Aimee Semple McPherson - Aimee Semple McPherson

Aimee Semple McPherson
LAPL ASM 1911 00024641.jpg
Opa-singil Emi (1920-yillarning boshlari)
Tug'ilgan
Aimee Elizabeth Kennedi

(1890-10-09)1890 yil 9 oktyabr
Salford, Ontario, Kanada
O'ldi1944 yil 27 sentyabr(1944-09-27) (53 yoshda)
Oklend, Kaliforniya, BIZ
O'lim sababiBarbituratning haddan tashqari dozasi
Dam olish joyiO'rmon maysazoridagi yodgorlik bog'i qabristoni (Glendeyl)
MillatiKanadalik
Ma'lumTashkil etish Foursquare cherkovi
Turmush o'rtoqlarRobert Semple (1908–10; vafoti)
Garold Makferson (1912–21; ajrashgan)
Devid Xatton (1931–34; ajrashgan)
BolalarRoberta Semple Salter (1910-2007)
Rolf Makferson (1913-2009)
Qismi bir qator kuni
Pentekostalizm
Congreso Nacional Juvenil3.jpg

Aimee Elizabeth Semple McPherson (nee.) Kennedi; 1890 yil 9 oktyabr - 1944 yil 27 sentyabr), shuningdek ma'lum Aimee opa yoki Opa, Kanadalik edi Elliginchi kun xushxabarchi va ommaviy axborot vositalari taniqli 1920-1930 yillarda,[1] asos solganligi bilan mashhur Foursquare cherkovi. McPherson diniy xizmatlarda zamonaviy ommaviy axborot vositalaridan foydalanishga kashshof bo'lib, ommabop o'yin-kulgining tobora ortib borayotgan jozibasi asosida radiodan foydalangan va sahna texnikalarini o'zining haftalik va'zlariga qo'shgan. Anjelus ibodatxonasi, erta megachurch.[2]

O'z vaqtida u eng ko'p e'lon qilingan Protestant xushxabarchi Billi yakshanba va boshqa salaflar.[3][4] U jamoatchilik bilan shug'ullangan imonni davolash o'n minglab ishtirokchilar ishtirokidagi namoyishlar.[5][6] McPhersonning Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan asos solingan va qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan millat sifatida ilohiy ilhom keyingi cho'ponlarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

Milliy yangiliklar uning oilasi va cherkov a'zolari bilan bog'liq voqealarga, shu jumladan, u uydirgan ayblovlarga qaratildi uning o'g'irlanishi haqida xabar bergan.[7] McPhersonning voizlik uslubi, keng xayriya ishlari va ekumenik hissalari 20-asrga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi Xarizmatik xristianlik.[8][9]

Biografiya

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

McPherson tug'ilgan Aimee Elizabeth Kennedi yilda Salford, Ontario, Kanada, Jeyms Morgan va Mildred Ona (Pirs) Kennediga (1871-1947).[10][11][12] U kambag'allar bilan ishlagan onasi Mildred orqali dinga erta ta'sir qilgan Najot armiyasi oshxonalar. Bolaligida u sinfdoshlari bilan "Najot armiyasi" ni o'ynab, qo'g'irchoqlarga va'zlar aytgan.[13]

O'smirlik davrida Makferson onasining ta'limotidan romanlar o'qish va filmlar va raqslarga qatnashish bilan adashgan, Najot armiyasi va uning otasi tomonidan ma'qullanmagan mashg'ulotlarda qatnashgan. Metodist din. O'rta maktabda unga o'qitilgan Evolyutsiya nazariyasi.[14][15] U imon va ilm to'g'risida savollar berishni boshladi, ammo javoblardan qoniqmadi.[16] U Kanada gazetasiga soliq to'lovchilar tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan evolyutsiya ta'limotiga shubha bilan murojaat qildi.[16] Bu uning shon-sharafga birinchi marotaba ta'sir qilishi edi, chunki butun mamlakat bo'ylab odamlar uning xatiga javob berishdi,[16] va umrbod evolyutsiyaga qarshi salib yurishining boshlanishi.

Konversiya, nikoh va oila

Robert va Emi Semple (1910)

1907 yilda uyg'onish yig'ilishida qatnashayotganda, Makferson Robert Jeyms Semple, a Elliginchi kun missioner dan Irlandiya. U hayotini Isoga bag'ishladi va Pentekostalizmni qabul qildi.[16] Uchrashuvda u Semple va uning xabaridan zavqlanib qoldi. Qisqa tanishishdan so'ng, ular 1908 yil avgust oyida Najot armiyasining marosimida turmush qurishdi. Semple ularni quyma ishchi sifatida qo'llab-quvvatladi va mahalliy Elliginchi missiyada va'z qildi. Ular birgalikda Muqaddas Kitobni o'rgandilar, so'ng Chikagoga ko'chib o'tdilar Uilyam Durem To'liq Xushxabar yig'ilishi. Darxem unga talqin qilish amaliyotida ko'rsatma berdi tillar.[17]

Emi Semple va uning ikkinchi eri Garold Makferson. Bir muncha vaqt Garold rafiqasi Emi bilan "Xushxabar avtomobili" da sayohat voizi sifatida sayohat qilgan.

Evangelistlar safari boshlangandan so'ng Xitoy, ikkalasi ham shartnoma tuzdi bezgak. Semple ham shartnoma tuzdi dizenteriya, u Gonkongda vafot etdi. McPherson sog'ayib ketdi va qizlarini tug'di, Roberta Star Semple. Qo'shma Shtatlarga qaytib kelgan kemada u diniy marosimlar va darslar o'tkazgan.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda sog'ayib ketganidan so'ng, Makferson onasi Mildred bilan Najot armiyasi bilan hamkorlik qildi. Nyu-York shahrida u buxgalter Xarold Styuart Makferson bilan uchrashdi. Ular 1912 yilda turmush qurishgan, ko'chib ketishgan Providens, Rod-Aylend va o'g'il ko'rdi, Rolf Potter Kennedi Makferson, 1913 yilda.

Bu vaqt ichida Makferson o'zini go'yo voizlik qilishga "chaqirganini" rad etgandek his qildi. Hissiy bezovtalik bilan kurashish va obsesif-kompulsiv buzilish, u yig'lab ibodat qilar edi.[18][19] 1914 yilda u appenditsit bilan qattiq kasal bo'lib qoldi. Keyinchalik McPherson, muvaffaqiyatsiz operatsiyadan so'ng, u va'z qilishni so'ragan ovozni eshitganligini aytdi. Ovozning chaqirig'ini qabul qilganidan so'ng, u to'shakda og'riqsiz o'girilib olishga muvaffaq bo'lganini aytdi. 1915 yilda eri uyiga qaytib keldi va Makferson uni tashlab, bolalarni olib ketganligini aniqladi. Bir necha hafta o'tgach, u unga xushxabar ishiga qo'shilishni taklif qilgan yozuv oldi.[20]

Aimee Semple McPherson va uning uchinchi eri, Devid L. Xatton, asal oyi nonushta paytida zavqlanishmoqda. Xatton 1934 yilda ajrashishdan oldin Makfersonning xayriya ishlarida yordam bergan.

Garold Makferson uni uyiga olib kelish uchun uning orqasidan ergashdi, lekin uning va'zini ko'rgandan keyin o'z fikrini o'zgartirdi va xushxabarchilikda unga qo'shilib, uyg'onish uchrashuvlari va voizlik uchun chodirlar qurdi.[21] Er-xotin o'z uylarini sotib, o'zlarining "Xushxabar mashinasi" dan tashqari yashashgan. Xarold Makferson, dastlabki g'ayratiga qaramay, barqarorroq va bashorat qilinadigan hayotni xohladi va Rod-Aylendga qaytib keldi. 1918 yilda u ajrashish to'g'risida ariza bilan murojaat qildi, keyin ajralishni so'rab murojaat qildi; ajrashish 1921 yilda berilgan.

Makferson 1931 yilda aktyor va musiqachi Devid Xattonga qayta uylandi. U yiqilib bosh suyagini sindirib tashlaganidan keyin,[22] u shifo topish uchun Evropaga tashrif buyurdi. U erda bo'lganida, Xatton o'zini "Amining odami" deb hisob-kitob qilayotganini eshitganidan g'azablandi kabare qo'shiq kuyladi va kam kiyingan ayollar bilan tez-tez suratga tushdi. Xattonning shaxsiy mojarolari Foursquare Gospel cherkovi va uning rahbarining obro'siga putur etkazdi.[23] McPherson va Hutton 1933 yilda ajralib, 1934 yilda ajrashgan. Keyinchalik McPherson ikkala dinshunoslik uchun nikohdan tavba qilgan.[24] va shaxsiy sabablar[25] va keyinchalik xushxabar qo'shiqchisini rad etdi Gomer Rodeheaver u 1935 yilda turmush qurishni taklif qilganida.[26][27]

Vazirlik

Qismi sifatida Uilyam Durem Chikagodagi To'liq Xushxabar Assambleyasi, McPherson tarjima qilish bilan mashhur bo'ldi glossolaliya, tillarda gaplashadigan odamlarning so'zlarini tarjima qilish. 1913 yilda uy bekasi sifatida o'z hayotini topa olmagan Makferson xushxabarni targ'ib qila boshladi. Talaş izi. McPherson tezda ko'p sonli odamlarni yig'di, ko'pincha ko'payib borayotgan olomonni joylashtirish uchun katta binolarga ko'chib o'tishga to'g'ri keldi. U Elliginchi yig'ilishlarning g'ayratiga taqlid qildi, lekin ularning tartibsiz tartibsizliklaridan qochdi, unda qatnashuvchilar baqirib, polda titrab va boshqa tillarda gaplashishdi. Bunday diniy ishtiyoq namoyishlari uchun McPherson alohida chodir zonasini tashkil etdi, bu esa ko'proq tomoshabinlarga ta'sir qilishi mumkin edi.[28]

1916 yilda Makferson AQShning janubiy qismiga, yana 1918 yilda Mildred Kennedi bilan gastrol safariga chiqdi. Kabrioletning orqa o'rindig'ida turgan Makferson megafon orqali va'zlar o'qidi.

