Uilyam Jennings Bryan - William Jennings Bryan

Uilyam Jennings Bryan
41-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi
Ofisda 1913 yil 5 mart - 1915 yil 9 iyun
Prezident	Vudro Uilson
Oldingi	Filander C. Noks
Muvaffaqiyatli	Robert Lansing
A'zosi AQSh Vakillar palatasi dan Nebraska "s 1-chi tuman
Ofisda 1891 yil 4 mart - 1895 yil 3 mart
Oldingi	Uilyam Jeyms Konnell
Muvaffaqiyatli	Jessi Burr Strod
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	(1860-03-19)1860 yil 19-mart Salem, Illinoys, BIZ.
O'ldi	1925 yil 26-iyul(1925-07-26) (65 yosh) Dayton, Tennessi, BIZ.
Siyosiy partiya	Demokratik
Boshqa siyosiy bog'liqliklar	Populist
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Meri Baird Bryan ​ ​ (m. 1884⁠–⁠1925)​
Bolalar	3, shu jumladan Rut
Ta'lim	Illinoys kolleji (BA ) Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti (LLB )
Imzo

Uilyam Jennings Bryan (1860 yil 19 mart - 1925 yil 26 iyul) - Amerikalik notiq va siyosatchi Nebraska. Grover Klivlendning so'zlariga ko'ra, 1896 yilda Demokratik partiyada Bryan kuchlarining kuchayishi Amerika hukumatidagi laisse-faire siyosatiga chek qo'ydi. 1896 yildan boshlab, u hukmron kuch sifatida paydo bo'ldi Demokratik partiya partiyaning nomzodi sifatida uch marta qatnashgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti ichida 1896, 1900 va 1908 saylovlar. U shuningdek xizmat qilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi va kabi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi ostida Vudro Uilson. O'limidan oldin u evolyutsiya ta'limotiga hujum qilish uchun milliy e'tiborni qozondi Miqyosi bo'yicha sinov. Oddiy odamlarning donoligiga ishongani uchun uni ko'pincha "Buyuk Oddiy" deb atashgan.^[1]

Illinoysda tug'ilib o'sgan Bryan 1880-yillarda Nebraskaga ko'chib o'tdi. U Vakillar palatasiga saylovda g'olib chiqdi 1890 saylovlar, uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz yugurishdan oldin ikki muddat xizmat qilish Senat 1894 yilda. At 1896 yil demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi, Bryan "Oltin xoch nutqi "ga hujum qilgan oltin standart va sharqning pulli manfaatlari va inflyatsiya siyosati uchun salib yurishlari kengaytirilgan kumush tangalar. Amaldagi Prezidentning rad javobida Grover Klivlend va uning konservatori Burbon demokratlari, Demokratik qurultoy Bryanni prezidentlikka nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi, shu bilan Bryan AQSh tarixidagi eng yosh partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod bo'ldi. Keyinchalik, Bryan ham chap qanot tomonidan prezidentlikka nomzod bo'lgan Populistlar partiyasi Va ko'plab populistlar oxir-oqibat Bryanni Demokratik partiyaga qo'shib olishadi. Shiddatli kurashda 1896 yilgi prezident saylovi, Respublika nomzod Uilyam Makkinli g'alaba qozondi. 36 yoshida Bryan Qo'shma Shtatlar tarixidagi saylovchilar ovozini olgan eng yosh odam bo'lib qolmoqda.^[2] Bryan notiq sifatida shuhrat qozondi, chunki u 1896 yilda 27 ta shtatdagi 5 million tomoshabinga etib borganida milliy stumping turini ixtiro qildi.

Bryan Demokratik partiyani nazoratini saqlab qoldi va yana prezidentlik nomzodini qo'lga kiritdi 1900. Keyin Ispaniya-Amerika urushi, Bryan ashaddiy raqibiga aylandi Amerika imperializmi va uning kampaniyasining aksariyati shu masalaga qaratilgan edi. Saylovda Makkinli yana Bryanni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va 1896 yilda Bryan g'olib bo'lgan bir nechta G'arbiy shtatlarni yutib chiqdi. 1900 yilgi saylovlardan keyin Bryanning partiyadagi ta'siri zaiflashdi va demokratlar konservatorni nomzod qilib ko'rsatdilar. Alton B. Parker ichida 1904 yilgi prezident saylovi. Parkerning mag'lubiyatidan so'ng Bryan partiyadagi mavqeini tikladi Teodor Ruzvelt va har ikki partiyaning saylovchilari tobora ko'proq Bryan tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib kelayotgan ilg'or islohotlarni qabul qildilar. Bryan partiyasining nomzodligini qo'lga kiritdi 1908 yilgi prezident saylovi, lekin u Ruzvelt tanlagan vorisi tomonidan mag'lub bo'ldi, Uilyam Xovard Taft. Bilan birga Genri Kley, Bryan, qabul qilinishiga qaramay, hech qachon prezidentlik saylovlarida g'olib bo'lmagan ikki kishidan biridir saylovchilarning ovozlari tomonidan tasdiqlanganidan keyin o'tkazilgan uchta alohida prezidentlik saylovlarida O'n ikkinchi tuzatish.

Demokratlar prezidentlikni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng 1912 yilgi saylov, Vudrou Uilson, Bryanni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini davlat kotibining muhim kabinet lavozimi bilan taqdirladi. Bryan Uilsonga Kongress orqali bir nechta ilg'or islohotlarni o'tkazishda yordam berdi, ammo u va Uilson AQShning betarafligi sababli to'qnashdilar Birinchi jahon urushi. 1915 yilda Uilson yuborganidan keyin Bryan o'z lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi Germaniya cho'kib ketishiga javoban norozilik yozuvi Lusitaniya nemis tomonidan Qayiq. Lavozimdan ketganidan keyin Bryan Demokratik partiyadagi ta'sirining bir qismini saqlab qoldi, ammo u tobora o'zini diniy masalalarga bag'ishladi vaevolyutsiya faollik. U qarshi chiqdi Darvinizm diniy va gumanitar asoslarda, eng mashhuri 1925 yilda Miqyosi bo'yicha sinov. 1925 yilda vafot etganidan beri Bryan turli xil sharhlovchilar tomonidan turli xil reaktsiyalar paydo bo'ldi, ammo u keng miqyosdagi eng nufuzli shaxslardan biri hisoblanadi Progressive Era.

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Bryanning tug'ilgan joyi Illinoys shtatidagi Salem shahrida

Advokat Meri Baird Bryan, Uilyam Jennings Braynning rafiqasi

Uilyam Jennings Bryan tug'ilgan Salem, Illinoys, 1860 yil 19 martda, to Silas Lillard Brayan va Mariah Elizabeth (Jennings) Bryan.^[3] Silas Bryan 1822 yilda tug'ilgan va 1851 yilda Salemda yuridik amaliyotni yo'lga qo'ygan. U o'zining sobiq talabasi Mariaxga uylangan. McKendree kolleji, 1852 yilda.^[4] Of Shotland-irland va ingliz ajdodlari,^[a] Silas Bryan juda g'ayratli edi Jeksoniyalik demokrat. U shtat sudyasi sifatida saylovda g'olib chiqdi va 1866 yilda oilasini Salemning shimolidagi 520 gektarlik (210,4 ga) fermer xo'jaligiga ko'chib o'tdi, u hasad qilgan o'n xonali uyda yashadi. Marion okrugi.^[6] Silas turli mahalliy lavozimlarda ishlagan va 1872 yilda Kongressga saylanishga intilgan, ammo respublikachilar nomzodi tomonidan ozgina mag'lub bo'lgan.^[7] Ning muxlisi Endryu Jekson va Stiven A. Duglas, Silas Demokratik mansubligini umr bo'yi demokrat bo'lib qoladigan o'g'li Uilyamga topshirdi.^[8]

Bryan Sila va Mariaxning to'rtinchi farzandi edi, ammo uning uchta katta ukasi ham go'daklik davrida vafot etdi. Bryanning beshta ukasi bor edi, ulardan to'rttasi katta bo'lib yashadi.^[9] Bryan o'n yoshga qadar onasi tomonidan uyda o'qitilgan. Notiqlik qobiliyatini namoyish etgan Bryan to'rt yoshidayoq omma oldida nutq so'zladi.^[10] Silas a Baptist va Mariah a Metodist, lekin Bryanning ota-onasi unga o'z cherkovini tanlashiga ruxsat berishdi. O'n to'rt yoshida, Bryan uyg'onish paytida konvertatsiya qilish tajribasiga ega edi. Uning aytishicha, bu uning hayotidagi eng muhim kun.^[11] O'n besh yoshida Bryan xususiy maktab bo'lgan Whipple Academy-ga o'qishga yuborildi Jeksonvill, Illinoys.^[12]

