Windows 8 - Windows 8

Windows 8

Ning versiyasi Windows NT operatsion tizim
Windows 8 Bosh ekran, jonli plitka tartibini ko'rsatuvchi.
Tuzuvchi	Microsoft
Manba modeli	Yopiq manbali Manba mavjud (orqali Umumiy manbalar tashabbusi )[1]
Chiqarilgan ishlab chiqarish	2012 yil 1-avgust; 8 yil oldin (2012-08-01)[2]
Umumiy mavjudlik	2012 yil 26 oktyabr; 8 yil oldin (2012-10-26)[3]
Yakuniy nashr	6.2 (Build 9200) / 2012 yil 1-avgust; 8 yil oldin (2012-08-01)
Yangilash usuli	Windows yangilanishi, Windows do'koni, Windows Serverni yangilash xizmatlari
Platformalar	IA-32, x64
Kernel turi	Gibrid
Litsenziya	Sinov dasturi, Microsoft dasturiy ta'minot kafolati, MSDN obunasi, DreamSpark
Oldingi	Windows 7 (2009)
Muvaffaqiyatli	Windows 8.1 (2013)
Rasmiy veb-sayt	windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/meet (arxivlangan Orqaga qaytish mashinasi )
Qo'llab-quvvatlash holati
Barcha nashrlar bundan mustasno Windows Embedded 8 Standard: 2016 yil 12 yanvar holatiga ko'ra qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi Foydalanuvchilar Windows 8.1 yangilanishlar va qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirish uchun ularni nashr qilish uchun yangilang.[4] Windows Embedded 8 Standard: Asosiy qo'llab-quvvatlash 2018 yil 10-iyulda tugadi[5] 2023 yil 11-iyulgacha kengaytirilgan yordam[5] Windows 8.1 hech qachon ushbu nashr uchun chiqarilmagan.[5]

Qismi bir qator kuni
Windows 8
Xususiyatlari Nashrlar Windows 8.1 Windows Server 2012 Windows Phone 8 Windows Phone 8.1 Windows do'koni Olib tashlangan xususiyatlar

Windows 8 bu operatsion tizim tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Microsoft, qismi sifatida chiqarilgan Windows NT operatsion tizimlar oilasi. Mahsulot edi ishlab chiqarishga chiqarildi 2012 yil 1 avgustda va umuman chakana savdoga o'sha yilning 26 oktyabrida.^[6] Bu voris Windows 7.

Windows 8 operatsion tizim platformasida katta o'zgarishlarni kiritdi va foydalanuvchi interfeysi foydalanuvchi tajribasini yaxshilash uchun planshetlar, qayerda Windows bilan endi raqobatlashayotgan edi mobil operatsion tizimlar, shu jumladan Android va iOS.^[7] Xususan, ushbu o'zgarishlar sensorli optimallashtirishni o'z ichiga olgan Windows qobig'i Microsoft-ga asoslangan "Metro" dizayn tili va Bosh ekran (dasturlar va dinamik ravishda yangilangan tarkibni plitkalar panjarasida aks ettiradi), rivojlanish uchun yangi platforma "ilovalar "ta'kidlangan holda sensorli ekran kirish, onlayn xizmatlar bilan integratsiya (shu jumladan, qurilmalar o'rtasida dasturlar va sozlamalarni sinxronlashtirish qobiliyati) va Windows do'koni, an onlayn tarqatish yangi yuklab olish va sotib olish uchun dasturiy ta'minot. Ushbu xususiyatlarning aksariyati asrab olish edi Windows Phone. Windows 8 uchun qo'llab-quvvatlash qo'shildi USB 3.0, Kengaytirilgan format qattiq disklar, dala aloqalari yaqinida va bulutli hisoblash. Qo'shimcha xavfsizlik xususiyatlari, masalan, ichki o'rnatilgan antivirus dasturi, bilan integratsiya Microsoft SmartScreen fishing filtrlash uchun xizmat va qo'llab-quvvatlash UEFI xavfsiz yuklash bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qurilmalarda UEFI dasturiy ta'minoti, oldini olish uchun zararli dastur yuklash jarayonini yuqtirishdan.

Windows 8 aralash tanqidiy qabulga chiqarildi. Garchi uning ishlash ko'rsatkichlarini yaxshilashga, xavfsizlikni yaxshilashga va sensorli ekranli qurilmalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, operatsion tizimning yangi foydalanuvchi interfeysi chalkash va o'rganishi qiyin bo'lganligi uchun tanqid qilindi, ayniqsa, o'rniga klaviatura va sichqoncha yordamida sensorli ekran. Ushbu kamchiliklarga qaramay, 2013 yil yanvar oyigacha 60 million Windows 8 litsenziyasi sotildi, ularning soni yangilanishni ham, sotishni ham o'z ichiga oldi OEMlar yangi kompyuterlar uchun.^[8]

Microsoft chiqarildi Windows 8.1 2013 yil oktyabr oyida Windows 8-ning ba'zi jihatlarini ko'rib chiqdilar, ular sharhlovchilar tomonidan tanqid qilindi va erta qabul qiluvchilar va operatsion tizimning turli jihatlariga qo'shimcha yaxshilanishlarni kiritdi.^[9][10] Windows 8 ni oxiriga etkazdi Windows 10 2015 yil iyulda. Microsoft 2016 yil 12 yanvardan boshlab Windows 8 RTM uchun qo'llab-quvvatlash va yangilanishlarni taqdim etishni to'xtatdi va Windows 8.1-ni qo'llab-quvvatlab turish va Microsoft hayot tsikli siyosati bo'yicha qo'shimcha yangilanishlarni olish uchun o'rnatish kerak. xizmat paketlari.^[11] IE10-ni qo'llab-quvvatlash yoqilgan Windows Server 2012^[12][13] va Windows Embedded 8 Standard^[14] 2020 yil 31-yanvarda yakunlandi. Bozor ulushi 2020 yil oktyabrgacha 1,06% gacha tushdi.^[15]

2019 yil avgust oyida kompyuter mutaxassislari xabar berishicha BlueKeep xavfsizlik zaifligi, CVE -2019-0708, bu dastur tomonidan yuborilmagan Microsoft Windows versiyalariga ta'sir qilishi mumkin Masofadagi ish stoli protokoli, imkoniyati uchun imkon beradi masofaviy kodni bajarish, endi birgalikda nomlangan tegishli kamchiliklarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin DejaBlue, yangi Windows versiyalariga ta'sir qiladi (ya'ni, Windows 7 va barcha so'nggi versiyalar).^[16] Bundan tashqari, mutaxassislar xabar berishdi a Microsoft xavfsizlik zaifligi, CVE -2019-1162, asoslangan eski kod jalb qilish Microsoft CTF va ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), bu hammaga ta'sir qiladi Windows eski versiyalari Windows XP so'nggi Windows 10 versiyalariga versiyasi; qusurni tuzatish uchun yamoq hozirda mavjud.^[17]

Rivojlanish tarixi

Dastlabki rivojlanish

Windows 8 ishlab chiqish oldin boshlangan Windows 7 2009 yilda jo'natilgan.^[18] Da Iste'molchilar elektronikasi ko'rgazmasi 2011 yil yanvar oyida Windows-ning keyingi versiyasi qo'llab-quvvatlashni qo'shishi ma'lum qilindi ARM mikrosxemalar mavjud bilan bir qatorda x86 sotuvchilar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan protsessorlar, ayniqsa AMD va Intel. Windows bo'limi prezidenti Stiven Sinofskiy portning prototip qurilmalarda barvaqt qurilganligini namoyish qildi, Microsoft bosh direktori Stiv Balmer kompaniyaning Windows uchun "har qanday joyda har qanday qurilmada murosasiz bo'lishini" maqsad qilganini e'lon qildi.^{[19][20][21][22]} Windows 8 uchun "Yupiter" kodli nomli yangi dastur doirasi haqida batafsil ma'lumot paydo bo'ldi, bu "immersive" dasturlarni yaratish uchun ishlatilishi kerak edi. XAML (shunga o'xshash Windows Phone va Kumush nur ) yangi qadoqlash tizimi orqali tarqatilishi mumkin va mish-mishlar ilovalar do'koni.^[23]

Windows 8 ning eng qadimgi versiyasi - 7700, 2010 yil 25-dekabrda paydo bo'lgan. Qurilish Windows 7 bilan bir xil edi, faqat devor qog'ozi har xil bo'lishidan tashqari - Beta-versiyadan va Reliz nomzodidan bir xil. Bundan tashqari, ushbu tizimda Windows 8-ga havolalar mavjud edi.