1917 yilda u jurnalni boshladi, Kelin chaqiruvi, buning uchun u ayollarning dindagi o'rni to'g'risida maqolalar yozgan; u nasroniylar va Iso o'rtasidagi aloqani nikoh rishtalari sifatida tasvirladi. Ayollarning rollarini jiddiy qabul qilish bilan birga, jurnal Pentekostalizmni Amerikaning doimiy diniy mavjudotiga aylantirishga hissa qo'shdi.[29]

1919 yilda Baltimorda u birinchi marta "Lirik Opera" teatrida xushxabar xizmatini o'tkazgandan so'ng, gazetalar tomonidan "kashf etilgan" va u erda imonni rivojlantiruvchi namoyishlar o'tkazgan. Ushbu voqealar paytida ularning diniy ekstazidagi olomon zo'rg'a nazorat ostida ushlab turilardi.[30] Baltimor o'zining dastlabki faoliyati uchun muhim nuqtaga aylandi.[31]

Los-Anjelesdagi karerasi

1918 yilda Makferon Los-Anjelesga ko'chib o'tdi. Mildred Kennedi 3500 o'rinni ijaraga oldi Filarmoniya auditoriyasi va odamlar gavjum joyga kirish uchun soatlab kutishdi.[32] Keyinchalik, uning yig'ilishlari ishtirokchilari uning oilasi uchun uy qurishdi.[33] Ayni paytda Los-Anjeles eng mashhur dam olish maskani edi. McPherson Qo'shma Shtatlar bo'ylab sayohat qilishdan ko'ra, u erda qolishni tanladi Los Anjeles, mehmonlarning ham, shaharning ko'payib borayotgan aholisining ham tomoshabinlarini jalb qildi.[34] Uning sayyohlarga xizmati uning xabarining butun mamlakat bo'ylab tarqalishiga imkon berdi.

Bir necha yil davomida u sayohat qilib, katta gumbazli cherkov qurish uchun pul yig'di Echo Park Los-Anjelesning nomi berilgan Anjelus ibodatxonasi, ga murojaat qilib Angelus qo'ng'irog'i va farishtalarga.[35] Qarzga botishni istamagan McPherson, u bilan ishlashga tayyor qurilish firmasini topdi, chunki mablag '"imon bilan" to'plandi,[36] poydevor uchun 5000 dollardan boshlanadi.[37] McPherson cherkovni moliyalashtirish va qurish uchun ibodatxonalar uchun stullar sotish kabi turli guruhlarni safarbar qildi.[38][39]

McPherson 1923 yilda Angelus ibodatxonasini bag'ishladi.

Kutilganidan ko'proq pul yig'ib, McPherson rejalarni o'zgartirdi va "megachurch "Ushbu sa'y-harakatlar ishtirokchilarga 250 ming dollarga tushdi.[40] Xarajatlar qurilish materiallari va ishchi kuchi xayriya mablag'lari hisobidan saqlanib turardi.[35] Ro'yxatdan o'tish soni 10 mingdan oshdi va Anjelus ibodatxonasi dunyodagi eng katta yagona xristian jamoati sifatida e'lon qilindi.[41] Cherkov yozuvlariga ko'ra, ibodatxona dastlabki etti yil ichida 40 million mehmonni qabul qilgan.[42]

McPherson ibodatxonani ibodat qilish joyi va hamma uchun ekumenik markaz sifatida nazarda tutgan Nasroniy dinlar. Keng ruhoniylar va oddiy odamlar iborat edi Metodistlar, Baptistlar, Najot armiyasi, Presviterianlar, Episkopallar, Adventistlar, Quakers, Rim katoliklari, Mormonlar va dunyoviy fuqarolik rahbarlari, ularning ba'zilari mehmon ma'ruzachisi sifatida qatnashdilar.[9][43]

Chunki Pentekostalizm 20-asrning 20-yillarida Qo'shma Shtatlarda mashhur bo'lmagan, Makferson bu yorliqdan qochgan. U mashq qildi tillarda gapirish va imonni davolash uning xizmatlarida, lekin asosiy auditoriyani tinchlantirish uchun avvalgisini minimal darajaga ko'targan. Imonni davolash xizmatlaridan olib tashlangan tibbiy asbob-uskunalar, masalan, tayoqchalar va nogironlar kolyaskalari muzey hududida namoyish etish uchun yig'ildi. McPherson shuningdek, "dengiz chiroqlari" yoki sun'iy yo'ldosh cherkovlarini ishlab chiqdi.

Xayriya ishlari

McPherson (chapda) Rojdestvo taomlari uchun savat tayyorlaydi (taxminan 1935).

McPherson jismoniy va ma'naviy ehtiyojlarni ta'minlash uchun cherkov tashkilotini ishlab chiqdi. McPherson "haqiqiy xristianlik nafaqat yaxshi bo'lish, balki yaxshilik qilishdir" deb, odamlarni xayriya va ijtimoiy ishlarga jalb qilishga jalb qildi. Ma'bad gumanitar yordam uchun, shu jumladan yapon falokati va Germaniya yordam fondi uchun xayriya mablag'larini yig'di. Qamoqdan ozod qilingan erkaklar "birodarlik" tomonidan ish topdilar. "Opa-singillik" qashshoq onalar uchun bolalar kiyimlarini tikdi.[44]

1925 yil iyun oyida, keyin Santa Barbarada zilzila McPherson oziq-ovqat, adyol, kiyim-kechak va shoshilinch materiallarni talab qilish uchun radioeshittirishni to'xtatdi.[45] 1928 yilda, keyin to'g'on ishlamay qoldi va keyingi toshqin 600 kishini o'ldirdi, McPherson cherkovi yordamni ko'rsatdi.[46] 1933 yilda an zilzila Long sohilida sodir bo'ldi va vayron bo'ldi. McPherson tezda adyol, kofe va donut taklif qiladigan ko'ngillilarni tashkil qildi.[47] McPherson yong'in va politsiya bo'limlarini tarqatishda yordam berishga ishontirdi. Shifokorlar, shifokorlar va stomatologlar uning bolalar va qariyalarni davolash uchun hamshiralarni tayyorlaydigan bepul klinikasida ishladilar. Qish mavsumida muddati o'tgan hisobvaraqlardagi uylarda elektr energiyasining o'chirilishini oldini olish uchun kommunal xizmat ko'rsatish korxonasi bilan naqd zaxira tashkil etildi.[48][49]

Makperson (Xutton) ning Anjelus ibodatxonasi bepul ovqatlanish zalida va Temper St-dagi komissarda navbat kutmoqda.

1927 yilda Najot Armiyasidagi bolalik tajribasidan kelib chiqqan holda, McPherson Anjelus ibodatxonasida oziq-ovqat, kiyim-kechak va ko'rpalarni taklif qiladigan komissar ochdi. U Buyuk Depressiya davrida oshxonalar, bepul klinikalar va boshqa xayriya tadbirlarini yaratishda faol bo'lib, taxminan 1,5 millionni oziqlantirdi. Ko'ngillilar ishchilarni komissar savatlarini oziq-ovqat va boshqa narsalarga, shuningdek Foursquare Gospel adabiyotlariga to'ldirishdi.[50] Hukumat bepul maktab-tushlik dasturini yopganda, Makferon uni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Uning "epik miqyosdagi azoblarni engillashtirishi".[51]

McPherson tomonidan boshqariladigan ovqat zalida ovqatlanadigan ishsiz erkaklar safi, 1932 yil.

1932 yilda komissarga politsiya tomonidan bosqinchilik o'tkazildi, go'yo hanuzgacha sovg'a qilingan o'rikdan brendi tayyorlashda foydalanilgan. Natijada, komissar qisqa vaqt ichida yopildi va xodimlar qo'yib yuborildi. Biroq, uning Foursquare Gospel cherkovining L.I.F.E. Injil kolleji to'ldirildi.

McPherson "munosiblar" ni "noloyiq" lar toifasiga kiritishni rad etganligi sababli, uning ma'bad komissari samarali va inklyuziv yordam tashkiloti sifatida tanildi,[50] boshqa davlat yoki xususiy muassasalarga qaraganda ko'proq oilalarga yordam berish. Uning dasturlari boshqa shtatlar va Meksikadan kelgan migrantlar kabi norezidentlarga yordam berganligi sababli, u Kaliforniya shtati qoidalarini buzgan. Garchi keyinchalik ma'bad ko'rsatmalari ushbu siyosatni hisobga olgan holda rasmiy ravishda tuzatilgan bo'lsa-da, yashash joyidan qat'i nazar, muhtoj oilalarga yordam berish ustuvor vazifa edi.[52]

Vazirlik

Xizmat uslubi

1925 yil avgustda McPherson o'zining yakshanba xutbasini o'qish uchun Los-Anjelesga samolyot kiraladi. U reklama qilish imkoniyatidan xabardor bo'lib, aeroportda izdoshlari va matbuot xizmatini tashkil qildi. Samolyot havoga ko'tarilgandan so'ng ishlamay qoldi va shassi qulab tushdi va samolyotning burni yerga tushdi. McPherson ushbu tajribani "Samoviy samolyot" deb nomlangan ilohiy va'zining bayoni sifatida ishlatgan,[53] shaytonni uchuvchi, gunoh dvigatel kabi va vasvasa bilan parvona sifatida namoyish etadi.

1923 yilda qurib bitkazilgan Anxelus ibodatxonasi - McPherson tomonidan asos solingan Foursquare Xushxabarining Xalqaro cherkovining markazi. 1992 yilda Anjelus ibodatxonasi Milliy tarixiy obidaga aylandi va foydalanishda qolmoqda.