Yosh Bryan

Whipple akademiyasini tugatgandan so'ng, Bryan o'qishga kirdi Illinoys kolleji, u ham Jeksonvillda joylashgan edi. Illinoys kollejida ishlagan davrida Bryan ruhoniy bo'lib xizmat qilgan Sigma Pi adabiy jamiyati.^[13] Shuningdek, u ko'plab munozaralarda va oratorik tanlovlarda qatnashib, o'zining notiqlik mahoratini oshirishda davom etdi.^[14] 1879 yilda, hali kollejda bo'lganida, Bryan uchrashdi Meri Elizabeth Baird, yaqin atrofdagi egasining qizi umumiy do'kon va unga murojaat qila boshladi.^[15] Bryan va Meri Yelizaveta 1884 yil 1 oktyabrda turmushga chiqdilar.^[16] Meri Yelizaveta Bryanning yozishmalarini boshqarish va nutq va maqolalar tayyorlashda yordam berishning muhim qismiga aylandi.^[15]

Kollejni sinfining yuqori qismida tugatgandan so'ng,^[13] Bryan huquqshunoslik kollejida huquqshunoslik bo'yicha o'qidi (keyinchalik u aylandi) Shimoli-g'arbiy universitet yuridik fakulteti ) ichida Chikago.^[17] Yuridik fakultetda o'qiyotgan paytida, Bryan advokatlikda ishlagan Lyman Trumbull, sobiq senator va Silas Bryanning do'sti, u 1896 yilda vafotigacha kichik Bryan uchun muhim siyosiy ittifoqchi bo'lib xizmat qiladi.^[18] Yuridik maktabni tugatgandan so'ng, Bryan Jeksonvillga qaytib, mahalliy yuridik firma bilan ish olib bordi. Jeksonvillda siyosiy va iqtisodiy imkoniyatlarning etishmasligidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan 1887 yilda Bryan va uning rafiqasi g'arbiy tomonga ko'chib ketishdi Linkoln, tez o'sib borayotgan davlatning poytaxti Nebraska.^[19]

Dastlabki siyosiy martaba

Kongress xizmati

Bryan Linkolnda Bryan yuridik maktabida tanigan respublikachi Adolphus Talbot bilan muvaffaqiyatli yuridik amaliyotni yo'lga qo'ydi.^[20] Bryan ham mahalliy siyosatga kirib, demokratlar singari kampaniyani boshladi Julius Sterling Morton va Grover Klivlend.^[21] 1888 yilda o'zining samarali nutqlari bilan taniqli bo'lganidan so'ng, Bryan Kongressda qatnashdi 1890 yilgi saylov.^[22] Bryan kamayishni talab qildi tarif stavkalari, kumushni oltinga teng nisbatda zarb qilish va kuchini to'xtatish uchun harakat ishonchlar. Qisman kuchli munozarali chiqishlari tufayli, Bryan amaldagi respublikachi kongressmenni mag'lub etdi Uilyam Jeyms Konnell, atrofida pravoslav respublika platformasida tashviqot olib borgan himoya tarifi.^[23] Bryanning g'alabasi uni Kongressda Nebraska vakili bo'lgan ikkinchi demokratga aylantirdi.^[24] Butun mamlakat bo'ylab demokratlar palatadagi etmish oltita joyni egallab, partiyaga ushbu palatada ko'pchilikni berishdi. The Populistlar partiyasi, a uchinchi tomon G'arbdagi agrar saylovchilar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan, shuningdek Kongressdan bir nechta joylarni egallagan.^[25]

Kongressmenning yordami bilan Uilyam Makkendri Springer, Bryan kutilgan joyni ta'minladi Uy usullari va vositalari bo'yicha qo'mita. U tezda iste'dodli notiq sifatida obro'-e'tibor qozondi va u kunning muhim iqtisodiy masalalarini chuqur anglashga kirishdi.^[26] Davomida Oltin oltin, Demokratik partiya ikki guruhga ajralishni boshlagan edi. Konservativ shimoliy "Burbon demokratlari, "Janubdagi ba'zi ittifoqchilar bilan birgalikda federal hukumatning kattaligi va qudratini cheklashga intildi. Demokratlarning yana bir guruhi o'z a'zoligini asosan Janubiy va G'arbning agrar harakatlaridan jalb qilib, fermerlarga yordam berish, tartibga solish uchun ko'proq federal aralashuvni ma'qulladilar. temir yo'llar va yirik korporatsiyalarning kuchini cheklash.^[27] Brayan kumush tangalarni bepul tanlab olishni qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda, so'nggi guruhga qo'shilib qoldi ("bepul kumush ") va tashkil etish progressiv federal daromad solig'i. Garchi bu unga ko'plab islohotchilarni yoqtirsa-da, Bryanning bepul kumushni chaqirishi unga Morton va boshqa ba'zi konservativ Nebraska demokratlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[28] Bepul kumush himoyachilariga inflyatsiya ta'siridan qo'rqqan banklar va obligatsiyalar egalari qarshi chiqishdi.^[29]

Bryan 1892 yilda ko'plab populistlarning ko'magi bilan qayta saylanishga intildi va u Populistlardan prezidentlikka nomzodni qo'llab-quvvatladi Jeyms B. Weaver Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod, Grover Klivlend o'rniga. Bryan qayta saylanishda atigi 140 ovoz bilan g'alaba qozondi, Klivlend Uaver va amaldagi respublika prezidentini mag'lub etdi Benjamin Xarrison ichida 1892 yil prezident saylovi. Klivlend asosan Morton singari konservativ demokratlardan tashkil topgan kabinet tayinladi va u Klivlendga tegishli bo'ldi qishloq xo'jaligi kotibi. Klivlend ish boshlaganidan ko'p o'tmay, banklarning ketma-ket yopilishi yuzaga keldi 1893 yilgi vahima, katta iqtisodiy inqiroz. Bunga javoban, Klivlend a maxsus sessiya Kongress 1890 yilni bekor qilishni talab qildi Sherman kumush sotib olish to'g'risidagi qonun federal hukumatdan har oyda bir necha million untsiya kumush sotib olishni talab qildi. Garchi Bryan Sherman kumushini sotib olish to'g'risidagi qonunni saqlab qolish uchun kampaniya o'tkazgan bo'lsa-da, respublikachilar va demokratlar koalitsiyasi uni muvaffaqiyatli bekor qildi.^[30] Biroq, Bryan birinchi tinchlik davrida federal daromad solig'ini o'rnatishni nazarda tutuvchi tuzatishdan muvaffaqiyatli o'tdi.^[31][b]

1893 yildan keyin iqtisodiyot pasayib ketganligi sababli, Bryan va Populistlar tomonidan ma'qullangan islohotlar ko'plab saylovchilar orasida yanada ommalashdi. 1894 yilda qayta saylanish uchun nomzod bo'lishdan ko'ra, Bryan ushbu partiyaga saylanishga intildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati. U shuningdek. Ning bosh muharriri bo'ldi Omaha World-Herald, garchi muharrirlik vazifalarining aksariyati tomonidan bajarilgan Richard Li Metkalf va Gilbert Xitkok. Butun mamlakat bo'ylab Respublikachilar partiyasi katta g'alabaga erishdi 1894 yilgi saylovlar, AQSh Vakillar Palatasida 120 dan ortiq o'ringa ega bo'lish. Nebraskada, Bryanning mashhurligiga qaramay, respublikachilar shtat qonunchilarining ko'pchiligini sayladilar va Bryan Senatda bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda respublikachilarga yutqazdi. Jon Mellen Thurston.^[c] Bryan 1894 yilgi saylov natijalaridan mamnun edi, chunki Demokratik partiyaning Klivlend qanoti obro'sizlantirildi va Bryanning afzal gubernator nomzodi, Silas A. Xolkomb, Demokratlar va Populistlar koalitsiyasi tomonidan saylangan edi.^[32]

1894 yilgi saylovlardan so'ng, Bryan bepul kumushni ko'paytirish, o'z partiyasini Klivlend ma'muriyatining konservativ siyosatidan uzoqlashtirish, Populistlar va erkin kumush respublikachilarni Demokratik partiyaga jalb qilish va kelgusi saylovlar oldidan Bryanning jamoatchilik obro'sini ko'tarish uchun ishlab chiqarilgan butun mamlakat bo'ylab nutq safari boshladi. . Gapirish to'lovlari Bryanga o'zining yuridik amaliyotidan voz kechishga va o'zini doimiy ravishda notiqlik san'atiga bag'ishlashga imkon berdi.^[33]

