pp. 95–7.
  31. ^ "White House Assigns Fellow to OMB Office," Arkanzas Demokrat-Gazette, June 29, 1975.
  32. ^ Felix, p. 105. "The commander at Fort Carson, Gen. John Hudachek, had a well-known aversion to West Point cadets and fast-risers like Clark. Even though Clark made quick and outstanding progress with the armor unit, Hudachek expressed his attitude towards Clark by omitting him from a list of battalion commanders selected to greet a congressional delegation visiting the base." Kolin Pauell also ran afoul of Maj. Gen. Hudachek—see Colin Powell, 'My American Journey.'
  33. ^ Tinchlik davrida urush: Bush, Klinton va generallar, by David Halberstam, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001, pp. 432–33.
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  36. ^ Further information on the BCTP can be found at Warfighter / Battle Command Training Program Exercises. Global xavfsizlik. 2007 yil 9-fevralda olingan.
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  40. ^ Delta Force at Waco Arxivlandi 2006 yil 4 yanvar, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair for CounterPunch on June 1, 1999. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
    From Waco To Belgrade: Wesley K. Clark and America's "Army of the Future" by Ken McCarthy for BrassCheck in 1999. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
    Waco.. the Wesley Clark Connection Arxivlandi 2007 yil 19 yanvar, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi by Don Stacey on January 24, 2004. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
    General Wesley Clark from Waco to Yugoslavia Arxivlandi 2006 yil 19-noyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi from The 7th Fire. Qabul qilingan 2007 yil 3-fevral.
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  41. ^ General Alarm – Conspiracy Theorists See Clark as Another Piece of the Waco Puzzle Arxivlandi 2008 yil 1 may, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi by James Ridgeway for the Qishloq ovozi September 24–30, 2003. Retrieved February 3, 2003.
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  44. ^ "BOSH IJROCHI DIREKTOR". Olingan 2 oktyabr, 2020.
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  73. ^ Qaror 1244 adopted by the United Nations Security Council on June 10, 1999.
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Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Harbiy idoralar
Oldingi
Barri Makkaffri		 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Janubiy qo'mondonligi
1996–1997		Muvaffaqiyatli
Charlz Vilgelm
Oldingi
Jorj Joulvan		 Evropa ittifoqdoshlarining oliy qo'mondoni
1997–2000		Muvaffaqiyatli
Jozef Ralston