Hillari Klinton - Hillary Clinton
Hillari Klinton | |
|---|---|
 Klinton 2016 yil yanvar oyida | |
| 67-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi | |
| Ofisda 2009 yil 21 yanvar - 2013 yil 1 fevral | |
| Prezident | Barak Obama |
| O'rinbosar | |
| Oldingi | Kondoliza Rays |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Jon Kerri |
| Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Nyu York | |
| Ofisda 2001 yil 3 yanvar - 2009 yil 21 yanvar | |
| Oldingi | Daniel Patrik Moynihan |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Kirsten Gillibrand |
| Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi | |
| Rolda 1993 yil 20 yanvar - 2001 yil 20 yanvar | |
| Prezident | Bill Klinton |
| Oldingi | Barbara Bush |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Laura Bush |
| 11-chi Qirolichaning Belfast universiteti kansleri | |
| Taxminan ofis 2020 yil 2-yanvar | |
| Oldingi | Tomas J. Moran |
| Arkanzasning birinchi xonimi | |
| Rolda 1983 yil 11 yanvar - 1992 yil 12 dekabr | |
| Hokim | Bill Klinton |
| Oldingi | Gey Daniels White |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Betti Taker |
| Rolda 1979 yil 9 yanvar - 1981 yil 19 yanvar | |
| Hokim | Bill Klinton |
| Oldingi | Barbara Pryor |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Gey Daniels White |
| Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar | |
| Tug'ilgan | Hillari Dayan Rodxem 1947 yil 26 oktyabr Chikago, Illinoys, BIZ. |
| Siyosiy partiya | Demokratik (1968 yildan hozirgi kungacha) |
| Boshqa siyosiy bog'liqliklar | Respublika (1968 yilgacha) |
| Turmush o'rtoqlar | |
| Bolalar | Chelsi Klinton |
| Ota-onalar | |
| Yashash joyi | Chappaqua, Nyu-York, BIZ. Vashington, Kolumbiya, BIZ. |
| Ta'lim | Uelsli kolleji (BA ) Yel universiteti (JD ) |
| Sof qiymat | 45 million AQSh dollari (2015 yil oktyabr)[1] |
| Imzo |  |
| Veb-sayt | www |
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|---|---|---|
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi Nyu-Yorkdan AQSh senatori AQSh davlat kotibi
Prezidentlik kampaniyalari Tashkilotlar
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Hillari Dayan Rodxam Klinton[2] (nee Rodxem; 1947 yil 26 oktyabrda tug'ilgan) - amerikalik siyosatchi, diplomat, yurist, yozuvchi va notiq kim sifatida xizmat qilgan 67-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi 2009 yildan 2013 yilgacha, sifatida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Nyu York 2001 yildan 2009 yilgacha va boshqalar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi 1993 yildan 2001 yilgacha. Klinton nomzod bo'lgan birinchi ayol bo'ldi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidenti u g'olib bo'lganida katta siyosiy partiya tomonidan Demokratik partiya nominatsiya 2016. U Amerikadagi prezidentlik saylovlarida u yutqazgan ommaviy ovozlarni qo'lga kiritgan birinchi ayol edi Donald Tramp.
Chikago shaharchasida tarbiyalangan Park Ridge, Klinton bitirgan Uelsli kolleji 1969 yilda va a Yuris doktori dan Yel huquq fakulteti 1973 yilda. a. sifatida xizmat qilganidan keyin Kongressning yuridik maslahatchisi, u ko'chib o'tdi Arkanzas va bo'lajak prezidentga uylandi Bill Klinton 1975 yilda; ikkalasi Yelda uchrashgan edi. 1977 yilda u asos solgan Arkanzas bolalar va oilalar himoyachilari. U birinchi ayol kafedrasi etib tayinlandi Yuridik xizmatlar korporatsiyasi 1978 yilda va Little Rock's kompaniyasining birinchi ayol sherigi bo'ldi Rose Law Firm keyingi yil. Milliy qonun jurnali uni ikki marta Amerikadagi eng nufuzli advokatlar qatoriga kiritdi. Klinton 1979 yildan 1981 yilgacha va 1983-1992 yillarda yana Arkanzasning birinchi xonimi bo'lgan. AQShning birinchi xonimi sifatida Klinton o'zining advokati sifatida sog'liqni saqlashni isloh qilish. 1994 yilda uning asosiy tashabbusi - Klinton sog'liqni saqlash rejasi - Kongress tomonidan ma'qullanmadi. 1997 va 1999 yillarda Klinton ushbu tashkilotni yaratishda targ'ibotda etakchi rol o'ynadi Bolalarni tibbiy sug'urtalash bo'yicha davlat dasturi, Farzandlikka olish va xavfsiz oilalar to'g'risidagi qonun, va Mehribonlik uyi mustaqilligi to'g'risidagi qonun. Klinton gender tengligini himoya qildi da 1995 yil BMTning ayollar bo'yicha konferentsiyasi. Uning davrida oilaviy munosabatlar jamoatchilik e'tiboriga tushdi Levinskiy janjal, bu uning nikohga sodiqligini yana bir bor tasdiqlaydigan bayonot chiqarishga olib keldi.
2000 yilda Klinton edi saylangan birinchi ayol sifatida Nyu-Yorkdan senator. U ... edi 2006 yilda qayta saylangan va raislik qildi Senatning Demokratik Boshqaruv va Tashkilot Qo'mitasi 2003 yildan 2007 yilgacha. Senat davrida Klinton tibbiy imtiyozlarni himoya qildi sog'lig'iga zarar etkazilgan birinchi javob beruvchilar ichida 11 sentyabr hujumlari.[3] U qo'llab-quvvatladi Iroq urushiga ruxsat beruvchi rezolyutsiya 2002 yilda, ammo qarshi chiqdi AQSh qo'shinlarining keskin ko'tarilishi 2007 yilda. 2008 yilda Klinton prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'ydi ammo oxir-oqibat g'olib tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi Barak Obama ichida Demokratik ibtidoiy saylovlar. Klinton birinchi davrda AQSh davlat kotibi bo'lgan Obama ma'muriyati 2009 yildan 2013 yilgacha. Uning davrida egalik, Klinton asos solgan To'rt yillik diplomatiya va rivojlanishni ko'rib chiqish. U javob berdi Arab bahori tomonidan himoya qilish Liviyaga harbiy aralashuv lekin tomonidan qattiq tanqid qilindi Respublikachilar oldini olish yoki etarli darajada javob bermaslik uchun 2012 yil Bingazi hujumi. Klinton diplomatik izolyatsiya va xalqaro sanktsiyalar rejimini tashkil etishga yordam berdi Eron uni qisqartirishga majbur qilish uchun yadro dasturi; bu harakat oxir-oqibat ko'p millatli bo'lishiga olib keldi JCPOA yadroviy kelishuvi 2015 yilda. Uning shaxsiy elektron pochta serveridan foydalanishi u davlat kotibi bo'lganida qattiq tekshiruv o'tkazilgan; Klintonga qarshi hech qanday ayblov ilgari surilmagan bo'lsa-da, elektron pochta bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar 2016 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlari davomida eng ko'p yoritilgan mavzudir.
Klinton a 2016 yilda ikkinchi prezidentlik saylovlari. Demokratlar nomzodini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, u Virjiniya senatori bilan umumiy saylovlarda qatnashdi Tim Keyn u kabi yugurish jufti. Klinton yutqazdi Prezident saylovi respublikachi raqibiga Donald Tramp ichida Saylov kolleji ning ko'pligini yutganiga qaramay xalq ovozi. Yo'qotilganidan keyin u o'zining uchinchi xotirasini yozdi, Nima bo'ldi va ishga tushirildi Birgalikda oldinga, a siyosiy harakatlarni tashkil etish uchun mablag 'yig'ishga bag'ishlangan progressiv siyosiy guruhlar. U hozirgi kantsler ning Qirolichaning Belfast universiteti Shimoliy Irlandiyaning Belfast shahrida.
Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim
Hayotning boshlang'ich davri
Hillari Diane Rodham 1947 yil 26 oktyabrda Edgewater Tibbiy Markazida tug'ilgan Chikago, Illinoys.[4][5] U a Birlashgan metodist birinchi Chikagoda yashagan oila. U uch yoshga to'lganida, uning oilasi Chikagoning chekkasiga ko'chib o'tdi Park Ridge.[6] Uning otasi, Xyu Rodxem, edi Ingliz tili va Uelscha kelib chiqishi,[7] va o'zi asos solgan kichik, ammo muvaffaqiyatli to'qimachilik biznesini boshqargan.[8] Onasi, Doroti Xovell, uy egasi edi Golland, Inglizcha, Frantsuz kanadalik (dan.) Kvebek ), Shotlandiya va uelslik kelib chiqishi.[7][9][10] Klintonning ikkita ukasi bor, Xyu va Toni.[11]
Bolaligida Rodxem o'qituvchilari orasida sevimli o'quvchisi edi u o'qigan davlat maktablari Park Ridjda.[12] U suzish va voleybolda qatnashgan va ko'plab nishonlarni qo'lga kiritgan Brownie va a Skaut qiz.[12] U tez-tez voqeani aytib berdi[13][14][15] davomida AQSh sa'y-harakatlari ilhomlanib Kosmik poyga va xat yuborish NASA 1961 yilda astronavt bo'lish uchun nima qilish kerakligini so'rab, faqat ayollarning dasturga qabul qilinmaganligi to'g'risida xabar berishdi.[16] U ishtirok etdi Meyn Sharqiy o'rta maktabi, u erda u ishtirok etgan talabalar kengashi va maktab gazetasi va uchun tanlangan Milliy sharaf jamiyati.[4][17] U kichik yoshida sinf vitse-prezidenti etib saylangan, ammo keyin katta yoshdagi sinf raisi saylovida ikkita o'g'ilga qarshi mag'lubiyatga uchragan, ulardan biri unga: "Agar sen qizni prezident etib saylay olaman deb o'ylasang, sen haqiqatan ham ahmoqsan", dedi.[18] Katta kursda u va boshqa talabalar o'sha paytdagi yangi o'quv yurtiga ko'chirildilar Meyn janubidagi o'rta maktab. U erda u edi National Merit Finalist va "muvaffaqiyatga erishish ehtimoli katta" deb ovoz berildi. U 1965 yilda sinfining eng yaxshi besh foizini tamomlagan.[19]
Rodxamning onasi uning mustaqil, professional martabaga ega bo'lishini xohlagan.[10] Uning otasi, aksincha an'anaviy bo'lgan, qizining qobiliyatlari va imkoniyatlari jins bilan chegaralanmasligi kerak, deb hisoblagan.[20] U siyosiy jihatdan katta bo'lgan konservativ uy,[10] va u yordam berdi kanvas Chikagoning janubiy tomoni juda yaqin bo'lganidan keyin 13 yoshida 1960 yil AQShda prezident saylovi. U dalillarni ko'rdi saylovdagi firibgarlik Respublikachilar nomzodiga qarshi (bo'sh joylarni ko'rsatgan ovoz berish ro'yxati yozuvlari kabi) Richard Nikson,[21] va keyinchalik respublikachilar nomzodini targ'ib qilishda ixtiyoriy ravishda ishtirok etdi Barri Goldwater ichida 1964 yilgi saylov.[22]
Rodxemning dastlabki siyosiy rivojlanishi asosan o'rta maktab o'qituvchisi (otasi singari, qizg'in) tomonidan shakllangan antikommunist ), uni Goldwater bilan tanishtirgan Konservatorning vijdoni va uning metodisti yoshlar vaziri (onasi singari, masalalar bilan shug'ullanadigan) ijtimoiy adolat ), u u bilan ko'rgan va keyin qisqa uchrashgan, inson huquqlari rahbar Martin Lyuter King kichik 1962 yilda Chikagodagi nutqida Orkestr zali.[23]
Uelsli kolleji yillari
1965 yilda Rodxem ro'yxatdan o'tdi Uelsli kolleji, u qaerda ixtisoslashgan siyosatshunoslik.[24][25] Birinchi yilida u Uellslining prezidenti bo'lgan Yosh respublikachilar.[26][27] Buning rahbari sifatida "Rokfeller respublikachi "yo'naltirilgan guruh,[28] u mo''tadil respublikachilar saylovlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi Jon Lindsay ga Nyu-York meri va Massachusets shtatining bosh prokurori Edvard Bruk Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatiga.[29] Keyinchalik u bu lavozimdan ketdi. 2003 yilda Klinton bu haqda o'z fikrlarini yozgan edi fuqarolik huquqlari harakati va Vetnam urushi uning dastlabki kollej yillarida o'zgarib turardi.[26] O'sha paytdagi yoshlar vaziriga yozgan maktubida u o'zini "aqli konservativ va yuragi liberal" deb ta'riflagan.[30] 1960-yillarda siyosiy tizimga qarshi radikal harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan fraktsiyalardan farqli o'laroq, u bu tizimdagi o'zgarishlar uchun harakat qilishga intildi.[31][32]
U tomonidan kichik yil, Rodxem urushga qarshi kurash tarafdoriga aylandi prezidentlikka nomzodlar bo'yicha kampaniya Demokrat Evgeniy Makkarti.[33] 1968 yil boshida Uellesli kolleji hukumat assotsiatsiyasining prezidenti etib saylandi va bu lavozimni 1969 yil boshigacha olib bordi.[31][34] Keyingi Martin Lyuter Kingning o'ldirilishi, Rodxem ikki kunlik talabalar ish tashlashini tashkil qildi va qora tanli talabalar va o'qituvchilarni jalb qilish uchun Uelslining qora tanli talabalari bilan ishladi.[33] Talabalar hukumati rolida u Uelsliga aralashmaslikda rol o'ynadi talabalarning buzilishi boshqa kollejlar uchun umumiy.[31][35] Uning bir qator talabalari, u bir kun kelib Qo'shma Shtatlarning birinchi ayol prezidenti bo'lishi mumkin deb o'ylashdi.[31]
Unga o'zgaruvchan siyosiy qarashlarini yaxshiroq tushunishga yordam berish uchun professor Alan Schechter Rodxemni stajirovka uchun tayinladi Uyning respublika konferentsiyasi va u "Vashingtonda Velsli" yozgi dasturida qatnashdi.[33] Rodxemni mo''tadil Nyu-York respublikachisi vakili taklif qildi Charlz Gudell hokimga yordam berish Nelson Rokfeller respublika nominatsiyasi uchun kech kirish kampaniyasi.[33] Rodxem ishtirok etdi 1968 yil respublikachilarning milliy anjumani yilda Mayami-Plyaj. Biroq, u Richard Niksonning saylovoldi kampaniyasida Rokfellerni tasvirlashidan va uni anjumanning "pardali" irqchi xabarlari sifatida qabul qilganidan xafa bo'ldi va u Respublikachilar partiyasidan bir umrga chiqib ketdi.[33]Rodxem katta dissertatsiyasini yozdi, radikal jamoat tashkilotchisining taktikasini tanqid qilish Shoul Alinskiy, professor Schechter ostida.[36] (Bir necha yil o'tgach, u birinchi xonim bo'lganida, uning tezisiga kirish imkoni bo'ldi Oq uyning iltimosiga binoan cheklangan va bu ba'zi taxminlarning mavzusiga aylandi. Keyinchalik tezis e'lon qilindi.[36])
1969 yilda u san'at bakalavrini tugatdi,[37] siyosatshunoslik kafedrasi imtiyozlari bilan.[36] Bir qator qariyalar kollej ma'muriyatidan talabalarga ma'ruza boshlanishiga ruxsat berishni iltimos qilganlaridan so'ng, u Uelsli kolleji tarixida ushbu tadbirda nutq so'zlagan birinchi talaba bo'ldi. Uning manzili quyidagi manzilga to'g'ri keldi boshlovchi ma'ruzachi, Senator Edvard Bruk.[34][38] Uning nutqidan so'ng, u etti daqiqa davom etgan qarsak chalishni oldi.[31][39][40] U nashr etilgan maqolada namoyish etilgan Hayot jurnal,[41][42] nutqining senator Brukni tanqid qilgan qismiga javobi tufayli.[38] U shuningdek paydo bo'ldi Irv Kupcinet milliy sindikatlashtirilgan televizion tok-shou hamda Illinoys va Nyu-Angliya gazetalarida.[43] Undan 50 yillik yubiley anjumanida so'zlashi so'ralgan Ayol saylovchilar ligasi keyingi yil Vashingtonda.[44] O'sha yozda u Alyaskadan o'tib, idishlarni yuvib yurdi MakKinli milliy bog'i va noziklashish Baliqni qayta ishlaydigan konserva zavodidagi losos Valdez (bu uni ishdan bo'shatdi va zararli sharoitlardan shikoyat qilganida bir kechada yopildi).[45]