Prezidentlikka nomzod va partiya rahbari

1896 yildagi prezident saylovi

Demokratik nomzod

1896 yilga kelib, partiya tarkibida erkin kumush kuchlar ustun keldi. Garchi ko'pgina Demokratik rahbarlar Bryan singari bepul kumushga ishtiyoqmand bo'lsalar ham, aksariyat partiyani Klivlend ma'muriyatining mashhur bo'lmagan siyosatidan uzoqlashtirish zarurligini angladilar. Boshida 1896 yil demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi, Kongress a'zosi Richard P. Bland uzoq vaqtdan beri erkin kumush chempioni bo'lgan, partiyaning prezidentlikka nomzodi uchun birinchi o'rinda turuvchi sifatida keng qabul qilingan. Bryan o'zini prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida ko'rsatishga umid qilar edi, lekin uning yoshligi va nisbatan tajribasizligi unga Bland, gubernator singari faxriy demokratlardan pastroq obro'ga ega bo'ldi. Horace Boies Ayova va vitse-prezident Adlai Stivenson. Erkin kumush kuchlar tezda konvensiya ustidan hukmronlikni o'rnatdilar va Bryan a loyihasini tuzishda yordam berdi partiya platformasi Klivlendni rad etgan, Oliy sudning konservativ qarorlariga hujum qilgan va ularni chaqirgan oltin standart "nafaqat amerikalik, balki anti-amerikalik".^[35]

"Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ilonlari" "BRYANGA biz ishonamiz" siyosiy satira 1896 yilgi nishon, "Bryan Money" nomi bilan tanilgan

Konservativ Demokratlar partiyalar platformasida munozaralarni talab qildilar va qurultoyning uchinchi kunida har bir tomon erkin kumush va oltin standartni muhokama qilish uchun ma'ruzachilarni chiqardi. Bryan va senator Benjamin Tillman Janubiy Karolinadan bepul kumushni himoya qiladigan ma'ruzachilar tanlandi, ammo Tillmanning nutqi seksualizm va Fuqarolar urushi haqidagi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra janubiy tashqaridan kelgan delegatlar tomonidan yomon qabul qilindi. Konvensiyaning pul-kredit siyosati mavzusidagi so'nggi nutqini ma'ruza qilib, Bryan o'z imkoniyatidan foydalanib, xalqning etakchi demokratiga aylandi. Uning ichida "Oltin xoch" nutqi, Bryan pul-kredit siyosati bo'yicha bahs-munozaralar demokratiya, siyosiy mustaqillik va "oddiy odam" farovonligi uchun keng kurashning bir qismi ekanligini ta'kidladi. Bryanning nutqi qarsaklar bilan qarsaklar bilan kutib olindi va yarim soatdan ko'proq davom etgan anjuman maydonida tantanali marosim o'tkazildi.^[36]

Bryan prezidentlik uchun saylovoldi kampaniyasi, 1896 yil oktyabr

Ertasi kuni Demokratik partiya prezident saylovlarini o'tkazdi. Hokimning doimiy yordami bilan Jon Altgeld Illinoys shtatidan Bland konvensiyaning birinchi byulletenini boshqargan, ammo u zarur ovozlarning uchdan ikki qismidan ancha pastda qoldi. Bryan anjumanning birinchi byulletenini uzoqdan bir soniyada yakunladi, ammo uning Oltin xochdagi nutqi ko'plab delegatlarda katta taassurot qoldirdi. Sinovdan o'tmagan nomzodni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan ehtiyot bo'lgan Altgeld singari partiya rahbarlarining ishonchsizligiga qaramay, Bryanning kuchi keyingi to'rtta byulletenda o'sdi. U to'rtinchi saylovda etakchilikni qo'lga kiritdi va beshinchi saylovda partiyasining prezidentlik nomzodini qo'lga kiritdi.^[37] 36 yoshida Bryan Amerika tarixidagi yirik partiyaning eng yosh prezident nomzodiga aylandi (va hali ham shunday bo'lib qolmoqda).^[38] Kongress nomzodi Artur Syuoll, Meynning boy kema ishlab chiqaruvchisi, shuningdek, Bryanning sherigi sifatida bepul kumush va daromad solig'ini afzal ko'rgan.^[37]

Umumiy saylov

"Nomi bilan tanilgan konservativ demokratlarOltin demokratlar "alohida chiptani taqdim etdi. Klivlendning o'zi Brayanga ochiqchasiga hujum qilmagan, ammo xususiy ravishda respublikachilar nomzodini qo'llab-quvvatlagan, Uilyam Makkinli, Bryan ustidan. Oldingi Demokratik chiptalarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Shimoliy-Sharqiy va O'rta G'arbdagi ko'plab shahar gazetalari ham Bryanning nomzodiga qarshi chiqishdi.^[39] Biroq, Bryan Populistlar partiyasining qo'llab-quvvatlashiga erishdi, ular Bryan va Tomas E. Uotson Gruziya. Populistlar rahbarlari Demokratik nomzodning ko'rsatilishi uzoq vaqt davomida partiyaga zarar etkazishi mumkinligidan qo'rqsalar ham, ular Bryanning ko'plab siyosiy qarashlari bilan o'rtoqlashdilar va Bryan bilan samarali ish aloqalarini o'rnatdilar.^[40]

Respublikachilar kampaniyasi McKinley-ni "farovonlikning ilgari agenti" va ijtimoiy totuvlik sifatida tasvirladi va Bryanni saylash xavfi haqida ogohlantirdi. Makkinli va uning saylovoldi menejeri, Mark Xanna, McKinley Bryanning oratorlik mahoratiga to'g'ri kelmasligini bilar edi. Saylovoldi tashviqoti yo'lida nutq so'zlash o'rniga, respublikachilar nomzodi a oldingi ayvon kampaniyasi. Ayni paytda Xanna misli ko'rilmagan miqdorda pul yig'di, saylov kampaniyasini surrogatlarini jo'natdi va millionlab tashviqot adabiyotlarini tarqatishni tashkil etdi.^[41]

1896 saylovchilarning ovoz berish natijalari

Saylov kampaniyasini moliyalashtirishning katta kamchiliklariga duch kelgan Demokratik kampaniya asosan Bryanning notiqlik mahoratiga tayangan. Partiya nomzodlarining aksariyati tomonidan o'rnatilgan pretsedentni buzgan Bryan, birinchi navbatda, qizg'in bahsli O'rta G'arbda 600 ga yaqin nutq so'zladi.^[42] Bryan milliy ixtiro qildi to'siq safari, 27 shtatdagi 5 million tomoshabinni qamrab oldi.^[43] U banklar va temir yo'llar va "pul kuchi" ga qarshi oq janub, kambag'al shimoliy dehqonlar va sanoat ishchilari va kumush konchilar koalitsiyasini qurayotgan edi. Bepul kumush ishlab chiqargan mahsuloti uchun ko'proq haq oladigan fermerlarga murojaat qildi, ammo yuqori ish haqi olmaydigan, ammo yuqori narxlarni to'laydigan sanoat ishchilariga emas. Sanoat shaharlari deyarli butun Sharq va O'rta G'arbiy g'alabani qo'lga kiritgan va chegara va G'arbiy sohil bo'ylab yaxshi ishlagan Makkinliga ovoz berishdi. Bryan Janubiy va Tog'li shtatlarni va O'rta G'arbning bug'doy etishtiradigan mintaqalarini supurib tashladi. Revivalistik protestantlar Bryanning yarim diniy nutqlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Etnik saylovchilar ko'proq rivojlangan fermerlar va tez o'sib borayotgan o'rta sinf singari yangi farovonlikdan chetda qolmaslikka va'da bergan Makkinlini qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[44][45]

Makkinli saylovlarda juda qulay farq bilan g'alaba qozondi va xalqning 51 foiz ovozini, 271 ovozini oldi saylovchilarning ovozlari.^[46] Demokratlar mag'lub bo'lganidan keyin o'z chempioniga sodiq qolishdi; ko'plab maktublar uni yana chopishga undaydi 1900 yilgi prezident saylovi. Uilyamning ukasi, Charlz V. Brayan, tarafdorlarining kartotekasini yaratdi, unga Bryanslar keyingi o'ttiz yil davomida muntazam ravishda pochta jo'natmalarini yuborishlari kerak edi.^[47] Saylovdan keyin Populistlar partiyasi sinib ketdi; ko'plab populistlar, shu jumladan Jeyms Uiver, Bryanni Demokratik partiyaga, boshqalari esa ta'qib qilishdi Evgeniy V. Debs ichiga Sotsialistik partiya.^[48]

Urush va tinchlik: 1898–1900

Ispaniya-Amerika urushi

Dehqonlar uchun yaxshi iqtisodiy sharoitlar va buning ta'siri tufayli Klondike Gold Rush 1896 yildan keyingi yillarda erkin kumush saylov masalasi sifatida o'z kuchini yo'qotdi. 1900 yilda Prezident Makkinli imzoladi. Oltin standart qonun, Qo'shma Shtatlarni qo'ygan oltin standart. Bryan Demokratik partiyada mashhur bo'lib qoldi va uning tarafdorlari butun mamlakat bo'ylab partiya tashkilotlarini o'z nazorati ostiga oldilar, ammo u dastlab siyosiy diqqat markazini erkin kumushga almashtirishga qarshi turdi.^[49] Davom etayotganligi sababli tashqi siyosat muhim masala bo'lib chiqdi Kubaning mustaqillik urushi qarshi Ispaniya, ko'plab amerikaliklar Kuba mustaqilligini qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Portlashidan keyin USS Meyn yilda Gavana porti, Qo'shma Shtatlar 1898 yil aprelda Ispaniyaga urush e'lon qildi Ispaniya-Amerika urushi. Ehtiyot bo'lishiga qaramay militarizm, Bryan uzoq vaqtdan beri Kuba mustaqilligini qo'llab-quvvatlagan va u urushni qo'llab-quvvatlagan.^[50] Uning ta'kidlashicha, "butun dunyoda adolat taxtga o'tirmaguncha, umumiy tinchlik bo'lmaydi. Huquq har bir mamlakatda g'olib chiqmaguncha va har bir yurakda sevgi hukmronlik qilmaguncha, hukumat so'nggi chora sifatida kuch ishlatishga murojaat qilishi kerak".^[51]