Boshqa bir safar u politsiya zobiti tomonidan tortib olinishini aytib, xutbani "Hibsga olingan Tezlashtirish ". Yo'l harakati politsiyasining formasini kiyib, u politsiya mototsiklida o'tirdi va sirenani chaldi.[53] Ishtirok etgan mualliflardan biri, u mototsiklni minbarga kirish yo'lidan o'tib, tormozni bosib, qo'lini ko'tarib "To'xtang! Siz jahannamga shoshilayapsiz!" Deb yozgan.[54]

McPherson rassomlarning, elektrchilarning, dekorativlarning va duradgorlarning kichik bir guruhini ish bilan ta'minlagan bo'lib, ular har bir xizmat uchun to'plamlarni qurishgan. Diniy musiqa orkestr tomonidan ijro etildi. Makferson shuningdek, muqaddas operalar ustida ham ishlagan. Bitta ishlab chiqarish, Temir o'choq, Exodus voqeasi asosida Gollivud aktyorlari kostyumlarni olishga yordam berishgan.

McPherson 1929 yilda musiqiy rekviem uchun Anjelus ibodatxonasida xorlar bilan o'ralgan.

Makferson teatr va kinoni shaytonning ustaxonasi deb qoralagan bo'lsa-da, uning texnikasi birgalikda tanlangan. U kinoteatr usullarini o'zlashtirgan birinchi xushxabarchi ayol bo'ldi[55] dahshatli cherkov xizmatlaridan qochish. Jiddiy xabarlar hazil ohangida etkazildi. Hayvonlar tez-tez birlashtirildi. McPherson haftasiga 22 ta va'zlarni, shu jumladan, yakshanba kuni kechqurun juda katta hajmdagi xizmatlarni berdi aravachalar va Echo Park orqali transport vositalarini yo'naltirishga yordam berish uchun politsiya kerak edi.[56] Ma'badni va uning loyihalarini moliyalashtirish uchun har bir yig'ilishda to'plamlar olingan.[57][58][59][60]

McPherson konservativ xushxabarni va'z qildi, lekin radio, filmlar va sahna harakatlaridan foydalanib, ilg'or usullarni qo'lladi. U zamonaviyizm bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ba'zi ayollarni o'ziga jalb qildi, ammo boshqalari uning xabarlari va taqdimoti o'rtasidagi ziddiyat tufayli to'xtatildi.

McPherson va bir guruh tamburchilar, Anjelus ibodatxonasida xizmat ko'rsatishni boshladilar. U diniy mavzularni aks ettiruvchi haftalik innovatsion dramalarni yaratdi.

Keyinchalik fundamentalistlar va modernistlar o'rtasidagi jang avj oldi Birinchi jahon urushi.[61] Fundamentalistlar odatda ularning e'tiqodi ularning hayotining barcha jabhalariga ta'sir qilishi kerak deb hisoblashadi. Zamonaviy uslubiga qaramay, McPherson fundamentalistlar bilan uylarda, cherkovlarda, maktablarda va jamoatlarda modernizm va dunyoviylikni yo'q qilishga intildi.[62]

1919 yildan 1922 yilgacha McPhersonning uyg'onish voqealari jozibasi Amerika tarixidagi teatr yoki siyosatning har qanday gastrol voqealaridan ustun keldi.[62] U yaqinda belgilangan davomat rekordlarini yangiladi Billi yakshanba[3] va uning uchrashuvlarini o'tkazish uchun o'zining vaqtinchalik chodir tuzilmalaridan tez-tez foydalangan. Shunday jonlanishlardan biri boks ringida bo'lib o'tdi va butun boks musobaqasida u "Iblisni nokaut" deb yozib qo'ydi. Yilda San-Diego deb nomlangan shahar Milliy gvardiya 30 mingdan ortiq odamni qayta tiklaydigan olomonni boshqarish.

Imonni davolash xizmati

Asosiy maqola: Aimee Semple McPhersonning imonni davolash vazirligi

McPhersonning olomonni jalb qilish qobiliyatiga, shuningdek, uning imonini davolaydigan taqdimotlari katta yordam berdi. McPhersonning dastlabki biografisi Nensi Barr Mavitining so'zlariga ko'ra, xushxabarchi kasal yoki jarohat olganlarga qo'l qo'yganda, ular Xudoning kuchi tufayli ular sog'ayib ketgan deb da'vo qilishgan.[63] 1916 yilda Nyu-Yorkda uyg'onish paytida romatoid artritning rivojlangan bosqichida bo'lgan bir ayolni do'stlari qurbongohga olib kelishdi. McPherson unga qo'llarini qo'ydi va ibodat qildi va ayol aftidan cherkovdan tayoqsiz chiqib ketdi. McPhersonning e'tiqodni davolovchi sifatida obro'si unga o'n minglab odamlar kelganida ortdi.[64] McPhersonning imonni davolash usullari yangiliklarda keng yoritilgan va uning kareradagi dastlabki muvaffaqiyatining katta qismi bo'lgan.[65] Vaqt o'tishi bilan, u asosan imonni davolashdan voz kechdi, ammo o'limigacha ommabop bo'lib qolgan haftalik va oylik davolovchi mashg'ulotlarni rejalashtirdi.

Foursquare cherkovi

McPherson 1923 yilda yangi qurilgan Anjelus ibodatxonasida va'z qildi.

Oxir oqibat, McPherson cherkovi o'z mazhabiga aylandi Foursquare Xushxabarining Xalqaro cherkovi yoki "Foursquare Church", atamasi Foursquare vakili To'liq xushxabar diniy tushuncha. To'rt asosiy e'tiqod Masihning o'zgaruvchan najotidir; suvga cho'mishning roli; ilohiy shifo; va Masihning ming yillikgacha qaytishi.

McPherson haftalikni nashr etdi Foursquare Crusader. U 1920-yillarning boshlarida radio orqali eshittirishni boshladi. 1922 yil aprel oyida u simsiz ravishda va'z o'qigan birinchi ayol bo'ldi.[66] Foursquare Gospel-ga tegishli bo'lgan ochilish bilan KFSG 1924 yilda u radioeshittirish litsenziyasini bergan ikkinchi ayol bo'ldi Savdo departamenti nazorat qilgan eshittirish vaqtida.[67]

McPherson irqiy jihatdan birlashtirilgan uning chodirdagi yig'ilishlari va cherkov xizmatlari. Bir safar, integratsiyaga javob sifatida, Ku-kluks-klan a'zolari ishtirok etishdi, ammo xizmatdan so'ng, ularning kaputlari va kiyimlari yaqin atrofda topildi.[68] U shuningdek, Los-Anjelesdagi ispan vazirliklariga yordam bergani uchun munosib.[69]

McPherson Los-Anjelesdagi ba'zi cherkovlarda tashvish uyg'otdi. U ularning ko'plari bilan bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da fundamentalistik e'tiqodlar, uning dabdabali va'zlari va imonni davolaydigan voqealar, ajrashgan ayol maqomi bilan birga misli ko'rilmagan edi va uning kiyinish uslubi emulyatorlarni jalb qildi.[70] Uning illyustratsiyali va'zlari ba'zi ruhoniylar tomonidan Xushxabarni dunyoviy o'yin-kulgiga aylantirgani uchun tanqidga uchragan. Imonni davolash faqat o'ziga xos narsa deb hisoblangan Havoriylar vaqti. Raqib radiosi xushxabarchisi Robert P. Shuler nomli risola nashr etdi McPhersonism, unda u o'zining xizmatini "Xudoning so'ziga muvofiq" deb atagan.[71] Kabi munozaralar Bogard - 1934 yilda McPherson munozarasi[72] tortishuvlarga ko'proq e'tibor qaratdi.[73][74][75]

Yangi shakllanmoqda Xudoning majlislari mazhab u bilan bir muncha vaqt ishlagan, ammo bu uni o'z cherkovini tashkil etilganidan ajratishga undaydi Protestant dinlar. McPherson o'z cherkovini mazhab sifatida ajratish tendentsiyalariga qarshi turdi va evangelist koalitsiyasini qurishda davom etdi. Unga tashkil etish yordam berdi L.I.F.E. Injil kolleji Ma'badga qo'shni, u vazirlarni o'qitish uchun mo'ljallangan edi, shunda ular uning yangi "Foursquare Xushxabarini" milliy va xalqaro miqyosda baham ko'rishlari mumkin edi. Metodist vazir Frank Tompson[76] talabalarga ta'limotlarini o'rgatadigan kollejni boshqargan Jon Uesli, McPherson va boshqalar ularga singdirishgan Elliginchi kun ideallar. McPhersonning sa'y-harakatlari oxir-oqibat ilgari atrofda bo'lgan Pentekostallarga olib keldi Nasroniylik, asosiy Amerika evangelistizmiga.[9]

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida hayot

Sinov doirasi

Makferson (1920-yillarning boshlari).

1926 yil boshida Makferson o'z davrining eng nufuzli ayollari va vazirlariga aylandi,[77] ko'plab ijtimoiy, ma'rifiy va siyosiy sohalarda ta'sirchan. McPherson Darvin evolyutsiyasiga qarshi xochga chiqdi va uning tarafdori bo'ldi Uilyam Jennings Bryan 1925 yil davomida Sinov doirasi, inson evolyutsiyasini o'rgatishni taqiqlovchi mahalliy qonunlar to'g'risida. Bryan va Makferson Ma'badda birga ishladilar va ular bunga ishonishdi Darvinizm buzilgan axloq, "millat bolalarining ongini zaharlash".[78] McPherson tun bo'yi ibodat xizmatini uyushtirdi, undan oldin a Injil Los-Anjeles orqali parad. "[79]

Siyosat

McPhersonning siyosiy yo'nalishi aniqlanmagan. U ma'qulladi Gerbert Guver, lekin orqasidan qo'llab-quvvatladi Franklin D. Ruzvelt va saylanganidan keyin uning ijtimoiy dasturlari.[80] U homiylik qildi uyushgan mehnat, ammo ish tashlashlar zo'ravonlikka olib kelganda, ehtiyotkorroq edi,[81] va xavotirda Kommunizm mehnat jamoalarida ta'sir. Makferson ham kommunizmga, ham qarshi chiqdi fashizm totalitar hukmronlik sifatida ilohiy hokimiyat.[82] McPherson o'zini keng bilan moslashtirmadi konservativ yoki liberal siyosiy kun tartibi, ammo nasroniylikning milliy hayotda markaziy o'rin egallashini xohlar edi. Foursquare Xushxabar cherkovi hozirda xushxabarchi "1920, 30 va 40-yillardagi siyosiy va diniy iqlim sharoitida" qarashlarini aniqlab, uning yondashuvi va "bugungi o'ta fundamentalist, o'ng xristianlik" o'rtasidagi farqni keltirib chiqardi.[83] U shuningdek, a tashkil etilishini qo'llab-quvvatlagan birinchi taniqli nasroniy xizmatchilaridan biri edi Yahudiylarning vatani.[84]