Ikki muhim voqealar Windows 8 va ulardan biri Windows Server 2012 sızdırıldı keng jamoatchilikka. Milestone 1, Build 7850, 2011 yil 12 aprelda paydo bo'ldi.^[24] Bu deraza matni chapga tekislash o'rniga markazga yozilgan birinchi qurilish edi. Bu, ehtimol, Metro uslubidagi shriftning birinchi ko'rinishi edi va uning devor qog'ozi matnga ega edi sshh keling, bizning mehnatimizga sızmaylik. Biroq, uning batafsil qurilish raqami qurilish 2010 yil 22 sentyabrda yaratilganligini ko'rsatadi.^[25] Olingan nusxasi Enterprise nashri edi, boshqa nashrlari keyinroq chiqdi. 2020 yilda Metro "Redpill" ni ishga tushirgandan so'ng, ushbu binoda mavjud bo'lganligi aniqlandi. Bosh ekran juda ibtidoiy edi, kulrang plitkalar bilan oq ekran edi. Jozibasi paneli ham kiritilgan, ammo foydalanishga yaroqsiz edi. OS hali ham "Windows 7" sifatida o'qiydi. Milestone 2, Build 7955, 2011 yil 25 aprelda paydo bo'ldi. An'anaviy O'limning ko'k ekrani (BSoD) yangi bilan almashtirildi qora ekran, garchi bu keyinchalik bekor qilingan bo'lsa ham.^[26] Ushbu qurilish yangisini taqdim etdi lenta Windows Explorer-da. "Windows 7" logotipi vaqtincha "Microsoft Confidential" ko'rsatiladigan matn bilan almashtirildi. Ikkala versiya 7850 va 7955-lar Windows Server 2012-ning 7959-versiyasi bilan birga chiqdi. 2011-yil 17-iyunda 7989-versiyaning 64-bitli versiyasi chiqdi. Dastlab u Windows 7 Beta fon rasmi bilan bir xil baliqlarga ega bo'lgan yangi yuklash ekranini taqdim etdi, u keyinchalik yo'q qilindi va finalda ko'rsatilgan aylanma nuqtalar (garchi so'nggi versiya kichikroq aylanuvchi nuqtalar bilan birga bo'lsa ham). Unda matn ham bor edi Xush kelibsiz ularning ostida, garchi bu ham bekor qilingan bo'lsa ham.^[27]Boot ekrani ushbu tuzilish uchun yangi emas edi - u biroz oldinroq tuzilgan 7973 versiyasidan kelib chiqqan edi. Shuni eslatib o'tish joizki, ushbu qochqinlarning aksariyati "UI" metropolitenining asosiy interfeyslarini "yashirgan". Redlock tegishli qochqinlarni oldini olish maqsadida. Yamoq Redpill yangi Metro UI-ni, shuningdek qayta ishlangan Boshlang'ich ekranni, Qulfni ekranni va ilovalarni ochish uchun zarur edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bir nechta dastur ushbu yamoqni iloji boricha ko'proq takrorlashga urinib ko'rdi, ammo Redlock deb nomlangan dastur eng aniq hisoblanadi va 7850-8056 gacha bo'lgan Metro UI-ni yoqishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Shuningdek, u Dasturchilarni oldindan ko'rib chiqishda ishlagan.

Ushbu tuzilish, shuningdek, x86 arxitekturasida disk raskadrovka tuzilishi sifatida paydo bo'ldi va sozlash biroz o'zgarib ketdi - mavzu endi Classic-da emas, balki Windows Basic-da o'rnatildi.

Build 8008 User Tile-ni olib tashlagan birinchi qurilish edi. Yangi devor qog'ozi taqdim etildi va Metro Windows 8-ning so'nggi versiyasiga o'xshash yangilandi.

2011 yil 1-iyun kuni Microsoft Windows 8-ning yangi foydalanuvchi interfeysi va ikkala qo'shimcha funktsiyalarini namoyish qildi Computex Taipei va D9: barcha narsalar raqamli Kaliforniyadagi konferentsiya.^[28][29]

Windows 8-ning xususiyatlari va uni ishlab chiqish jarayoni atrofidagi tafsilotlarni o'z ichiga olgan "Windows 8-ni qurish" blogi 2011-yil 15-avgustda boshlandi.^[30]

Oldindan ko'rib chiqish

Windows 8 Developer Preview-ning ko'p ekranli tizimida ishlaydigan skrinshot, ba'zi xususiyatlarini namoyish etadi

Windows 8 rivojlanishning muhim bosqichida bo'lgandan so'ng, Dasturchilarni oldindan ko'rish shakllana boshladi.

Build 8032 tovar belgisini Windows Developer Preview-ga o'zgartirdi va Windows 7 brendini istalgan joyda ishlatgan so'nggi qurilish bo'ldi.

Build 8056 interfeysga bir nechta o'zgartirishlar kiritdi va barqarorlikni kichik yaxshilandi. Yuklash ekrani Windows Developer Preview deb o'zgartirildi, Metro esa Developer Preview-dagi Metroga o'xshash bo'lib yangilandi (garchi u boshqacha bo'lsa ham) va yangi devor qog'ozi taqdim etildi.

Microsoft birinchi kuni ko'proq Windows 8 funktsiyalari va yaxshilanishlarini namoyish qildi Konferentsiyani qurish 2011 yil 13 sentyabrda.^[31] Microsoft ushbu tadbirda Windows 8-ning birinchi beta-versiyasini, Windows Developer Preview-ni (build 8102) chiqardi. A Samsung Qurilmani ishlovchi planshet ham konferentsiya ishtirokchilariga tarqatildi.

Qurilish o'sha kuni standart 32-bit va 64-bitli variantlarda, shuningdek SDK va ishlab chiquvchi vositalarni o'z ichiga olgan maxsus 64-bitli variantda yuklab olish uchun chiqarildi (Visual Studio Express va Ifoda aralashmasi ) Metro uslubidagi dasturlarni ishlab chiqish uchun.^[32] Taqdimot paytida Windows do'koni haqida e'lon qilindi, ammo ushbu tuzilishda mavjud emas edi.^[33][34] Microsoft-ning ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, dastur chiqarilgandan keyingi dastlabki 12 soat ichida ishlab chiquvchilarni oldindan ko'rib chiqishni taxminan 535 ming marta yuklab olish mumkin.^[35] Dastlab 2012 yil 11 martda tugashi kerak edi, 2012 yil fevral oyida Dasturchilar Dasturining amal qilish muddati 2013 yil 15 yanvarga o'zgartirildi.^[36]

Windows 8 da "Tasma" bilan yangi File Explorer interfeysi

Keyingi qadam Consumer Preview edi, ba'zida undan oldin tuzilgan Windows 8 Beta deb nomlangan.