Ispaniya-Amerika urushidan keyin Qo'shma Shtatlar va uning mustamlaka mulki

Gubernatorda Silas A. Xolkomb iltimosiga binoan, Bryan Nebraska milliy gvardiyasi uchun ikki ming kishilik polkni jalb qildi va polk askarlari Bryanni o'zlarining rahbari etib sayladilar. Polkovnik Bryanning buyrug'i bilan polk ko'chirildi Kuba lageridagi Libre yilda Florida, ammo Ispaniya va AQSh o'rtasidagi jang polk Kubaga joylashtirilishidan oldin tugadi. Bryanning polki urush tugaganidan keyin bir necha oy davomida Florida shtatida qoldi va shu bilan Bryanning faol rol o'ynashiga to'sqinlik qildi 1898 yil oraliq saylovlar. Bryan o'z komissiyasini iste'foga chiqardi va Qo'shma Shtatlar va Ispaniya imzolaganidan keyin 1898 yil dekabrda Florida shtatidan chiqib ketdi Parij shartnomasi.^[50]

Bryan Kuba mustaqilligini qo'lga kiritish uchun urushni qo'llab-quvvatlagan edi, ammo Parij shartnomasi Qo'shma Shtatlar ustidan nazoratni berganidan g'azablandi. Filippinlar. Ko'pgina respublikachilar Qo'shma Shtatlar Filippinlarni "tsivilizatsiya qilish" majburiyatiga ega deb hisoblashganda, Bryan u ko'rgan narsalarga qat'iy qarshi chiqdi Amerika imperializmi. Filippinlarni anneksiya qilishiga qarshi bo'lganiga qaramay, Bryan tarafdorlarini Parij shartnomasini ratifikatsiya qilishga chaqirdi; u tezda urushni rasmiy ravishda tugatishni va keyin imkon qadar tezroq Filippinlarga mustaqillik berishni xohladi. Bryanning qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan shartnoma yaqin ovoz berish jarayonida ratifikatsiya qilindi va Ispaniya-Amerika urushi rasmiy ravishda tugadi. 1899 yil boshida Filippin-Amerika urushi boshchiligidagi filippinliklar sifatida ajralib chiqdi Emilio Aguinaldo arxipelag ustidan Amerika hukmronligini tugatishga intildi.^[52]

1900 yilgi prezident saylovlari

1900 yilda konservatorlar Bryanning eklektik platformasini masxara qilishdi.

The 1900 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya uchrashdi Missuri, Kanzas-Siti Ikkala yirik partiya milliy anjuman o'tkazgan eng g'arbiy joylashuvi. Bryanga qarshi bo'lgan ba'zi demokratik rahbarlar Admiralni nomzod qilib ko'rsatishga umid qilishgan Jorj Devi Prezident uchun, ammo Bryan anjumanga qadar jiddiy qarshiliklarga duch kelmadi va u o'z partiyasining nomzodini bir ovozdan qo'lga kiritdi. Bryan anjumanda qatnashmadi, ammo u konvensiya jarayonini nazorat qildi telegraf.^[53] Bryan o'zining kampaniyasi qaysi masalaga e'tibor qaratishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi. Uning eng ashaddiy tarafdorlarining ko'pi Bryanni kumush uchun xoch yurishini davom ettirishini xohlashdi, Shimoliy-sharqdan demokratlar esa Bryanga o'z kampaniyasini omonatlarning kuchayib borayotgan kuchiga yo'naltirishni maslahat berishdi. Biroq, Bryan o'zining kampaniyasi anti-imperializmga, qisman partiyaning fraktsiyalarini birlashtirishga va ba'zi respublikachilar ustidan g'alaba qozonishga qaratilgan deb qaror qildi.^[54] Partiya platformasida bepul kumushni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan va trestlar kuchiga qarshi bo'lgan taxtalar bor edi, ammo imperializm kampaniyaning "eng muhim masalasi" deb nomlandi. Partiya sobiq vitse-prezident Adlay Stivensonni Bryanning sherigi sifatida ishlashga taklif qildi.^[55]

Yilda uning nutqi Demokratik nomzodni qabul qilib, Bryan saylovlar "demokratiya va plutokratiya o'rtasidagi raqobat" degan fikrni ilgari surdi. Shuningdek, u AQShning Filippinlarni qo'shib olishini qattiq tanqid qildi va uni Angliya hukmronligi bilan taqqosladi O'n uchta koloniya. Brayan Qo'shma Shtatlar imperializmdan voz kechishi va "dunyo taraqqiyotining eng yuqori axloqiy omili va dunyodagi nizolarning qabul qilingan hakami" bo'lishga intilishi kerakligini ta'kidladi.^[56] 1900 yilga kelib Amerika Anti-Imperialist Ligasi Benjamin Xarrison kabi shaxslarni o'z ichiga olgan, Endryu Karnegi, Karl Shurts va Mark Tven, Filippinlarni Amerikaning doimiy nazoratiga qarshi bo'lgan asosiy uyushma tashkiloti sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Liganing ko'plab rahbarlari 1896 yilda Bryanga qarshi chiqishgan va Bryanga va uning izdoshlariga ishonmaslikda davom etishgan.^[57] Ushbu ishonchsizlikka qaramay, Bryanning imperializmga qarshi qat'iy pozitsiyasi liga rahbariyatining aksariyatini Demokratik nomzodning orqasida qo'llab-quvvatlashga ishontirdi.^[56]

1900 saylov natijalari

Yana bir bor McKinley kampaniyasi katta moliyaviy ustunlikni yaratdi, Demokratik kampaniya asosan Bryanning notiqlik san'atiga tayandi.^[58] Oddiy kunda Bryan to'rt soatlik nutq va qisqa muzokaralar olib bordi, bu esa olti soatlik nutqni qo'shdi. O'rtacha daqiqada 175 so'zni tashkil etgan holda, u kuniga 63000 so'zni aylantirdi, bu gazetaning 52 ustunini to'ldirishga etarli edi.^[59] Respublikachilar partiyasining yuqori tashkiloti va moliya McKinley-ning nomzodini oshirdi va oldingi kampaniyada bo'lgani kabi, aksariyat yirik gazetalar McKinley-ni qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Bryan, shuningdek, respublikachi vitse-prezidentlikka da'vogar bilan bahslashishi kerak edi, Teodor Ruzvelt Ispaniya-Amerika urushida milliy taniqli shaxsga aylangan va o'zini kuchli notiq sifatida ko'rsatgan. Bryanning anti-imperializmi ko'plab saylovchilar bilan ro'yxatdan o'tolmadi va saylov kampaniyasi tugashiga yaqin, Bryan tobora korporativ hokimiyatga qarshi hujumlarga o'tdi. U yana bir bor shahar mardikorlari saylovchisini qidirib topdi va ularga "bu mamlakat o'g'illarini doimiy ruhoniylikka mahkum etgan" ishbilarmonlik manfaatlariga qarshi ovoz berishni aytdi.^[60]

Saylov kunigacha ozchilik Bryanning g'alaba qozonishiga ishongan va MakKinli oxir-oqibat yana Bryan ustidan g'alaba qozongan. 1896 yil natijalari bilan taqqoslaganda, MakKinli o'zining ovoz berish marjini oshirdi va bir nechta G'arbiy shtatlarni, shu jumladan Bryanning uyi Nebraskani oldi.^[61] Kuchli Amerika sanoat iqtisodiyotining respublika platformasi saylovchilar uchun Filippinlarni qo'shib olish axloqi masalalaridan ko'ra muhimroq edi.^[62] Saylov, shuningdek, Respublikachilar partiyasining janubdan tashqarida davom etayotgan tashkiliy ustunligini tasdiqladi.^[61]