O'g'irlash haqida xabar berilgan

Asosiy maqola: Aimee Semple McPhersonning o'g'irlanishi haqida xabar berilgan
Mildred Kennedi dengizga sho'ng'igan R.K. bilan radio intervyu olib bormoqda. Krouford, Kaliforniya shtatidagi Santa-Monika shahrida McPhersonning jasadini qidirish paytida, 1926 y

The Aimee Semple McPhersonni o'g'irlash haqida xabar berdi ommaviy axborot vositalarining g'azabiga sabab bo'ldi va uning hayoti va faoliyatini o'zgartirdi. 1926 yil may oyida g'oyib bo'lganidan so'ng, u besh hafta o'tgach, Meksikada yana paydo bo'lib, o'zini cho'l kulbasida to'lov uchun ushlab turganligini aytdi. Keyingi katta hay'atlarning so'rovlari jamoatchilikning qiziqishini davom ettirdi.[85]

Yo'qolish va qaytish

1926 yil 18-mayda Makferson Kaliforniya shtatidagi Santa Monika shahridagi Ocean Park sohilidan g'oyib bo'ldi. Uning cho'kib ketganini taxmin qilib, izlovchilar atrofni tarashdi. McPherson-ning kuzatuvlari okrug atrofida, ko'pincha bir-biridan bir necha mil uzoqlikda bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan. Ma'badga qo'ng'iroqlar va McPhersonni, shu jumladan to'lovni talab qiladigan bilimlarni talab qiladigan xatlar kelib tushdi. Mildred Kennedi bir necha hafta davom etgan va'da qilmasdan, qizining o'lganiga ishongan.[86]

Ma'bad yodgorlik marosimini tayyorlayotganda, 23 iyun kuni Kennedi telefon qildi Duglas, Arizona. McPherson Duglas kasalxonasida tirik edi va o'z hikoyasini rasmiylarga aytib berdi.

Meksika cho'lidan chiqqandan so'ng, McPherson 1926 yil Arizona shtatidagi Duglas shahridagi oilasi bilan kasalxonada yashamoqda. Okrug prokurori Asa Kays o'ta chap tomonda Roberta Star Semple yonida Mildred Kennedi (onasi) bilan, o'rta chap tomoni (qizi). O'ng tomonda tuman prokurorining o'rinbosari Jozef Rayan o'g'li Rolf Makferon bilan birga.

McPhersonning aytishicha, plyajda unga kasal bolasi uchun ibodat qilishni istagan juftlik kelgan. Ular bilan birga mashinalariga borgandan so'ng, uni ichkariga itarishdi. Uning yuziga giyohvand moddalar bilan o'ralgan mato ushlab turilib, uning hushidan ketishiga sabab bo'ldi. Oxir-oqibat, u Meksika cho'lidagi kulbaga ko'chirildi. Uni tutganlar yo'q bo'lganda, Makferson derazadan qochib qutulgan[87] va cho'l bo'ylab 11-13 soat davomida va taxminan 32 km masofani bosib o'tdi Agua Prieta, Sonora, Meksika bilan chegaradosh shahar, tungi soat 01:00 atrofida bir uy yaqinida yiqilib, xushxabarchi mahalliy aholi tomonidan qo'shni Duglasga olib borilgan.

Uning Los-Anjelesga qaytishini 300000000 kishi kutib oldi, bu Prezident Vudrou Uilsonning 1919 yil Los-Anjelesga tashrifidan ko'ra ko'proq ishtirok etdi.[88][89][90]

Katta hay'at so'rovlari

Los-Anjeles prokuraturasi uning nega g'oyib bo'lganligi haqida turli xil taxminlarga ega edi, ular orasida taniqli reklama bor edi va nihoyat McPherson sobiq xodimi Kennet Ormiston bilan birga u o'zi ijaraga olgan Kaliforniyadagi kurort shaharchasida qolgani bilan qochib ketgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. May oyining oxirida yozgi uydan chiqib ketgach, juftlik keyingi uch hafta davomida sayohat qildi va yashirin qoldi. 22 iyun atrofida Ormiston McPhersonni Meksikaga haydab, uni yaqin Agua Prietadan 3 mil narida tashlab, u erda qolgan masofani bosib o'tdi. Aksincha, McPherson o'zining o'g'irlash haqidagi hikoyasini doimiy ravishda saqlab turdi va mudofaa guvohlari uning da'volarini tasdiqladilar.[91][92][93][94]

McPhersonga qarshi tasdiqlangan dalillarning aksariyati jurnalistlardan olingan va ular politsiyaga etkazilgan[iqtibos kerak ]. McPhersonga qarshi olib borilgan tergovning asosiy qismi Los-Anjelesdagi gazetalar tomonidan 500 ming AQSh dollar miqdorida mablag 'bilan ta'minlandi.[95][96] Los-Anjeles prokuraturasi matbuotga yangi voqealarni etkazganligi sababli Kaliforniya shtatidagi hay'at hay'atlarining maxfiyligi ikkala tomon tomonidan ham e'tiborsiz qoldirildi, xushxabarchi esa o'zining radiostantsiyasidan foydalanib, voqeaning o'z tomonini namoyish qildi.[97]

Ishni tugatish va oqibatlari

3 noyabrda, ish 1927 yil yanvarda bo'lib o'tgan sudyalar sudiga ko'chirilishi kerak edi, Makfersonni, uning onasini va boshqa ayblanuvchilarni jinoiy fitna, yolg'on guvohlik berish va odil sudlovga to'sqinlik qilishda ayblashdi. Aybdor deb topilsa, Makferson 42 yillik qamoq jazosining maksimal muddatiga duch keldi.[98][99][100] Biroq, prokuratura ishi ishonchlilik masalalarini rivojlantirdi. Guvohlar ko'rsatmalarini o'zgartirdilar[101] va dalillar ko'pincha shubhali kelib chiqishi bilan paydo bo'lgan[102] yoki noto'g'ri munosabatda bo'lgan va hibsda yo'qolgan.[103][104] 2 yanvar kuni Ormiston u bilan birga yozgi uyda qolgan yana bir ayolni sherigi ekanligini aniqladi.[105] 10 yanvar kuni dalillarning yo'qligi sababli McPherson va unga aloqador tomonlarga qo'yilgan barcha ayblovlar olib tashlandi. Ammo bir necha oy davom etgan noxush xabarlar jamoatchilikning McPhersonning huquqbuzarligiga doimiy ishonishini keltirib chiqardi.

Nikohdan tashqari ishlarning da'volari

McPherson ko'plab tasdiqlanmagan jinsiy da'volarning maqsadi edi. Bu Los Anjeles Tayms 1936 yildagi fotosuratda xushxabarchi 10 ming dollar talab qilgan yozuvni o'qiyotgani va uning va do'stining yalang'och kinofilmlarini chiqarishga tahdid qilgani tasvirlangan. McPherson hech qachon bunday rasmlar olinmaganligini aytdi.[106]

Sevgi ishlariga oid da'volar[107] McPhersonga qarshi 1926 yilgi odam o'g'irlash sudi paytida boshlangan. Shubhali sevishganlar, odatda, aloqani rad etishdi.[108] Uning kiyinish uslubi va Gollivud bilan aloqada bo'lganligi, Ma'bad vakili[109] 1929 yilda McPhersonni soya qilish uchun yollangan detektivlar. Dedektivlar ish yuzasidan dalil topmadilar.[110] McPherson vafotidan so'ng, ishlarga oid asossiz ayblovlar paydo bo'lishda davom etdi. Kanadalik jurnalist Gordon Sinkler o'zining tarjimai holida 1934 yilgi voqeani da'vo qildi.[111] Komediyachining yana bir da'vosi Milton Berle xushxabarchi bilan qisqa aloqada bo'lgan. Berle, McPherson bilan Los-Anjelesda uchrashganini ta'kidladi, u erda ikkalasi ham xayriya shousi o'tkazmoqda. Berfelning McPherson hayotida nashr etilgan yana bir kitobi ishqiy munosabatlarni talab qilmadi.[112] Biograf Metyu Sattonning ta'kidlashicha, Berlening a xochga mixlash[113] McPhersonning yotoqxonasida o'sha davrdagi Pentekostal-katolik munosabatlarining sovuqligi bilan mos kelmagan. Milton Berlning hikoyasidagi boshqa qarama-qarshiliklar ham qayd etilgan. O'sha davrda, nashrlardan, cherkov va sayohat yozuvlaridan, xushxabarchining ko'rinishi va qaerdaligini deyarli har kuni aniqlash mumkin edi va Berlning ta'kidlagan xayriya shousi haqida hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q edi. McPhersonning o'z xayriya tashkilotlari bor edi. Bundan tashqari, u o'sha yilning to'liq besh oyida kasallikka layoqatsiz edi, 1931 yilga kelib, Makferson o'zini ayblovlardan saqlanish uchun o'zini himoya qildi. "[114][115]

Keyinchalik hayot va martaba

McPherson gullar bilan o'ralgan, Angelus Temple tortini kesib tashlagan, 1929. U tug'ilgan kunini, milliy bayramlarini va boshqa tadbirlarini cherkov xizmatlari va tantanalar uchun mavzu sifatida ishlatgan.

Uning bosilishidan keyin

O'g'irlashdan keyin McPherson milliy taniqli bo'lib qoldi va xizmatini davom ettirdi, ammo matbuotning e'tiboridan chetda qoldi. Bir paytlar uni "mo''jiza yaratuvchisi" deb atagan ommaviy axborot vositalari,[116] uning uyidagi tartibsizliklarga, shu jumladan onasi bilan bo'lgan qiyinchiliklarga e'tibor qaratdi.