Build 8128 - bu Dastlabki ishlab chiquvchidan keyin ko'rib chiqilgan dastlabki tuzilish. Ushbu qurilish Redpill-ni o'chirib tashladi va Metro sukut bo'yicha uni o'chirib qo'yishning iloji bo'lmasdan yoqildi.

Build 8176 yangi brendlash xususiyatiga ega - Windows 8 Beta. Consumer Preview fon rasmlari endi qo'shildi va sozlash rangi oxirgi Consumer Preview bilan bir xil bo'lib o'zgartirildi.

Build 8195 asosan 8176 bilan bir xil, garchi u Ishga tushirish tugmachasini vazifalar panelidan olib tashlaydi. Ishga tushirish tugmachasi Milestone 2-ning boshida ro'yxatga olish kitobi kaliti bilan o'chirilishi mumkin edi (va bu Windows 8 ishlab chiqishda davom etdi), uni qayta tiklash uchun sukut bo'yicha uni o'chirib qo'yish. Brendlash endi Consumer Preview bilan bir xil.

2012 yil 17 fevralda Microsoft Windows 8 uchun qabul qilinadigan yangi logotipni namoyish qildi Pentagram sherik Paula Sher, Windows logotipi to'rtta oyna oynasi to'plamiga o'xshash tarzda o'zgartirildi. Bundan tashqari, butun logotip endi bitta tekis rangda namoyish etiladi.^[37]

2012 yil 29 fevralda Microsoft Windows 8-ning beta-versiyasi bo'lgan Windows 8 Consumer Preview-ni ishlab chiqardi, 8250-ni ishlab chiqardi. Boshqa o'zgarishlar bilan bir qatorda, qurilish 8195-dan katta o'zgarishlarga olib keldi: Boshlash tugmasi Vazifalar panelidan birinchi marta paydo bo'lganidan beri jamoat qurilishida Windows 95; Windows menejeri Chaitanya Sareenning so'zlariga ko'ra, Windows 8 da ish stoli operatsion tizimning asosiy interfeysi emas, balki o'zi "ilova" bo'lganligi haqidagi qarashlarini aks ettirish uchun "Ishga tushirish" tugmasi o'chirildi.^[38][39] Windows prezidenti Stiven Sinofskiyning aytishicha, ishlab chiquvchi versiyasi ommaga oshkor qilinganidan beri 100 mingdan ortiq o'zgartirishlar kiritilgan.^[39] Windows 8 Consumer Preview versiyasi chiqarilgandan bir kun oldin milliondan ortiq marta yuklab olindi.^[40] Dasturchilarni oldindan ko'rish kabi, iste'molchilarni oldindan ko'rish muddati 2013 yil 15 yanvarda tugagan.

Windows 8-ning uchinchi va so'nggi oldindan ko'rishni ishlab chiqish, Release Preview, 8277-versiyasi bilan Consumer Preview-dan ko'p o'tmay boshlandi.

Build 8330 Consumer va Release Previews o'rtasida tuzilish bo'ldi. Ushbu tuzilishga yangi devor qog'ozi va bir nechta o'zgartirishlar kiradi, masalan, yangi logotip eskisini almashtiradi va Windows haqida dialog oynasida paydo bo'ladi.

Stiven Sinofskiy Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) iyun oyining birinchi haftasida chiqarilishini e'lon qilganida, Yaponiyaning Dasturchilar kuni konferentsiyasiga qadar boshqa ko'plab qurilishlar mavjud yoki chiqarilishi mumkin.^[41] 2012 yil 28-mayda Windows 8 Release Preview (Xitoyga xos variant emas, balki Xitoyning standart x64 versiyasi, x64 versiyasi, 8400-ni tuzish) turli xil Xitoy va BitTorrent veb-saytlarida tarqaldi.^[42] 2012 yil 31 mayda Microsoft tomonidan Windows 8 Release Preview ommaga taqdim etildi.^[43] Release Preview-ning asosiy elementlari orasida Sports, Travel va News dasturlari qo'shilgan bo'lib, ularning birlashtirilgan varianti mavjud Adobe Flash Player yilda Internet Explorer.^[44] Dasturchilarni oldindan ko'rish va iste'molchilarni oldindan ko'rish kabi, versiyani oldindan ko'rish muddati 2013 yil 15 yanvarda tugagan.

Chiqarish

Windows 8-ni ishga tushirish Pier 57 Nyu-York shahrida

Windows 8 versiyasini oldindan ko'rib chiqishni tugatgandan so'ng, Microsoft so'nggi versiyada ishlashni boshladi.

Build 8423 - bu Aero-ni o'z ichiga olgan so'nggi sızdırılan qurilish. U 8432 qurilmasiga tushib ketgan va 8423 yildan keyin ikkita qurilish uchun ko'rilgan.

8438-ni olib tashlangan ish stoli gadjetlarini yaratish. Bu Aero-ni olib tashlagan 8432 bilan bir xil edi. Ushbu qurilish va 8330-ning x86-varianti qiziqarli nomlangan 'fbl_ie_longhorn' filialida qurilgan.

Build 8888 2014 yil dekabr oyida tarqaldi va RTM bilan bir xil edi, vaqt bombasi va yo'qolgan dasturlar bundan mustasno.

2012 yil 1-avgustda Windows 8 (9200 versiyasi)^[45]) edi ishlab chiqarishga chiqarildi 6.2.9200.16384 qurilish raqami bilan.^[46] Microsoft 2012 yil 25 oktyabrda taqdimot tadbirini o'tkazishni rejalashtirgan^[47] va Windows 8-ni chiqaring umumiy mavjudlik ertasi kuni.^[48] Biroq, ishlab chiqarishga chiqarilganidan bir kun o'tib, Windows 8 Enterprise N ning so'nggi versiyasining nusxasi (Evropa bozorlari uchun birlashtirilgan media pleerlardan mahrum bo'lgan variant monopoliyaga qarshi qaror ) Internetda tarqaldi, keyin bir necha kundan keyin Windows 8 Pro va Enterprise-ning so'nggi versiyalari tarqaldi.^[49][50] 2012 yil 15-avgustda Windows 8-ni yuklab olish imkoniyati paydo bo'ldi MSDN va TechNet obunachilar.^[51] Windows 8 dasturiy ta'minotni ta'minlash bo'yicha mijozlar uchun 2012 yil 16 avgustda taqdim etildi.^[52] Windows 8 a talabalari uchun taqdim etildi DreamSpark Premium obuna e'lon qilinganidan oldin 2012 yil 22 avgustda.^[53]

Release Preview-dan oxirgi versiyasiga nisbatan ozgina o'zgartirishlar kiritildi; Bunga oldindan o'rnatilgan dasturlarning yangilangan versiyalari, Windows Explorer-ning nomini File Explorer-ga o'zgartirish, Windows Vista va 7-dan Aero Glass mavzusini 8432-versiyada ko'rinib turganidek yangi va tekis rangli mavzu bilan almashtirish va qo'shimchalar kiritilgan. Bosh ekran, bloklash ekrani va ish stoli uchun yangi fon variantlari.^[54] Umumiy mavjudligidan oldin 2012 yil 26 oktyabrda Windows 8-ning ba'zi dasturlari uchun yangilanishlar chiqarildi va "Umumiy mavjudlik bo'yicha jamlangan yangilanish" (ishlash, moslik va batareyaning ishlash muddatini yaxshilash uchun tuzatishlar kiritilgan) seshanba kuni chiqarilgan, 9 oktyabr 2012 yil. Microsoft shuni ko'rsatdiki, sinov infratuzilmasi yaxshilanishi sababli, ushbu xususiyatga ega bo'lgan umumiy yaxshilanishlar Windows-ga yangilanish o'rniga tez-tez chiqarilishi kerak. OEMlar va xizmat paketlari faqat.^[55][56]