Prezidentlik kampaniyalari orasida, 1901-1907

Saylovdan so'ng, Bryan tez-tez paydo bo'lib, jurnalistikaga va notiqlikka qaytdi Chautauqua davrlar.^[63] 1901 yil yanvarda Bryan o'zining haftalik gazetasining birinchi sonini nashr etdi, Oddiy, bu Bryanning uzoq yillik siyosiy va diniy mavzularini takrorladi. Brayan gazetaning muharriri va noshiri bo'lib ishlagan, ammo Charlz Brayn, Meri Brayan va Richard Metkalf ham Bryan sayohat qilganida muharrirlik vazifalarini bajargan. Oddiy tashkil topganidan taxminan besh yil o'tgach, 145000 obunachisi bilan o'z davrining eng ko'p o'qiladigan gazetalaridan biriga aylandi. Garchi gazetaning obunachilar bazasi Bryanning O'rta G'arbdagi siyosiy bazasi bilan bir-birining ustiga o'ralgan bo'lsa-da, gazetalar tarkibini shimoliy-sharqdagi yirik gazetalar tez-tez qayta nashr etishgan. 1902 yilda Bryan, uning rafiqasi va uch farzandi ko'chib o'tdi Fairview, Linkolnda joylashgan saroy; Bryan uyni "Monticello G'arbning "va tez-tez tashrif buyuradigan siyosatchilar va diplomatlarni taklif qildi.^[64]

1900 yilda Bryanning mag'lubiyati unga Demokratik partiyaning aniq lideri va shunga o'xshash konservatorlar maqomini yo'qotdi Devid B. Xill va Artur Pue Gorman partiya ustidan o'z nazoratini tiklash va uni Klivlend davri siyosatiga qaytarish uchun harakat qildi. Ayni paytda Ruzvelt MakKinlidan keyin prezident lavozimiga o'tdi suiqasd qilingan 1901 yil sentyabrda Ruzvelt antitrestlik ishlarini qo'zg'atdi va boshqa ishlarni amalga oshirdi progressiv siyosat, ammo Bryan Ruzvelt ilg'or sabablarni to'liq qamrab olmagan deb ta'kidladi. Bryan islohotlar paketini, shu jumladan federal daromad solig'i, toza oziq-ovqat va giyohvand moddalar to'g'risidagi qonunlarni, kampaniyalarni korporativ moliyalashtirishni taqiqlashni, senatorlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylashni, kommunal xizmatlarning mahalliy egaligini va davlat tomonidan qabul qilinishini nazarda tutuvchi konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritishni talab qildi. tashabbus va referendum. Shuningdek, u Ruzveltning tashqi siyosatini tanqid qildi va Ruzveltning taklif qilish qaroriga hujum qildi Booker T. Vashington da ovqatlanmoq oq uy.^[65]

Bryan 1908 yilda

Oldin 1904 yil demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi, Alton Parker, Nyu-York sudyasi va Devid Xilning konservativ ittifoqchisi, Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod uchun birinchi o'rinda turuvchi sifatida ko'rilgan. Konservatorlar Brayan noshir bilan qo'shilishidan qo'rqishgan Uilyam Randolf Xerst Parker nomzodini blokirovka qilish. Bryan va boshqa taraqqiyparvarlarni tinchlantirishga intilib, Xill oltin standart haqida eslatib o'tmagan va trestlarni tanqid qilgan partiya platformasiga rozi bo'ldi.^[66] Parker Demokratlar partiyasidan nomzodlikni qo'lga kiritdi, ammo Ruzvelt fuqarolar urushidan keyingi eng katta ovoz farqi bilan saylovda g'olib bo'ldi. Parkerning mag'lubiyatli mag'lubiyati saylovdan keyingi nashrini nashr etgan Brayanni oqladi Oddiy bu o'quvchilarga: "Plutokratiya bilan murosaga kelmang", deb maslahat bergan.^[67]

Kabi raqamlar bilan uchrashgan Bryan 1903 yilda Evropaga sayohat qilgan Leo Tolstoy, Bryanning ba'zi diniy va siyosiy qarashlarini baham ko'rgan.^[68] 1905 yilda Bryan va uning oilasi Osiyo va Evropaning o'n sakkiz mamlakatiga tashrif buyurib, dunyo bo'ylab sayohatni boshladilar. Bryan sayohatni jamoat oldida so'zlash uchun to'lovlar va haftalik nashr etiladigan sayohatnomasi bilan moliyalashtirdi.^[69] 1906 yilda AQShga qaytib kelganida Bryanni katta olomon kutib oldi va 1908 yilgi Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida ko'rindi. Qisman sa'y-harakatlari tufayli muckraking jurnalistlar, saylovchilar 1904 yildan beri tobora ilg'or g'oyalarga ochiq bo'la boshladilar. Prezident Ruzveltning o'zi temir yo'l stavkalari va go'shtni qayta ishlash zavodlarini federal tartibga solishni ma'qullab, chap tomonga o'tdi.^[70] Shunga qaramay, Bryan yanada keng qamrovli islohotlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashda davom etdi, shu jumladan banklarni federal tartibga solish va qimmatli qog'ozlar, kasaba uyushma tashkilotchilarini himoya qilish va avtomobil yo'llarini qurish va ta'limga federal xarajatlar. Bryan, shuningdek, temir yo'llarning davlat va federal egaligini qisqacha qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi Germaniya, ammo partiyadagi ichki qarama-qarshiliklar oldida bu siyosatdan qaytdi.^[71]

1908 yildagi prezident saylovi

Bryan gapirganda 1908 yil Demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi

Bryan uchun prezidentlik kampaniyasi tugmasi

Ruzvelt, ba'zi korporativ rahbarlarni begonalashtirganda ham, ko'pchilik saylovchilar orasida katta obro'ga ega bo'lgan, urush kotibi moylangan Uilyam Xovard Taft uning vorisi sifatida.^[72] Ayni paytda Bryan Demokratik partiya ustidan nazoratini tikladi va ko'plab mahalliy Demokratik tashkilotlarning ma'qullashiga erishdi. Konservativ demokratlar yana Bryanning nomzodini qo'yishning oldini olishga harakat qildilar, ammo muqobil nomzod atrofida birlasha olmadilar. Bryan birinchi saylov byulletenida prezidentlikka nomzod qilib ko'rsatildi 1908 yil Demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi. Unga Demokratik chiptada qo'shilishdi Jon V. Kern, Indiana shtatining shtatidan senator.^[73]

Bryan o'zining ko'p yillik e'tiqodlarini aks ettiruvchi partiya platformasida saylovoldi tashviqotini olib bordi, ammo Respublikachilar partiyasi ilg'or siyosat tarafdori bo'lib, ikki yirik partiya o'rtasida nisbatan kam farqlarni qoldirdi. Brayan talab qilganidek, depozitlarni sug'urtalash bo'yicha ikki tomon bir-biridan farq qiladigan masalalardan biri milliy banklar ta'minlash uchun depozitni sug'urtalash. Bryan asosan o'z partiyasi etakchilarini birlashtira oldi va uning mehnatsevar siyosati unga prezident tomonidan ilgari berilgan birinchi prezidentlik tasdiqini qo'lga kiritdi. Amerika Mehnat Federatsiyasi.^[74] Oldingi kampaniyalarda bo'lgani kabi, Bryan ham o'z nomzodini oshirish uchun jamoat oldida nutq safari boshladi; u keyinchalik Taft tomonidan iziga qo'shildi.^[75]

Bryanning o'z g'alabasiga bo'lgan ishonchini rad etib, Taft 1908 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida qat'iy g'alaba qozondi. Bryan Qattiq Janubdan tashqarida bir nechta shtatlarni yutib oldi, chunki u shahar mardikorlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashni osonlashtirmadi.^[76] Brayan Fuqarolar urushidan beri AQShning uchta alohida prezidentlik saylovlarida asosiy partiyalar nomzodi sifatida yutqazgan yagona shaxs bo'lib qolmoqda.^[77] Ratifikatsiya qilinganidan beri O'n ikkinchi tuzatish, Bryan va Genri Kley uchta alohida prezidentlik saylovlarida saylovchilar ovozini olgan, ammo uchta saylovda ham mag'lub bo'lgan yakka shaxslardir.^[78] Uch alohida saylovlar davomida Bryan uchun berilgan 493 jami saylov ovozlari prezidentlikka hech qachon saylanmagan nomzod tomonidan eng ko'p olingan.