Shunga qaramay, Los-Anjelesdagi aholining 10% gacha Templega a'zo bo'lishgan,[117] va kinostudiyalar uning shartnomalarini taklif qilish uchun raqobatlashdilar. Filmning nasroniylikni o'zgartirishi mumkinligiga ishongan Makferon Gollivud madaniyatini o'rganib chiqdi va kinoxronkalarda paydo bo'ldi Meri Pikford, Frensis Perkins va Franklin D. Ruzvelt. U vaznini yo'qotdi, sochlarini qirqdi va bo'yadi, bo'yanish va zargarlik buyumlarini kiyishni boshladi va zamonaviy liboslari bilan tanildi. Ushbu mashhur shon-shuhrat, oq xizmatkorning kiyimidan ko'ra, dengiz flotining sobiq formasini afzal ko'rgan ba'zi cherkov a'zolariga ma'qul kelmadi.[118]

1927 yilda McPherson va'da berish uchun o'g'irlash haqidagi hikoyaning ommaviyligidan foydalanib, "vindikatsiya safari" ga yo'l oldi.[119] U hattoki tungi klublarga ham tashrif buyurgan Texas Gvinanasi Bu erda u xaloyiqqa murojaat qildi. Uning barlarga tashrifi Makfersonning taniqli bo'lishiga yana bir hissa qo'shdi: gazetalar ular haqida juda ko'p xabar berishdi; mish-mishlar u spirtli ichimliklar ichish, chekish va raqsga tushishlarini noto'g'ri talqin qilgan.

Mildred Kennedi bilan bog'liq muammolar

Tahoe ko'lidagi er shartnomasi prospektining qopqog'i, muvaffaqiyatsiz loyiha. Investorlarning keyingi sud jarayoni noxush reklama va tuman prokuraturasi e'tiborini tortdi.

Mildred Kennedi McPhersonning dunyoviy va diniy to'siqlarni yo'q qilish strategiyasiga qo'shilmadi.[120] 1927 yilda Kennedi boshqa cherkov a'zolari, shu jumladan 300 xor a'zolari bilan birga ma'badni tark etdi. Qizining ta'sirini kamaytirishga urinib, Kennedi xodimlar tomonidan McPhersonga qarshi ovoz berish tashabbusi bilan chiqdi, ammo yutqazdi. Ikkalasi menejment va Makfersonning o'zgaruvchan kiyimi va tashqi qiyofasi haqida bahslashishgan.[121] Kennedining ma'muriy mahorati McPherson xizmatining o'sishi va Temple faoliyatini saqlab qolish uchun juda muhim edi. Bir qator boshqaruv xodimlari Kennedining o'rnini egallashdi va ma'bad qarzga botib, mehmonxonalarni qurish, qabriston uchastkalari va er sotish kabi turli xil muvaffaqiyatsiz loyihalarda qatnashdi. Qiyinchiliklarga javoban Kennedi 1929 yilda qaytib keldi, ammo Makferson bilan doimiy kelishmovchiliklar tufayli 1930 yil iyul oyida yana iste'foga chiqdi.[122] Keyingi oy McPherson jismoniy va asab buzilishi. 10 oy davomida u minbarda yo'q edi, unga tashxis qo'yilgan atsidoz.[123]

Uning karerasini qayta tiklash

U qaytib kelganida, u uni tanishtirdi "Attor atirgullar to'g'risida "va'zi, Sulaymon qo'shig'i asosida.[124] 1931 yil oktyabrda McPherson yilda uyg'onish bo'lib o'tdi Boston, ko'pchilik Unitar, episkopal va katolik aholisi bo'lgan shahar, an'anaviy ravishda Pentekostal xabarlariga dushman. Ochilish oqshomida McPherson 22000 o'rinli sport arenasida 5000 dan kam odam bilan suhbatlashdi. Ertasi kuni uning saylovoldi tashvishi o'zgarib, davomat keskin ko'tarildi.[125][126] Peshindan keyin va kechqurun xizmatlarning so'nggi kuni 40,000 kishi tashrif buyurdi, ular stadion maydonining imkoniyatlaridan oshib ketishdi va tashriflar rekordlarini buzishdi.[126]

McPhersonning Nyu-Yorkdagi uyg'onishi uning shov-shuvli obro'si tufayli unchalik samarasiz edi. Makferson Vashington va Filadelfiyaga bordi va 21 shtatda bo'ldi. To'liq musiqachilar guruhi, sahna dizaynerlari va kostyumlar Makfersonga hamroh bo'lishdi. 1933-1934 yillardagi milliy tiklanish safarlarida ikki million kishi 336 ta va'zlarni tinglashdi.

The Boston oqshom sayohatchisi gazeta xabar berdi:

Aimee dini quvonch dinidir. Unda baxt bor. Uning ovozini tinglash oson. U miyaga murojaat qilmaydi va dinni tinglovchilarining boshiga urishga urinmaydi ... Aslida u butun Muqaddas Kitobni boshidan oxirigacha tom ma'noda qabul qiladi.[126]

McPherson emas edi radikal literalist. U Ibtido kitobidagi yaratilish haqidagi voqea katta sharhlashga imkon beradi va yosh kreatsionizmni talab qilmasligiga ishongan.[127] Talabalar bilan yana bir uchrashuvda Makferson nasroniylik uning foydaliligidan eskirgan degan da'volarni eshitdi. Uchrashuv uni sayohat qilishga va yangi istiqbollarga ega bo'lishga ishontirdi.[128] 1935 yilda McPherson olti oylik dunyo bo'ylab sayohatga chiqdi, qisman Hindistonning mustaqilligi uchun kurash bilan bog'liq ayollar harakatini o'rganish va u bilan gaplashish. Maxatma Gandi,[4] kim unga aylanayotgan g'ildiragida yasalgan sarini berdi. Gandi bilan taassurot qoldirgan Makferson xristian diniga yashirincha moyil bo'lishi mumkin deb o'ylardi.[129] Boshqa muhim voqealar tashrif buyurishni o'z ichiga olgan Shvedagon Pagoda yilda Myanma,[130] eshitish Benito Mussolini Italiyada gaplashing va hali ham tozalanmagan jang maydonida halokatga uchragan harbiy mashinada o'tir Verdun, Frantsiya.

1936 yil o'rtalarida 1906 yil bilan bog'liq bo'lgan delegatsiya Azusa ko'chasi missiyasini jonlantirish, shu jumladan afroamerikalik evangelist Emma Paxta, asked to use the Angelus Temple for their 30th anniversary celebration. Cotton and McPherson organized a series of meetings also marking McPherson's re-identification with Pentecostalism. McPherson's experiments with celebrity had been less successful than she hoped, and alliances with other church groups were failing or defunct. Therefore, she looked to her spiritual origins and considered reintroducing Pentecostal elements into her public meetings. Temple officials were concerned the Azusa people might bring "wildfire and Holy Rollerism."[iqtibos kerak ]

Tashqarida Azusa Street Revival, black leaders and other minorities appeared on her pulpit, including Charlz Xarrison Meyson, an African American and founder of the Churches of God in Christ, a significant Pentecostal leader.[131] McPherson recommitted herself to the dissemination of "classic Pentecostalism", expressing concern that the Foursquare approach was in danger of becoming too "churchy". For the first time since the Temple opened, McPherson began to publicly speak in tongues.

McPherson's daughter, Roberta Semple (left); McPherson (middle); and Rheba Crawford Splivalo, assistant pastor of Angelus Temple (right), at a parade in 1935

Problems with the Temple

McPherson reassigned staff in an effort to address the Temple's financial difficulties. This worsened tensions among staff members. Rumors circulated that charismatic evangelist Rheba Crawford Splivalo, who had been working with McPherson for years, planned to take the Temple from her. McPherson asked Splivalo to "leave town".[125] In the course of the staff controversy, McPherson's lawyer issued a strongly worded press release that upset Roberta Star Semple, McPherson's daughter, and led her to initiate a $150,000[132] slander lawsuit against him. Splivalo also sued McPherson for $1,080,000[133] because of alleged statements calling her a Jezebel va a Yahudo.[134][135]

The two lawsuits filed by Semple and Splivalo were unrelated, but McPherson saw both as part of the Temple takeover plot. McPherson's mother sided with Roberta Semple, making unflattering statements about McPherson to the press. McPherson's defense in a public trial was dramatic and theatrical; she testified tearfully about how her daughter conspired against her.[136] Her daughter's lawyer, meanwhile, mocked McPherson by imitating her mannerisms.[137] The trial estranged McPherson from her daughter. The judge ruled for Semple, giving a $2,000[138] judgment in her favor. Semple then moved to New York. Splivalo and the Temple settled their suit out of court for the "cause of religion and the good of the community."[139]

With Kennedy, Semple, and Splivalo gone, the Temple lost much of its leadership. However, McPherson found a new administrator in Giles Knight, who brought the Temple out of debt, disposed of 40 or so lawsuits, and eliminated spurious projects. He sequestered McPherson, allowed her to receive only a few personal visitors, and regulated her activities outside the Temple. This period was one of unprecedented creativity for McPherson. No longer distracted by reporters and lawsuits, she developed her illustrative sermon style. The irreligious Charli Chaplin secretly attended her services, and she later consulted with Chaplin on ways to improve her presentations. McPherson's public image improved. Her adversary, Robert P. Shuler, who previously attacked her, proclaimed that "Aimee's missionary work was the envy of Methodists".[140] He also expressed his support of her Foursquare Church's 1943 application for admittance into National Association of Evangelicals for United Action.[9]

Her efforts toward interracial revival continued. She welcomed black people into the congregation and pulpit. While race riots burned Detroyt in 1943, McPherson publicly converted the black former og'ir vazn chempion Jek Jonson on the Temple stage and embraced him.[141][142]

War years

In the 1930s McPherson and the Foursquare Gospel Church explored Pasifizm, a component of Pentecostalism. McPherson also considered Gandhi's views on pacifism,[4] and Clinton Howard, chairman of the World Peace Commission, was invited to speak at the Temple. In 1932, she promoted disarmament.[143] Foursquare leaders, alarmed at rapid changes in military technology, drew up an amendment inclusive of varied opinions on military service. Two views were held acceptable: the idea that one could bear arms in a righteous cause; and the view that killing of others, even in connection to military service, would endanger their souls.[144] McPherson monitored international events leading up to the Second World War, believing that the apocalypse and the Second Coming of Christ were at hand.