Microsoft Windows 8 va uning atrofida joylashgan reklama kampaniyasini boshladi Yuzaki planshet, 2012 yil 14 oktyabrda namoyish qilingan birinchi televizion reklama bilan.^[7] Microsoft-ning reklama byudjeti 1,5-1,8 milliard AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi, bu reklama uchun ishlatilgan 200 million AQSh dollaridan ancha katta edi Windows 95.^[57] Aksiya doirasida Microsoft 34-ni o'rnatdi pop-up do'konlari Surface mahsulot qatorini namoyish etish uchun savdo markazlari ichida, hamkorlikda chakana savdo xodimlari uchun treninglar o'tkazildi Intel va elektron do'konlari tarmog'i bilan hamkorlik qildi Eng yaxshi xarid qurilmalarni namoyish qilish uchun kengaytirilgan joylarni loyihalashtirish. Windows 8 qurilmalarining chakana displeylarini yanada "shaxsiy" qilish maqsadida, Microsoft shuningdek ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan bozorlarda "Allison Brown" nomi bilan tanilgan belgini yaratdi, uning xayoliy profilida (shu jumladan shaxsiy fotosuratlar, kontaktlar va elektron pochta xabarlari) ham bor. Windows 8 qurilmalarining namoyish birliklari.^[58]

32 va 64 bitli o'rnatish disklarini o'z ichiga olgan Windows 8 Pro DVD sumkasi

2013 yil may oyida Microsoft Windows 8 uchun Windows 8 planshetlarining imkoniyatlari va narxlarini aks ettiruvchi yangi televizion kampaniyani boshladi iPad, ning ovozini namoyish etgan Siri iPad-ga cheklovlar haqida Apple-ga parodiya qilish to'g'risida eslatma "Mac-ni yuklab oling "reklama.^[59][60] 2013 yil 12 iyun kuni 1-o'yin davomida 2013 yil Stenli kubogi finallari, Microsoft o'zining Windows 8-ni targ'ib qilgan "Windows hamma joyda" kampaniyasida birinchi reklama premyerasini o'tkazdi, Windows Phone 8 va o'zaro bog'liq platforma sifatida kompaniyaning onlayn xizmatlar to'plami.^[61][62]

Yangi va o'zgartirilgan xususiyatlar

Windows 8-dagi yangi xususiyatlar va funksiyalar tezroq ishga tushirishni o'z ichiga oladi UEFI integratsiya va yangi "Gibrid yuklash" rejimi (qaysi qish uyqusida Windows yadro keyingi yuklashni tezlashtirish uchun o'chirishda),^[63] soat va bildirishnomalar bilan yangi qulflangan ekran,^[64] va korxona foydalanuvchilari yaratish qobiliyati jonli USB Windows-ning variantlari (ma'lum: Windows To Go ).^[65][66] Windows 8-da mahalliy qo'llab-quvvatlash qo'shiladi USB 3.0 mos keluvchi qurilmalar yordamida tezroq ma'lumotlarni uzatish va quvvatni boshqarishni yaxshilashga imkon beradigan qurilmalar,^[67][68] va qattiq disk 4KB Kengaytirilgan format qo'llab-quvvatlash,^[69] shuningdek qo'llab-quvvatlash yaqin dala aloqasi qurilmalar o'rtasida almashinuv va aloqani osonlashtirish.^[70]

Windows Explorer Fayl Explorer deb o'zgartirilgan, endi a ni o'z ichiga oladi lenta buyruq satri o'rniga. Fayl bilan ishlash dialog oynalari batafsil statistikani, fayllarni uzatishni to'xtatib turish qobiliyatini va fayllarni nusxalashda nizolarni boshqarish qobiliyatini yaxshilash uchun yangilandi.^[71] Yangi "Fayllar tarixi" funksiyasi fayllarni bosqichma-bosqich qayta ko'rib chiqilishini, ikkilamchi saqlash qurilmasiga zaxiralash va qayta tiklashga imkon beradi,^[72] esa Saqlash joylari foydalanuvchilarga har xil kattalikdagi qattiq disklarni virtual disklarga birlashtirish va papkalar bo'yicha aks ettirish, parite yoki ortiqcha yo'qligini belgilash imkonini beradi.^[73] Fayl va papkalarni boshqarish uchun Windows 8 tanlangan fayl yoki papkalarni ko'chirish imkoniyatini taqdim etadi sudrab torting ota-ona papkasidan pastki papkaga non ierarxiyasi manzil satri File Explorer-da.^[74]

Vazifa menejeri qayta ishlab chiqilgan, shu jumladan ishlaydigan dasturlar va fon jarayonlarining kamroq yoki ko'proq tafsilotlarini ko'rsatish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan yangi jarayonlar yorlig'i, resurslardan foydalanish darajasini ko'rsatuvchi turli xil ranglardan foydalangan holda issiqlik xaritasi, tarmoq va disk hisoblagichlari, jarayon turiga qarab guruhlash (masalan, dasturlar) , fon jarayonlari va Windows jarayonlari), jarayonlarning do'stona nomlari va foydalanuvchilarga tushunarsiz jarayonlar haqida ma'lumot topish uchun Internetda qidirish imkonini beradigan yangi variant.^[75] Bundan tashqari, O'limning ko'k ekrani oddiyroq va zamonaviy dizayni bilan yangilanib, kamroq texnik ma'lumot namoyish etildi.^[76][77]

Xavfsizlik va xavfsizlik

Windows 8-ning yangi xavfsizlik xususiyatlari sensorli ekranlarga moslashtirilgan ikkita yangi autentifikatsiya usulini o'z ichiga oladi (PIN-kodlar va rasm parollari),^[78] ning qo'shilishi antivirus imkoniyatlari Windows Defender (bilan teng ravishda olib kelish Microsoft xavfsizlik asoslari ).^[79] SmartScreen Windows-ga o'rnatilgan filtrlash,^[80] Oila xavfsizligi takliflar Ota-ona nazorati, bu ota-onalarga o'z faoliyati to'g'risida hisobot va xavfsizlik nazorati o'rnatilgan qurilmada o'z farzandlarining faoliyatini nazorat qilish va boshqarish imkonini beradi.^[81][82][83] Windows 8, shuningdek, birlashtirilganni ta'minlaydi tizimni tiklash yangi "Yangilash" va "Qayta tiklash" funktsiyalari orqali,^[84] shu jumladan tizimni USB diskidan tiklash.^[85] Windows 8-ning birinchi xavfsizlik yamoqlari 2012 yil 13-noyabrda chiqarilishi kerak edi; unda kompaniya tomonidan "tanqidiy" deb topilgan uchta tuzatish bo'lishi kerak edi.^[86]

Windows 8 ning xususiyatini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi UEFI a foydalanadigan "Xavfsiz yuklash" deb nomlangan spetsifikatsiya ochiq kalitli infratuzilma operatsion tizimning yaxlitligini tekshirish va kabi ruxsatsiz dasturlarning oldini olish bootkitlar qurilmaning yuklash jarayonini yuqtirishdan.^[87] Ba'zi oldindan tayyorlangan qurilmalar Microsoft tomonidan "sertifikatlangan" deb ta'riflanishi mumkin; bular sukut bo'yicha xavfsiz yuklash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishi va foydalanuvchilarga funktsiyani o'chirib qo'yish yoki qayta sozlash imkoniyatlarini berishlari kerak. ARM asoslangan Windows RT qurilmalarda xavfsiz yuklash doimiy ravishda yoqilgan bo'lishi kerak.^[88][89][90]