1908 yilgi saylov natijalari

Bryan Demokratik siyosatdagi nufuzli shaxs bo'lib qoldi va demokratlar Vakillar Palatasi ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng 1910 yilgi oraliq saylovlar, u Vakillar palatasida tariflarni pasaytirish to'g'risida bahslashish uchun paydo bo'ldi.^[79] 1909 yilda Bryan birinchi marta jamoatchilik foydasiga chiqdi Taqiq. Bir umr teetotaler, Bryan ilgari ko'plab demokratlar orasida masala yoqmaganligi sababli taqiqni qabul qilishdan tiyilgandi.^[80] Biograf Paolo Kollettaning so'zlariga ko'ra, Bryan "taqiq shaxsning jismoniy salomatligi va axloqiy yaxshilanishiga yordam beradi, fuqarolik taraqqiyotini rag'batlantiradi va spirtli ichimliklar savdosi bilan bog'liq taniqli suiiste'molliklarga chek qo'yadi" deb chin dildan ishongan.^[81]

1910 yilda u ham foydasiga chiqdi ayollarning saylov huquqi.^[82] Bryan, shuningdek, joriy etishni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qonunchilik uchun salib qildi tashabbus va referendum 1910 yilda Arkanzas shtatiga hushtakbozlik bilan sayohat qilib, saylovchilarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ovoz berish vositasi sifatida.^[83] Ba'zi kuzatuvchilar, jumladan Prezident Taft, Bryan to'rtinchi marta prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'yishi haqida taxmin qilishgan bo'lsa-da, Bryan uning bunday niyati borligini bir necha bor rad etdi.^[84]

Uilson prezidentligi

1912 yilgi saylov

Bryan qatnashmoqda 1912 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya

Respublikachilar partiyasidagi kelishmovchiliklar tobora kuchayib borayotgani demokratlarga prezidentlik saylovlarida g'olib bo'lish uchun so'nggi yillardagi eng yaxshi imkoniyatni berdi. Garchi Bryan Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzodni olishga intilmasa ham, uning partiyadagi doimiy ta'siri unga partiyaning nomzodini tanlashda rol o'ynadi. Bryan 1904 yilda bo'lgani kabi partiyadagi konservatorlarning o'zlari tanlagan nomzodini ko'rsatishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik niyatida edi. Amaliy va mafkuraviy sabablarga ko'ra Bryan nomzodlarini qo'llab-quvvatlamaslikni rad etdi Oskar Andervud, Judson Xarmon va Jozef V. Folk, uning qo'llab-quvvatlashi uchun raqobatlashadigan ikkita yirik nomzodni tark etdi: Nyu-Jersi gubernatori Vudro Uilson va palata spikeri Champ Klark. Spiker sifatida Klark ilg'or yutuqlarga da'vo qilishi mumkin, shu jumladan senatorlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylash va federal daromad solig'ini belgilashni nazarda tutuvchi konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishlar. Ammo Klark Bryanni tarifni tushira olmaganligi uchun chetlashtirdi va Bryan spikerni konservativ biznes manfaatlariga haddan tashqari do'st deb bildi. Uilson ilgari Bryanni tanqid qilgan edi, ammo u gubernator sifatida kuchli ilg'or yozuvlarni tuzdi. Sifatida 1912 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya yaqinlashdi, Bryan prezidentlikka intilishini inkor etishda davom etdi, ammo ko'plab jurnalistlar va siyosatchilar Bryan boshi berk ko'chaga kirgan konventsiya unga murojaat qiladi deb umid qilishgan.^[85]

Qurultoy boshlangandan so'ng, Bryan "partiyaning vakili bo'lgan yoki biron bir majburiyat ostida bo'lgan har qanday nomzodning nomzodini ko'rsatishga qarshi" degan qarorni qabul qildi. J. Perpont Morgan, Tomas F. Rayan, Avgust Belmont, or any other member of the privilege-hunting and favor-seeking class." Clark and Wilson won the support of most delegates on the first several presidential ballots of the Democratic convention, but each fell short of the necessary two-thirds majority. After Tammany zali came out in favor of Clark and the New York delegation threw its support behind the Speaker, Bryan announced that he would support Wilson. In explaining his decision, Bryan stated that he could "not be a party to the nomination of any man ... who will not, when elected, be absolutely free to carry out the anti-Morgan-Ryan-Belmont resolution." Bryan's speech marked the start of a long shift away from Clark: Wilson would finally clinch the presidential nomination after over 40 ballots. Journalists attributed much of the credit for Wilson's victory to Bryan.^[86]

In 1912 yilgi prezident saylovi, Wilson faced off against President Taft and former President Roosevelt, the latter of whom ran on the Progressive Party chipta. Bryan campaigned throughout the West for Wilson, while also offering advice to the Democratic nominee on various issues. The split in the Republican ranks helped give Wilson the presidency and Wilson won over 400 electoral votes despite taking just 41.8 percent of the popular vote. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats expanded their majority in the House and gained control of the Senate, giving the party unified control of Congress and the presidency for the first time since the early 1890s.^[87]

Davlat kotibi

Bryan served as Secretary of State under President Vudro Uilson

Cartoon of Secretary of State Bryan reading war news in 1914

Upon taking office, Wilson named Bryan as Davlat kotibi. Bryan's extensive travels, popularity in the party and support for Wilson in the 1912 election made him the obvious choice for what was traditionally the highest-ranking position in the Kabinet. Bryan took charge of a Davlat departamenti that employed 150 officials in Washington and an additional 400 employees in embassies abroad. Early in Wilson's tenure, the president and the secretary of state broadly agreed on foreign policy goals, including the rejection of Taft's Dollar diplomatiyasi.^[88] They also shared many priorities in domestic affairs and, with Bryan's help, Wilson orchestrated passage of laws that reduced tariff rates, imposed a progressive income tax, introduced new antitrust measures and established the Federal zaxira tizimi. Bryan proved particularly influential in ensuring that the president, rather than private bankers, was empowered to appoint the members of the Federal rezerv boshqaruvchilar kengashi.^[89]

Secretary of State Bryan pursued a series of bilateral treaties that required both signatories to submit all disputes to an investigative tribunal. He quickly won approval from the president and the Senate to proceed with his initiative; in mid-1913, Salvador became the first nation to sign one of Bryan's treaties. 29 other countries, including every katta kuch in Europe other than Germany and Avstriya-Vengriya, also agreed to sign the treaties.^[90] Despite Bryan's aversion to conflict, he oversaw U.S. interventions in Gaiti, Dominika Respublikasi va Meksika.^[91]

Keyin Birinchi jahon urushi broke out in Europe, Bryan consistently advocated for U.S. neutrality between the Antanta va Markaziy kuchlar. With Bryan's support, Wilson initially sought to stay out of the conflict, urging Americans to be "impartial in thought as well as action."^[92] For much of 1914, Bryan attempted to bring a negotiated end to the war, but the leaders of both the Entente and the Central Powers were ultimately uninterested in American mediation. While Bryan remained firmly committed to neutrality, Wilson and others within the administration became increasingly sympathetic to the Entente. The March 1915 Thrasher hodisasi, in which a German Qayiq sank a British passenger ship with an American citizen on board, provided a major blow to the cause of American neutrality. The May 1915 sinking of RMS Lusitaniya by another German U-boat further galvanized anti-German sentiment, as 128 Americans died in the incident. Bryan argued that the British blockade of Germany was as offensive as the German U-qayiq kampaniyasi.^[93] He also maintained that by traveling on British vessels, "an American citizen can, by putting his own business above his regard for this country, assume for his own advantage unnecessary risks and thus involve his country in international complications."^[94] After Wilson sent an official message of protest to Germany and refused to publicly warn Americans not to travel on British ships, Bryan delivered his letter of resignation to Wilson on June 8, 1915.^[95]

Keyinchalik martaba

Siyosiy ishtirok

Davomida 1916 yilgi prezident saylovi a'zolari Taqiqlash partiyasi attempted to place Bryan into consideration for its presidential nomination, but he rejected the offer via telegram.^[96][97]

Despite their differences over foreign policy, Bryan supported Wilson's 1916 re-election campaign. Though he did not attend as an official delegate, the 1916 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya suspended its own rules to allow Bryan to address the convention; Bryan delivered a well-received speech that strongly defended Wilson's domestic record. Bryan served as a campaign surrogate for Wilson in the 1916 campaign, delivering dozens of speeches, primarily to audiences west of the Missisipi daryosi. Ultimately, Wilson narrowly prevailed over the Republican candidate, Charlz Evans Xyuz.^[98] When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Bryan wrote Wilson, "Believing it to be the duty of the citizen to bear his part of the burden of war and his share of the peril, I hereby tender my services to the Government. Please enroll me as a private whenever I am needed and assign me to any work that I can do."^[99] Wilson declined to appoint Bryan to a federal position, but Bryan did agree to Wilson's request to provide public support for the war effort through his speeches and articles.^[100] After the war, despite some reservations, Bryan supported Wilson's unsuccessful effort to bring the United States into the Millatlar Ligasi.^[101]

After leaving office, Bryan spent much of his time advocating for the sakkiz soatlik kun, a eng kam ish haqi, the right of unions to strike and, increasingly, women's suffrage and Prohibition.^[102] Kongress o'tdi O'n sakkizinchi o'zgartirish, providing for nationwide Prohibition, in 1917. Two years later, Congress passed the O'n to'qqizinchi o'zgartirish, which granted women the right to vote nationwide. Both amendments were ratified in 1920.^[103] During the 1920s, Bryan called for further reforms, including agricultural subsidies, the guarantee of a yashash maoshi, full public financing of political campaigns and an end to legal gender discrimination.^[104]