Congregation at Angelus Temple during fourteen-hour Holy Ghost service led by Aimee Semple McPherson, Los Angeles, Calif., 1942

All-night prayer meetings were held at the Temple starting in 1940 as Germaniya occupied Europe. She asked other Foursquare churches around the country to follow suit. She sent President Franklin Roosevelt's secretary, Stephen Early, an outline of her plans, and various officials expressed appreciation, including the governor of California.[145]

Vujudga kelganida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, McPherson rejected the Christian pacifism popular in the Pentecostal movement, saying that, "It is the Bible against Mein Kampf. Bu Kesib o'tish qarshi Xastalik. It is God against the dajjol ning Yaponiya...This is no time for pacifism."[146] The Temple itself became a symbol of homefront sacrifice for the war effort. Its white dome was painted black and its stained-glass windows covered in anticipation of air raids. To advertise the need to conserve gasoline and rubber, McPherson drove a horse and buggy to the Temple.[145]

Kauchuk va boshqalar drives were organized, and unlimited airtime on her radio station, was given to the Harbiy ma'lumot idorasi. She asked listeners to donate two hours a day for such tasks as rolling bandages. Money was raised to provide military bases with comfortable furnishings and radios. Newsweek published an article about McPherson, "The World's Greatest Living Minister" in 1943, noting that she had collected 2,800 pints of blood for the Red Cross; servicemen in her audience are especially honored, and the climax of her church services is when she reads the National Anthem.[147] McPherson gave visiting servicemen autographed Bibles. U yozgan:

What a privilege it was to invite the servicemen present in every Sunday night meeting to come to the platform, where I greeted them, gave each one a New Testament, and knelt in prayer with them for their spiritual needs.[145]

She insulted Adolf Gitler va Hideki Tōjō, and became involved in urush aloqasi mitinglar. McPherson sold $150,000[148][149][150][151] worth of bonds in one hour in 1942, breaking previous records, then repeated the performance in 1944.[152][153] The AQSh moliya vazirligi awarded her a special citation and the army made McPherson an honorary colonel. Her wartime activities included sermons linking the church and patriotism.[154] She felt that if the Allies did not prevail, churches, homes, and everything dear to Christians would be destroyed.[155]

McPherson's embrace of the umumiy urush strategy of the United States left her open to some criticism. The line between the church as an independent moral authority monitoring government became blurred. Japanese Americans' internment in relocation camps was overlooked, and she refused to allow her denomination to support Christians who remained pacifist. Church members and leaders were expected to be willing to take up arms. The pacifist clause, by her proposal, was eliminated by the Foursquare Gospel Church.[155]

O'lim

McPherson's grave

On September 26, 1944, McPherson went to Oklend, Kaliforniya, for a series of revivals, planning to preach her popular "Story of My Life" sermon. When McPherson's son went to her hotel room at 10:00 the next morning, he found her unconscious with pills and a half-empty bottle of capsules nearby. She was dead by 11:15. It was later discovered that she had called her doctor that morning complaining of feeling ill from the medicine, but he was in surgery. She then phoned another doctor who referred her to yet another physician. However, McPherson lost consciousness before the third could be contacted.[156][157]

The autopsy did not conclusively determine the cause of McPherson's death. She had been taking sleeping pills following numerous health problems. Among the pills found in the hotel room was the barbiturate Seconal, a strong sedative which had not been prescribed for her[iqtibos kerak ]. It was unknown how she obtained them. The coroner said she most likely died of an accidental overdose compounded by kidney failure. The cause of death was listed as unknown.[158] Given the circumstances, there was speculation about suicide, but most sources generally agree the overdose was accidental.[159]

Forty-five thousand people waited in long lines, some until 2 a.m., to file past the evangelist, whose body lay in state for three days at the Temple. It later took 11 trucks to transport the $50,000[160] worth of flowers to the cemetery. Though they had left McPherson's employ on bad terms, her former assistant pastor Rheba Crawford Splivalo, daughter Roberta, and her mother Mildred Kennedy were also in attendance.[161][162]

An observer, Marcus Bach, wrote:

A thousand ministers of the Foursquare Gospel paid their tearful tribute. The curious stood by impressed. The poor who had always been fed at Angelus were there, the lost who had been spirit-filled, the healed, the faithful here they were eager to immortalize the Ontario farm girl who loved the Lord.[162]

Millions of dollars passed through McPherson's hands. However, when her personal estate was calculated, it amounted to $10,000.[163] To her daughter, Roberta, went $2,000[164] the remainder to her son Rolf. By contrast, her mother Mildred Kennedy had a 1927 severance settlement of as much as $200,000[165] in cash and property; the Foursquare Church itself was worth $2.8 million.[166][167]

McPherson is buried in O'rmon maysazorlari yodgorlik bog'i qabristoni yilda Glendeyl, Kaliforniya. Following her death, the Foursquare Gospel church denomination was led for 44 years by her son Rolf McPherson. The church claims a membership of over 7.9 million worldwide.[168]

Meros va ta'sir

After her death, the largely negative aspect of her media image persisted[169] and became the dominant factor in defining McPherson for many in the public.[170] Robert P. Shuler, whose caustic view of McPherson softened over the years, wrote that McPherson's flaws were many, yet she ultimately made a positive lasting impact on Christianity. He recognized her appeal as a combination of identifying with average citizens and an ability to preach in simple terms. Her legacy continued through the thousands of ministers she trained and churches planted worldwide. McPherson helped to reshape evangelical Christianity faith, making it relevant to American culture and personally involving for listeners.[171]

Uldine Utley, v. 1924 yil

McPherson influenced later ministers including child preacher Uldine Utley va doktor Edwin Louis Cole,[172] who went on to found the Christian Men's Network. Biographer Matthew Sutton wrote that McPherson helped to forestall the replacement of traditional Protestantism by new scientific and philosophical ideas. Liberal nasroniylik, which was growing in the late 19th century, regarded Biblical miracles as superstition or metaphor. McPherson's faith-healing ministry promoted the idea that miraculous healings could occur in modern times.[173][174]

McPherson's ekumenik approach assisted Pentecostals in explaining their faith in the context of historic church doctrine. Mainline churches became exposed to differing beliefs about gifts of the Holy Spirit. They borrowed Pentecostal revival techniques[9] including emotive expression, praise worship, and testimonials, forerunning the Xarizmatik harakat.

McPherson challenged expectations for women. Her gender and divorces were of particular concern to many fundamentalist churches with which she wanted to work. However, atheist Charlz Li Smit remarked that she had an extraordinary mind, "particularly for a woman".[175]

Her continual work at church alliance-building finally bore posthumous fruit. Foursquare Gospel Church leaders joined the National Association of Evangelicals in 1952 and helped organize the Pentecostal World Fellowship.[176] Pentecostalism, which once advocated separatism and was on the fringes of Protestantism, became part of mainstream Christianity.[177]

Portretlar

McPherson was the subject of or inspiration for numerous books, periodicals, films, and plays. Characters who were modeled on McPherson included Sharon Falconer in Sinkler Lyuis "roman Elmer Gantri[178] (o'ynagan Jan Simmons ichida filmni moslashtirish ), faith-healing evangelist Big Sister in Nathanael West "s Chigirtka kuni (o'ynagan Geraldine Page ichida filmni moslashtirish ) va Upton Sinclair 's Eli Watkins, a corrupt small-town minister, and they were all based on events which occurred in her life. A musical titled AIMEE!, by Patrick Young and Bob Ashley was played in 1981.[179] Two musicals about McPherson, Scandalous va Saving Aimee, ikkalasi tomonidan Keti Li Gifford, Devid Fridman va Devid Pomeranz, were produced, the former was performed on Broadway, with McPherson being portrayed by Carolee Carmello. An Evangelist Drowns (2007), a one-woman play based on McPherson's life, includes fictionalized accounts of relationships with Charli Chaplin and David Hutton. Spit Shine Glisten (2013), loosely based on the life of McPherson, was performed at the Kaliforniya San'at instituti yilda Valensiya, Kaliforniya.[180][181] The musical Yo'qolish nuqtasi, written by Rob Hartmann, Liv Cummins, and Scott Keys, intertwines the lives of evangelist McPherson, aviator Amelia Earhart, and mystery writer Agata Kristi. It was included in the 2010–2011 season at the Karnegi Mellon nomidagi dramaturgiya maktabi yilda Pitsburg, Pensilvaniya.