Yel yuridik fakulteti va aspirantura
Keyin Rodxem kirdi Yel huquq fakulteti, u tahririyat kengashida bo'lgan joyda Yel huquq va ijtimoiy harakatlarning sharhi.[46] Ikkinchi yili u ishlagan Yel bolalarni o'rganish markazi,[47] erta yoshdagi miyani rivojlantirish bo'yicha yangi tadqiqotlar haqida bilish va seminal ishda ilmiy yordamchi sifatida ishlash, Bolaning eng yaxshi qiziqishlaridan tashqari (1973).[48][49] Shuningdek, u bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik holatlarini ko'rib chiqdi Yel-Nyu-Xeyven kasalxonasi,[48] va Nyu-Haven yuridik xizmatlarida ixtiyoriy ravishda kambag'allarga bepul huquqiy maslahatlar berishdi.[47] 1970 yil yozida unga ishlash uchun grant berildi Marian Rayt Edelman U senatorga tayinlangan Vashington tadqiqot loyihasi Valter Mondale "s Ko'chmanchi mehnat bo'yicha kichik qo'mita. U erda u turli xil narsalarni tadqiq qildi mehnat muhojirlari 'ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash va uy-joy bilan bog'liq masalalar.[50] Keyinchalik Edelman muhim ustozga aylandi.[51] Rodxem siyosiy maslahatchi tomonidan yollangan Anne Veksler Konnektikut shtatidagi AQSh Senatiga nomzodning 1970 yilgi kampaniyasida ishlash Jozef Daffi. Keyinchalik Rodxem Vekslerga siyosatdagi birinchi ishini ta'minlagan deb ishondi.[52]
1971 yilning bahorida u yuridik fakultetida tahsil olayotgan o'rtoq bilan uchrashishni boshladi Bill Klinton. Yoz davomida u stajirovka o'tkazdi Oklend, Kaliforniya, yuridik firmasi Treuhaft, Uoker va Bernshteyn. Firma o'zining qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan mashhur edi konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar, fuqarolik erkinliklari va radikal sabablar (uning to'rt sherigidan ikkitasi hozirgi yoki sobiq edi) Kommunistik partiya a'zolari );[53] Rodxem bolalarni asrab olish va boshqa ishlarda ishlagan.[a] Klinton o'zining dastlabki yozgi rejalarini bekor qildi va u bilan Kaliforniyada yashash uchun ko'chib o'tdi;[57] er-xotin davom etdi birgalikda yashash Nyu-Xeyvenda ular yuridik fakultetiga qaytib kelishganida.[54] Keyingi yoz, Rodxem va Klinton Texasda saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazdilar muvaffaqiyatsiz uchun 1972 yil Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod Jorj MakGovern.[58] U oldi Yuris doktori 1973 yilda Yeldan daraja,[37] Klinton bilan birga bo'lish uchun qo'shimcha yilda qoldi.[59] O'qishni tugatgandan so'ng u birinchi marta unga turmushga chiqishni taklif qildi, ammo u kelajagini o'z hayotiga bog'lashni xohlayaptimi yoki yo'qmi, rad etdi.[59]
Rodxem Yeldagi bolalar o'quv markazida bolalar va tibbiyot bo'yicha aspiranturada bir yil o'qishni boshladi.[60] 1973 yil oxirida uning birinchi ilmiy maqolasi, "Qonun ostida bolalar", nashr etilgan Garvard ta'lim sharhi.[61] Yangisini muhokama qilish bolalar huquqlari harakati, maqolada "bolalar fuqarolari" "kuchsiz shaxslar" bo'lganligi aytilgan[62] va bolalarni teng ravishda ko'rib chiqmaslik kerakligini ta'kidladilar qobiliyatsiz tug'ilishdan to qonuniy yoshga etgunga qadar, ammo buning o'rniga sudlar vakolatni har bir holatda ko'rib chiqishlari kerak, aks holda dalillar mavjud bo'lmagan holatlar bundan mustasno.[63] Maqola tez-tez dalada keltirilgan.[64]
Arkanzasning nikohi, oilasi, yuridik faoliyati va birinchi xonimligi
Sharqiy sohildan Arkanzasgacha
Aspiranturada o'qish paytida Rodxem Edelmanning yangi tashkil etilgan xodimining advokati bo'lgan Bolalarni himoya qilish jamg'armasi yilda Kembrij, Massachusets,[65] va Karnegi bolalar bo'yicha kengashining maslahatchisi sifatida.[66] 1974 yilda u Vashingtondagi impichment bo'yicha surishtiruv shtabining a'zosi bo'lgan va maslahat bergan Uy sudlari qo'mitasi davomida Votergeyt bilan bog'liq janjal.[67] Bosh maslahatchi rahbarligida Jon Doar va katta a'zolar Bernard V. Nussbaum,[48] Rodham tadqiqot protseduralariga yordam berdi impichment va buning uchun tarixiy asoslar va standartlar.[67] Qo'mita ishi 1974 yil avgust oyida prezident Richard Niksonning iste'foga chiqishi bilan yakunlandi.[67]
O'sha vaqtga kelib, Rodxemni porloq siyosiy kelajagi bo'lgan kishi sifatida qarashgan. Demokratik siyosiy tashkilotchi va maslahatchi Betsi Rayt o'tgan yili Texasdan Vashingtonga ko'chib, Rodxemning karerasini boshqarishda yordam berdi.[68] Rayt Rodxemning bo'lajak senator yoki prezident bo'lish imkoniyatiga ega deb o'ylagan.[69] Ayni paytda, sevgilisi Bill Klinton bir necha bor Rodxemdan unga uylanishni iltimos qilgan, ammo u demurni davom ettirgan.[70] Muvaffaqiyatsiz tugaganidan keyin Kolumbiya okrugi advokatura imtihoni[71] va Arkanzas shtatidagi imtihondan o'tib, Rodxem muhim qarorga keldi. Keyinchalik u yozganidek: "Men boshim o'rniga yuragimga ergashishni tanladim".[72] Shu tariqa u Vashingtonda qolishdan ko'ra, Klintonni Arkanzasga kuzatib bordi, u erda martaba istiqbollari yorqinroq edi. Keyin u huquqshunoslik fanidan dars berib, sud majlisidan joy olishga intilgan AQSh Vakillar palatasi uning uy shtatida. 1974 yil avgust oyida Rodxem ko'chib o'tdi Fayettevil, Arkanzas va fakultetda faqat ikkita ayol o'qituvchilardan biriga aylandi Huquq fakulteti da Arkanzas universiteti, Fayettevil.[73][74]
Arkanzasning dastlabki yillari
Universitetda Rodxem jinoyat huquqi bo'yicha dars berdi. U o'z talabalari bilan qattiqqo'l bo'lgan qat'iy o'qituvchi deb hisoblanardi.[75] Rodxam yangisining birinchi direktori bo'ldi yuridik yordam u mahalliy advokatlar uyushmasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan va federal mablag'larga ega bo'lgan maktabdagi klinikasi.[76] Sud tomonidan tayinlangan advokat sifatida Rodxem zo'rlashda ayblanayotgan shaxsning himoyachisi vazifasini bajarishi kerak edi 12 yoshli qiz; topshiriqdan ozod qilish to'g'risidagi iltimosi bajarilmagandan so'ng, Rodxem samarali himoyadan foydalangan va mijoziga unchalik katta bo'lmagan aybni tan olishga maslahat bergan. U sud jarayonini "dahshatli ish" deb atadi.[77] Fayettevildagi faoliyati davomida Rodxem va boshqa bir qancha ayollar shahardagi birinchi zo'rlash inqiroz markaziga asos solishdi.[76] Rodxem hali ham turmush qurishga shubha bilan qaragan; uning shaxsiyati yo'qolishi va uning yutuqlari boshqalarning nuqtai nazaridan ko'rib chiqilishidan xavotirda edi.[78]
1974 yilda Bill Klinton amaldagi respublikachiga qarshi Arkanzasdagi kongress poygasida yutqazdi Jon Pol Xammerschmidt.[79] Rodxem va Bill Klinton 1975 yil yozida Fayettevildagi uyni sotib oldilar va u unga uylanishga rozi bo'ldi.[80] To'y 1975 yil 11 oktyabrda ularning xonasida metodistlarning marosimida bo'lib o'tdi.[81] Nikoh haqidagi hikoya Arkanzas gazetasi u Hillari Rodxem ismini saqlab qolishga qaror qilganligini ko'rsatdi.[81][82] Uning motivatsiyasi uch baravar edi. U er-xotinning professional hayotini alohida saqlashni, qiziqishlar to'qnashuvidan qochishni istagan va o'sha paytda do'stiga aytganidek, "bu mening hanuzgacha men ekanligimni ko'rsatgan".[83] Ushbu qaror an'anaviyroq bo'lgan ikkala onani ham xafa qildi.[84]
1976 yilda Rodxem vaqtincha ko'chib o'tdi Indianapolis ga Indiana shtati kampaniyasining tashkilotchisi sifatida ishlash ning prezidentlik kampaniyasi uchun Jimmi Karter.[85][86] 1976 yil noyabrda Bill Klinton saylandi Arkanzas shtati bosh prokurori va er-xotin shtat poytaxtiga ko'chib o'tdilar Kichik Rok.[79] 1977 yil fevral oyida Rodxem hurmatga sazovor bo'ldi Rose Law Firm, Arkansan siyosiy va iqtisodiy ta'sirining boshlig'i.[87] U ixtisoslashgan patent buzilishi va intellektual mulk to'g'risidagi qonun[46] ish paytida pro bono bolalarni himoya qilishda;[88] u sudda kamdan-kam hollarda sud ishlarini olib borgan.[89]
Rodxem 1977 yilda "Bolalar siyosati: tark etish va e'tiborsizlik" ilmiy maqolalarini nashr etib, bolalar qonunchiligi va oila siyosatiga bo'lgan qiziqishini saqlab qoldi.[90] va 1979 yilda "Bolalar huquqlari: huquqiy nuqtai nazar".[91] Ikkinchisi, bolalarning huquqiy vakolatlari ularning yoshiga va boshqa holatlarga bog'liqligini va jiddiy tibbiy huquqlarga oid ishlarda ba'zan sud aralashuvi talab qilinishini ta'kidlagan. An Amerika advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi Keyinchalik kafedra "uning maqolalari tubdan yangi bo'lganligi uchun emas, balki maxfiy narsalarni shakllantirishga yordam bergani uchun muhim edi" dedi.[63] Tarixchi Garri Uills keyinchalik uni "so'nggi ikki o'n yillikdagi eng muhim olim-faollardan biri" deb ta'riflaydi.[92] Konservatorlar uning nazariyalari ota-onalarning an'anaviy vakolatlarini egallab olishini aytdi,[93] bolalarga ota-onalariga nisbatan engil sud ishlarini yuritishga ruxsat berishlari mumkin,[63] va misol tanqidiy huquqiy tadqiqotlar amok yugur.[94]
1977 yilda Rodxem asos solgan Arkanzas bolalar va oilalar himoyachilari, Bolalarni himoya qilish jamg'armasi bilan davlat darajasidagi ittifoq.[46][96] O'sha yil oxirida Prezident Jimmi Karter (u uchun 1976 yilda Rodxem Indiana shtatidagi dala operatsiyalari bo'yicha direktor bo'lgan)[97] uni direktorlar kengashiga tayinladi Yuridik xizmatlar korporatsiyasi.[98] U 1978 yildan 1981 yil oxirigacha ushbu lavozimda ishlagan.[99] 1978 yil o'rtalaridan 1980 yil o'rtalariga qadar[b] u ushbu kengashning raisi, bu ishni egallagan birinchi ayol edi.[100] Uning raislik qilgan davrida korporatsiya uchun mablag '90 million dollardan 300 million dollargacha kengaytirildi; keyinchalik u Prezident bilan muvaffaqiyatli kurashdi Ronald Reygan moliyalashtirishni kamaytirish va tashkilotning mohiyatini o'zgartirishga urinishlar.[88]
Erining 1978 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan saylovidan so'ng Arkanzas gubernatori, Rodxem 1979 yilning yanvarida o'sha shtatning birinchi xonimi bo'ldi. U o'n ikki yil ketma-ket (1979–81, 1983–92) shu nomga sazovor bo'ldi. Klinton o'sha yili xotinini Qishloq sog'lig'i bo'yicha maslahat qo'mitasining raisi etib tayinladi,[101] u Arkanzasning eng qashshoq joylarida tibbiyot muassasalarini kengaytirish uchun federal mablag'larni shifokorlarning ish haqiga ta'sir qilmasdan ta'minladi.[102]
1979 yilda Rodxem "Rose Law Firm" ning to'liq sherikiga aylangan birinchi ayol bo'ldi.[103] 1978 yildan ular Oq uyga kirgunlariga qadar u eridan yuqori maosh olgan.[104] 1978 va 1979 yillarda, o'z daromadlarini to'ldirishni xohlagan paytda, Rodham savdo-sotiq bilan shug'ullangan mollar bilan fyuchers shartnomalari;[105] o'n oydan keyin savdoni to'xtatganda 1000 dollarlik dastlabki sarmoyalar qariyb 100000 AQSh dollarini tashkil qildi.[106] Ayni paytda, er-xotin o'zlarining badjahl sarmoyalarini boshladilar Oq suvni rivojlantirish korporatsiyasi bilan ko'chmas mulk tashabbusi Jim va Syuzan Makdugal.[105] Ikkalasi ham bo'ldi 1990-yillarda bahsli mavzular.
1980 yil 27-fevralda Rodxem juftlikning yagona farzandi - ular ism qo'ygan qizini dunyoga keltirdi "Chelsi". 1980 yil noyabrda Bill Klinton edi qayta saylanish uchun arizasida mag'lub bo'ldi.[107]
Keyinchalik Arkanzas yillari
Xizmatidan ketganidan ikki yil o'tgach, Bill Klinton 1982 yilgi saylovda g'olib chiqqanidan so'ng Arkanzas shtatining gubernatori lavozimiga qaytdi. Erining saylovoldi kampaniyasi paytida Xillari "Hillari Klinton" yoki ba'zan "Bill Klinton xonim" ismini ishlata boshladi. Arkanzas saylovchilarining tashvishlari; u ham oldi ta'til Rose Law-dan unga doimiy ish olib borish uchun.[108] Arkanzasning birinchi xonimi bo'lgan ikkinchi faoliyati davomida u Xillari Rodxem Klintonni o'z nomi bilan ishlatishni ta'kidladi.[c] U 1983 yilda Arkanzas ta'lim standartlari qo'mitasining raisi etib tayinlangan va u erda shtat tomonidan sud tomonidan tasdiqlangan xalq ta'limi tizimini isloh qilishga intilgan.[114][115] Klinton gubernatorligining eng muhim tashabbuslaridan birida u uzoq muddatli, ammo oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatli kurash olib bordi Arkanzas ta'lim assotsiatsiyasi o'qituvchilarning majburiy sinovlari va o'quv rejasi va xonaning kattaligi bo'yicha davlat standartlarini belgilash.[101][114] Bu uning siyosatiga juda mashhur bo'lgan davlat siyosati sa'y-harakatlari kiritilishi bo'ldi.[82][114] 1985 yilda u Arkanzasning "Maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalar uchun uyda o'qitish dasturi" ni taqdim etdi, bu ota-onalarga bolalari bilan maktabgacha tayyorgarlik va savodxonlikda ishlashga yordam beradi.[116] U 1983 yilda Arkanzasning yilning eng yaxshi ayolsi va 1984 yilda Arkanzasning yilning eng yaxshi onasi deb tan olingan.[117][118]
Klinton Arkanzasning birinchi xonimi bo'lganida, "Rose" yuridik firmasi bilan advokatlik faoliyatini davom ettirdi. U boshqa sheriklarga qaraganda kamroq daromad oldi, chunki u ozroq soatlab hisob-kitob qildi[119] ammo u erda oxirgi yilida 200 ming dollardan ko'proq pul ishlab topdi.[120] Firma uni "yomg'ir ishlab chiqaruvchi "chunki u mijozlarni jalb qilgan, qisman u bergan obro'si va o'zining korporativ kengashi aloqalari tufayli. U davlat sudyalarini tayinlashda ham juda ta'sirli edi.[120] Bill Klintonning Respublikachilar partiyasidagi raqibi 1986 yil gubernatorlik davrida qayta saylanish kampaniyasida Klintonlarni manfaatlar to'qnashuvida ayblagan, chunki Roz Lou davlat ishi bilan shug'ullangan; Klintonlar davlat bojlari uning foydasi hisoblanmasdan oldin firma tomonidan devor bilan yopilganligini aytib, ayblovga qarshi chiqdi.[121]