Some Prohibitionists and other Bryan supporters tried to convince the three-time presidential candidate to enter the 1920 presidential election va a Adabiy Digest poll taken in mid-1920 ranked Bryan as the fourth-most popular potential Democratic candidate. Bryan, however, declined to seek public office, writing "if I can help this world to banish alcohol and after that to banish war ... no office, no Presidency, can offer the honors that will be mine." U ishtirok etdi 1920 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya as a delegate from Nebraska, but was disappointed by the nomination of Governor Jeyms M. Koks, who had not supported ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment. Bryan declined the presidential nomination of the Taqiqlash partiyasi and refused to campaign for Cox, making the 1920 campaign the first presidential contest in over thirty years in which he did not actively campaign.^[105]

Though he became less involved in Democratic politics after 1920, Bryan attended the 1924 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya as a delegate from Florida.^[106] He helped defeat a resolution condemning the Ku-kluks-klan because he expected that the organization would soon fold; Bryan disliked the Klan but never publicly attacked it.^[107] He also strongly opposed the candidacy of Al Smit due to Smith's hostility towards Prohibition. After over 100 ballots, the Democratic convention nominated Jon V. Devis, konservativ Uoll-strit yurist. To balance the conservative Davis with a progressive, the convention nominated Bryan's brother, Charlz V. Brayan, for vice president. Bryan was disappointed by the nomination of Davis, but strongly approved of the nomination of his brother and he delivered numerous campaign speeches in support of the Democratic ticket. Davis suffered one of the worst losses in the Democratic Party's history, taking just 29 percent of the vote against Republican President Kalvin Kulidj and third party candidate Robert M. La Follette.^[108]

Florida real estate promoter

Villa Serena, Bryan's home built in 1913 at Miami, Florida

To help Mary cope with her worsening health during the harsh winters of Nebraska, the Bryans bought a farm in Missiya, Texas 1909 yilda.^[109] Due to Mary's arthritis, in 1912 the Bryans began building a new home in Mayami, Florida sifatida tanilgan Villa Serena. The Bryans made Villa Serena their permanent home, while Charles Bryan continued to oversee The Commoner from Lincoln. The Bryans were active citizens in Miami, leading a fundraising drive for the YMCA and frequently hosting the public at their home.^[110] Bryan undertook lucrative speaking engagements, often serving as a spokesman for Jorj E. Merrick 's new planned community of Coral Gables.^[111] His promotions probably contributed to the Florida real estate boom of the 1920s, which collapsed within months of Bryan's death in 1925.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Trustee of American University

Bryan served as a member of the Board of Trustees at Amerika universiteti in Washington, D.C. from 1914 until his death in 1925. ^[112] For some of these years, he served concurrently with Uorren G. Xarding va Teodor Ruzvelt.

Anti-evolution activism

Charles W. and William J. Bryan

In the 1920s, Bryan shifted his focus away from politics, becoming one of the most prominent religious figures in the country.^[113] He held a weekly Bible class in Miami and published several religiously themed books.^[114] He was one of the first individuals to preach religious faith on the radio, reaching audiences across the country.^[115] Bryan welcomed the proliferation of faiths other than Protestant Christianity, but he was deeply concerned by the rejection of Bibliyada literalizm by many Protestants.^[116] Tarixchining fikriga ko'ra Ronald L. Raqamlar, Bryan was not nearly as much a fundamentalist as many modern-day kreatsionistlar 21 asr. Instead he is more accurately described as a "kunduzgi kreatsionist ".^[117] Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative Social Gospeler ".^[118]

In the final years of his life, Bryan became the unofficial leader of a movement that sought to prevent public schools from teaching Charlz Darvin nazariyasi evolyutsiya.^[113] Bryan had long expressed skepticism and concern regarding Darwin's theory; in his famous 1909 Chautauqua lecture, "The Prince of Peace", Bryan had warned that the theory of evolution could undermine the foundations of morality.^[119] Bryan opposed Darwin's theory of evolution through tabiiy selektsiya ikki sababga ko'ra. First, he believed that what he considered a materialistic account of the descent of man (and all life) through evolution was directly contrary to the Biblical creation account. Second, he considered Darvinizm as applied to society (ijtimoiy darvinizm ) to be a great evil force in the world, promoting hatred and conflicts and inhibiting upward social and economic mobility of the poor and oppressed.^[120]

As part of his crusade against Darwinism, Bryan called for state and local laws banning public schools from teaching evolution.^[121] He requested that lawmakers refrain from attaching a criminal penalty to the anti-evolution laws and also urged that educators be allowed to teach evolution as a "hypothesis" rather than as a fact. Only five states, all in the South, responded to Bryan's call to bar the teaching of evolution in public schools.^[122]

Bryan was worried that the theory of evolution was gaining ground not only in the universities, but also within the church. The developments of 19th century liberal ilohiyot, xususan yuqori tanqid, had allowed many clergymen to be willing to embrace the theory of evolution and claim that it was not contradictory to Christianity. Determined to put an end to this, Bryan, who had long served as a Presbyterian oqsoqol, decided to run for the position of Bosh assambleyaning moderatori ning AQShdagi Presviterian cherkovi, which was at the time embroiled in the Fundamentalist-modernistlar ziddiyati. Bryan's main competition in the race was the Rev. Charles F. Wishart, prezidenti Wooster kolleji in Ohio, who had loudly endorsed the teaching of the theory of evolution in the college. Bryan lost to Wishart by a vote of 451–427. Bryan failed in gaining approval for a proposal to cut off funds to schools where the theory of evolution was taught. Instead, the General Assembly announced disapproval of materialistic (as opposed to theistic) evolution.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Miqyosi bo'yicha sinov

Da Miqyosi bo'yicha sinov, William Jennings Bryan (seated, left) being questioned by Klarens Darrou (standing, right).

From July 10 to July 21, 1925, Bryan participated in the highly publicized Miqyosi bo'yicha sinov, which tested the Butler qonuni, a Tennessee law barring the teaching of evolution in public schools. The defendant, John T. doiralari, had violated the Butler Act while serving as a substitute biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessi. His defense was funded by the Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi and led in court by famed lawyer Klarens Darrou. No one disputed that Scopes had violated the Butler Act, but Darrow argued that the statute violated the Tashkil etish to'g'risidagi maqola ning Birinchi o'zgartirish. Bryan defended the right of parents to choose what schools teach, argued that Darwinism was merely a "hypothesis," and claimed that Darrow and other intellectuals were trying to invalidate "every moral standard that the Bible gives us."^[123] The defense called Bryan as a witness and asked him about his belief in the literal word of the Bible, though the judge later expunged Bryan's testimony.^[124]

Ultimately, the judge instructed the jury to render a verdict of guilty, and Scopes was fined $100 for violating the Butler Act.^[125] The national media reported the trial in great detail, with H. L. Menken ridiculing Bryan as a symbol of Southern ignorance and intellektualizm.^[126] Even many Southern newspapers criticized Bryan's performance in the trial; The Memfis savdo murojaat reported that "Darrow succeeded in showing that Bryan knows little about the science of the world." Bryan had not been allowed to deliver a final argument at trial, but he arranged for the publication of the speech he had intended to give. In that publication, Bryan wrote that "science is a magnificent material force, but it is not a teacher of morals."^[127]

O'lim

In the days following the Scopes Trial, Bryan delivered several speeches in Tennessee. On Sunday, July 26, 1925, Bryan died in his sleep from apopleksiya^[1] after attending a church service in Dayton.^[128] Bryan's body was transported by rail from Dayton to Washington, D.C. He was buried at Arlington milliy qabristoni, with an epitaph that read "Statesman, yet Friend to Truth! Of Soul Sincere, in Action Faithful, and in Honor Clear"^[129] and on the other side "He Kept the Faith"^[130]

Oila

Bryan remained married to his wife, Mary, until his death in 1925. Mary served as an important adviser to her husband; she passed the bar exam and learned German to help his career.^[131] She was buried next to Bryan after her death in 1930.^[132] William and Mary had three children: Rut, William Jr. and Grace. Ruth won election to Congress in 1928 and later served as the ambassador to Denmark during the presidency of Franklin D. Ruzvelt.^[133] William Jr. graduated from Jorjtaun qonuni and established a legal practice in Los Anjeles, later holding several federal positions and becoming an important figure in the Los Angeles Democratic Party. Grace also moved to Kaliforniya janubiy and wrote a biography of her father.^[134] William Sr.'s brother, Charlz, was an important supporter of his brother until William's death, as well as an influential politician in his own right. Charles served two terms as the mayor of Lincoln and three terms as the governor of Nebraska and was the Democratic vice presidential nominee in the 1924 presidential election.^[135]

Bryan's wife, Mary Baird Bryan

Rut Bryan Ouen

William Bryan Jr.