Onlayn xizmatlar va funksionallik

Windows 8 Microsoft va boshqalarning onlayn xizmatlari bilan og'irroq integratsiyani ta'minlaydi. Endi foydalanuvchi Windows-ga a bilan kirishi mumkin Microsoft hisob qaydnomasi, bu xizmatlarga kirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin va sinxronizatsiya qilish qurilmalar orasidagi dasturlar va sozlamalar. Windows 8 shuningdek, Microsoft-ga mo'ljallangan mijoz dasturini etkazib beradi SkyDrive bulutli saqlash xizmati, bu shuningdek ilovalarga fayllarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri SkyDrive-ga saqlashga imkon beradi. Ish stoli uchun SkyDrive mijozi va Fayl Explorer Windows 8-ga kiritilmagan va uni alohida yuklab olish kerak.^[91] Birlashtirilgan multimedia dasturlari, shu jumladan Xbox brendi ostida taqdim etiladi Xbox Music, Xbox Video, va Xbox SmartGlass bilan foydalanish uchun sherik Xbox 360 konsol. O'yinlar birlashtirilishi mumkin Xbox Live hub dasturi, bu shuningdek foydalanuvchilarga o'z profillarini ko'rishga imkon beradi va Gamerscore.^[92] Birlashtirilgan boshqa dasturlar ulanish imkoniyatini beradi Flickr va Facebook.^[93] Facebook Connect xizmatidagi o'zgarishlar tufayli, 2015 yil 8-iyundan kuchga kiradigan barcha dasturlarda Facebook-ni qo'llab-quvvatlash o'chirib qo'yilgan.^[94]

Internet Explorer 10 ham ish stoli dasturi, ham sensorli optimallashtirilgan dastur sifatida kiritilgan va qo'llab-quvvatlashni kuchaytirishni o'z ichiga oladi HTML5, CSS3 va apparatni tezlashtirish. Internet Explorer dasturi plaginlarni qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi yoki ActiveX komponentlari, lekin ning bir variantini o'z ichiga oladi Adobe Flash Player bu teginish va kam quvvat ishlatish uchun optimallashtirilgan. Dastlab Adobe Flash faqatgina "Moslik ko'rinishida" joylashgan saytlarda ishlaydi. oq ro'yxat; ammo, foydalanuvchilarning fikri va qo'shimcha muvofiqlik testlaridan so'ng, 2013 yil mart oyida yangilanish ushbu xatti-harakatni kichikroq ishlatish uchun o'zgartirdi qora ro'yxat o'rniga ma'lum bo'lgan moslik muammolari bo'lgan saytlarning, sukut bo'yicha Flashni ko'pgina saytlarda ishlatishga imkon beradigan.^[95] Ish stoli variantida ushbu cheklovlar mavjud emas.^[96]

Windows 8-da yaxshilangan qo'llab-quvvatlash mavjud mobil keng polosali ulanish; endi operatsion tizim a qo'shimchasini aniqlay oladi SIM-karta va ulanish sozlamalarini avtomatik ravishda sozlash (shu jumladan APNlar va tarmoq o'tkazuvchanligini tejash maqsadida Internetdan foydalanishni kamaytiring o'lchovli tarmoqlar. Windows 8, shuningdek, integratsiyalashgan qo'shimchalar samolyot rejimi barcha simsiz ulanishni global ravishda o'chirib qo'yish sozlamasi. Tashuvchilar, shuningdek, ulanish jarayonining bir qismi sifatida avtomatik ravishda o'rnatilishi mumkin bo'lgan Windows Store ilovalari orqali hisobni boshqarish tizimlarini taklif qilishlari va o'zlarining tegishli plitalarida foydalanish statistikasini taklif qilishlari mumkin.^[97]

Windows Store dasturlari

Snap xususiyati: Xbox Music, fotosuratlar bilan birga yon panel ekranning o'ng tomoniga

Snap xususiyati: Ish stoli, birga Vikipediya ilovasi ekranning o'ng tomonidagi yon panelga tushdi. Windows 8-da ish stoli va undagi barcha narsalar bitta Metro uslubidagi dastur sifatida ko'rib chiqiladi.

Windows 8 yangi dastur uslubini taqdim etadi, Windows do'koni ilovalar. Microsoft ishlab chiqaruvchisi Jensen Xarrisning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu dasturlar optimallashtirilgan bo'lishi kerak sensorli ekran muhit va hozirgi zamonga qaraganda ko'proq ixtisoslashgan ish stoli dasturlari. Ilovalar to'liq ekran rejimida ishlashi yoki ekranning bir tomoniga o'ralishi mumkin.^[98] Ilovalar taqdim etishi mumkin tost xabarnomalari ekranda yoki ularning plitalarini dinamik tarkib bilan Bosh ekranga animatsiya qiling. Ilovalar "shartnomalar" dan foydalanishi mumkin; to'plami ilgaklar qidirish va almashishni o'z ichiga olgan boshqa ilovalar bilan birlashadigan umumiy funktsiyalarni ta'minlash.^[98] Ilovalar boshqa xizmatlar bilan integratsiyani ham ta'minlashi mumkin; Masalan, People ilovasi turli xil turli xil ijtimoiy tarmoqlarga va xizmatlarga (masalan, Facebook, Skype va Xalqqa xizmat ), Photos ilovasi esa Facebook va Flickr kabi xizmatlardan olingan fotosuratlarni to'plashi mumkin.^[93]

Windows Store dasturlari yangi to'plam ichida ishlaydi API-lar sifatida tanilgan Windows ish vaqti qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan dasturlash tillari kabi C, C ++, Visual Basic .NET, C #, bilan birga HTML5 va JavaScript.^[98] Agar ba'zi "yuqori darajadagi" tillarda yozilgan bo'lsa, Windows Runtime uchun yozilgan dasturlar ham Intel, ham mos kelishi mumkin ARM Windows-ning variantlari,^[99] aks holda ular yo'q ikkilik kod mos keladi. Komponentlar Windows-ning ishlash vaqti komponentlari sifatida tuzilishi mumkin, bu esa barcha mos keladigan tillarda iste'molga ruxsat beradi.^[100] Barqarorlik va xavfsizlikni ta'minlash uchun ilovalar a ichida ishlaydi qumli muhit va Internetga yoki kameraga kirish kabi ba'zi bir funktsiyalarga kirish uchun ruxsatlarni talab qiladi.^[101]

Windows 8-ning chakana variantlari faqat ushbu dasturlarni o'rnatishi mumkin Windows do'koni - ikkala dasturni va Windows 8 bilan taqqoslash uchun sertifikatlangan ish stoli dasturlarining ro'yxatlarini taqdim etadigan ism tarqatish platformasi.^[99][101] Usuli yon yuk Windows do'konidan tashqaridagi dasturlar Windows 8 Enterprise-da ishlaydigan va a-ga qo'shilgan qurilmalarda mavjud domen; Windows 8 Pro va Windows RT domen tarkibiga kirmaydigan qurilmalar, shuningdek, ilovalarni yonma-yon yuklashi mumkin, lekin faqat hajmni litsenziyalash orqali maxsus mahsulot kalitlari olinganidan keyin.^[102]