1982 yildan 1988 yilgacha Klinton direktorlar kengashida, ba'zan rais sifatida ishlagan Yangi dunyo jamg'armasi,[122] turli xil moliyalashtirgan Yangi chap qiziqish guruhlari.[123] 1987-1991 yillarda u Amerika advokatlar uyushmasining kasbdagi ayollar bo'yicha komissiyasining birinchi raisi bo'lib, advokatura sohasidagi gender nuqtai nazarini bartaraf etish va unga qarshi kurashish choralarini ko'rishga majburlash uchun tashkil etilgan.[124] U ikki marta nomlangan Milliy qonun jurnali Amerikadagi eng nufuzli 100 advokatdan biri sifatida - 1988 va 1991 yillarda.[125] 1990 yilda Bill Klinton gubernatorlikka boshqa nomzod ko'rsatmaslik haqida o'ylaganida, Xillari Klinton nomzodini qo'yishni o'ylardi. Shaxsiy saylov uchastkalari noqulay bo'lgan, ammo oxir-oqibat u o'z nomzodini qo'ydi va oxirgi marta qayta saylandi.[126]
Klinton Bolalarni himoya qilish jamg'armasi boshqaruvi raisi edi[4][127] va taxtasida Arkanzas bolalar kasalxonasi yuridik xizmatlari (1988–92)[128] Notijorat tashkilotlardagi lavozimlaridan tashqari, u korporativ direktorlar kengashida ham ishlagan TCBY (1985–92),[129] Wal-Mart do'konlari (1986–92)[130] va Lafarge (1990–92).[131] TCBY va Wal-Mart Arkanzasda joylashgan kompaniyalar bo'lib, ular Rose Law-ning mijozlari bo'lgan.[120][132] Klinton, Wal-Mart kengashining birinchi ayol a'zosi bo'lib, raisga bosim o'tkazgandan so'ng qo'shildi Sem Uolton unga ayol nomini berish.[132] U erda bo'lganidan so'ng, u Wal-Martga ko'proq ekologik toza amaliyotni qo'llashni muvaffaqiyatli boshladi. U kompaniya rahbariyatiga ko'proq ayollarni qo'shish bo'yicha kampaniyasida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va kompaniyaning mashhur kasaba uyushmalariga qarshi sukut saqladi.[130][132][133] Dan Kaufmanning so'zlariga ko'ra, bundan xabardor bo'lish keyinchalik uyushgan mehnatga bo'lgan ishonchini yo'qotadigan omil bo'lib, 2016 yilgi saylovlarda uning yo'qolishiga hissa qo'shgan va kasaba uyushma a'zolarining yarmidan ozi ovoz bergan. Donald Tramp.[134][135]
Bill Klintonning 1992 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi
Klinton birinchi marotaba eri nomzodga aylangach, doimiy ravishda milliy e'tiborni qozondi 1992 yil Demokratik prezidentlikka nomzod. Oldin Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov, tabloid nashrlar Bill Klinton bilan nikohdan tashqari aloqada bo'lganligi haqidagi da'volarni chop etdi Jenifer gullari.[136] Bunga javoban, Klintonlar birgalikda paydo bo'lishdi 60 daqiqa, bu erda Bill bu ishni rad etdi, ammo "mening turmushimga azob berishini" tan oldi.[137] Ushbu qo'shma ko'rinish uning kampaniyasini qutqarish bilan bog'liq edi.[138] Kampaniya davomida Hillari madaniy jihatdan kamsituvchi so'zlarni aytdi Tami Uynet uning mumtoz qo'shig'ida tasvirlanganidek, nikohga bo'lgan qarash "Sizning odamingiz yonida turing ".[d] Keyinchalik, u kampaniyada u uyda o'tirgan, pechene pishiradigan va choy ichadigan ayollarga o'xshab ketishni tanlagan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo buning o'rniga o'z martabasini davom ettirishni xohlaganini izohladi.[e] Ushbu so'zlar, ayniqsa, uyda o'tirgan onalar bo'lgan yoki uni himoya qilganlar tomonidan keng tanqid qilindi. Orqaga nazar tashlasak, u ularni yomon ko'rib chiqilganligini tan oldi. Bill, uni saylashda, millat, uning rafiqasi bajaradigan muhim rolga ishora qilib, "ikkitasini bitta tanga evaziga olishini" aytdi.[144] Boshlash Daniel Vattenberg 1992 yil avgust Amerikalik tomoshabin Maqola "Kichik Rokdagi Makbet Ledi", Hillari o'z tarixiy g'oyaviy va axloqiy qoidalari konservatorlar hujumiga uchradi.[93] Shuningdek, yirik nashrlarda chop etilgan kamida yigirma boshqa maqolalar ham u bilan taqqoslaganlar Ledi Makbet.[145]
AQShning birinchi xonimi (1993–2001)
1993 yil yanvar oyida Bill Klinton prezident sifatida ish boshlaganda, Hillari Rodham Klinton birinchi xonimga aylandi. Uning matbuot kotibi ismining ushbu shaklidan foydalanishini takrorladi.[c] U ushbu rolda birinchi bo'lib a aspirantura va ishga kirgunga qadar o'zining kasbiy faoliyati oq uy.[146] U birinchi bo'lib ofisda ish yuritgan G'arbiy qanot odatdagi birinchi xonim ofislaridan tashqari Oq uyning Sharqiy qanot.[60][147] U yangi ma'muriyatni tayinlashni tekshiruvchi ichki doiraning bir qismi edi. Uning tanlovi kamida o'n bitta yuqori darajadagi va o'nlab quyi darajadagi pozitsiyalarni to'ldirdi.[148] Keyin Eleanor Ruzvelt, Klinton Amerika tarixidagi eng ochiq vakolatli prezident rafiqasi sifatida qabul qilindi.[149][150]
Ba'zi tanqidchilar birinchi xonimning davlat siyosatida markaziy rol o'ynashini noo'rin deb atashdi. Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar Klintonning siyosatdagi o'rni boshqa Oq uy maslahatchilaridan farq qilmasligini va saylovchilar uning erining prezidentligi davrida faol rol o'ynashini yaxshi bilishganini ta'kidladilar.[151] Bill Klintonning saylovoldi kampaniyasida "ikkitasi birining narxiga" va'dasi, muxoliflarni Klintonlarni "hamrais prezidentlar" deb atashlariga yoki ba'zan Arkanzas shtatidagi "Billary" yorlig'idan foydalanishlariga sabab bo'ldi.[101][152][153] Birinchi xonimning roli haqidagi qarama-qarshi g'oyalarning tazyiqlari Hillari Klintonni siyosiy jihatdan ham faol Eleanor Ruzvelt bilan "xayoliy bahslarga" yuborish uchun etarli edi.[f] Vashingtonga kelgan paytdan boshlab Hillari ham a-da boshpana topdi namoz guruhi ning Hamjamiyat bu Vashingtondagi konservativ shaxslarning ko'plab xotinlari edi.[157][158] 1993 yil aprel oyida otasining vafotidan qisman tetiklanib, u ochiqchasiga metodist ta'limotlari, liberal diniy siyosiy falsafa va sintezini topishga intildi. Tikkun muharriri Maykl Lerner Amerikaning "ruhning uxlab yotgan kasalligi" deb hisoblagan narsani engish uchun "ma'no siyosati"; bu "yangi ming yillikka o'tishda, yigirmanchi asrda inson bo'lish ma'nosini qayta belgilab, jamiyatni qayta tiklashga" tayyor bo'lishiga olib keladi.[159][160]
Sog'liqni saqlash va boshqa siyosiy tashabbuslar
1993 yil yanvar oyida Prezident Klinton a Milliy sog'liqni saqlashni isloh qilish bo'yicha maxsus guruh, Arkanzasda ta'limni isloh qilish uchun qilingan sa'y-harakatlarni boshqarishda erishgan yutuqlarini takrorlashga umid qilmoqda.[161] Ning afzalliklari to'g'risida ishonchsiz Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (NAFTA), u xususiy ravishda sog'liqni saqlash tizimidagi islohotlarni o'tkazishga ustuvor ahamiyat berilishini talab qildi.[162][163] Ishchi guruhning tavsiyasi Klinton sog'liqni saqlash rejasi. Bu ish beruvchilardan o'z xodimlarining sog'lig'ini individual ravishda ta'minlashni talab qiladigan keng qamrovli taklif edi sog'liqni saqlash tashkilotlari. Uning raqiblari bu rejani tezda "Hillarikare" deb mazax qilishdi va hatto Kongressdagi ba'zi demokratlarning qarshiliklariga duch kelishdi.[164] Tavsiya etilgan rejaga qarshi bo'lgan ba'zi namoyishchilar vitriolik holatiga tushib qolishdi va 1994 yil iyul oyida ushbu rejani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun avtobus safari davomida Klinton ba'zida o'q o'tkazmaydigan yelek kiyib yurar edi.[164]
Vakillar palatasida ham, senatda ham ovoz berish uchun etarlicha qo'llab-quvvatlashni ololmadik (garchi demokratlar ikkala palatani nazorat qilsalar ham), taklif 1994 yil sentyabr oyida bekor qilindi.[165] Keyinchalik Klinton o'z xotirasida mag'lubiyatga qisman siyosiy tajribasizligi sabab bo'lganini tan oldi, ammo boshqa ko'plab omillarni keltirib o'tdi. Birinchi xonimning birinchi yilida odatda yuqori 50 foiz oralig'ida bo'lgan birinchi xonimning reytingi 1994 yil aprelida 44 foizga va 1994 yil sentyabrida 35 foizga tushdi.[166]
Respublikachilar Klinton sog'liqni saqlash rejasini 1994 yilgi oraliq saylovlarning asosiy tashviqot masalasiga aylantirdilar.[167] Ular 54 o'rindan aniq foyda ko'rdilar Vakillar saylovida va sakkizta Senat saylovlari, ikkalasi ustidan nazoratni yutib olish; ko'plab tahlilchilar va so'rovchilar ushbu rejani demokratlar mag'lubiyatining asosiy omili deb topdilar, ayniqsa mustaqil saylovchilar.[168] Keyinchalik Oq uy Klintonning siyosatni shakllantirishdagi rolini pasaytirmoqchi bo'ldi.[169] Muxoliflari universal sog'liqni saqlash boshqalarga o'xshash rejalar uchun "Hillarycare" ni pejorativ yorliq sifatida ishlatishda davom etadi.[170]
Senatorlar bilan bir qatorda Ted Kennedi va Orrin Xetch, Klinton o'tishi ortida turgan kuch edi Bolalarni tibbiy sug'urtalash bo'yicha davlat dasturi 1997 yilda. Ushbu federal qonun loyihasi ota-onalari sog'lig'ini qoplay olmaydigan bolalarni davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatladi. U qonun qabul qilingandan so'ng u ushbu dasturga bolalarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish nomidan tushuntirish ishlarini olib bordi.[171] U butun mamlakat bo'ylab bolalar kasalliklariga qarshi emlashni targ'ib qildi va keksa ayollarni a mamografiya tomonidan taqdim etilgan holda, ko'krak bezi saratoni skriningi uchun Medicare.[172] U tadqiqot uchun mablag'ni ko'paytirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi prostata saratoni va bolalik Astma da Milliy sog'liqni saqlash institutlari. U veteranlar ta'sir qilgan kasallik haqidagi xabarlarni tekshirish uchun ishlagan Ko'rfaz urushi deb nomlandi Fors ko'rfazi urushi sindromi.[60]
Qabul qilish ijtimoiy islohot Bill Klinton prezidentligining asosiy maqsadi edi. Ushbu masala bo'yicha dastlabki ikkita qonun loyihasi respublikachilar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan Kongressdan kelib chiqqan bo'lsa, ijtimoiy yordamga muhtoj odamlar uchun himoya yo'q edi, ammo Xillari uni qonun loyihalariga veto qo'yishga undadi.[173][174] Uchinchi versiya uning 1996 yilgi umumiy saylov kampaniyasi paytida paydo bo'ldi, bu ba'zi himoya vositalarini tikladi, ammo boshqa sohalarda imtiyozlar doirasini qisqartirdi; tanqidchilar, shu jumladan uning o'tmishdagi ustozi Edelman uni prezidentga yana veto qo'yishga undashdi.[173] Ammo u qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaror qildi 1996 yilgi farovonlikni isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, mavjud bo'lgan eng yaxshi siyosiy kelishuv sifatida.[173][174] Bu Edelman bilan kelishmovchilikni keltirib chiqardi, keyinchalik Hillari uni "qayg'uli va og'riqli" deb atadi.[174]
Bilan birga Bosh prokuror Janet Reno, Yaratishda Klinton yordam berdi Ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik bo'yicha idora da Adliya vazirligi.[60]1997 yilda u tashabbus ko'rsatdi va uni boqdi Farzandlikka olish va xavfsiz oilalar to'g'risidagi qonun u buni birinchi xonim sifatida eng katta yutug'i deb bildi.[60][175] 1999 yilda u ushbu filmni o'tkazishda muhim rol o'ynadi Mehribonlik uyi mustaqilligi to'g'risidagi qonun, bu o'smirlar uchun federal pullarni ikki baravar oshirdi qarish ning homiylik qilish.[175]Qo'shma Shtatlarning birinchi xonimi sifatida Klinton turli xil mehmonlar uchun mezbon edi Oq uy konferentsiyalari. Bunga "Bolalarni parvarish qilish" (1997),[176] Erta bolalikni rivojlantirish va o'rganish to'g'risida (1997),[177] "Bolalar va o'spirinlar to'g'risida" (2000).[178] Shuningdek, u birinchi marta Oq uyda o'smirlar bo'yicha konferentsiyani o'tkazdi (2000),[179] va birinchi marta Xayriya bo'yicha Oq Uy konferentsiyasi (1999).[180]
Bu vaqt ichida Klinton 79 mamlakatga sayohat qildi,[181] ilgari eng ko'p sayohat qilingan birinchi xonimning rekordini yangilash Pat Nikson.[182] U ushlab turmadi xavfsizlikni tozalash yoki qatnashish Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi uchrashuvlar, ammo AQSh diplomatiyasida o'z maqsadlariga erishishda muhim rol o'ynadi.[183] 1995 yil mart oyida Janubiy Osiyoga beshta mamlakat safari, buyrug'i bilan AQSh Davlat departamenti, erisiz, Hindiston va Pokiston bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga intildi.[184] Klinton duch kelgan ayollarning ahvolidan tashvishga tushdi, lekin u tashrif buyurgan mamlakatlar aholisidan iliq javob topdi va Amerika matbuot korpusi bilan yaxshi munosabatlarni o'rnatdi.[185] Safar u uchun o'zgaruvchan tajriba bo'ldi va uning diplomatiyadagi karerasini o'zgartirdi.[186]
Yilda 1995 yil sentyabrdagi nutq oldin Ayollar bo'yicha to'rtinchi Butunjahon konferentsiyasi Pekindagi Klinton dunyodagi va Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining o'zida ayollarga nisbatan tajovuzkor amaliyotlarga qarshi keskin bahs yuritdi. U "endi ayollar huquqlarini inson huquqlaridan ajratib muhokama qilish qabul qilinmaydi" deb e'lon qildi.[187] 180 dan ortiq mamlakatlardan kelgan delegatlar uning so'zlarini eshitishdi: "Agar ushbu konferentsiyadan kelib chiqadigan bitta xabar bo'lsa, bo'lsin, inson huquqlari ayollar huquqlari, ayollar huquqlari esa inson huquqlari, umuman olganda".[188] Shunday qilib, u ichki ma'muriyat va Xitoyning so'zlarini yumshatish uchun bosimiga qarshi turdi.[181][188] Ushbu nutq ayollarning imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishda muhim voqea bo'ldi va yillar o'tib butun dunyo ayollari Klintonning asosiy iboralarini aytib berishdi.[189] 1990-yillarning oxirlarida u davolanishga qarshi chiqqan eng taniqli xalqaro arboblardan biri edi Afg'on ayollari Tolibon tomonidan.[190][191] U yaratishda yordam berdi Vital Ovozlar, AQSh tomonidan homiylik qilingan xalqaro tashabbus, o'z mamlakatlaridagi siyosiy jarayonlarda ayollarning ishtirokini rag'batlantirish.[192] Bu va Klintonning o'z tashriflari ayollarni o'zlarini tinglashlariga undagan Shimoliy Irlandiya tinchlik jarayoni.[193] 1997 yilda Klinton birinchi marosimini topshirish uchun Shimoliy Irlandiyaga qaytib keldi Joys Makkartan da ma'ruza Olster universiteti jamoat kampaniyasi sharafiga u 1995 yilda Belfastdagi tashrifi davomida uchrashgan.[194][195]
Oq suv va boshqa tekshiruvlar
Klinton tomonidan olib borilgan bir qator tekshiruvlar mavzusi bo'lgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining mustaqil maslahatchi bo'limi, AQSh Kongressi qo'mitalari va matbuot.