Grace Bryan

Meros

Historical reputation and political legacy

Statue of Bryan on the lawn of the Rhea County, Tennessee courthouse in Dayton, Tennessi

Bryan elicited mixed views during his lifetime and his legacy remains complicated.^[136] Author Scott Farris argues that "many fail to understand Bryan because he occupies a rare space in society ... too liberal for today's religious [and] too religious for today's liberals."^[137] Jeff Taylor rejects the view that Bryan was a "pioneer of the ijtimoiy davlat " and a "forerunner of the Yangi bitim," but argues that Bryan was more accepting of an interventionist federal government than his Democratic predecessors had been.^[138] Biograf Maykl Kazin, however, opines that

Bryan was the first leader of a major party to argue for permanently expanding the power of the federal government to serve the welfare of ordinary Americans from the working and middle classes ... he did more than any other man—between the fall of Grover Cleveland and the election of Woodrow Wilson—to transform his party from a bulwark of laissez-faire to the citadel of liberalism we identify with Franklin D. Roosevelt and his ideological descendants.^[77]

Kazin argues that, compared to Bryan, "only Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had a greater impact on politics and political culture during the era of reform that began in the mid-1890s and lasted until the early 1920s."^[139] Writing in 1931, former Secretary of the Treasury Uilyam Gibbs Makadu stated that "with the exception of the men who have occupied the White House, Bryan ... had more to do with the shaping of the public policies of the last forty years than any other American citizen."^[140] Historian Robert D. Johnston notes that Bryan was "arguably [the] most influential politician from the Buyuk tekisliklar."^[141] In 2015, political scientist Michael G. Miller and historian Ken Owen ranked Bryan as one of the four most influential American politicians who never served as president, alongside Aleksandr Xemilton, Genri Kley va Jon C. Kalxun.^[142]

Kazin also emphasizes the limits of Bryan's influence, noting that "for decades after [Bryan]'s death, influential scholars and journalists depicted him as a self-righteous simpleton who longed to preserve an age that had already passed."^[77] Writing in 2006, editor Richard Lingeman noted that "William Jennings Bryan is mainly remembered as the fanatical old fool Fredrik Mart ichida o'ynagan Shamolni meros qilib oling."^[143] Similarly, in 2011, John McDermott wrote that "Bryan is perhaps best known as the sweaty crank of a lawyer who represented Tennessee in the Scopes trial. After his defence of creationism, he became a mocked caricature, a sweaty possessor of avoirdupois, bereft of bombast."^[34] Kazin writes that "scholars have increasingly warmed to Bryan's motives, if not his actions" in the Scopes Trial, due to Bryan's rejection of evgenika, a practice that many evolutionists of the 1920s favored.^[144]

Kazin also notes the stain that Bryan's acceptance of the Jim Crow system places on his legacy, writing

His one great flaw was to support, with a studied lack of reflection, the abusive system of Jim Crow—a view that was shared, until the late 1930s, by nearly every white Democrat ... After Bryan's death in 1925, most intellectuals and activists on the broad left rejected the amalgam that had inspired him: a strict populist morality based on a close read reading of Scripture ... Liberals and radicals from the age of FDR to the present have tended to scorn that credo as naïve and bigoted, a remnant of an era of white Protestant supremacy that has, or should have, passed.^[77]

Nonetheless, prominent individuals from both parties have praised Bryan and his legacy. In 1962, former President Garri Truman said Bryan "was a great one—one of the greatest." Truman also claimed: "If it wasn't for old Bill Bryan, there wouldn't be any liberalism at all in the country now. Bryan kept liberalism alive, he kept it going."^{[145][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ]} Tom L. Jonson, the progressive mayor of Klivlend, Ogayo shtati, referred to Bryan's campaign in 1896 as "the first great struggle of the masses in our country against the privileged classes."^[146] In a 1934 speech dedicating a memorial to Bryan, President Franklin D. Ruzvelt dedi

I think that we would choose the word 'sincerity' as fitting him [Bryan] most of all ... it was that sincerity that served him so well in his life-long fight against sham and privilege and wrong. It was that sincerity which made him a force for good in his own generation and kept alive many of the ancient faiths on which we are building today. We ... can well agree that he fought the good fight; that he finished the course; and that he kept the faith.^[147]

More recently, conservative Republicans such as Ralph Reed have hailed Bryan's legacy; Reed described Bryan as "the most consequential evangelical politician of the twentieth century."^[148] Bryan's career has also frequently been compared to that of Donald Tramp.^[136]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Shamolni meros qilib oling, a 1955 play by Jerom Lourens va Robert Edvin Li, is a highly fictionalized account of the Scopes Trial written in response to Makkartizm. A populist thrice-defeated presidential candidate from Nebraska named Matthew Harrison Brady (based on Bryan) comes to a small town to help prosecute a young teacher for teaching evolution to his schoolchildren. He is opposed by a famous trial lawyer, Henry Drummond (based on Darrow) and mocked by a cynical newspaperman (based on Mencken) as the trial assumes a national profile. The 1960 film adaptation tomonidan boshqarilgan Stenli Kramer va yulduzcha Fredrik Mart as Brady and Spenser Treysi as Drummond.

It has been suggested by some economists, historians, and literary critics that L. Frank Baum satirized Bryan as the Qo'rqoq Sher yilda Ozning ajoyib sehrgaridir, published in 1900. These assertions are based partly on Baum's history as a Republican supporter who advocated in his role as a journalist on behalf of William McKinley and his policies.^{[149][150][151]}

Bryan appears as a character in Duglas Mur 's 1956 opera "Bola chaqasi" balladasi. Bryan also has a biographical part in "The 42nd Parallel" in Jon Dos Passos ' USA Trilogy.^[152] Vachel Lindsay 's "singing poem" "Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan " is a lengthy tribute to the idol of the poet's youth. Edvin Maksvell, played Bryan in the 1944 film Uilson, Ainslie Pryor played Bryan in a 1956 episode of the CBS antologiya seriyasi Siz u erdasiz. Qisqa hikoya "Plowshare" tomonidan Martha Soukup and part of the novel Ish: Adolat komediyasi tomonidan Robert A. Xaynlayn are set in worlds where Bryan became president. Bryan also appears in And Having Writ tomonidan Donald R. Bensen.

Yodgorliklar

The William Jennings Bryan House in Nebraska was named a U.S. Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish in 1963. The Bryan Home Museum is a by-appointment only museum at his birthplace in Salem, Illinois. Salem is also home to Bryan Park and a large statue of Bryan. Uning uyi Esheville, Shimoliy Karolina, from 1917 to 1920, the William Jennings Bryan House, ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 1983 yilda.^[153] Villa Serena, Bryan's property in Mayami, Florida, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

A statue of Bryan represented the state of Nebraska in the Milliy haykallar zali ichida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy, qismi sifatida Milliy haykallar zali to'plami. In 2019 a statue of Chief Tik turgan ayiq replaced the statue of Bryan in the National Statuary Hall.^[154]

Bryan was named to the Nebraska Shon-sharaf zali in 1971 and a bust of him resides in the Nebraska shtati kapitoliy.^[155] Bryan was honored by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati with a $2 Buyuk amerikaliklar seriyasi pochta markasi.

Numerous objects, places and people have been named after Bryan, including Bryan okrugi, Oklaxoma,^[156] Bryan Medical Center in Lincoln, Nebraska and Bryan kolleji, joylashgan Dayton, Tennessi. Omaha Bryan o'rta maktabi and Bryan Middle School in Bellevue, Nebraska are also named for Bryan. Ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida Ozodlik kemasi SSUilyam J. Bryan qurilgan Panama-Siti, Florida and named in his honor.^[157]

Shuningdek qarang

• Bryan Money (numismatics)
• Fundamentalist-modernistlar ziddiyati
• Progressive Era

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Asarlar keltirilgan

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi. "Uilyam Jennings Brayan (id: B000995)". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi.
• Uilyam Jennings Brayanning asarlari da Gutenberg loyihasi
• Uilyam Jennings Bryan tomonidan yoki u haqida ishlaydi da Internet arxivi
• Uilyam Jennings Brayanning asarlari da LibriVox (jamoat domenidagi audiokitoblar)
• Uilyam Jennings Bryan da Qabrni toping
• Lyuk Shleyf: Bryan, Uilyam Jennings, ichida: 1914-1918-yillar. Birinchi jahon urushi xalqaro ensiklopediyasi.
• Uilyam Jennings Bryanning silindr yozuvlari, dan Tsilindrni saqlash va raqamlashtirish loyihasi da Kaliforniya universiteti, Santa-Barbara Kutubxona.
• "Masihning ilohiyligi" - Bryanning ushbu mavzu bo'yicha maqolasi
• Uilyam Jennings Bryanning hujjatlari da Nebraska shtati tarixiy jamiyati
• Uilyam Jennings Bryanni tan olish loyihasi (WJBP)
• "Uilyam Jennings Brayan, Prezidentlikka da'vogar" dan C-SPAN "s Nomzodlar
• Uilyam Jennings Brayan xatlari, MSS SC 702 da L. Tom Perrining maxsus to'plamlari, Garold B. Li kutubxonasi, Brigham Young universiteti
• Uilyam Jennings Brayan haqidagi gazetalardan olingan parchalar ichida 20-asr matbuot arxivi ning ZBW