"Immersive ilova" atamasi Microsoft ishlab chiquvchilari tomonidan Windows 8 ning birinchi rasmiy taqdimotidan oldin dasturlarga murojaat qilish uchun ishlatilgan, undan keyin ular "Metro uslubidagi ilovalar" deb nomlangan. Metro dizayni tili. Ushbu muddat 2012 yil avgust oyida bekor qilindi; Microsoft vakili bu o'zgarish potentsial savdo markasi muammosi bilan bog'liqligi haqidagi mish-mishlarni rad etdi va "Metro" faqatgina Windows 8 chiqarilishidan oldin almashtiriladigan kod nomi ekanligini aytdi.^[23][103] Ushbu hisobotlardan so'ng "Zamonaviy UI uslubidagi ilovalar" atamalari,^[104] "Windows 8 uslubidagi dasturlar"^[105] va "Windows Store ilovalari" turli xil Microsoft hujjatlari va materiallari tomonidan yangi dasturlarga murojaat qilish uchun ishlatila boshlandi. 2012 yil 12 sentyabrda bergan intervyusida Soma Somasegar (Microsoft dasturiy ta'minotni ishlab chiqish bo'limi vitse-prezidenti) "Windows Store ilovalari" ushbu ilovalar uchun rasmiy atama bo'lishini tasdiqladi.^[106] Metro dizayni tilini tushuntiradigan MSDN sahifasida tilni umuman nazarda tutish uchun "Zamonaviy dizayn" atamasi ishlatiladi.^[107]

Veb-brauzerlar

Windows Store ilovalari duch keladigan cheklovlarga istisnolar berilgan veb-brauzerlar. Foydalanuvchining sukut bo'yicha brauzeri Metro uslubidagi veb-brauzerni ish stoli varianti bilan bir xil paketda tarqatishi mumkin, u boshqa ilovalar uchun mavjud bo'lmagan funktsiyalarga kirish imkoniyatiga ega, masalan, fonda doimiy ishlash, bir nechta fon jarayonlaridan foydalanish va foydalanish. Windows API WinRT o'rniga kod (ish stolining varianti bilan kodni qayta ishlatishga imkon beradi, shu bilan birga Windows do'koni dasturlari uchun yoqimtoy kabi xususiyatlardan foydalanadi). Microsoft ushbu istisno imtiyozini "Yangi tajriba yoqilgan" (avval "Metro uslubi yoqilgan") deb e'lon qiladi.

Ikkalasini ham ishlab chiquvchilar Chrome va Firefox brauzerlarining Metro uslubidagi variantlarini ishlab chiqishga sodiq; Chrome-ning "Windows 8 rejimi" (Chrome-ning 49-versiyasida to'xtatilgan) mavjud ish stoli interfeysining to'liq ekranli versiyasidan foydalangan bo'lsa, Firefox-ning varianti (birinchi marta "Avrora" chiqish kanalida 2013 yil sentyabr oyida taqdim etilgan) sensorli optimallashtirilgan interfeysi Firefox-ning Android versiyasi. 2013 yil oktyabr oyida Chrome ilovasi ish stoli muhitini taqlid qilish uchun o'zgartirildi Chrome OS.^{[108][109][110][111][112][113]} O'shandan beri Windows 8 uchun Firefox dasturini ishlab chiqarish bekor qilindi, chunki bu beta-versiyalar uchun foydalanuvchini qabul qilishning etishmasligi.^[114]

Interfeys va ish stoli

Windows 8 operatsion tizimining foydalanuvchi interfeysida sezilarli o'zgarishlarni amalga oshiradi, ularning aksariyati uning tajribasini yaxshilashga qaratilgan planshet kompyuterlar va boshqalar sensorli ekran qurilmalar. Yangi foydalanuvchi interfeysi Microsoft-ga asoslangan Metro dizayni tili va ishlatadi Bosh ekran shunga o'xshash Windows Phone 7 dasturlarni ishga tushirishning asosiy vositasi sifatida. Boshlash ekranida turli xil ilovalar va ish stoli dasturlari bilan bog'langan, sozlanishi mumkin bo'lgan plitkalar qatori aks etadi, ularning ba'zilari doimiy ravishda yangilanadigan ma'lumotlar va tarkibni "jonli plitkalar" orqali namoyish etishi mumkin.^[98] Shakli sifatida ko'p vazifalar, ilovalarni ekranning yon tomoniga qo'yish mumkin.^[98] An'anaviy bilan bir qatorda Boshqaruv paneli, "Kompyuter sozlamalari" deb nomlanuvchi yangi soddalashtirilgan va sensorli optimallashtirilgan sozlamalar dasturi asosiy konfiguratsiya va foydalanuvchi sozlamalari uchun ishlatiladi. Bunga odatdagi Boshqarish panelidan hali ham foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan ko'plab rivojlangan variantlar kiritilmagan.^[115]

Vertikal asboblar paneli sifatida tanilgan jozibasi^[116] (sensorli ekranning o'ng chetidan siljitish, sensorli panelning o'ng chetidan siljitish yoki kursorni ko'rsatib qaynoq nuqtalar ekranning o'ng burchaklarida) tizim va dastur bilan bog'liq funktsiyalarga kirishni ta'minlaydi, masalan, qidirish, almashish, qurilmani boshqarish, sozlash va Boshlash tugmasi.^[116][117] An'anaviy ish stoli muhiti Ish stoli dasturlarini ishga tushirish uchun Boshlash ekranidagi plitka orqali kirish mumkin. Windows-ning oldingi versiyalaridagi vazifalar panelidagi Ishga tushirish tugmasi a ga aylantirildi faol nuqta ekranning pastki chap burchagida, u katta ko'rsatma Boshlash ekranining kichik rasmini ko'rsatish. Biroq, Windows 8.1 ko'plab shikoyatlardan so'ng boshlang'ich tugmachasini yana vazifalar paneliga qo'shdi.^[118][119] Sensorli ekranning chap chetidan siljitish yoki ekranning yuqori chap burchagini bosish orqali ilovalar va ish stoli o'rtasida almashinish mumkin. Kursorni ekranning yuqori chap burchagiga yo'naltirib, pastga qarab harakatlanayotgan ilovalarning kichik rasmlari ro'yxati ko'rinadi.^[119] Boshlash tugmachasini olib tashlash va Aero Glass tekisroq va tekis rangli dizaynga ega bo'lgan mavzu, Windows 8 da ish stoli interfeysi shunga o'xshash Windows 7.^[120]

Olib tashlangan xususiyatlar

Windows 8-da bir nechta taniqli xususiyatlar o'chirildi; o'ynashni qo'llab-quvvatlash DVD-video dan olib tashlandi Windows Media Player zarur dekoderlarni litsenziyalash narxi tufayli (ayniqsa, unga kirmaydigan qurilmalar uchun) optik disklar umuman) va onlayn oqim xizmatlarining tarqalishi. Xuddi shu sabablarga ko'ra, Windows Media Center sukut bo'yicha Windows 8-ga qo'shilmagan, ammo Windows Media Center va DVD-ni ijro qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlashni "Pro Pack" (tizimni Windows 8 Pro-ga yangilaydi) yoki Windows 8 Pro uchun "Media Center Pack" qo'shimchasida sotib olish mumkin. Oldingi versiyalarda bo'lgani kabi, uchinchi tomon DVD player dasturiy ta'minot DVD ijro etilishini yoqish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.^[121]

Zaxiralash va tiklash, zaxira komponenti Windows-ning eskirgan. U hali ham Windows 8 bilan ishlaydi va oldindan belgilangan jadvallar ustida ishlashni davom ettiradi, lekin orqa fonga o'tkaziladi va unga faqat "Windows 7 File Recovery" deb nomlangan Boshqarish paneli dasturlari orqali kirish mumkin.^[122]:76 Soya nusxasi, ning tarkibiy qismi Windows Explorer bir marta o'zgartirilgan fayllarning oldingi versiyalarini saqlagan, endi mahalliy fayllar va papkalarni himoya qilmaydi. U faqat a-da saqlangan umumiy fayllarning oldingi versiyalariga kira oladi Windows Server kompyuter.^[122]:74 Ushbu komponentlar ishlaydigan kichik tizim, ammo boshqa dasturlardan foydalanish uchun hali ham mavjud.^[122]:74