Frank Kapra film The Miracle Woman (1931), bosh rollarda Barbara Stenvayk, was based on John Meehan o'yin Bless You, Sister, which was reportedly inspired by McPherson's life. A televizion film about the events which surrounded her 1926 disappearance, The Disappearance of Aimee (1976), starred Faye Dunaway as McPherson and Bette Devis uning onasi sifatida. Kino Sister Aimee (2019), starring Amy Hargreaves, is a fictional account of McPherson's 1926 disappearance.[182]

Nashrlar

  • Declaration of Faith, The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (1920)
  • Aimee Semple McPherson (1921). The Second Coming of Christ: Is He Coming? How is He Coming? When is He Coming? For Whom is He Coming?. A. McPherson. OCLC  8122641.
  • Aimee Semple McPherson (1923) [1919]. This is That: Personal Experiences, Sermons and Writings of Aimee Semple McPherson, Evangelist. The Bridal Call Publishing House. OCLC  1053806.
  • Aimee Semple McPherson (1927). In the Service of the King: The Story of My Life. Boni and Liveright. OCLC  513458.
  • Perfection, Can a Christian Be Perfect?, Echo Park Evangelistic Association (1930)
  • Aimee Semple McPherson (1936). Give Me My Own God. H. C. Kinsey & Company, Inc. OCLC  1910039.
  • Aimee Semple McPherson (1951). The Story of My Life: In Memoriam, Echo Park Evangelistic Association, Los Angeles. OCLC  1596212.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Nekrolog Turli xillik, October 4, 1944.
  2. ^ Grimley, Naomi (November 25, 2014). "The mysterious disappearance of a celebrity preacher". BBC yangiliklari.
  3. ^ a b Williams, George Hunston; Petersen, Rodney Lawrence; Pater, Calvin Augustine (1999), The Contentious Triangle: Church, State, and University, Truman State University Press, p. 308
  4. ^ a b v "Aimée Mcpherson in Singapore" (newspaper article). The Straits Times, March 2, 1931, Page 11. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  5. ^ Aimee Semple McPherson Audio Tapes, http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/GUIDES/103.htm#602 Arxivlandi July 24, 2013, at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  6. ^ Epstein, Daniel Mark, Sister Aimee: The Life of Aimee Semple McPherson (Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1993), p. 111.
    "The healings present a monstrous obstacle to scientific historiography. If events transpired as newspapers, letters, and testimonials say they did, then Aimée Semple McPherson's healing ministry was miraculous...The documentation is overwhelming: very sick people came to Sister Aimee by the tens of thousands, blind, deaf, paralyzed. Many were healed some temporarily, some forever. She would point to heaven, to Christ the Great Healer and take no credit for the results."
  7. ^ "The Incredible Disappearing Evangelist". Smithsonian. Olingan 3-may, 2014.
  8. ^ "RD10Q: Aimee Semple McPherson, Evangelical Maverick". Religion Dispatches. 2008 yil 26 sentyabr. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  9. ^ a b v d e ""Between the refrigerator and the wildfire": Aimee Semple McPherson, pentecostalism, and the fundamentalist-modernist controversy". The free library. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  10. ^ Matthew Avery Sutton, Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America (Cambridge: Garvard universiteti matbuoti, 2007), page 9
  11. ^ "From the Archives: Aimee Semple McPherson Dies Suddenly in Oakland" Los Anjeles Tayms (September 28, 1944) Retrieved August 26, 2017
  12. ^ Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Inc., 1993), pp.24, 43-44
  13. ^ Sutton, p. 9
  14. ^ Sutton, pp. 9–10
  15. ^ Epstein, pp. 28–29
  16. ^ a b v d Sutton, p. 10
  17. ^ Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, Inc., 1993), pp.79- 81
  18. ^ Sutton, p. 58
  19. ^ Epstein, pp. 72–73
  20. ^ Epstein, pp. 74–76
  21. ^ Epstein, pp. 91, 95, 128
  22. ^ Sutton, p. 172
  23. ^ Epstein, pp. 374–375
  24. ^ Blumhofer, p. 333. Note: in 1932, after having to continuously answer questions about McPherson's marriage to Hutton, 33 Foursquare ministers thought this was too much of a distraction and seceded from the Temple and formed their own Pentecostal denomination, the Open Bible Evangelistic Association.
  25. ^ Epstein, p. 434
  26. ^ Blumhofer, p. 333. Note: Homer Rodeheaver, former singing master for evangelist Billy Sunday, was refused; even when it was suggested she married the wrong man and to try again to have a loving marriage, she responded negatively and redoubled her evangelistic efforts, forsaking personal fulfillment in relationships. McPherson knew Rodeheaver from working with him at the Angeleus Temple and he introduced her to David Hutton. In the case of Rodeheaver, however, biographer Sutton, according to Roberta Star Semple, stated McPherson liked him but not the way he kissed.
  27. ^ Aimee May Marry Homer Rodeheaver (North Tonawanda, NY Evening News June 21, 1935)
  28. ^ Epstein, p. 172
  29. ^ Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford (Indiana University Press, 2006) p. 406-407
  30. ^ "ProQuest". ProQuest  1655208322. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
  31. ^ Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans nashriyoti, Inc., 1993), p. 147
  32. ^ Epstein, p. 151
  33. ^ Epstein, p. 153
  34. ^ "Aimee McPherson". Aimee McPherson. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  35. ^ a b Blumhofer, p. 246
  36. ^ Blumhofer, p. 244
  37. ^ More than $65,000 in 2012 dollars.
  38. ^ over $320 in 2012
  39. ^ Blumhofer, p. 245
  40. ^ More than $3.2 million in 2012 dollars.
  41. ^ Thomas, Lately Storming Heaven: The Lives and Turmoils of Minnie Kennedy and Aimee Semple McPherson (Morrow, New York, 1970) p. 32.
  42. ^ Bridal Call (Foursquare Publications, 1100 Glendale Blvd, Los Angeles.) October 1929, p. 27
  43. ^ Sutton, p. 335
  44. ^ Epstein, p. 249
  45. ^ Blumhofer, p. 269
  46. ^ Sutton, pp. 189, 315. Note: author states over 400 dead
  47. ^ Blumhofer, p. 348. Note: author indicates 1934 but probably a typo
  48. ^ Epstein, p. 370
  49. ^ Sutton, p. 316
  50. ^ a b Sutton, p. 317
  51. ^ Epstein, p. 369
  52. ^ Sutton, p. 195
  53. ^ a b Sutton, p. 72
  54. ^ Bach, Marcus, They Have Found a Faith, (The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis / New York, 1946) p. 59
  55. ^ Sutton, p. 74
  56. ^ Epstein, p.252
  57. ^ "Inflation Calculator". DollarTimes.com. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  58. ^ $1 of 1920s to 1930s dollars would be worth around US $11–13 in 2013. See subsequent cites for inflation calculator links.
  59. ^ "CPI inflyatsiyasini kalkulyatori". Data.bls.gov. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  60. ^ "Inflation Calculator". DaveManuel.com. Olingan 13 avgust, 2019.
  61. ^ Epstein, pp. 79–80
  62. ^ a b Epstein, p. 156
  63. ^ Mavity, Nancy Barr "Sister Aimee;" (Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated, 1931) p. 47-48
  64. ^ Epstein 1993, pp. 107–111
  65. ^ Epstein, p. 57
  66. ^ Blumhofer, p. 183
  67. ^ Von Lackum, Karl C. "Vinton Boasts Only Broadcasting Station in U.S. Owned By Woman", Waterloo Evening Courier, Iowa, October 14, 1922, p. 7. Note: The first woman to receive a broadcasting license was Mrs. Marie Zimmerman of Vinton, Ayova, in August 1922.
  68. ^ Blumhofer, pp. 275–277
  69. ^ Updike, John (April 30, 2007). "Famous Aimee: The life of Aimee Semple McPherson". Nyu-Yorker.
  70. ^ Epstein, p. 275
  71. ^ Schuler, Robert P. McPhersonism: a study of healing cults and modern day tongues movements, January 1924, p. 3
  72. ^ Ben M. Bogard, Bogard-McPherson debate : McPhersonism, Holy Rollerism, miracles, Pentecostalism, divine healing : a debate with both sides presented fully, (Little Rok, Arkanzas: Ben M. Bogard, 1934)
  73. ^ "Biography of Charles S. Price". Healingandrevival.com. 1947 yil 8 mart. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  74. ^ "Note: Divine Healing was a contentious theological area of McPherson's ministry, but she was not alone. Other pastors already had a ministry with alleged successful healings such as James Moore Hickson (1868–1933), an Episcopalian of international renown. Another pastor, Dr. Charles S Price (1887–1947), went to a series of McPherson revival meetings in San Jose, California, to expose the fraud. Instead, he was converted and preached McPherson's version of Christianity to his congregation. Reports of purported faith healings began to take place. Price went on to preach as a traveling evangelist who converted tens of thousands along with many instances of miraculous divine healings allegedly occurring". Earstohear.net. 1990 yil 27-noyabr. Olingan 13 avgust, 2019.
  75. ^ Epstein, pp. 185, 240
  76. ^ "Spiritual gifts" given by the Holy Spirit, of which the most well known is speaking in "tongues" spontaneously speaking in a language which is unknown to the speaker;, also known as glossolaliya. Other gifts include translating the said "tongues."
  77. ^ Sutton, Matthew. Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America. London: Garvard universiteti matbuoti, 2007.
  78. ^ Sutton, p. 52. Note: Sutton was uncertain if McPherson actually stated the quote as it was reported by Nyu-Yorker, but she did convey the belief that evolyutsiya ta'sirlangan moral-relativist philosophers and she also believed that "survival of the fittest" thinking would have a detrimental effect on society.
  79. ^ Sutton, p. 37
  80. ^ Sutton, p. 214
  81. ^ Sutton, p. 219
  82. ^ Sutton, p. 221
  83. ^ ""Sister Aimee" to Air on PBS | Foursquare News | The Foursquare Church". Foursquare.org. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  84. ^ Epstein, pp. 165, 395
  85. ^ Zaballos, Nausica. La disparition de Soeur Aimée ( Crimes et Procès Sensationnels à Los Angeles, Paris, 2011), pp. 103–140
  86. ^ Cox, Raymond L. The Verdict Is In (R.L. Cox and Heritage Committee, California, 1983), pp. 41–42
  87. ^ McPherson, Aimee Semple, In the Service of the King: The Story of My Life (Boni and Liveright, New York, 1927), p. 16. Though McPherson, period newspapers and most biographers referred to one of the captors as "Rose", she later became known in some books and articles as "Mexicali Rose".