The Oq suv bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar a nashrida ommaviy axborot vositalarining diqqat markazida bo'lgan Nyu-York Tayms 1992 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida hisobot[196] va birinchi xonim sifatida o'z davrida. Klintonlar 1970-yillarning oxirida Whitewater Development Corporation-ga sarmoyalarini yo'qotdilar; Shu bilan birga, ushbu investitsiyadagi ularning sheriklari Jim va Syuzan Makdugallar faoliyat ko'rsatdilar Medison kafolati, a jamg'arma va kredit Rose Law Firma yuridik xizmatlarini saqlab qolgan muassasa[197] va Whitewater yo'qotishlarini noto'g'ri ravishda subsidiyalashgan bo'lishi mumkin. Keyinchalik Medison kafolati muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va Klintonning Rozadagi ishi, uning eri tayinlagan davlat nazorat organlari oldida bank vakili bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan manfaatlar to'qnashuvi uchun tekshirildi.[196] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u bank uchun minimal ishlarni amalga oshirgan.[198] Mustaqil maslahatlar Robert Fiske va Kennet Starr Klintonning qonuniy hisob-kitob yozuvlarini chaqirgan; ularning qaerdaligini bilmasligini aytdi.[199][200] Ikki yillik qidiruvdan so'ng, yozuvlar birinchi xonimning Oq uyning kitob xonasidan topilgan va 1996 yil boshida tergovchilarga etkazilgan.[200] Yozuvlarning kechiktirilgan ko'rinishi katta qiziqish uyg'otdi va ular qanday paydo bo'lganligi va qaerda bo'lganligi to'g'risida yana bir tekshiruv o'tkazdi.[200] Klintonning shtab-kvartirasi Arkanzas gubernatorining uyidan ko'chib o'tganidan beri Oq uyning saqlash joylarida yuz bergan doimiy o'zgarishlarga sabab bo'ldi.[201] 1996 yil 26 yanvarda Klinton AQSh prezidentining birinchi turmush o'rtog'i bo'ldi sudga chaqirilgan federal oldida guvohlik berish katta hakamlar hay'ati.[199] After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.[202]
Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an action that became known as "Sayohat eshigi ", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas.[203] The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo led to the investigation being focused on whether Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators about her role in the firings were true.[204][205] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her.[206]
In March 1994, newspaper reports revealed that Clinton had earned spectacular profits from cattle futures trading 1978-79 yillarda.[207] The press made allegations that Clinton had engaged in a conflict of interest and disguised a bribery. Several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.[208]
An outgrowth of the "Travelgate" investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate ".[209] Accusations were made that Clinton had requested these files and she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.[210] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.[209]
In early 2001, a controversy arose over gifts that were sent to the White House; there was a question whether the furnishings were White House property or the Clintons' personal property. During the last year of Bill Clinton's time in office, those gifts were shipped to the Clintons' private residence.[211][212]
Bu qishloqni oladi release and tour
In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for American children in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. In January 1996, she went on a ten-city book tour and made numerous television appearances to promote the book,[213] although she was frequently hit with questions about her involvement in the Oq suv va Sayohat eshigi tortishuvlar.[214][215]The book spent 18 weeks on the Nyu-York Tayms Eng yaxshi sotuvchilar ro'yxati that year, including three weeks at number one.[216] By 2000, it had sold 450,000 copies in hardcover and another 200,000 in paperback.[217]
Clinton received the "Eng yaxshi og'zaki so'zlar albomi" uchun "Grammy" mukofoti in 1997 for the book's audio recording.[218]
Levinskiy mojarosiga javob
In 1998, the Clintons' private concerns became the subject of much speculation when investigations revealed the president had engaged in an extramarital affair with 22-year-old White House intern Monika Levinskiy.[219] Events surrounding the Levinskiy janjal oxir-oqibat impichment of the president by the House of Representatives; he was later acquitted by the senate. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that the allegations were part of a "vast right-wing conspiracy ".[220][221] She characterized the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Bill's political enemies[g] rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.[223] After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage. Privately, she was reported to be furious at him and was unsure if she wanted to remain in the marriage.[224] The White House residence staff noticed a pronounced level of tension between the couple during this period.[225]
Public reaction varied. Women variously admired her strength and poise in private matters that were made public. They sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior and criticized her as being an faollashtiruvchi to her husband's indiscretions. They also accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.[226] In the wake of the revelations, her public approval ratings shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.[226] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to "a love that has persisted for decades" and add: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."[227]
Issues that surrounded the Lewinsky scandal left Bill Clinton with substantial legal bills. In 2014, Hillary would say she and Bill had left the White House "not only dead broke, but in debt". The statement may have been literally accurate but ignored the potentially enormous earning power of ex-presidents who give paid speeches after leaving office. The couple would also have the ability to secure loans from banks.[228]
Other books and initiatives
Other books published by Clinton when she was the first lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) va An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.[229]
She was the founding chair of Amerika xazinalarini saqlang, a nationwide effort matching federal funds with private donations to preserve and restore historic items and sites.[230] This included the flag that inspired "Yulduzlar bilan bog'langan bayroq " and the First Ladies National Historic Site in Kanton, Ogayo shtati.[60] She also published a weekly sindikatlangan newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000.[231][232] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she met during her travels around the world.[4]
An'anaviy vazifalar
U boshlig'i edi Oq uyning Ming yillik kengashi[233] and hosted Millennium Evenings,[234] a series of lectures that discussed fyuchers tadqiqotlari, one of which became the first live simultaneous veb-translyatsiya from the White House.[60] Clinton also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, located in the Jaklin Kennedi bog'i, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned by museums.[235]
In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the davlat xonalari.[60] She oversaw the restoration of the Moviy xona to be historically authentic to the period of Jeyms Monro,[236] va Xarita xonasi to how it looked during Ikkinchi jahon urushi.[237] Working with Arkansas interior decorator Kaki Hockersmith over an eight-year period, she oversaw extensive, privately funded redecoration efforts around the building, often trying to make it look brighter.[238] These included changing of the Shartnoma xonasi and a presidential study to have a 19th-century look.[237] Overall the redecoration brought mixed notices, with Victorian furnishings for the Linkolnning o'tiradigan xonasi being criticized the most.[238] Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, including a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the 21st century and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.[60]
United States Senate (2001–2009)
2000 yil AQSh Senatiga saylov
When New York's long-serving U.S. senator Daniel Patrik Moynihan announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charlz Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for his open seat in the Senate election of 2000.[239] Once she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, Nyu-York, north of New York City, in September 1999.[240] She became the first wife of the president of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.[241] Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani —the mayor of New York City—as her Republican opponent in the election. Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and matters related to his failing marriage became public. Clinton then faced Rik Latsio, a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives who represented Nyu-Yorkning 2-kongress okrugi. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Clinton of carpetbagging, because she had never resided in New York State or participated in the state's politics before the 2000 Senate race.[242]
Bill de Blasio was Clinton's campaign manager. She began her drive to the U.S. Senate by visiting all 62 counties in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.[243] She devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Nyu-York shtatining tepasida mintaqalar. Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.[244]
The contest drew national attention. During a September debate, Lazio blundered when he seemed to invade Clinton's shaxsiy makon by trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.[245] Their campaigns, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million.[246] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.[245] She was sworn in as U.S. senator on January 3, 2001, and as Jorj V.Bush was still 17 days away from being inaugurated as president after winning the 2000 presidential election, that meant from January 3–20, she simultaneously held the titles of First Lady and Senator – a first in U.S. history.[247]
Nashriyotchi Simon va Shuster paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million in December 2000 for her autobiography, released in 2003, as Tirik tarix.[248]
Birinchi davr
Upon entering the Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties.[249] She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.[157][250] She sat on five Senate committees: Byudjet qo'mitasi (2001–02),[251] Qurolli xizmatlar qo'mitasi (2003–09),[252] Atrof-muhit va jamoat ishlari qo'mitasi (2001–09), Sog'liqni saqlash, ta'lim, mehnat va pensiya masalalari qo'mitasi (2001–09)[251] va Qarish bo'yicha maxsus qo'mita.[253]U shuningdek, a'zosi edi Evropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik bo'yicha komissiya[254] (2001–09).[255]
Following the September 11 terroristik hujumlar, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Chak Shumer, she was instrumental in securing $21 billion in funding for the Jahon savdo markazi sayti 's redevelopment.[256] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.[257] Clinton voted for the AQSh Patriot qonuni in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she expressed concerns with the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report regarding civil liberties.[258] In March 2006 she voted in favor of the AQShning VATRIOTni takomillashtirish va qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi 2005 yildagi qonuni that had gained large majority support.[259]
Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.[260] Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iroq urushi qarori Prezidentga vakolat bergan Jorj V.Bush to use military force against Iraq.[261]
Keyin Iroq urushi began, Clinton made trips to Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier and that parts of the country were functioning well.[262] Observing that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular AQSh armiyasi by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.[263] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves".[264] Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic Party who favored quick withdrawal.[265] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for reservists and lobbied against the closure of several military bases, especially those in New York.[266][267] She used her position on the Armed Services Committee to forge close relationships with a number of high-ranking military officers.[267] By 2014 and 2015 Clinton had fully reversed herself on the Iraq War Resolution, saying she "got it wrong" and the vote in support had been a "mistake".[268]
Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the 2001 yilgi iqtisodiy o'sish va soliq imtiyozlarini solishtirish to'g'risidagi qonun va 2003 yilgi ish o'rinlari va o'sish bo'yicha soliq imtiyozlarini solishtirish to'g'risidagi qonun.[269] Simon & Schuster released Tirik tarix:[248] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,[270] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,[271] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.[272] Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.[273]
Clinton voted against the 2005 confirmation of Jon Roberts kabi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining bosh sudyasi and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito uchun AQSh Oliy sudi, muvozanatlash keyingisi.[274][275]
In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal savdo komissiyasi to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Katta o'g'irlik avtoulovi: San Andreas.[276] Along with senators Djo Liberman va Evan Bayh, u u bilan tanishtirdi Oilaviy o'yin-kulgini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal nikohni o'zgartirish that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.[269][277]
Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of Amerika konservatizmi, Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff Jon Podesta "s Amerika taraqqiyot markazi, shared aides with Vashingtonda fuqarolar javobgarlik va axloq qoidalari uchun, founded in 2003 and advised the Clintons' former antagonist Devid Brok "s Amerika uchun ommaviy axborot vositalari, created in 2004.[278] Keyingi 2004 yil Senat saylovlari, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Garri Rid to create a Senate urush xonasi to handle daily political messaging.[279]
2006 reelection campaign
In November 2004, Clinton announced she would seek a second Senate term. She easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist Jonathan Tasini.[280] The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Vestchester okrugi Tuman prokurori Janin Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.[281] Clinton's eventual opponent in the general election was Republican candidate Jon Spenser, a former Mayor of Yonkerlar. Clinton won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,[282] carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.[283] Her campaign spent $36 million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.[284] In the following months, she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.[285]
Ikkinchi muddat
Clinton opposed the Iroq urushi 2007 yildagi qo'shinlar soni, for both military and domestic political reasons (by the following year, she was privately acknowledging the surge had been successful).[h] In March of that year, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines[287] but was subsequently vetoed by Bush. In May, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.[288] She responded to General Devid Petreus 's September 2007 Kongressga Iroqdagi vaziyat to'g'risida hisobot by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."[289]
In March 2007, in response to the AQSh advokatlarining ziddiyatlarini ishdan bo'shatish, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonsales iste'foga chiqmoq.[290] Regarding the high-profile, hotly debated immigration reform bill known as the 2007 yilgi Immigratsiyani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonuni, Clinton cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain kiyim.[291]
Sifatida 2007–08 yillardagi moliyaviy inqiroz reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008, Clinton supported the AQSh moliya tizimini qutqarish taklifi, voting in favor of the $700 billion law that created The Muammoli aktivlarni yo'qotish dasturi, saying it represented the interests of the American people. It passed the Senate 74–25.[292]
In 2007, Clinton and Virginia senator Jim Uebb called for an investigation into whether the body armor issued to soldiers in Iraq was adequate.[293]
2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi
Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for U.S. president since at least early 2003.[294] On January 20, 2007, she announced via her website the formation of a presidential qidiruv qo'mitasi uchun United States presidential election of 2008, stating: "I'm in and I'm in to win."[295] No woman had ever been nominated by a major party for the presidency, and no first lady had ever run for president.When Bill Clinton became president in 1993, a ko'r-ko'rona ishonch tashkil etildi; in April 2007, the Clintons liquidated the blind trust to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments as Hillary undertook her presidential race. Later disclosure statements revealed the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million.[296] They had earned over $100 million since 2000—most of it coming from Bill's books, speaking engagements and other activities.[297]
Throughout the first half of 2007, Clinton led candidates competing for the Democratic presidential nomination in opinion polls for the election. Senator Barak Obama of Illinois and former senator Jon Edvards of North Carolina were her strongest competitors.[261] The biggest threat to her campaign was her past support of the Iraq War, which Obama had opposed from the beginning.[261] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter.[298]At the end of October, Clinton fared poorly in her debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.[299][300] Obama's message of change began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton's message of experience.[301]
In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January 3 Ayova shtatidagi Demokratik kongress behind Obama and Edwards.[302] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov.[303] Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, narrowly defeating Obama.[304] It was the first time a woman had won a major American party's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection.[305] Explanations for Clinton's New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.[306]
The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. Several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,[307] and a remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin Luther King Jr. and Lyndon B. Jonson,[men] were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.[308] Despite attempts by both Hillary and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.[307][309] She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26, Janubiy Karolina shtabi,[309] setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super seshanba davlatlar. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former president "needs to stop".[310] The South Carolina campaign had done lasting damage to Clinton, eroding her support among the Democratic establishment and leading to the prized endorsement of Obama by Ted Kennedy.[311]
On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as Kaliforniya, Nyu York, Nyu-Jersi va Massachusets shtati, while Obama won more states;[312] they almost evenly split the total popular vote.[313] But Obama was gaining more garovga qo'yilgan delegatlar for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules.[314]
The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising as Clinton began loaning money to her campaign.[301][315] There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff, and she made several top-level personnel changes.[315][316] Obama won the next eleven February contests across the country, often by large margins and took a significant pledged delegate lead over Clinton.[314][315] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in Ogayo shtati among other places,[315] where her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband's presidency, helped in a state where the trade agreement was unpopular.[317] Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated kokuslar, for which the Clinton campaign largely ignored and failed to prepare.[301][314] Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.[318][319] Behind in delegates, Clinton's best hope of winning the nomination came in persuading uncommitted, party-appointed superdelegatlar.[320]
Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the taxmin qilingan nomzod.[321] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[322] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;[323] at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,[324] with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.[323] Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process[j] with both breaking the previous record.[325] Clinton was the first woman to run in the primary or caucus of every state and she eclipsed, by a very wide margin, Congresswoman Shirli Chisholm "s 1972 marks for most votes garnered and delegates won by a woman.[305] Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya and campaigned frequently for him in fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.[326] Clinton's campaign ended up severely in debt; she owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off the $13 million that she lent it herself. The debt was eventually paid off by the beginning of 2013.[327]
Secretary of State (2009–2013)
Nominatsiya va tasdiqlash
In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as davlat kotibi in his administration.[328] She was initially quite reluctant, but on November 20 she told Obama she would accept the position.[329][330] On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for secretary of state.[331][332] Clinton said she did not want to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure".[332] As part of the nomination and to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the Uilyam J. Klinton jamg'armasi va Klintonning global tashabbusi.[333]
The appointment required a Saxbe tuzatish, passed and signed into law in December 2008.[334] Confirmation hearings before the Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.[335] By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.[336] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.[337] Clinton took the oath of office of secretary of state, resigning from the Senate o'sha kuni kechroq.[338] She became the first former first lady to be a member of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vazirlar Mahkamasi.[339]
First half of tenure
Clinton spent her initial days as secretary of state telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that AQSh tashqi siyosati would change direction: "We have a lot of damage to repair."[340] She advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department, and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Department had conducted diplomatik vakolatxonalar.[341] Clinton announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the To'rt yillik diplomatiya va rivojlanishni ko'rib chiqish, which establishes specific objectives for the State Department's diplomatic missions abroad; it was modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi.[342] The first such review was issued in late 2010. It called for the U.S. leading through "civilian power" as a cost-effective way of responding to international challenges and defusing crises.[343] It also sought to institutionalize goals of empowering women throughout the world.[188] A cause Clinton advocated throughout her tenure was the adoption of oshxonalar in the developing world, to foster cleaner and more environmentally sound food preparation and reduce smoke dangers to women.[329]
In a 2009 internal debate regarding the War in Afghanistan, Clinton sided with the military's recommendations for a maximal "Afghanistan surge", recommending 40,000 troops and no public deadline for withdrawal. She prevailed over Vice President Jo Bayden 's opposition but eventually supported Obama's compromise plan to send an additional 30,000 troops and tie the surge to a timetable for eventual withdrawal.[267][344]In March 2009, Clinton presented Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov bilan "asl holatini tiklash tugmasi " symbolizing U.S. attempts to rebuild ties with that country under its new president, Dmitriy Medvedev.[345][346] The fotosurat op was remembered for a mistranslation into Russian. The policy, which became known as the Rus tilini tiklash, led to improved cooperation in several areas during Medvedev's time in office.[345] Relations would worsen considerably, however, following Vladimir Putin 's return to the position in 2012.[347] In October 2009, on a trip to Switzerland, Clinton's intervention overcame last-minute snags and saved the signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that established diplomatic relations and opened the border between the two long-hostile nations.[348][349] In Pakistan, she engaged in several unusually blunt discussions with students, talk show hosts and tribal elders, in an attempt to repair the Pakistani image of the U.S.[186][k] Beginning in 2010, she helped organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran, in an effort to force curtailment of bu mamlakatning yadro dasturi; this would eventually lead to the multinational Birgalikdagi Harakat Rejasi being agreed to in 2015.[329][351][352]
Clinton and Obama forged a good working relationship without power struggles; she was a team player within the administration and a defender of it to the outside and was careful that neither she nor her husband would upstage the president.[353][354] Clinton formed an alliance with Secretary of Defense Gates as they shared similar strategic outlooks.[355] Obama and Clinton both approached foreign policy as a largely non-ideological, pragmatic exercise.[329] She met with him weekly but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her predecessors had had with their presidents;[354] moreover, certain key areas of policymaking were kept inside the White House or Pentagon.[356][357] Nevertheless, the president had trust in her actions.[329]
In a prepared speech in January 2010, Clinton drew analogies between the Temir parda and the free and unfree Internet.[358] Chinese officials reacted negatively towards it. The speech garnered attention as the first time a senior American official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.[359]
In July 2010, she visited South Korea, where she and Cheryl Mills worked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the US State Department, ensuring that the Caracol Industrial Park would have a key tenant.[360] Bu uning turmush o'rtog'i tomonidan 2009 yilda BMTning Gaitidagi maxsus vakili etib tayinlangan "tropik bo'ronli mavsumdan keyin orolga 1 milliard dollarlik zarar etkazganidan keyin" yaxshiroq tiklaning "dasturining bir qismi edi.[361] 2011 yil yanvar oyida Klinton Gaitiga saylanish uchun yo'l ochib berishga yordam berish uchun bordi Mishel Martelly.[362]
Muddatning ikkinchi yarmi
The 2011 yil Misrdagi norozilik namoyishlari Obama ma'muriyati uchun eng qiyin tashqi siyosiy inqirozni keltirib chiqardi.[363] Klintonning jamoatchilik fikri tezda hukumat tomonidan berilgan dastlabki baholashdan kelib chiqdi Husni Muborak namoyishchilarga qarshi zo'ravonlikni qoralash uchun "barqaror ishtirok etgan demokratik hukumatga o'tish kerak" degan pozitsiyaga "barqaror" edi.[364][365] Obamaning voqealarga parda ortidagi munosabati chog'ida Obama Klintonning maslahatiga, tashkilotchiligiga va shaxsiy aloqalariga tayanib keldi.[363] Sifatida Arab bahori noroziliklar butun mintaqaga tarqaldi, Klinton AQShning javoblari oldida, ba'zida qarama-qarshi bo'lganini tan oldi va ba'zi rejimlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi, boshqalarga qarshi namoyishchilarni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[366]
Sifatida Liviya fuqarolar urushi bo'lib o'tdi, Klintonning harbiy aralashuv foydasiga o'zgarishi uni moslashtirdi BMTdagi elchi Syuzan Rays va Milliy xavfsizlik kengashining arbobi Samanta Kuch. Bu xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchisi Mudofaa vaziri Geytsning ichki ma'muriyat qarama-qarshiligini engishda muhim burilish bo'ldi Tomas E. Donilon va terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha maslahatchi Jon Brennan tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi va Arab va BMT tomonidan ma'qullanishi 2011 yil Liviyadagi harbiy aralashuv.[366][367][368] Davlat kotibi Klinton Kongressga ma'muriyatga kerak emasligini ko'rsatdi Kongress vakolati Liviyadagi harbiy aralashuvi uchun, ma'muriyat tomonidan buzilganligi haqidagi ikkala tomonning ayrim a'zolarining e'tirozlariga qaramay Urush kuchlari qarori. Davlat departamentining yuridik maslahatchisi, rezolyutsiya bo'lmagan urushlar uchun Qarorning 60 kunlik chegarasi qabul qilinganida ham xuddi shu fikrni ilgari surdi (Obama ma'muriyati ichidagi huquqiy munozarada ustun bo'lgan fikr).[369] Keyinchalik Klinton AQSh ittifoqchilari va u "hokimiyatni chaqirish" deb atagan narsadan o'rtada birlikni targ'ib qilish uchun foydalandi Liviya isyonchilari chunki ular oxir-oqibat Qaddafiy rejimi.[367] The Liviyadagi fuqarolar urushining oqibatlari mamlakat a bo'lishini ko'rdi muvaffaqiyatsiz holat.[370] Keyin sodir bo'lgan voqealarni aralashish va talqin qilishning donoligi katta munozaralarga sabab bo'ladi.[371][372][373]
2011 yil aprel oyi davomida prezidentning ichki maslahatchilar doirasining buyurtma berish-qilmaslik masalalari bo'yicha ichki muhokamalari AQSh maxsus kuchlari Pokistonga qarshi reyd o'tkazish Usama bin Laden, Klinton bin Ladenni olishning ahamiyati AQShning Pokiston bilan munosabatlaridagi xavfdan ustun ekanligini aytib, tarafdori bo'lganlar orasida edi.[374][375] Missiya tugagandan so'ng may oyida 2 natijada Bin Ladenning o'limi, Klinton ma'muriyatning "Al-Qoida" ning vafot etgan etakchisining fotosuratlarini chiqarmaslik qarorida muhim rol o'ynadi.[376] 2011 yilda Iroq bilan bog'liq ichki muhokamalar chog'ida Klinton u erda 10 000–20 000 AQSh harbiy qismigacha bo'lgan qoldiq kuchini saqlab qolish haqida bahs yuritdi. (Ularning barchasi qayta ko'rib chiqilgan muzokaralardan so'ng qaytarib olindi AQSh-Iroq kuchlari holati to'g'risidagi bitim muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.)[267][377]
Dan oldingi nutqida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha kengashi 2011 yil dekabrida Klinton "Gey huquqlari inson huquqlari" deb aytdi va AQSh uni himoya qiladi gey huquqlari va chet eldagi geylarning huquqiy himoyasi.[378] Xuddi shu davrda u Obamaga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri murojaat bilan ichki ma'muriy qarshilikni engib, birinchi tashrifni amalga oshirdi Birma 1955 yildan beri AQSh davlat kotibi tomonidan. U muxolifat rahbari bilan bir qatorda Birma rahbarlari bilan uchrashdi Aun San Su Chi va qo'llab-quvvatlashga intildi 2011 yil Birma demokratik islohotlari.[379][380] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, XXI asr "Amerikaning Tinch okeani asri" bo'ladi,[381] ning bir qismi bo'lgan deklaratsiya Obama ma'muriyatining "Osiyoga burilish".[382]
Davomida Suriya fuqarolar urushi, Klinton va Obama ma'muriyati dastlab Suriya prezidentini ishontirishga harakat qilishdi Bashar al-Assad xalq namoyishlarini islohot bilan jalb qilish. 2011 yil avgust oyida hukumat zo'ravonligi kuchayganligi sababli, ular uni prezidentlikdan ketishga chaqirishdi.[383] Ma'muriyat bir nechta davlatlarga qo'shilib, o'lim deb nomlangan yordamni etkazib berdi Asad hukumatiga qarshi bo'lgan isyonchilar va Suriyada ishlaydigan gumanitar guruhlar.[384] 2012 yil o'rtalarida Klinton Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi direktori Devid Petreus bilan suriyalik isyonchilarning tekshirilgan guruhlarini qurollantirish va o'qitish orqali muxolifatni yanada kuchaytirish rejasini tuzdi. Ushbu taklif qo'zg'olonchilar orasida yashiringan ekstremistlar qurolni boshqa maqsadlarga qaratib qo'yishi mumkinligidan qo'rqib, mojaroga aralashishni istamagan Oq uy rasmiylari tomonidan rad etildi.[379][385]
2012 yil dekabrda Klinton a kasalligini davolash uchun bir necha kun kasalxonada yotdi qon pıhtısı unda o'ng ko'ndalang venoz sinus.[386] Uning shifokorlari trombni a-ni keyingi tekshirish paytida aniqladilar sarsıntı Virusdan qattiq suvsizlanish natijasida u hushidan ketganida va qariyb uch hafta oldin yiqilib tushganida uni ushlab turdi ichak kasalligi Evropaga sayohat paytida sotib olingan.[386][387] Darhol nevrologik shikastlanishga olib kelmaydigan pıhtı davolash qilindi antikoagulyant dorilar va uning shifokorlari uning to'liq tiklanishini aytishdi.[387][388][l]
Umumiy mavzular
Klinton o'z lavozimidagi butun faoliyati davomida (va uni yakunlovchi nutqida aytib o'tilgan) "aqlli quvvat "AQSh rahbariyati va qadriyatlarini tasdiqlash strategiyasi sifatida. Turli xil tahdidlar dunyosida, zaiflashgan markaziy hukumatlar va tobora muhim bo'lib kelayotgan nodavlat tashkilotlarda aqlli kuch qo'shma harbiy qattiq kuch diplomatiya va AQSh bilan yumshoq kuch global iqtisodiyot, taraqqiyotga yordam, texnologiya, ijodkorlik va inson huquqlarini himoya qilish sohasidagi imkoniyatlar.[367][393] Shunday qilib, u aqlli kuch yondashuvini metodik ravishda amalga oshirgan birinchi davlat kotibi bo'ldi.[394] Harbiy kuch ishlatish bo'yicha bahs-munozaralarda u odatda eng kuchlilaridan biri edi qirg'iy ma'muriyatdagi ovozlar.[267][355][377] 2011 yil avgust oyida u Liviyada davom etayotgan ko'p millatli harbiy aralashuvni va AQShning Suriyadagi fuqarolar urushiga bo'lgan dastlabki munosabatini amaldagi aqlli kuchning namunalari sifatida baholadi.[395]
Klinton Davlat departamenti tomonidan foydalanishni ancha kengaytirdi ijtimoiy tarmoqlar Facebook va Twitter-ni o'z ichiga olgan xabarni olish va chet el fuqarolari o'z hukumatlari oldida imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishga yordam berish.[367]O'rtacha notinchlikda Klinton, ayniqsa, faoliyatining markaziy mavzularidan biri - dunyo bo'ylab ayollar va qizlarning imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish va farovonligini oshirish imkoniyatini ko'rdi.[188] Bundan tashqari, "deb nomlangan formuladaHillari doktrinasi ", u ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik darajasi va davlat ichidagi gender tengsizligi va ushbu davlatning xalqaro xavfsizligi uchun beqarorlik va muammo o'rtasidagi bog'liqlik tufayli AQSh huquqlarini AQShning xavfsizlik manfaatlari uchun muhim deb bildi.[353][396] O'z navbatida, butun dunyo bo'ylab ayollarning harakatlari va ko'rinishlari natijasida ko'proq imkoniyatlarni topish tendentsiyasi kuzatildi va ba'zi hollarda o'zlarini xavfsizroq his qilishdi.[397]
Klinton o'z faoliyati davomida dunyoning 112 mamlakatiga tashrif buyurib, uni eng ko'p sayohat qilgan davlat kotibi qildi[398][m] (Vaqt jurnal "Klintonning chidamliligi afsonaviy" deb yozgan.)[367] Kabi davlatlarga tashrif buyurgan birinchi davlat kotibi Bormoq va Sharqiy Timor, u shaxsiy tashriflar virtual davrda har qachongidan ham muhimroq ekanligiga ishongan.[401] 2011 yilning mart oyidayoq u Obama bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan taqdirda ikkinchi marta davlat kotibi lavozimini egallashga qiziqmasligini aytdi 2012 yilda qayta saylangan;[368] 2012 yil dekabrida, ushbu qayta saylanishdan so'ng, Obama senator nomzodini ilgari surdi Jon Kerri Klintonning vorisi bo'lish.[387] Uning davlat kotibi lavozimidagi so'nggi kuni 2013 yil 1 fevral edi.[402] U ketgandan so'ng, tahlilchilar Klintonning rahbarligi boshqa ba'zi davlat kotiblari erishganidek diplomatik yutuqlarga erishmaganligini izohladilar,[356][357] va u kamroq aniq, ammo uzoqroq ta'sirga ega bo'ladi deb o'ylagan maqsadlarga e'tiborini qaratdi.[403] U chet el hukumatlaridan millionlab dollarlik xayriya mablag'larini qabul qilgani uchun ham tanqid qilindi Klinton jamg'armasi uning davlat kotibi bo'lgan davrida.[404]
Bingazi hujumi va keyingi tinglashlar
2012 yil 11 sentyabrda, Liviyaning Bingazi shahridagi AQSh diplomatik vakolatxonasiga hujum qilindi natijada AQSh elchisining o'limiga olib keldi, J. Kristofer Stivens va yana uch amerikalik. Hujum, AQSh konsulligi xavfsizligi bilan bog'liq savollar va keyinchalik ma'muriyat xodimlari tomonidan berilgan turli xil tushuntirishlar nima sodir bo'lganligi sababli AQShda siyosiy jihatdan ziddiyatli bo'lib qoldi[405] 15-oktabr kuni Klinton xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi, chunki har xil tushuntirishlar muqarrar bo'lganligi sababli urush tumani bunday voqealardan keyin chalkashlik.[405][406]
19-dekabr kuni boshchiligidagi hay'at Tomas R. Pickering va Maykl Mullen masala bo'yicha o'z hisobotini chiqardi. Vashingtonda Davlat departamenti rasmiylari ko'proq soqchilar va xavfsizlikni yangilashga oid talablarni e'tiborsiz qoldirgani va xavfsizlik tartibini yomonlashib borayotgan xavfsizlik muhitiga moslashtirmaganligi uchun keskin tanqid qilindi.[407] Bu o'z tanqidlarini kafedraning e'tiboriga qaratgan Diplomatik xavfsizlik byurosi va Yaqin Sharq ishlari byurosi; Davlat kotibining yordamchisi darajasida va undan pastda bo'lgan to'rt nafar amaldor shu sababli o'z lavozimlaridan chetlashtirildi.[408] Klinton hisobot xulosalarini qabul qilganini va uning tavsiya etilgan tavsiyalarini amalga oshirish uchun o'zgarishlar qilinayotganini aytdi.[407]
Klinton 2013 yil 23 yanvarda Kongressning tashqi ishlar bo'yicha ikkita qo'mitasiga Bengazi hujumi to'g'risida guvohlik berdi. U voqeaga javoban o'z xatti-harakatlarini himoya qildi va rasmiy javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olgan holda, konsullik xavfsizligi to'g'risida oldindan aniq muhokamalarda bevosita ishtirok etmasligini aytdi.[409] Kongress respublikachilari unga bir nechta masalada e'tiroz bildirishdi va u bunga javob berdi. Xususan, hujumdan keyin ma'muriyat tomonidan noto'g'ri "gaplashadigan fikrlar" chiqariladimi yoki yo'qmi degan doimiy so'roqlardan so'ng, Klinton juda ko'p iqtiboslar bilan javob qaytardi: "Hurmat bilan, biz to'rt amerikalik o'lganmiz. Buning sababi shu edimi? norozilikdanmi yoki bir kecha sayrga chiqqan amerikaliklarni o'ldirishga qaror qilgan bolalar tufayli bo'ldimi? bu erda qanday farq bor? nima bo'lganini aniqlash va qo'limizdan kelgan barcha ishni qilish bizning vazifamiz uning takrorlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun, senator. "[409][410]2014 yil noyabr oyida Uyning razvedka qo'mitasi ma'muriyatning hujumga bo'lgan munosabatida hech qanday qonunbuzarlik bo'lmaganligi to'g'risida xulosa chiqargan.[411]
The Bingazi shahridagi uylarni tanlash qo'mitasi 2014 yil may oyida yaratilgan va 2012 yilgi hujum bilan bog'liq ikki yillik tekshiruv o'tkazgan.[412] Uning harakatlari ko'pincha ichki siyosat prizmasidan ko'rinib turardi.[412][413] Bu, ayniqsa, 2015 yil sentyabr oyida, Vakillar palatasining ko'pchilik etakchisi bo'lganida sodir bo'ldi Kevin Makkarti Bingazi tinglovlarini Klintonning so'rovnomalari sonini pasayishiga va shu bilan respublikachilarning tergov bo'yicha avvalgi gaplariga zid kelishiga olib keldi.[412][414] 2015 yil 22 oktyabrda Klinton kun bo'yi va tunda qo'mita oldida bo'lib o'tgan majlisda guvohlik berdi.[415][416] Eshitishda qo'mita a'zolari va Klinton o'rtasida va qo'mita a'zolarining o'zlari o'rtasida ko'plab qizg'in almashinuvlar o'tkazildi.[415] Ommaviy axborot vositalari tinch va jirkanch xulq-atvor va qo'mitadan uzoq, muloyim, takrorlanuvchi so'roq qilish liniyasi sifatida qabul qilinganligi sababli, Klinton sud majlisidan deyarli zarar ko'rmagan deb topildi.[417] Qo'mita 2016 yil iyun oyida partizanlik yo'nalishi bo'yicha raqobatlashadigan yakuniy hisobotlarni chiqardi.[412] Respublikachilarning hisobotida hujum haqida ba'zi yangi tafsilotlar keltirilgan, ammo Klinton tomonidan aybdorlikning yangi dalillari yo'q.[413]
Elektron pochta bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar
Qarama-qarshilik 2015 yil mart oyida, Davlat departamentinikida bo'lgan bosh inspektor Klinton davlat kotibi lavozimida bo'lganida rasmiy biznesni olib borishda shaxsiy elektron pochta hisob qaydnomalarini faqat federal hukumat serverlarida saqlanadigan elektron pochta qayd yozuvlari o'rniga, nodavlat shaxsiy xizmat ko'rsatuvchi serverda ishlatganligini aniqladi. Ba'zi ekspertlar, rasmiylar, Kongress a'zolari va siyosiy muxoliflar uning shaxsiy xizmatdan foydalanganligini ta'kidladilar xabar almashish tizimi dasturiy ta'minot va xususiy server Davlat departamentining protokollari va protseduralarini va federal qonunlar va qoidalarni buzgan hisobga olish talablari.[418] Qarama-qarshilik Klintonning 2016 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlari kampaniyasi va Bingazi shahridagi Vakillar Palatasi qo'mitasi tomonidan o'tkazilgan tinglovlar fonida yuzaga keldi.[419][420]