Uskuna talablari

Kompyuterlar

Windows 8 uchun minimal tizim talablari nisbatan yuqori Windows 7-ga tegishli. The Markaziy protsessor qo'llab-quvvatlashi kerak Jismoniy manzilni kengaytirish (PAE), NX bit va SSE2. Windows Store dasturlarini ishga tushirish uchun 1024 × 768 yoki undan yuqori ekran o'lchamlari kerak; Snap funksiyasidan foydalanish uchun 1366 × 768 yoki undan yuqori piksellar sonini talab qilinadi.^[123] Sertifikat olish uchun Microsoft nomzod x86 tizimlarini kutish rejimidan 2 soniya yoki undan kam vaqt ichida tiklashni talab qiladi.^[124]

Microsoft-ning Ulanish kutish holati apparat sotuvchilari ixtiyoriy ravishda bajarishi mumkin bo'lgan spetsifikatsiya, yuqorida ko'rsatilgan minimal ko'rsatkichlardan yuqori bo'lgan yangi energiya sarfi talablarini belgilaydi.^[128] Ushbu standartga xavfsizlik uchun maxsus talablarni yaxshilash uchun mo'ljallangan bir qator kiritilgan jismoniy xavfsizlik, ayniqsa qarshi Sovuq yuklash hujumlari.

32-bit SKUlar Windows 8 operatsion tizimining faqat maksimal 4 Gb tezkor xotirasini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. 64-bitli SKUlar ko'proq qo'llab-quvvatlaydi: Windows 8 x64 128 Gb qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, Windows 8 Pro va Enterprise x64 esa 512 Gb ni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[129]

2016 yil yanvar oyida Microsoft endi Intel operatsion tizimidan foydalanadigan qurilmalarda Windows 8.1 yoki 7 ni qo'llab-quvvatlamasligini e'lon qildi Skylake CPU oilasi 2018 yil 17-iyuldan kuchga kiradi va kelajakdagi barcha protsessor mikroarxitekturalari va shu kundan keyin Skylake tizimlari faqat qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Windows 10. Belgilangan muddatdan keyin ushbu platformalardagi foydalanuvchilar uchun faqat muhim xavfsizlik yangilanishlari chiqarilishi kerak edi.^{[130][131][132][133]} Ushbu yangi siyosat foydalanuvchilar va korporativ mijozlarning tanqidiga uchraganidan so'ng, Microsoft bu o'zgarishlarni qisman qaytarib oldi va har ikkala operatsion tizim ham kengaytirilgan qo'llab-quvvatlash muddati tugaguniga qadar Skylake apparatida qo'llab-quvvatlanishini bildirdi. Windows 8.1 barcha yangi CPU oilalarida rasman qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi va AMD yoki Intel rasmiy chipset bilan ta'minlamaydi haydovchilar Windows 10 dan boshqa Windows operatsion tizimlari uchun.^[134][135] Biroq, 2016 yil avgustda Microsoft yana Skylake-ni qo'llab-quvvatlash siyosatini Windows 7 va 8.1 (2020 va 2023 navbati bilan) qo'llab-quvvatlash tugaguniga qadar uzaytirdi.^[136][135]

Tabletkalar va kabrioletlar

Microsoft planshet va uchun minimal apparat talablarini chiqardi laplet Windows 8 uchun "sertifikatlangan" qurilmalar va kompyuter, displey va qayta zaryadlanadigan quvvat manbaini bitta shassida mexanik ravishda biriktirilgan klaviatura va ko'rsatgich moslamasi bilan birlashtirgan mustaqil qurilma sifatida konvertatsiya qilinadigan form-faktorni aniqladilar. Kabrioletni biriktirilgan kirish moslamalari yashiringan yoki displeyni yagona kirish mexanizmi sifatida qoldirib olib tashlangan planshetga aylantirish mumkin.^[137][138] 2013 yil 12 martda Microsoft sertifikatlashtirish talablariga o'zgartishlar kiritib, faqat planshetlardagi ekranlarning minimal o'lchamlari 1024 × 768 (oldingi 1366 × 768 dan past) bo'lishini talab qildi. O'zgartirilgan talab kelajakdagi mahsulotlar uchun "dizaynning katta moslashuvchanligi" ni ta'minlashga mo'ljallangan.^[139]

Yangilangan sertifikatlash talablari Windows 8.1 bilan bir vaqtda amalga oshirildi. 2014 yildan boshlab o'rnatilgan displeylarga ega bo'lgan barcha sertifikatlangan qurilmalarda 720pli veb-kamera va undan yuqori sifatli karnaylar va mikrofonlar bo'lishi kerak, Wi-Fi-ni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan barcha sertifikatlangan qurilmalar Bluetooth-ni ham qo'llab-quvvatlashi kerak. 2015 yildan boshlab barcha sertifikatlangan qurilmalarda bo'lishi kerak Ishonchli platforma moduli 2.0 chiplar.^[141][142]

Nashrlar

Windows 8 uch xil nashrda mavjud bo'lib, ulardan eng pasti, shunchaki nomi bilan markalangan Windows 8va Windows 8 Pro, aksariyat mamlakatlarda chakana savdoda va yangi kompyuterlarga oldindan o'rnatilgan dastur sifatida sotilgan. Windows 8-ning har bir nashri uning ostidagi nashrning barcha imkoniyatlari va xususiyatlarini o'z ichiga oladi va ularning bozor segmentlariga yo'naltirilgan qo'shimcha funktsiyalarni qo'shadi. Masalan, Pro qo'shildi BitLocker, Hyper-V, qo'shilish qobiliyati a domen va o'rnatish qobiliyati Windows Media Center pullik qo'shimcha sifatida. Ning foydalanuvchilari Windows 8 o'z tizimini yangilaydigan "Pro Pack" litsenziyasini sotib olishi mumkin Windows 8 Pro orqali Windows-ga funktsiyalarni qo'shing. Ushbu litsenziyaga Windows Media Center ham kiradi.^{[143][144][145]} Windows 8 Enterprise biznes muhitiga yo'naltirilgan qo'shimcha funktsiyalarni o'z ichiga oladi va faqat shu orqali foydalanish mumkin hajmni litsenziyalash.^[145] Uchun Windows 8 porti ARM arxitekturasi, Windows RT, Windows 8-ning nashri sifatida sotiladi, lekin faqat u uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan qurilmalarda oldindan o'rnatilgan dastur sifatida kiritilgan.^[145]

Windows 8 chakana savdo mahsuloti sifatida tarqatildi DVD va a orqali raqamli yuklab olish DVD-ga aylantirilishi mumkin USB ommaviy axborot vositalarini o'rnatish. Ishga tushirish aktsiyasi doirasida Microsoft taklif qildi Windows 8 Pro Internetda 39,99 AQSh dollarlik chegirmali narxda yoki sotuvga chiqarilgan kassadan 2013 yil 31 yanvargacha 69,99 AQSh dollari miqdorida yangilanishlar; keyin Windows 8 narxi $ 119.99 va Pro narxi $ 199.99 bo'ldi.^[146][147] 2012 yil 2 iyundan 2013 yil 31 yanvargacha Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional yoki Ultimate bilan oldindan yuklangan yangi shaxsiy kompyuterlarni sotib olganlar raqamli ravishda Windows 8 Pro yangilanishini 14,99 AQSh dollariga sotib olishlari mumkin edi.^[148] Bir nechta kompyuter ishlab chiqaruvchilari taklif qildilar chegirmalar va shunga o'xshash tanlangan modellarda reklama orqali olingan Windows 8 yangilanishlaridagi mablag'larni qaytarish Hewlett-Packard (tanlangan modellar bo'yicha AQSh va Kanadada) va Acer (Evropada tanlangan Ultrabook modellar).^[149][150] During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.^[143]

Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in "Upgrade" licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" SKU replaced the original uskunalar ishlab chiqaruvchisi (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.^{[151][152][153]}

Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical.^[154] With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the "Personal Use License" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail variant in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements.^[151] Bing bilan ishlaydigan Windows 8.1 is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing qidiruv tizimi.^[155]

Dastur muvofiqligi

The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the variant corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation.^[143][156] The 32-bit variant runs on CPUs compatible with x86 me'morchilik 3-avlod (nomi bilan tanilgan IA-32 ) or newer, and can run 32-bit va 16-bit ilovalar, although 16-bit support must be enabled first.^[157][158] (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation, first conceived in 1978. Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after Windows 95.^[157])

The 64-bit variant runs on CPUs compatible with x86 8-avlod (nomi bilan tanilgan x86-64, or x64) or newer, and can run 32-bit and 64-bit dasturlar. 32-bit programs and operating system are restricted to supporting only 4 gigabayt of memory while 64-bit systems can theoretically support 2048 gigabytes xotira.^[159] 64-bit operating systems require a different set of device drivers than those of 32-bit operating systems.^[159]

Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special variant of Office 2013 ), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications.^[160] Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture.^[161]

Qabul qilish

Windows 8 ultrabuklar device showcase in a Microsoft Store Toronto.

Pre-reliz

Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from bepul dasturiy ta'minot supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could prevent or hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Windows 8 ni yaratish blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves."^[88][162] Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. Bu ham buni aniqladi ARM devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform), but still argued that Microsoft should "keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets."^{[89][90][163]} No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.^{[164][165][166]}

Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the Kompyuter sifatida ochiq platforma. Markus "Notch" Persson (yaratuvchisi indie o'yini Minecraft ),^[167] Geyb Nyuell (asoschilaridan biri Vana and developer of software distribution platform Bug ' ),^[168] va Rob Pardo dan Blizzard Activision voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store.^[169] However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."^[170]

Tanqidiy qabul

Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed to negative. Tom Uorren The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, he felt that Windows 8 tablets "[make] an iPad feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services.^[170] Devid Pirs The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information.^[171] Aksincha, bir ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft "flailing"^[172] va sharh Kompyuter jurnali condemned the Metro-style user interface.^[173] Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes.^[170] Piter Brayt Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating olma 's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.^[174]

The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of negative reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this "to'siq ", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the "Metro" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means.^[174] Tom Uorren The Verge wrote that the new interface was "as stunning as it is surprising", contributing to an "incredibly personal" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store.^[170] Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet, considered the interface to be "clumsy and impractical" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it "two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together"), and concluded that "Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets – that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad."^[175]

2013 yilda, Frank X. Shou, a Microsoft corporate vice president, said that while many of the negative reviews were extreme, it was a "good thing" that Microsoft was "listening to feedback and improving a product".^[176]

The Amerika mijozlarining qoniqish ko'rsatkichi (ACSI) reported a decline in Microsoft's customer satisfaction, the lowest it has been since Windows Vista.^[177]

Bozor ulushi va sotish

Microsoft says that 4 million users upgraded to Windows 8 over the weekend after its release,^[178][179] which CNET says was well below Microsoft's internal projections and was described inside the company as disappointing.^[180]

On November 27, 2012, Microsoft announced that it has sold 40 million licenses of Windows 8 in the first month, surpassing the pace of Windows 7.^[181]

However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011.^[182] As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales.^[183] The market research firm IDC reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter, and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features.^[184] This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region, as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs.^[185]

Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net ilovalar, with usage on a steady upward trajectory.^[186] However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista va Windows 7 ularning bo'shatish davrlarining bir xil nuqtasida. Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below Android va iOS, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8.^[187] Strategy Analytics also noted "a shortage of top tier apps" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).^[187]

In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets.^[139] Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period.^[188] This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.^[189]

2014 yil yanvar oyida, Hewlett-Packard began a promotion for desktops running Windows 7, saying that it was "back by popular demand". Outside sources have suggested that this might be because HP or its customers thought the Windows 8 platform would be more appropriate for mobile computing than desktop computing, or that they were looking to attract customers forced to switch from XP who wanted a more familiar interface.^[190][191]

2014 yil fevral oyida, Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running Chrome OS. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of Windows XP licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based netbuklar.^[192][193] Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, "Windows 8.1 with Bing", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost variant of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows.^[194] On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches,^[195] and officially confirmed the rumored "Windows 8.1 with Bing" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014.^[155]

On the information gathered by Net Applications, adoption rate in March 2015 for Windows 8.1 was at 10.55%, while the original Windows 8 was at 3.52%.^[196]

Chinese government ban

2014 yil may oyida Xitoy hukumati banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running an OS without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Xitoy Fanlar akademiyasi had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati tomonidan kuzatuv due to its heavy use of Internet-based services.^{[197][198][199][200]}

2014 yil iyun oyida, davlat teleradiokompaniyasi Xitoy markaziy televideniesi (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate "sensitive user information" that could be used to "understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society", and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at Fudan universiteti, also stated that "the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security." Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Veybo, which stated that the company had never "assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never "provided any government the authority to directly visit" or placed any orqa eshiklar in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data.^{[201][202][203]}

Windows 8.1

A feature update to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013.^[204][205] Following a presentation devoted to it at Qurilish 2013 yil, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013.^[206][207] Windows 8.1 was released to OEM apparatining sheriklari on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free upgrade through Windows Store on October 17, 2013.^{[154][208][209]} Volume license customers and subscribers to MSDN Plus va TechNet Plus were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs "to ensure a quality experience at general availability."^[210][211] Biroq, tanqidlardan so'ng Microsoft o'z qarorini bekor qildi va MSDN va TechNet-da RTM tuzilishini 2013 yil 9 sentyabrda chiqardi.^[212]

Windows 8.1 addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing -based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added.^{[10][213][214][215]} Windows 8.1 also added support for 3D bosib chiqarish,^[216][217] Miracast media oqim, NFC printing, and Wi-Fi Direct.^[218]

Microsoft marketed Windows 8.1 as an "update" rather than as a "xizmat to'plami ", as it had done with such revisions on previous versions of Windows.^[219] Nonetheless, Microsoft's support lifecycle policy treats Windows 8.1 similarly to previous Windows service packs: upgrading to 8.1 has been required to maintain access to mainstream support and updates after January 12, 2016.^{[4][220][221]} Although Windows 8 RTM is unsupported, Microsoft released an emergency security patch in May 2017 for Windows 8 RTM, as well as other unsupported versions of Windows (including Windows XP va Windows Server 2003 ), to address a vulnerability that was being leveraged by the WannaCry to'lov dasturiga hujum.^[222][223] Updates to apps published on Windows Store after July 1, 2019 will not be available to Windows 8 RTM users.^[224]

Retail and OEM installations of Windows 8, Windows 8 Prova Windows RT orqali yangilanishi mumkin Windows do'koni bepul. Biroq, hajm litsenziyasi customers, TechNet or MSDN subscribers and users of Windows 8 Enterprise must acquire a standalone installation media for 8.1 and install through the traditional Windows setup process, either as an in-place upgrade or clean install. This requires an 8.1 specific product key.^{[225][226][227][228]}

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