  88. ^ Sutton, p. 103
  89. ^ "President Wilson visits L.A. - Framework - Photos and Video - Visual Storytelling from the Los Angeles Times". Framework.latimes.com. 2011 yil 20 iyun. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2013 yil 14-noyabrda. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  90. ^ Melton, J. Gordon. (2007). Diniy hodisalar entsiklopediyasi. Ko'rinadigan siyoh matbuoti. p. 218
  91. ^ Modesto Bee And News-Herald October 20, 1926, p.1
  92. ^ Thomas, Vanishing Evangelist pp. 285-286, 291
  93. ^ Cox, pp. 85, 209–211
  94. ^ Cox, pp. 71–72
  95. ^ about US $6.4 million in 2013
  96. ^ Epstein, p. 289
  97. ^ "Isadora Duncan, Aime Semple McPherson - H.L. Mencken". Ralphmag.org. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  98. ^ Sutton, pp. 133–134
  99. ^ Epstein, p. 312
  100. ^ The People vs.Aimee Semple McPherson, et al., Case CR 29181, January 10, 1927; Superior Court of Los Angeles County, County records and Archives
  101. ^ Epstein, pp. 312-313
  102. ^ Cox, pp. 150-151, 152,166.
  103. ^ Lately, Thomas The Vanishing Evangelist: the Aimee Semple McPherson Kidnapping Affair (Viking Press, 1959) p. 26
  104. ^ Cox, pp. 17–18.
  105. ^ Coshocton Tribune; Coshocton, Ohio January 3, 1927· Page 8
  106. ^ "McPherson Charged for Slander - Rights Managed - Stock Photo - GettyImages". Gettyimages.com. December 12, 1936. Olingan 25 dekabr, 2018.
  107. ^ Epstein, p. 386
  108. ^ Sutton, p. 175
  109. ^ "John Goben • Webjournals". Webjournals.ac.edu.au. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 14-noyabrda. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2013., Blumhofer, p. 311, Note: Reverend John D. Goben was a successful Midwestern evangelist when he joined the Angeles Temple in 1927. A revival campaign in 1930 by Goben led to the establishment the Stone Church in Toronto, Canada. Goben served as treasurer to the International Foursquare Gospel Lighthouses, an association of satellite churches he helped manage. Because of a dispute with McPherson and her legal counsel, over property ownership by the churches, he was ousted as treasurer. His mounting discontent along with encouragement of some of the Church board members, in part, precipitated his expensive private investigation of McPherson. One evening at a board meeting, Goben, hoping to elicit a confession in lieu of evidence he could not obtain, confronted McPherson with his surveillance. But McPherson, so shocked by what he did, fainted. The board members turned against Goben and he was fired. His bitter departure resulted in his publication of a pamphlet entitled Aimee, the Gospel Gold-Digger. Aimed at Temple supporters, he detailed alleged financial irregularities. A brief grand jury investigation was started, but come to nothing.
  110. ^ Epstein, pp. 334, 337
  111. ^ Sutton, pp. 175, 312
  112. ^ Koks, p. 241
  113. ^ Koks, p. 241. Note: McPherson was frequently photographed with the image of the Christian Cross, which differs from the crucifix, with its hanging figure of Jesus and its common association with Catholicism. Cox states anecdotally some persons adversarial to McPherson, who heard the Berle story wanted to believe it was true, "but that bit about the crucifix" convinced them otherwise.
  114. ^ Sutton, p. 174
  115. ^ Cox, Raymond L. The Verdict is In, 1983, p. 241
  116. ^ Blumhofer, p. 205
  117. ^ Roberts Liardon, God's Generals: Vol. 7, DVD 2005
  118. ^ Sutton, pp. 153–160
  119. ^ She also traveled to England, Scotland and Wales for five weeks of revival services. Press reports, depending upon the sources, described her audiences as either lacking enthusiasm or multitudes filling the altars anxiously awaiting a return visit. "Poor Aimee". Vaqt. October 22, 1928. Arxivlandi from the original on September 30, 2007. Olingan 21 avgust, 2007. Those of the nobility and gentry and middle classes who reflected upon the matter appeared to feel that the Holy Bible still offers a sufficient choice of Gospels. But of course the London mob, the lower classes, rushed to attend the evangelistic First Night of Aimee Semple McPherson
  120. ^ Epstein, pp. 318–320
  121. ^ Epstein, p. 325
  122. ^ Epstein, p. 341
  123. ^ Epstein, p. 343
  124. ^ Epstein, p. 356
  125. ^ a b Epstein, p. 368
  126. ^ a b v "Dr. Raymond L. Cox : The Greatest Nine Days". oocities.org. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  127. ^ "Today in History: 15 October 1931: Aimee Semple McPherson Uninvited to Speak at Harvard". Skepticism.org. October 15, 1931. Archived from asl nusxasi 2013 yil 14-noyabrda. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  128. ^ McPherson, Aimee Semple, Give me my Own God, H. C. Kinsey & Company, Inc., 1936
  129. ^ Matthew Avery Sutton, Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 233
  130. ^ McPherson, Give me my Own God, pp. 88–89
  131. ^ "Dr. Raymond L. Cox : Was Aimee Semple McPherson Pentecostal?". oocities.org. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  132. ^ US $2.3 million in 2012
  133. ^ US $17 million in 2012
  134. ^ Thomas, Bo'ron, pp. 282-284, 297 NOTE: Splivalo did earn a loyal following of disciples at the Angelus Temple, one in particular who was in contentious strife with McPherson. Splivalo gathered a list of purported damaging statements together with the witnesses, places, and times they were allegedly made by McPherson. However, the vocabulary of accused slanderous remarks, as stated in the lawsuit, were inconsistent with McPherson's known public sermons, writings, and statements.
  135. ^ Herald-Journal – May 11, 1937
  136. ^ United Press, April 15, 1937.
  137. ^ Epstein, pp. 413–414
  138. ^ US $31,000 in 2012
  139. ^ Epstein, p. 416
  140. ^ Epstein, p. 427
  141. ^ Updike, John. "Famous Aimee". Nyu-Yorker. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  142. ^ "Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America — Matthew Avery Sutton | Harvard University Press". Hup.harvard.edu. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  143. ^ Sutton, p. 256
  144. ^ Sutton, pp. 256–257
  145. ^ a b v "World War II and Angelus Temple | Foursquare Legacy | The Foursquare Church". Foursquare.org. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  146. ^ Aimee Semple McPherson, "Foursquaredom and Uncle Sam," Foursquare Crusader, 14 (February 1942) p. 24
  147. ^ Sutton, pp. 264, 333
  148. ^ Note: A P47 Thunderbolt fighter was then priced about $85,000, P51 Mustang $50,000, M4 Sherman tank $50,000, B17 Flying Fortress $240,00
  149. ^ "Product Prices". Panzerworld.net. 2013 yil 22 oktyabr. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  150. ^ "Sherman tank - improved M4 models with 76mm gun, protection". Ww2total.com. April 26, 1945. Archived from asl nusxasi 2010 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  151. ^ US 2 million dollars in 2012
  152. ^ Blumhofer, p. 373
  153. ^ Sutton, p. 264
  154. ^ Sutton, Matthew. Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America, London: Garvard universiteti matbuoti, 2007
  155. ^ a b Sutton, p. 263
  156. ^ Epstein, p. 438
  157. ^ Robinson, Judith Working Miracles The Drama and Passion of Aimee Semple McPherson (James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers, Toronto, 2008) p.104-105
  158. ^ Note: In the 1993 obituary for her daughter-in-law, McPherson's life and death are mentioned. "Lorna McPherson, 82, Of the Angelus Temple". Nyu-York Tayms. 1993 yil 18 iyun. Olingan 21 avgust, 2007. Aimee Semple McPherson founded Angelus Temple in the early 1920s, when her brand of fundamentalist Christianity, stressing the "born-again" experience, divine healing and evangelism, was popular in the United States. She died on September 27, 1944, of shock and respiratory failure attributed to an overdose of sleeping pills.
  159. ^ "Sister Aimee's' Death Is Ruled an Accident". United Press International in Washington Post. 1944 yil 14 oktyabr. Olingan 22 fevral, 2008. Aimee Semple McPherson, famous evangelist who occupied the headlines almost as often as the pulpit, died of shock and respiratory failure "from an accidental over-dosage" of sleeping capsules, a coroner's jury decided today.
  160. ^ $630,000 in 2012 dollars
  161. ^ Sutton, p. 270
  162. ^ a b Bach, Marcus, They Have Found a Faith, (The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis / New York, 1946) p. 74
  163. ^ about $130,000 in 2013
  164. ^ about $26,000 in 2013 dollars
  165. ^ about $2.5 million in 2013 dollars
  166. ^ about US$36 million in 2013 dollars
  167. ^ Epstein, p. 440
  168. ^ "The Foursquare Church". The Foursquare Church. Olingan 13 avgust, 2019.
  169. ^ Koks, p. 3. Note: as one example Cox lists, a reporter for The Los Angeles Times, Dial Torgerson, May 18, 1969; uning yozadi Aimee's Disappearance Remains a Mystery, story, that HC Benedict, owner of the Carmel cottage, was expected to be a witness against McPherson, but died apparently of heart trouble before he could testify. Cox notes that HC Benedict did indeed testify, but on her behalf, denying vehemently the woman with Ormiston was McPherson. HC Benedict died on November 20, 1926, some weeks after all testimony had been concluded.
  170. ^ Sutton, p. 278
  171. ^ Sutton, p. 275
  172. ^ "Dr. Edwin Louis Cole". Christianmensnetwork.com. April 24, 1981. Archived from asl nusxasi on June 28, 2013. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2013.
  173. ^ Sutton, pp. 277–280
  174. ^ Epstein, pp. 108, 229–231
  175. ^ There is a God: Debate between Aimee Semple McPherson, Fundamentalist and Charles Lee Smith, Atheist (Foursquare Publications, 1100 Glendale BLVD Los Angeles. CA), 1934
  176. ^ Sutton, pp. 275–276
  177. ^ Sutton, p. 280
  178. ^ Lingeman, p. 283.
  179. ^ "AIMEE!". Canadian Musicals. Olingan 20 aprel, 2017.
  180. ^ "Imkoniyatlar". CalArts School of Theater. Olingan 13 avgust, 2019.
  181. ^ "Susan Simpson". Susan Simpson. Olingan 13 avgust, 2019.
  182. ^ Sister Aimee (2019) - IMDb, olingan 28 avgust, 2020
  • Richard R. Lingeman, Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, Minnesota Historical Society Press, June 2005, ISBN  978-0-87351-541-2.

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