2015 yil 15 iyulda e'lon qilingan qo'shma bayonotda Davlat departamenti bosh inspektori va razvedka hamjamiyatining bosh inspektori elektron pochta xabarlarini ko'rib chiqishda, jo'natilganda maxfiy bo'lgan ma'lumotlar topilganligini, ularni tekshirish paytida shunday bo'lganligini va "dedi. hech qachon tasniflanmagan shaxsiy tizim orqali uzatilmasligi kerak edi ". Ular, shubhasiz, ushbu maxfiy ma'lumotlar hech qachon xavfsiz davlat kompyuter tizimlaridan tashqarida saqlanmasligi kerak edi. Klinton bir necha oy davomida o'z uyida o'rnatgan shaxsiy serverda hech qanday maxfiy ma'lumotlarni saqlamasligini aytgan edi.[421] Klinton tomonidan xavfsizlikni rasmiylashtirishni qo'lga kiritgan qismi sifatida maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitimda yana bir bor ta'kidlangan hukumat siyosati shundan iboratki, maxfiy ma'lumotlar, agar ular belgilanmagan bo'lsa ham, tasniflangan hisoblanadi.[422] Ko'rib chiqilayotgan ba'zi elektron pochta xabarlari "tug'ilgan maxfiy" deb nomlangan toifaga kirganligi haqidagi da'volardan so'ng, Klinton serverida maxfiy ma'lumotlar bilan ishlash bo'yicha FBI tekshiruvi boshlandi.[423] The New York Times 2016 yil fevral oyida Klintonning serverida saqlangan qariyb 2100 ta elektron pochta xabarlari Davlat departamenti tomonidan retroaktiv tarzda tasniflanganligi haqida xabar bergan edi.[424] Bundan tashqari, razvedka hamjamiyatining bosh inspektori Kongressga "ba'zi elektron pochta xabarlari paydo bo'lganda davlat departamentining maxfiy ma'lumotlarini o'z ichiga olgan" deb yozgan.[425] 2016 yil may oyida Davlat departamenti bosh inspektori uning davlat kotibi paytida shaxsiy elektron pochta serveridan foydalanganligini tanqid qilib, u buning uchun ruxsat so'ramaganligini va agar u so'ragan taqdirda olmasligini aytdi.[426]
Klinton shaxsiy serveridan ular yuborilgan paytda maxfiy bo'lgan elektron pochta xabarlarini yubormagan yoki olmaganligini ta'kidladi. Bilan Demokratik bahsda Berni Sanders 2016 yil 4 fevralda Klinton "Men hech qachon biron bir maxfiy materialni yubormaganman va olmaganman - ular orqaga qarab tasniflaydilar" dedi. 2016 yil 2 iyulda Klinton shunday dedi: "Ko'p oylar davomida takrorlagan narsamni takrorlashga ijozat bering, men hech qachon maxfiy deb belgilangan materialni olmaganman va yubormaganman".[427][428]
2016 yil 5-iyul kuni Federal qidiruv byurosi o'z tergovini yakunladi. O'zining bayonotida FBI direktori Jeyms Komi dedi:
52 ta elektron pochta zanjiridagi 110 ta elektron pochta xabarlari egalik qiluvchi agentlik tomonidan ularni yuborish yoki qabul qilish vaqtida maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan holda aniqlangan. Ushbu sakkizta zanjir jo'natilgan paytda juda maxfiy bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan; 36 ta zanjir o'sha paytda maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan; va sakkiztasida maxfiy ma'lumotlar mavjud bo'lib, bu eng past darajadagi tasnif hisoblanadi. Ulardan alohida 2000 ga yaqin qo'shimcha elektron pochta xabarlari maxfiy bo'lishi uchun "maxfiylashtirildi"; elektron pochta xabarlari yuborilgan paytda ulardagi ma'lumotlar sirlanmagan.[424][429]
30 mingdan uchta elektron pochta xabarlari tasniflangan deb topilgan, garchi ularda tasniflangan sarlavhalar mavjud emas va ular faqat qavs ichida kichik "c" belgisi bilan belgilangan, ular Comey tomonidan "qism belgilari" deb ta'riflangan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Klinton uchta maxfiy markirovka nimani anglatishini tushunadigan darajada "texnik jihatdan murakkab" bo'lmagan bo'lishi mumkin.[429] Tekshiruv natijalariga ko'ra, Klinton AQShdan tashqarida bo'lganida o'zining shaxsiy elektron pochtasidan keng foydalangan, murakkab dushmanlar hududida ish bilan bog'liq elektron pochta xabarlarini yuborgan va olgan. Komi "dushman aktyorlar Kotib Klintonning shaxsiy elektron pochta qayd yozuviga kirish huquqini qo'lga kiritishi mumkin" deb tan oldi. Uning qo'shimcha qilishicha, "[biz Kotib Klinton yoki uning hamkasblari maxfiy ma'lumotlar bilan ishlashni tartibga soluvchi qonunlarni buzishni maqsad qilganliklari to'g'risida aniq dalillarni topmadik, ammo ular juda nozik, o'ta maxfiy ma'lumotlarga nisbatan beparvolik ko'rsatganliklari to'g'risida dalillar mavjud". Shunga qaramay, Komi "maxfiy ma'lumotlar bilan ishlash bo'yicha nizomni buzilishi mumkin" bo'lishiga qaramay, "hech qanday oqilona prokuror" bu holatda jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmaydi deb ta'kidladi. Federal qidiruv byurosi Adliya vazirligiga jinoiy ish qo'zg'atishni rad etishni tavsiya qildi.[424] 2016 yil 6 iyulda AQSh Bosh prokurori Loretta Linch - kim 27 iyun kuni Bill Klinton bilan alohida uchrashgan edi[430][431]- Klintonning shaxsiy elektron pochta serverlaridan foydalanish bo'yicha tekshiruvi jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmasdan yopilishini tasdiqladi.[432]
2016 yil 28 oktyabrda Komi Kongressga Federal qidiruv byurosi Klintonning yangi kashf etilgan elektron pochta xabarlarini ko'rib chiqishni boshlaganligi to'g'risida xabar berdi. Huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari vakillari, noqonuniy SMS xabarlarini tekshirishda Entoni Vayner, Klinton yordamchisining eri Huma Abedin, Shimoliy Karolina shtatidagi 15 yoshli qizga ular Vaynerga tegishli noutbukda Klintonning shaxsiy serveriga tegishli elektron pochta xabarlarini topdilar. 6 noyabrda Komi Kongressga Federal Qidiruv Byurosi iyul oyida qilgan xulosasini o'zgartirmaganligi to'g'risida xabar berdi.[433] Keyinchalik bildirishnoma Klinton tomonidan uning yo'qolishining omili sifatida qayd etilgan 2016 yilgi prezident saylovi.[434] Elektron pochta xabarlari bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar 2016 yilgi prezident saylovlari paytida boshqa mavzularga qaraganda ko'proq ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritildi.[435][436][437]
2019 yil sentyabr oyida Davlat departamenti Klinton topshirgan 33 ming elektron pochta xabarlarini ichki ko'rib chiqishni yakunladi. 2016 yilda boshlangan tergov davomida 588 xavfsizlik tartib-qoidalari buzilganligi aniqlandi va Klintonning shaxsiy elektron pochta serveridan foydalanishi Davlat departamenti ma'lumotlariga putur etkazish xavfini oshirgani aniqlandi. 91 holatda maxfiy ma'lumotlarni jo'natish aybdorligi 38 kishiga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin edi, ammo ko'rib chiqishda "maxfiy ma'lumotlarga tizimli ravishda, qasddan noto'g'ri munosabatda bo'lishning ishonchli dalillari yo'q" degan xulosaga kelishdi.[438][439]
Klinton jamg'armasi, Qattiq tanlov, va ma'ruzalar
Klinton Davlat departamentini tark etgach, o'ttiz yil ichida birinchi marta shaxsiy hayotga qaytdi.[440] U va uning qizi eriga qo'shilishgan Bill, Hillari va Chelsi Klinton jamg'armasi 2013 yilda.[441] U erda u erta bolalikni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlarga, shu jumladan, "Juda kichik muvaffaqiyatsizlikka" deb nomlangan tashabbusga va Avstraliyaning sobiq bosh vaziri boshchiligidagi qizlarni butun dunyo bo'ylab o'rta maktablarga qabul qilishni rag'batlantirish bo'yicha $ 600 million tashabbusga e'tibor qaratdi. Julia Gillard.[441][442]
2014 yilda Klinton ikkinchi xotirasini nashr etdi, Qattiq tanlov, bu uning davlat kotibi bo'lgan vaqtiga qaratilgan. 2015 yil iyul holatiga ko'ra[yangilash], kitob taxminan 280 000 nusxada sotilgan.[443]
Klinton shuningdek, "Shiftlar yo'q: to'liq ishtirok etish" loyihasini boshqargan Bill va Melinda Geyts jamg'armasi 1995 yilda Pekin konferentsiyasidan buyon dunyo bo'ylab ayollar va qizlarning taraqqiyoti to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni to'plash va o'rganish;[444] 2015 yil mart oyidagi hisobotida aytilishicha, "tarixda hech qachon ayol bo'lib tug'ilish uchun bundan ham yaxshi vaqt bo'lmagan ... bu ma'lumotlar bizning oldimizga qanday borishimiz kerakligini ko'rsatadi".[445] Jamg'arma chet el hukumatlaridan yangi xayr-ehsonlarni qabul qila boshladi, u davlat kotibi bo'lganida uni to'xtatdi.[n] Biroq, Klinton jamg'armasi xorijiy hukumatlardan xayriya olishni to'xtatgan bo'lsa ham, ular ba'zan o'z hukumatlari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan chet el fuqarolaridan katta xayriya olishni davom ettirdilar.[448]
U xotiralarning yana bir jildi ustida ish boshladi va pullik nutq sxemasida chiqish qildi.[449] U erda u har bir nishon uchun 200,000-225,000 dollar oldi, ko'pincha oldin paydo bo'lgan Uoll-strit firmalar yoki biznes anjumanlari.[449][450] Shuningdek, u fond nomidan maoshsiz ma'ruzalar qildi.[449] 2015 yil mart oyida tugagan o'n besh oy davomida Klinton nutqlaridan 11 million dollardan ko'proq pul ishladi.[451] 2007–14 yillarning umumiy davrida Klintonlar deyarli 141 million dollar ishlab topdilar, 56 million dollar federal va shtat soliqlarini to'ladilar va 15 million dollarni xayriya ishlariga sarfladilar.[452] 2015 yildan boshlab[yangilash], uning o'zi 30 million dollardan oshiq yoki eri bilan 45-53 million dollarga teng deb taxmin qilingan.[453]
Klinton prezidentlik kampaniyasini boshlagan 2015 yil aprelida fond kengashidan iste'foga chiqqan edi. Jamg'arma faqat oltita G'arb davlatlaridan yangi xorijiy hukumat xayriya mablag'larini qabul qilishini aytdi.[n]
2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi
2015 yil 12 aprelda Klinton 2016 yilgi saylovlarda prezidentlikka nomzodligini rasman e'lon qildi.[454] U allaqachon kutilgan kampaniyani amalga oshirgan, shu jumladan katta donorlar tarmog'i, tajribali tezkor xodimlar va Hillari uchun tayyor va AQShning ustuvor yo'nalishlari siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitalari va boshqa infratuzilma.[455] Saylovoldi kampaniyasidan oldin Klinton intervyusida da'vo qilgan edi NDTV 2012 yil may oyida u yana prezidentlikka intilmasligini, ammo keyinchalik 2014 yilgi tarjimai holida yozgan edi Qattiq tanlov u qaror qilmagan.[456][457] Kampaniyaning shtab-kvartirasi Nyu-York shahrida tashkil etilgan tuman ning Bruklin.[458] Uning kampaniyasi: o'rta sinf daromadlarini oshirish, tashkil etish universal maktabgacha tarbiya, kollejni yanada arzonroq qilish va takomillashtirish Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun.[459][460] Dastlab Demokratik nomzodni yutish uchun taqiqlangan favorit hisoblangan,[454] Klinton kutilmagan darajada kuchli chaqiriqqa duch keldi demokratik sotsialistik Senator Berni Sanders Vermont. Uning Amerika siyosatidagi korporatsiyalar va boylarning ta'siriga qarshi uzoq yillik pozitsiyasi ta'siridan tashvishga tushgan norozi fuqaro bilan rezonanslashdi. AQShda daromadlar tengsizligi va Klintonning Wall Street aloqalari bilan farq qildi.[450][460]
Dastlabki mavsumning dastlabki bahsida Klinton juda ozgina g'alaba qozondi Ayova shtatidagi Demokratik guruhlar, tobora ommalashib borayotgan Sanders - 1 fevral kuni bo'lib o'tdi.[461][462] ularni yutgan birinchi ayol.[461] Birinchi saylovda, Nyu-Xempshirda bo'lib o'tdi 9 fevralda u Sandersga yirik hisobda yutqazdi.[463] Sanders keyingi tanlovda tobora ko'payib borayotgan tahdid edi Nevada shtatidagi kokuslar 20 fevral kuni[464] ammo Klinton besh foizli g'alabani qo'lga kiritdi, bu so'nggi kunlarda kazino ishchilari o'rtasida saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borishga yordam berdi.[465] Klinton bunga erishib, g'alaba qozondi Janubiy Karolina shtabi 27 fevralda.[464] Ushbu ikkita g'alaba uning saylovoldi kampaniyasini barqarorlashtirdi va 2008 yildagi harakatlariga ziyon etkazgan boshqaruv tartibsizliklaridan saqlanishni ko'rsatdi.[464]
1 mart kuni Super seshanba, Klinton o'n bitta tanlovning ettitasida g'alaba qozondi, shu jumladan Janubiy Karolinada bo'lgani kabi, afroamerikalik saylovchilar tomonidan Janubiy janubdagi ustun g'alabalar qatori. U Sanders ustidan va'da qilingan delegatlarda katta etakchilikni ochdi.[466] U ushbu delegat etakchisini birlamchi mavsum davomida keyingi musobaqalarda saqlab qoldi va butun davomida izchil naqsh bilan davom etdi. Sanders yoshroq, oq tanliroq, ko'proq qishloq va liberal saylovchilar va kokuslar o'tkazadigan shtatlar yoki qaerda yaxshi natijalarga erishdi muvofiqlik ochiq edi mustaqillarga. Klinton yoshi kattaroq, qora tanli va ispan populyatsiyalari orasida, shuningdek, boshlang'ich saylovlari o'tkazilgan yoki ro'yxatdan o'tgan demokratlar ishtirok etish huquqi cheklangan shtatlarda yaxshi natijalarga erishdi.[467][468][469]
2016 yil 5-iyungacha u o'zini taxmin qilingan nomzod deb hisoblash uchun ommaviy axborot vositalari uchun etarli miqdordagi va'da qilingan delegatlar va qo'llab-quvvatlovchi super delegatlarni topdi.[470] 7-iyun kuni, shtatlarning aksariyat qismida o'tgan dastlabki saylovlarda g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, Klinton Bruklindagi g'alaba mitingini o'tkazdi va Amerikaning yirik siyosiy partiyasidan taxmin qilingan nomzod maqomini olgan birinchi ayol bo'ldi.[471] Saylovoldi kampaniyasining oxiriga kelib, Klinton Sandersning 1832 nafar vakolatxonasida 2219 nafar delegatni qo'lga kiritdi; Sanders 47 bilan taqqoslaganda 594 superdelegat bilan.[472] Nomzodlarni ko'rsatish paytida u Sandersning 13 millionidan farqli o'laroq, deyarli 17 million ovoz oldi.[473]
Klinton rasmiy ravishda nomzod sifatida ko'rsatilgan 2016 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya 2016 yil 26 iyulda Filadelfiyada bo'lib, AQShning yirik siyosiy partiyasi tomonidan prezidentlikka nomzod bo'lgan birinchi ayol bo'ldi.[474] Uning vitse-prezidentni tanlashi yugurish jufti, Senator Tim Keyn, ertasi kuni qurultoy tomonidan tayinlangan.[475] Umumiy saylovlarda uning raqiblari respublikachi Donald Tramp, Ozodlik Gari Jonson va Jil Shteyn ning Yashil partiya. Qurultoy o'tkaziladigan vaqt atrofida WikiLeaks ozod qilindi elektron pochta xabarlari DNC taklifi va Klinton kampaniyasi boshlang'ich saylovni Klinton foydasiga o'zgartirdi.
Klinton muhim etakchilikni qo'lga kiritdi milliy so'rovnomalar 2016 yilning ko'p qismida Tramp ustidan. Iyul oyi boshlarida Tramp va Klinton Federal qidiruv byurosi tomonidan o'tkazilgan tergov xulosasidan so'ng yirik saylov uchastkalarida tenglashdilar. uning elektron pochta xabarlari.[476][477] FBI direktori Jeyms Komi Klinton hukumatning maxfiy materiallari bilan ishlashda "o'ta beparvo" bo'lgan degan xulosaga keldi.[478] Iyul oyi oxirida Tramp Klinton ustidan birinchi peshqadamlikni 3-4 foizli punktdan so'ng o'tkazilgan yirik so'rovnomalarda qo'lga kiritdi anjuman pog'onasi da Respublika milliy anjumani. Bu shundan beri konventsiyalardagi o'rtacha sakrashga to'g'ri keldi 2004, ammo bu tarixiy me'yorlar bo'yicha past tomonga qaratilgan edi.[479][480][481] Demokratlar partiyasining Milliy Kongressida Klintonning etti foizli konvensiyasidan so'ng, u avgust oyi boshida o'tkazilgan milliy so'rovnomalarda sezilarli etakchilikni qo'lga kiritdi.[482][483] 2016 yilning kuzida Klinton va Tim Keyn nashr etishdi Birgalikda kuchli, bu ularning Qo'shma Shtatlar haqidagi tasavvurlarini bayon qildi.[484]
Klinton 2016 yil 8 noyabrda bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik saylovlarida Donald Trampdan mag'lub bo'lgan edi.[485] 9-noyabr kuni erta tongda Tramp saylovchilar kollejining 279 ta ovozini oldi, 270 nafari g'alaba qozonishi kerak edi; OAV manbalari uni g'olib deb e'lon qilishdi.[486] Keyin Klinton Trampga telefon qilib, o'zini tan olishini va g'alaba bilan tabriklashini so'radi, shundan so'ng Tramp g'oliblik nutqini aytdi.[487] Ertasi kuni ertalab Klinton jamoat oldida kontsessiyada nutq so'zladi, unda u yo'qotgan azobini tan oldi, ammo tarafdorlarini Trampni o'zlarining navbatdagi prezidenti sifatida qabul qilishga chaqirdi va shunday dedi: "Biz unga ochiq fikr va etakchilik uchun imkoniyat beramiz".[488] Garchi Klinton saylovda 232 saylovchining ovozini Trampning 306 ovoziga ega bo'lib yutqazgan bo'lsa-da, u 2,8 milliondan ziyod ovoz yoki 2,1 foiz saylovchilar ovozi bilan xalq ovozini qo'lga kiritdi.[489][490] U AQSh tarixida xalq ovozini yutgan, ammo saylovda mag'lub bo'lgan beshinchi prezidentlikka nomzod.[o][491][492] U o'z lavozimini egallamagan har qanday nomzodning eng ko'p ovozini va tarixdagi har qanday nomzodning uchinchi ovozini oldi,[493][494] garchi u mag'lub bo'lgan nomzodning eng katta foizli g'alabasiga ega bo'lmagan bo'lsa ham. (Endryu Jekson ommaviy ovozlarni 10,4% ga yutdi, ammo yutqazdi Jon Kvinsi Adams ).[495]
2016 yil 19 dekabrda saylovchilar rasmiy ravishda ovoz berganlarida, Klinton dastlabki 232 ovozidan beshtasini yo'qotganligi sababli imonsiz saylovchilar, uning uchtasi bilan Vashington o'rniga ovoz berilmoqda Kolin Pauell, biriga tashlanmoqda Iymonli burgut va bitta Gavayi Berni Sanders uchun suratga olinmoqda.[496]
2016 yildan keyingi saylov faoliyati
Sobiq prezident va sobiq birinchi xonim sifatida tegishli lavozimlarda Bill va Xillari Klinton ishtirok etishdi Donald Trampning inauguratsiyasi qizi Chelsi bilan. Inauguratsiya kuni ertalab Klinton o'zining Twitter-dagi sahifasida "Men bugun demokratiyamiz va uning qadriyatlarini qadrlash uchun shu erdaman, men o'z mamlakatimizga va uning kelajagiga ishonishdan to'xtamayman" deb yozdi.[497]
Klinton a Aziz Patrik kuni nutq Skranton, Pensilvaniya, 2017 yil 17 martda prezident saylovida yutqazgandan keyin Chappaqua atrofida o'rmonda sayr qilayotganini ko'rishayotgani haqidagi xabarlarga ishora qildi.[498][499] Klinton "o'rmondan" chiqib, yana siyosiy faol bo'lishga tayyorligini bildirdi.[498]
2017 yil 24 martda Kongressning "Affordable Care" qonunini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi ovozini qoldirgandan so'ng, Klinton kunni "tibbiy sug'urtasini yo'qotish xavfi ostida bo'lgan 24000000 kishining g'alabasi" deb belgilab qo'ydi va qamrovni saqlab qolish uchun davom etadigan jang haqida ogohlantirdi.[500] U qo'ng'iroqni davom ettirdi Amerika sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun paytida "halokatli hisob-kitob" San-Fransisko to'rt kundan keyin nutq.[501] 4-mayda Palata Amerika sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonunni ozgina qabul qilganidan so'ng, Klinton uni "GOP tomonidan siyosat va axloqning uyatli muvaffaqiyatsizligi" deb atadi.[502] 23 iyun kuni, Senat respublikachilari sog'liqni saqlashni isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini oshkor qilgan kunning ertasigayoq Klinton tvitterda "Bu odamlarni siyosat o'rniga tanlash uchun juda muhim lahza. Ushbu qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqing" deb yozdi.[503]
Klinton aprel oyida yana davlat xizmatiga murojaat qilmasligini izohladi.[504] 6 aprel kuni Xon Shayxun kimyoviy hujum, Klinton AQSh chiqarishi kerakligini aytdi Bashar al-Assad aerodromlar va shu bilan "gunohsiz odamlarni bombardimon qilish va tushish uchun ulardan foydalanishga to'sqinlik qiladi zarin ularga benzin ".[505]
2017 yil may oyida Klinton tashkil etilganligini e'lon qildi Birgalikda oldinga, u yozgan yangi siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi "so'nggi saylovlarda qariyb 66 million ovoz to'plagan ilg'or qarashni rivojlantirishga bag'ishlangan".[506] 2017 yil iyun oyida Isroilda Elijah Cummings Yoshlar Dasturi (ECYP) uchun Baltimorda o'tkazilgan xayriya yig'ilishida Klinton, 2017 yil Portlend poyezdiga hujum: "Oregon shtatidagi Portlenddan kollej parkiga nafrat sabab zo'ravonlik yosh amerikaliklarning hayotini tugatganda, ushbu dasturning bag'rikenglikni tarqatish vazifasi har qachongidan ham dolzarbdir."[507] 14 iyunda, keyin Kongressdagi beysbol otishmasi, Klinton tvitterda "Ikki tomon ertaga maydonga chiqadi, ammo barchamiz yakunda bitta jamoadamiz. Mening fikrim Kongress a'zolari, xodimlar va qahramon politsiyadadir."[508]
Klintonning uchinchi xotirasi, Nima bo'ldi, 2016 yilgi saylovlarda yo'qolganligi haqidagi hisobot 2017 yil 12 sentyabrda Simon & Schuster tomonidan bosma, elektron kitobda va muallif tomonidan o'qilgan audiokitobda nashr etildi.[509] Ishga tushirish uchun kitob sayohati va bir qator intervyular va shaxsiy chiqishlari tashkil etildi.[510] Nima bo'ldi birinchi haftasida 300,000 nusxada sotilgan,[511][512] uning 2003 yilgi xotirasidan kamroq, Tirik tarix, lekin uning avvalgi xotirasi, 2014 yildagi birinchi haftadagi savdosi uch baravar ko'paydi Qattiq tanlov.[511][513] Simon & Schuster buni e'lon qildi Nima bo'ldi birinchi haftasida 2010 yildan beri har qanday ilmiy-fantastik elektron kitobga qaraganda ko'proq elektron kitob sotgan edi.[511] 2017 yil 10-dekabr holatiga ko'ra, kitob 448,947 dona qattiq nusxada sotilgan.[514]
2017 yil fevral oyida uning 1996 yilgi kitobini nashr etish ishlari olib borilayotganligi to'g'risida e'lon qilindi Bu qishloqni oladi kabi rasmli kitob.[515] Marla Frazi, ikki karra g'olib Caldecott medali, Illustrator sifatida e'lon qilindi.[515] Bu borada Klinton Frazi bilan ishlagan uning 2016 yilgi prezident saylovlari kampaniyasi.[516] Natijada nashr etilgan kuni e'lon qilindi Nima bo'ldi.[517][516] Kitob maqsad qilingan maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalar, garchi bir nechta xabar kattalar tomonidan yaxshiroq tushunilsa.[516]
2017 yil oktyabr oyida u faxriy doktorlik unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi Suonsi universiteti yuridik kolleji nomi o'zgartirildi Hillari Rodham Klinton nomidagi yuridik maktab uning sharafiga.[518] 2018 yil oktyabr oyida Xillari va Bill Klinton 2018 yil noyabridan 2019 yil mayigacha AQSh va Kanadaning turli shaharlarida 13 shaharlik nutq safari rejalarini e'lon qilishdi.[519] Hillari an Faxriy doktorlik qonunda (LLD ) da Qirolichaning Belfast universiteti nutq so'zlaganidan keyin 2018 yil 10 oktyabrda Shimoliy Irlandiya va ta'siri Brexit da Whitla Hall, Belfast.[520] 2018 yil iyun oyida, Trinity kolleji Dublin uni faxriy doktorlik (LLD) bilan taqdirladi.[521]
O'z ichiga olgan paket quvur bombasi 2018 yil 24 oktyabrda Klintonning Vashington shahridagi uyiga jo'natilgan. Maxfiy xizmat tomonidan ushlangan. Shunga o'xshash paketlar yuborildi boshqa bir necha demokrat rahbarlarga va CNN.[522][523]
2019 yil 4 martda Klinton 2020 yilda prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'ymasligini e'lon qildi.[524] 2019 yil oktabr oyida Tramp tvitterda Klinton uchinchi marotaba qatnashishi kerak, deb yozdi va uning "meni vasvasaga solmang" degan javobiga turtki berdi.[525] 2020 yil 28 aprelda Klinton sobiq vitse-prezidentni ma'qulladi Jo Bayden prezident uchun 2020 yilgi saylov.[526] Klinton nutq so'zladi 2020 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya.[527] 2020 yil 28 oktyabrda Klinton 2020 yilgi saylovlarda Nyu-York shtati uchun saylovchilarning Demokratik partiyasida ekanligi haqida e'lon qildi.[528]
Prezident Trampga sharhlar
2017 yil 27 fevralda Klinton prezident Trampni ikki hindistonlik erkak tomonidan otib o'ldirilganligi to'g'risida murojaat qilishga chaqirdi Adam Purinton.[529] 2-may kuni Klinton shunday dedi Trampning Twitterdan foydalanishi muhim muzokaralarni olib borishda "ishlamaydi". "Kim Chen In ... [har doim] o'z maqomini va mavqeini ko'tarish uchun amerikaliklarni muzokaralarga kelishlariga harakat qilishdan manfaatdor". Shimoliy Koreya bilan muzokaralar "Xitoyni, Yaponiyani, Rossiyani, Janubiy Koreyani rejimga bosim o'tkazishga intilish uchun kengroq strategik asoslarsiz, oxir-oqibat ularni qandaydir realistik bilan muzokara stoliga olib boradigan holda amalga oshirmaslik kerak". o'zgarish istiqbollari. "[530] 26-may kuni Kurs Klinton o'zining ota-onasi Uelsli kollejida nutq so'zlar ekan, Prezident Trampning 2018 yildagi byudjet taklifi mahalliy dasturlarni moliyalashtirmaslik uchun "kelishuv" ekanligini ta'kidladi.[531] 1 iyun kuni, Prezident Tramp AQShni tark etish to'g'risida e'lon qilganida Parij kelishuvi, Klinton tvitterda bu "tarixiy xato" ekanligini aytdi.[532]
2019 yil 29 sentyabrda CBS News yakshanba kuni ertalab, Klinton Trampni mamlakatning dunyodagi mavqeiga "tahdid" sifatida ta'rifladi; saylovda g'alaba qozonganiga qaramay, "noqonuniy prezident"; va "odamlarning buzilgan tornadosi".[533]
Qirolichaning Belfast universiteti kansleri
2020 yil 2 yanvarda Xillari Klinton kansler lavozimini egallashi ma'lum qilindi Qirolichaning Belfast universiteti eri ilgari rol o'ynaganidan keyin Shimoliy Irlandiya tinchlik jarayoni va 1998 yil imzolanishi Xayrli juma shartnomasi. Klinton avvalgisining vafotidan keyin 2018 yildan beri bo'sh turgan lavozimni to'ldirib, universitetning 11-va birinchi ayol kansleri bo'ldi. Tomas J. Moran. Ushbu lavozimni egallashni sharhlar ekan, u "universitet xalqaro miqyosda o'zining izlanishlari va ta'siri uchun to'lqinlarni yaratmoqda va men elchi ekanimdan faxrlanaman va mukammallik obro'sini oshirishga yordam beraman" dedi. Queen's Pro-Chancellor Stephen Prenter said that Clinton on her appointment "will be an incredible advocate for Queen's" who can act as an "inspirational role model".[534][535]
Siyosiy lavozimlar
Using her Senate votes, several organizations have attempted to measure Clinton's place on the siyosiy spektr scientifically. Milliy jurnal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 on the political spectrum, relative to the Senate at the time, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.[536] Milliy jurnal's subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.[537]Siyosatshunoslar Joshua D. Klintonning 2004 yildagi tahlili Princeton universiteti Saymon Jekman va Dag Rivers of Stenford universiteti found her likely to be the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal senator.[538]Amerika siyosati almanaxi, tahrirlangan Maykl Barone va Richard E. Koen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social and Foreign. Averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Total average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.[p] Ga binoan FiveThirtyEight 's measure of political ideology, "Clinton was one of the most liberal members during her time in the Senate."[539]
Organizations have also attempted to provide more recent assessments of Clinton after she reentered elective politics in 2015. Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, Muammolar to'g'risida places her in the "Left Liberal" region on their two-dimensional grid of social and economic ideologies, with a social score of 80 on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances, with an economic score of ten on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances.[540] Crowdpac, which does a data aggregation of campaign contributions, votes and speeches, gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative).[541] Through 2008, she had an average lifetime 90 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Amerikaliklar demokratik harakat uchun,[542] and a lifetime eight percent rating from the Amerika konservativ ittifoqi.[543]
In March 2016, Clinton laid out a detailed economic plan, which The New York Times called "optimistic" and "wide-ranging". Basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, Clinton proposed a "clawback" that would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; providing incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America to pay a lower tax rate overseas.[544] Clinton currently opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) (though she previously described it as "the gold standard"[545] of trade deals). U qo'llab-quvvatlaydi AQSh eksport-import banki and holds that "any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security".[546][547] As senator (2001–2009), her record on trade was mixed; she voted in favor of some trade agreements but not others.[546]
Given the climate of unlimited campaign contributions following the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision, Clinton called for a konstitutsiyaviy o'zgartirish to limit "unaccountable money" in politics.[548] In July 2016, she "committed" to introducing a U.S. constitutional amendment that would result in overturning the 2010 Citizens United decision.[549][550] On December 7, 2015, Clinton presented her detailed plans for regulating Wall Street financial activities in the Nyu-York Tayms.[551]
Accepting the iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha ilmiy konsensus, Clinton supports savdo-sotiq,[552] va qarshi chiqdi Keystone XL quvur liniyasi.[553]
She supported "equal pay for equal work", to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do.[554] Clinton has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool.[548] These programs would be funded by proposing tax increases on the wealthy, including a "fair share surcharge".[555]
Clinton supported the Affordable Care Act[556] and would have added a "ommaviy variant " that competed with private insurers and enabled people "50 or 55 and up" to buy into Medicare.[557][558]
On LGBT rights, she supports the right to bir jinsli nikoh, a position that has changed throughout her political career.[548] In 2000, she was against such marriages altogether. In 2006, she said only that she would support a state's decision to permit same-sex marriages, but opposed federally amending the Constitution to permit same-sex marriage. While running for president in 2007, she again reiterated her opposition to same-sex marriage, although expressed her support of civil unions.[559] 2013 marked the first time that Clinton expressed support for a national right to same-sex marriage.[560] In 2000, she was the first spouse of a US president to march in an LGBT pride parade.[561] In 2016, she was the first major-party presidential candidate ever to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper (Filadelfiya gey yangiliklari ).[562]
Clinton held that allowing hujjatsiz muhojirlar to have a path to citizenship "[i]s at its heart a family issue",[563] and expressed support for Obama's Ota-onalarning javobgarligi bo'yicha kechiktirilgan harakatlar (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States.[564][565] However, in 2014, Clinton stated that unaccompanied children crossing the border "should be sent back."[566] She opposed and criticized Trump's call to temporarily ban Musulmonlar AQShga kirishdan.[567]
Expressing support for Umumiy yadro[568] she said, "The really unfortunate argument that's been going on around Common Core, it's very painful because the Common Core started off as a bipartisan effort. It was actually nonpartisan. It wasn't politicized ... Iowa has had a testing system based on a core curriculum for a really long time. And [speaking to Iowans] you see the value of it, you understand why that helps you organize your whole education system. And a lot of states unfortunately haven't had that and so don't understand the value of a core, in this sense a Common Core."[569]
On foreign affairs, Clinton voted in favor of the Iroqqa qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatish uchun ruxsatnoma 2002 yil oktyabr oyida,[570] a vote she later "regretted".[571] She favored arming Syria's rebel fighters in 2012 and has called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.[572] U qo'llab-quvvatladi Yugoslaviyani NATO tomonidan bombardimon qilish in 1999 and the NATO-led military intervention in Libya to oust former Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafiy 2011 yilda.[573][574] Clinton is in favor of maintaining American influence in the Middle East.[567] She has told the Amerika Isroil jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar qo'mitasi, "America can't ever be neutral when it comes to Israel's security and survival."[575] Clinton expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2006 yil Livan urushi va 2014 yil Isroil - G'azo mojarosi.[576][577] In April 2017, Clinton called for strikes against Syrian airfields.[578]
In 2000, Clinton advocated for the elimination of the saylovchilar kolleji.[579] She promised to co-sponsor legislation that would abolish it, resulting in the direct election of the president.[580][581]
Diniy qarashlar
Clinton has been a lifelong Metodist, attending various churches throughout her lifetime and all are part of the Birlashgan metodistlar cherkovi:
- Birinchi Birlashgan Metodistlar cherkovi Park Ridge, Illinoys – in her early life,
- Birinchi Birlashgan Metodistlar cherkovi Little Rok, Arkanzas – while in Arkansas,
- Dökümhane Birlashgan Metodistlar cherkovi yilda Vashington, Kolumbiya – as the first lady of the United States,
- Metropolitan Community United Methodist Church in Nyu-York, Nyu-York – currently a congregant.
Clinton discussed her faith at 2014 United Methodist Women church rally at the Kentucky International Convention Center in Louisville, Kentukki.[582] However, she has seldom discussed her faith while campaigning.[583][584] She has openly discussed her Christianity on several occasions, discussing for example the importance of loving one's neighbor as oneself, of helping the poor and "creating opportunities for others to be lifted up".[584] Clinton has also expressed disappointment that "Christianity, which has such great love at its core, is sometimes used to condemn so quickly and judge so harshly."[584]
Professor Pol Kengor, muallifi God and Hillary Clinton: A Spiritual Life has suggested that Clinton's political positions are rooted in her faith. She often expresses a maksimal often attributed to Jon Uesli: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can."[583] In fact, Clinton repeated this saying in her acceptance speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention, adding that her mother Dorothy "made sure I learned [these] words from our Methodist faith".[585]
Madaniy va siyosiy imidj
Over a hundred books and scholarly works have been written about Clinton. A 2006 survey by the Nyu-York kuzatuvchisi found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature" put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints. Some titles include Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House va Can She Be Stopped?: Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless ... Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well[586] (other than her memoirs and those of her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, several fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.[587] Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman " to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Nyut Gingrich.[588]
Clinton has also been featured in the media and popular culture in a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, writer Todd S. Purdum ning The New York Times characterized Clinton as a Rorschach testi,[589] an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betti Fridan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."[590] She has been the subject of many satirical impressions on Saturday Night Live, beginning with her time as the first lady. She has made guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in 2015, to face-off with her doppelgängers.[591][592] Jonathan Mann wrote songs about her including "The Hillary Shimmy Song", which went viral.[593][594][595][596]
She has often been described in the popular media as a qutblanuvchi figure, though some argue otherwise.[597] In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a Vaqt magazine cover showed a large picture of her with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her".[598] Ona Jons titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".[599] Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times va Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.[600][601] Newsweek muharriri Jon Meacham summed up the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics".[601]
Once she became secretary of state, Clinton's image seemed to improve dramatically among the American public and become one of a respected world figure.[353][602] Her favorability ratings dropped, however, after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics once more.[603] By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever.[604] During 2016 she acknowledged that: "I'm not a natural politician, in case you haven't noticed."[605]
Saylov tarixi
2000 yilgi senat saylovi
| Partiya | Nomzod | Ovozlar | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demokratik | Hillari Klinton | 3,747,310 | 55.3 | ||
| Respublika | Rik Latsio | 2,915,730 | 43.0 | ||
2006 yilgi senat saylovi
| Partiya | Nomzod | Ovozlar | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demokratik | Hillari Klinton | 3,008,428 | 67.0 | +11.7 | |
| Respublika | Jon Spenser | 1,392,189 | 31.0 | −12.0 | |
2008 yilgi prezident saylovi
| Partiya | Nomzod | Ovozlar | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demokratik | Barak Obama | 17,584,692 (popular votes) 2,272.5 delegates (33 states) | 47.3% of popular vote | |
| Demokratik | Hillari Klinton | 17,857,501 (popular votes) 1,978 delegates (23 states) | 48.0% of popular vote | |
2016 yilgi prezident saylovi
| Partiya | Nomzod | Ovozlar | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demokratik | Hillari Klinton | 16,914,722 (popular votes) 2,842 delegates (34 states) | 55.2% of popular vote | |
| Demokratik | Berni Sanders | 13,206,428 (popular votes) 1,865 delegates (23 states) | 43.1% of popular vote | |
| Partiya | Nomzod | Ovozlar | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respublika | Donald Tramp | 62,984,828 (popular votes) 304 saylovchilar (30 states + ME-02 ) | 46.1% (popular vote) 56.5% (electoral vote) | |
| Demokratik | Hillari Klinton | 65,853,514 (popular votes) 227 electors (20 states + DC ) | 48.2% (popular vote) 42.2% (electoral vote) | |
Kitoblar va yozuvlar
| Tashqi video | |
|---|---|
 Kitoblar interview with Clinton about Bu qishloqni oladi, March 3, 1996 (57:44), C-SPAN |
- It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us (1996). Clinton received the "Eng yaxshi og'zaki so'zlar albomi" uchun "Grammy" mukofoti in 1997 for the book's audio recording.[218][606]
- Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998)
- An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000)[229]
- Tirik tarix (Simon va Shuster, 2003).[248] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,[270] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,[271] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.[272][273]
- Qattiq tanlov (2014). 2015 yil iyul holatiga ko'ra[yangilash] The book has sold about 280,000 copies.[443]
- With Tim Kaine, Birgalikda kuchli (2016)[484]
- Nima bo'ldi (Simon va Shuster, 2017, in print, e-book, and audio read by the author)[509][510]
- With Chelsea Clinton, Gutsy ayollar kitobi: jasorat va chidamlilikning sevimli hikoyalari (Simon va Shuster, 2019, in print, e-book, and audio)[607]
Ajdodlar
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Shuningdek qarang
- 2016 United States presidential election timeline
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vazirlar Mahkamasi kotiblarining ro'yxati
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatidagi ayollar
Izohlar
- ^ Tadqiqot tomonidan Nyu-York Quyoshi in 2007 found it unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm.[54] Anti-Clinton writers such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist Jessica Mitford.[55] Keyinchalik Quyosh research revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling-out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case.[56]
- ^ For the start date, see Brock 1996, p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as chair ended. Primary sources indicate that between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham was replaced as chair by F. William McCalpin. See Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1981, "House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations ", U.S. House of Representatives, 1980. Rodham is still chair after having given birth "a few weeks ago"; Chelsea Clinton was born on February 27, 1980.
- ^ a b As of 1993, she had not legally changed her name from Hillary Rodham.[109] Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement to regain that office. She later wrote, "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name."[110] Once he was elected again, she made a point of using "Hillary Rodham Clinton" in work she did as First Lady of the state.[82] Once she became first lady of the United States in 1993, she publicly stated that she wanted to be known as "Hillary Rodham Clinton".[109] She has authored all her books under that name. She continued to use that name on her website and elsewhere once she was a U.S. senator.[111] When she ran for president during 2007–08, she used the name "Hillary Clinton" or just "Hillary" in campaign materials.[111] She used "Hillary Rodham Clinton" again in official materials as secretary of state.[112] As of the 2015 launch of her second presidential campaign, she again switched to using "Hillary Clinton" in campaign materials;[112] in November 2015 both the Associated Press va The New York Times noted that they would no longer use "Rodham" in referring to Clinton, with the Times stating that "the Clinton campaign confirmed ... that Mrs. Clinton prefers to be simply, 'Hillary Clinton'".[113]
- ^ Clinton said in the joint 60 daqiqa interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tami Uynet. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to kantri musiqasi provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because "Sizning odamingiz yonida turing " is not written in the first person.[139] Wynette added that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House."[140] Bir necha kundan keyin, kuni Primetime Live, Hillary Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been careless in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant—as it deserved to be—and brutal."[141] The two women later resolved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clinton fundraiser.
- ^ Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life."[142] The "cookies and teas" part of this statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen to be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign liability.[143] Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!"[142]
- ^ The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by Washington Post yozuvchi Bob Vudvord; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as first lady.[154] Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of Inson potentsial harakati tarafdor Jan Xyuston. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a aqliy hujum exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible.[155] In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal."[156]
- ^ Clinton was referring to the Arkanzas loyihasi and its funder Richard Mellon Skayf, Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to Lucianne Goldberg va Linda Tripp, Jerri Falwell va boshqalar.[222]
- ^ Umumiy Jek Kin, one of the architects of the surge, later related that he tried to convince Clinton of its merits at the time, but that she felt it would not succeed and that U.S. casualties would be too high. Keane said that sometime during 2008 she told him, "You were right, this really did work".[267] In 2014, Secretary of Defense Gates related that after Clinton had left the Senate and become Secretary of State, she told President Obama that her opposition to the 2007 Iraq surge had been political, due to her facing a strong challenge from the anti-Iraq War Obama in the upcoming Democratic presidential primary. Gates also quotes Clinton as saying, "The Iraq surge worked."[286] Clinton responded that Gates had misinterpreted her remark regarding the reason for her opposition.[267]
- ^ When asked for her reaction to an Obama remark about the possibility that his campaign represented false hope, Clinton responded: "I would point to the fact that Dr. King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people's lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished."[308]
- ^ "2008 Democratic Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. Olingan 8 iyul, 2008. The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is also difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.[320]
- ^ These efforts were not immediately rewarded, largely due to the unpopularity of Pokistonda uchuvchisiz samolyot hujumlari and other U.S. anti-terrorism actions. Polls in Pakistan and other Muslim countries showed approval of the U.S. declined among its citizens between 2009 and 2012. Confidence that Clinton was doing the right thing in world affairs was also low. The confidence ratings for Clinton were high in most European countries and generally mixed in the BRIK mamlakatlar.[350]
- ^ While generally experiencing good health in her life, Clinton had previously had a potentially serious blood clot behind her knee (a chuqur tomir trombozi ) while first lady in 1998, for which she had required anticoagulant treatment.[389] An elbow fracture and subsequent painful recuperation had caused Clinton to miss two foreign trips as Secretary of State in 2009.[390] It was also disclosed in 2015 that she had a second deep vein thrombosis in 2009.[391] The 2012 concussion and clot episode caused Clinton to postpone her congressional testimony on the Bingazi hujumi and to miss any foreign trips planned for the rest of her tenure.[387] After returning to public activity, she wore special glasses for two months, with a Fresnel ob'ektiv for the left eye to compensate for ikki tomonlama ko'rish, a lingering effect of the concussion.[388][392] She remained on anticoagulant medication as a precaution.[388]
- ^ Clinton's 112 countries visited broke Madlen Olbrayt 's previous mark of 96.[399] Clinton's sum of 956,733 air miles traveled, however, fell short of Kondoliza Rays 's record for mileage.[398] That total, 1,059,207, was bolstered late in her tenure by repeated trips to the Middle East.[400]
- ^ a b During Clinton's tenure there were several cases where foreign governments continued making donations to the Clinton Foundation at the same level they had before Clinton became secretary of state, which was permissible under the agreement forged before she took office. There was one instance of a new donation, $500,000 from Algeria for earthquake relief in Haiti, that was outside the bounds of the continuation provision and should have received a special State Department ethics review but did not.[446] The foundation's new stance as of April 2015[yangilash] and Clinton's presidential candidacy was to accept foreign governmental donations only from Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom.[447]
- ^ Boshqalar:Endryu Jekson kim yutqazdi Jon Kvinsi Adams; Samuel Tilden who lost by one electoral vote to Rezerford B Xeys; Grover Klivlend kim yutqazdi Benjamin Xarrison; va Al Gor kim yutqazdi Jorj V Bush.
- ^ Qarang Barone, Maykl; Koen, Richard E. (2008). Amerika siyosati almanaxi. Milliy jurnal. p. 1126. And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).
Adabiyotlar
Iqtiboslar
- ^ "The Mystery of Hillary's Missing Millions". Forbes. Olingan 11 avgust, 2017.
- ^ "Hillary Clinton Bio". CNN.com. Olingan 19 iyul, 2019.
Name: Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton
Sektor, Bob; Trice, Dawn Turner (November 27, 2017). "Clinton: Most famous. Least known?". Chicago Tribune. Olingan 19 iyul, 2019.What You May Not Know About ... Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton
- ^ McAfee, Tierney (September 9, 2016). "How Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump Responded to the 9/11 Attacks". PEOPLE.com. Olingan 21 avgust, 2019.
- ^ a b v d "Hillari Rodham Klinton". obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. The oq uy. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ O'Laughlin, Dania (Summer 2003). "Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001". Edgewater tarixiy jamiyati. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 18, 34-betlar.
- ^ a b v Roberts, Gari Boyd. "Senator Hillari Rodem Klintonning ajdodlari to'g'risida eslatmalar". Yangi Angliya tarixiy nasabnomasi jamiyati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 3-dekabrda. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2012.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 17-18 betlar.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan (2015 yil aprel-may). "Hillari Klintonning" Seltik ildizi ". Irlandiya Amerika.
- ^ a b v Brock 1996, p. 4. Her father was an outspoken Republican, while her mother kept quiet but was "basically a Democrat." See also Bernstein 2007, p. 16.
- ^ Gerth & Van Natta 2007, p. 14.
- ^ a b Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 29; Morris 1996 yil, p. 113.
- ^ TheWomensMuseum (May 21, 2009). "Stories from the Top at The Women's Museum: Question 1 – Hillary Clinton wanting to be an astronaut, answering What was the first thing you wanted to be when you grew up? ...at The Women's Museum in Dallas, Tx "Stories from the Top" Women's History Month event, March 27, 2009" - YouTube orqali.
- ^ "Hillary Clinton wanting to be an astronaut, speech for Reclaiming Our Commitment to Science & Innovation at the Carnegie Institute of Washington, on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC". October 4, 2007 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Barbara Walters interview, 2001, in Park Ridge (the Chicago suburb where she grew up)". July 25, 2010 – via YouTube.
- ^ Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in Washington Post. Iqtibos:
"After receiving more information from the National Air and Space Museum, specifically a March 1962 letter with a similar tone and message as the Miss Kelly letter Arxivlandi 2016 yil 22 oktyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi and Clinton's account, we decided the claim met the "reasonable person" standard. We award Clinton the rare Geppetto Checkmark [Statements and claims that contain "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth"]."
To'liq hisobot: Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (November 30, 2015). "Hillary Clinton's often-told story that NASA rejected her childhood dream of becoming an astronaut". Washington Post.
Neither Clinton nor NASA has produced a copy of the actual response that she states she received. - ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 30-31 betlar.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 30; Gerth & Van Natta 2007, 21-22 betlar.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 30-31 betlar; Maraniss 1995, p. 255.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 13.
- ^ Gerth & Van Natta 2007, p. 19.
- ^ Middendorf, J. William (2006). Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement. Asosiy kitoblar. ISBN 978-0-465-04573-0. p. 266.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 15; Gerth and Van Natta 2007, pp. 18–21; Bernstein 2007, pp. 34–36. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that as "an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years". (Clinton 2003, p. 23) Several dates have been published for the King speech she witnessed, but April 15, 1962, is the most likely, see Dobbs, Michael (December 31, 2007). "Hillary and Martin Luther King Jr". Washington Post.
- ^ Levenson, Michael (March 4, 2007). "A student's words, a candidate's struggle". Boston Globe. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 29, 1992). "Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992". Uelsli kolleji. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ a b Clinton 2003, p. 31.
- ^ "Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose". Uelsli kolleji. 16 may 2007 yil. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2006 yil 3 sentyabrda. Olingan 2 iyun, 2007. Gives organization's prior name.
- ^ Milton, Joyce (1999). The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton. Uilyam Morrou va Kompaniyasi. ISBN 978-0-688-15501-8. 27-28 betlar.
- ^ Brock 1996, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.
- ^ a b v d e Kenney, Charles (January 12, 1993). "Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69". Boston Globe. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 42–46; Troy 2006, pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b v d e Leibovich, Mark (September 7, 2007). "In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice". The New York Times. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ a b Rodham, Hillary (May 31, 1969). "Hillary D. Rodham's 1969 Student Commencement Speech". Uelsli kolleji. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 53-54 betlar.
- ^ a b v Dedman, Bill (2007 yil 9-may). "Hillari Rodxemning yashirin tezisini o'qish". MSNBC.
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- ^ a b Gerth & Van Natta 2007, 34-36 betlar.
- ^ "Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate". Fitchburg qo'riqchisi. June 2, 1969.
- ^ "Brooke Speech Draws Reply". Nevada shtati jurnali. June 2, 1969.
- ^ "The Class of '69". Hayot. June 20, 1969. pp. 28–33. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 25 dekabrda. The article features Rodham and two student commencement speakers from other schools, with photos and excerpts from their speeches.
- ^ Cosgrove, Ben (February 15, 2014). "Hillary Clinton: Photos of the Future First Lady as a Wellesley Grad". Vaqt. Olingan 16 avgust, 2016.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 70.
- ^ Klinton, Nima bo'ldi, p. 198.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 139; Bernstein 2007, p. 105. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the Devid Letterman bilan kech namoyish, that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington. Clinton 2003, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b v "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–)". Arkanzas tarixi va madaniyati ensiklopediyasi. Markaziy Arkanzas kutubxona tizimi. 2019 yil 16-may. Olingan 22 avgust, 2019.
- ^ a b Gerth & Van Natta 2007, 42-43 bet.
- ^ a b v Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 75.
- ^ Mualliflari Bolaning eng yaxshi qiziqishlaridan tashqari were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and Anna Freyd.
- ^ Morris 1996, pp. 142–43.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 71-74-betlar.
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- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 82-83-betlar.
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- ^ Olson 1999, pp. 56–57.
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- ^ Gershteyn, Josh (2007 yil 26-noyabr). "Klintonlarning Berkli muhabbat yozi". Nyu-York Quyoshi.
- ^ Gerth & Van Natta 2007, 48-49 betlar.
- ^ a b Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 89.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men "Birinchi xonimning tarjimai holi: Hillari Klinton". National First Ladies' Library. Olingan 22 avgust, 2006.
- ^ Rodham, Hillary (1973). "Children Under the Law". Garvard ta'lim sharhi. 43 (4): 487–514. doi:10.17763/haer.43.4.e14676283875773k.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 21.
- ^ a b v Lewin, Tamar (August 24, 1992). "Legal Scholars See Distortion in Attacks on Hillary Clinton". The New York Times.
- ^ Lindsey, Duncan; Sarri, Rosemary C. (1992). "What Hillary Rodham Clinton really said about children's rights and child policy" (PDF). Bolalar va yoshlarga xizmatlarni ko'rib chiqish. 14 (6): 473–83. doi:10.1016/0190-7409(92)90001-C. hdl:2027.42/30351.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 91-92 betlar.
- ^ Brock 1996, p. 42.
- ^ a b v Bernshteyn 2007 yil, pp. 94–96, 101–03.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 62.
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 277.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, pp. 90, 120.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 92; Allen and Parnes 2014, p. 149. Taking an out-of-date bar study class may have been a factor. Two-thirds (551 of 817) of the candidates passed. Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it thirty years later in her autobiography.
- ^ Clinton 2003, p. 69.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 92.
- ^ Clinton 2003, p. 70. Source for number of female faculty members.
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 328.
- ^ a b Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 126-27 betlar.
- ^ Contorno, Steve (July 17, 2014). "Did Hillary Clinton ask to be 'relieved' from representing an accused rapist in 1970s?". PolitiFact.
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- ^ a b v Kruse, Michael (April 14, 2015). "The long, hot summer Hillary Clinton became a politician". Politico.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 157.
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- ^ Bernstein 2007, 128-bet, 103. Firma Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir deb nomlangan, ammo u 1980 yilda Rose Law Firm nomini soddalashtirgan.
- ^ a b Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 133.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, 131-32-betlar.
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- ^ Rodxem, Xillari (1979). "Bolalar huquqlari: huquqiy nuqtai nazar". Patrisiyada A. Vardin; Ilene N. Brody (tahrir). Bolalar huquqlari: zamonaviy istiqbollar. Nyu York: O'qituvchilar kolleji matbuoti. 21-36 betlar.
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- ^ Olson 1999, p. 57.
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- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 154.
- ^ Bernshteyn 2007 yil, p. 125.
- ^ "Jimmi Karter: Nomzodlar Senat muhokamasiga kiritilgan, 1977 yil 16-dekabr, juma kuni tugaydi".. Amerika prezidentligi loyihasi. Olingan 3 sentyabr, 2007.
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- ^ Morris 1996, p. 225.
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- ^ a b v Bernshteyn 2007, 170-75 betlar. Bernshteynning ta'kidlashicha, "ta'lim sohasidagi islohotlar uchun siyosiy kurash ... AQSh Senatiga saylangunga qadar uning jamoat hayotidagi eng katta yutug'i bo'ladi".
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Xillari Klinton 2011 yil yanvar oyidagi safari davomida hokimiyatni o'rnatishda yordam bergan va bundan buyon ikkala Klinton ham kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlagan hukumat - bu ishonchga loyiq emasligini isbotladi.
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We are a very different country than we were 200 years ago", Clinton said. "I believe strongly that in a democracy, we should respect the will of the people and to me, that means it's time to do away with the Electoral College and move to the popular election of our president." "I hope no one is ever in doubt again about whether their vote counts.
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- ^ For sources describing her as a polarizing figure, see Purdum, "The First Lady's Newest Role", op. keltirish.;Dovd, Mureen (May 18, 1992). "Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type?". The New York Times.; Sullivan, Amy (July–August 2005). "Hillary in 2008?". Vashington oylik. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2005 yil 14-iyulda.; Daniel Schorr (2006 yil 16-iyul). Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate (audio). Milliy radio.; Cox, Ana Marie (August 19, 2006). "How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing". Vaqt.; and those referenced in Davis, Lanny (2007 yil 10 oktyabr). "Hillary Clinton: Not Polarizing and Highly Electable". Tepalik.. For sources arguing against the notion, see the same Davis piece; va Estrich, Susan (2005). The Case for Hillary Clinton. HarperCollins. pp.66–68. ISBN 978-0-06-083988-8.
- ^ "The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton". Vaqt. 2006 yil 26 avgust. Olingan 27 sentyabr, 2007.
- ^ Hitt, Jack (2007 yil yanvar-fevral). "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". Ona Jons. Olingan 7 oktyabr, 2007.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (2008 yil 10-yanvar). "Women's Support for Clinton Rises in Wake of Perceived Sexism". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Meacham, Jon (2008 yil 21-yanvar). "Letting Hillary Be Hillary". Newsweek.
- ^ Torregrossa, Luisita Lopez (October 12, 2010). "Hillary Clinton Leads the Pack in Bloomberg Popularity Poll". Siyosat har kuni. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 14 oktyabrda.
- ^ "Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Extend Run as Most Admired" (Matbuot xabari). Gallup tashkiloti. 2014 yil 29 dekabr.
- ^ Dugan, Andrew; McCarthy, Justin (September 4, 2015). "Hillary Clinton's Favorable Rating One of Her Worst". Gallup tashkiloti.
- ^ "Hillary Clinton: 'I am not a natural politician'". Hafta. 2016 yil 9 mart.
- ^ Cite error: Nomlangan ma'lumotnoma
Schultz1999chaqirilgan, ammo hech qachon aniqlanmagan (qarang yordam sahifasi). - ^ "Simon & Schuster to Publish Celebration of Gutsy Women by Hillary Rodham Clinton and Chelsea Clinton". Simon va Shuster. 2019 yil 6-avgust. Olingan 30 oktyabr, 2019.
- ^ Reytvizner, Uilyam Addams. "Ancestry of Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton". Uilyam Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services. Olingan 12 oktyabr, 2018.
Manbalar keltirilgan
- Allen, Jonathan; Parnes, Amie (2014). HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton. Nyu York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8041-3675-4.
- Balz, Dan; Jonson, Xeyns (2009). The Battle for America, 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election. Nyu York: Viking pengueni. ISBN 978-0-670-02111-6.
- Bernshteyn, Karl (2007). Mas'ul ayol: Hillari Rodham Klintonning hayoti. Nyu York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40766-6.
- Brock, David (1996). The Seduction of Hillary Rodham. Nyu York: Erkin matbuot. ISBN 978-0-684-83451-1.
- Brower, Kate Andersen (2015). The Residence: Inside the Private World of The White House. Nyu York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-230519-0.
- Berns, Lisa M. (2008). Birinchi xonimlar va to'rtinchi hokimiyat: Prezident xotinlarining matbuot ramkalari. DeKalb, Illinois: Shimoliy Illinoys universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-87580-391-3.
- Klinton, Hillari Rodxem (2003). Tirik tarix. Nyu York: Simon va Shuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2224-2.
- Gert, Jef; Van Natta, Don Jr. (2007). Uning yo'li: Hillari Rodham Klintonning umidlari va ambitsiyalari. Nyu York: Kichkina, jigarrang va kompaniya. ISBN 978-0-316-01742-8.
- Ghattas, Kim (2013). Kotib: Xillari Klinton bilan Bayrutdan Amerika qudratining yuragiga sayohat. Nyu York: Times kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-8050-9511-1.
- Heilemann, Jon; Halperin, Mark (2010). O'yin o'zgarishi: Obama va Klintonlar, Makkeyn va Peylin va umr bo'yi poyga. Nyu York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-173363-5.
- Xadson, Valeriya M.; Leyldl, Patrisiya (2015). The Hillary Doctrine: Sex & American Foreign Policy. Nyu York: Kolumbiya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-231-16492-4.
- Kornblut, Anne (2009). Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. Nyu York: Toj kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-307-46425-5.
- Maraniss, Devid (1995). O'z sinfida birinchi: Bill Klintonning tarjimai holi. Nyu York: Simon va Shuster. ISBN 978-0-671-87109-3.
- Morris, Rojer (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. Nyu York: Genri Xolt. ISBN 978-0-8050-2804-1.
- Olson, Barbara (1999). Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Vashington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-197-7.
- Troy, Gil (2006). Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. Lourens, Kanzas: Kanzas universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-7006-1488-2.
Tashqi havolalar
| Kutubxona resurslari haqida Hillari Klinton |
| By Hillary Clinton |
|---|
- Rasmiy veb-sayt
- Hillari Rodxem Klinton da Curlie
- White House biography of former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi. "Hillary Clinton (id: C001041)". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi.
- Klinton jamg'armasi
- "Hillary Rodham Clinton collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
- Tashqi ko'rinish kuni C-SPAN
- Hillary Clinton's file da Siyosat
Barcha prezidentlikka nomzodlar
| Vakolat nazorati |
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|---|