Bayinnaung - Bayinnaung

Bayinnaung ဘုရ င့ ် နောင်
Bayinnaung haykali oldida Myanma milliy muzeyi
Birma qiroli va hukmronliklar Xantavaddi (1552–1581) Ava (1555–1581) Shan shtatlari (1557–1581) Manipur (1560–1581) Xitoyning Shan davlatlari (1562–1581) Janubiy Arakan (1580–1581)
Hukmronlik	1550 yil 30 aprel - 1581 yil 10 oktyabr
Taqdirlash	1551 yil 11-yanvar soat Toungoo 1554 yil 12-yanvar soat Pegu
O'tmishdosh	Tabinshveti
Voris	Nanda
Bosh vazir	Binnya Dala (1559–1573)
Lan Na shahrining suzeraini
Hukmronlik	1558 yil 2 aprel - 1581 yil 10 oktyabr
O'tmishdosh	Yangi ofis
Voris	Nanda
Qirol	Mekuti (1558–1563) Visuddadevi (1565–1579) Navrahta Minsaw (1579–1581)
Siamning suzerain
Hukmronlik	1564 yil 18 fevral - 1581 yil 10 oktyabr
O'tmishdosh	Yangi ofis
Voris	Nanda
Qirol	Mahintratirat (1564–1568) Maxa Tammarachattirat (1569–1581)
Lan Xangning suzerain
Hukmronlik	1565 yil 2-yanvar - v. 1568 yil yanvar 1570 yil fevral - 1572 yil boshlari 1574 yil 6 dekabr - 1581 yil 10 oktyabr
O'tmishdosh	Yangi ofis
Voris	Nanda
Qirol	Maing Pat Savva (1565–1568, 1570–1572) Maha Ouparat (1574–1581)
Tug'ilgan	16 yanvar 1516 yil Chorshanba, 12-chi mum Tabodve 877 ME Toungoo (Taungoo)
O'ldi	1581 yil 10-oktyabr(1581-10-10) (65 yosh) Seshanba, to'lin oy Tazaungmon 943 ME Pegu (Bago)
Dafn	1581 yil 15-oktyabr Kanbavzatadi saroyi
Konsort	Atula Tiri Sanda Devi Yaza Devi
Nashr Boshqalar orasida...	Inwa Mibaya Nanda Navrahta Minsaw Nyaungyan Min Xin ko'rdi Yaza Datu Kalaya Tiri Thudhamma Yaza
To'liq ism Thiri Tri Bawa Naditra Pawara Pandita Thudhamma Yaza Maha Dipadi
Uy	Toungoo
Ota	Mingyi Swe
Ona	Shin Myo Myat
Din	Theravada buddizm

Ushbu maqolada mavjud Birma yozuvi. Tegishli bo'lmagan holda qo'llab-quvvatlash, ko'rishingiz mumkin savol belgilari, qutilar yoki boshqa belgilar o'rniga Birma yozuvi.

Bayinnaung Kyawhtin Navrahta (Birma: င့ ် နောင် ကျော်ထင် နော် ရ ထာ [bəjɪ̰ɰ̃ nàʊɰ̃ tɕɔ̀ tʰɪ̀ɰ̃ nɔ̀jətʰà]; Tailandcha: บุ เร ง น อง ย อ ดิน นร ธา, RTGS: Burengnong Kayodin Norata tinglang (Yordam bering ·ma'lumot ); 1516 yil 16 yanvar - 1581 yil 10 oktyabr) podshoh bo'lgan Toungoo sulolasi ning Birma (Myanma) 1550 yildan 1581 yilgacha. "Birmada ko'rilgan inson energiyasining eng katta portlashi" deb nomlangan 31 yillik hukmronligi davrida Bayinnaung, ehtimol, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tarixidagi eng yirik imperiya,^[1] zamonaviy Birmaning ko'p qismini o'z ichiga olgan Xitoyning Shan davlatlari, Lan Na, LAN Xang, Manipur va Siam.^[2]

U imperiya qurilishi bilan eng yaxshi esda qolgan bo'lsa-da, Bayinnaungning eng katta merosi uning integratsiyasi edi Shan shtatlari Irravaddi-vodiysi asosidagi shohliklarga. 1557–1563 yillarda Shan davlatlari bosib olingandan so'ng, qirol merosxo'r Shanning hokimiyatini kamaytiradigan ma'muriy tizimni o'rnatdi. saofalar va Shan urf-odatlarini past er me'yorlariga moslashtirdi. Bu Shanning Yuqori Birmaga hujumi xavfini yo'qqa chiqardi Yuqori Birma XIII asr oxiridan boshlab. Uning Shan siyosati 1885 yilda qirollikning inglizlar qo'liga qulashiga qadar Birma shohlari tomonidan amalga oshirildi.^[3]

Ammo Bayinnaung ushbu ma'muriy siyosatni o'zining uzoq imperiyasida hamma joyda takrorlay olmadi. Uning imperiyasi shohlari sodiq bo'lgan sobiq suveren shohliklarning erkin to'plamidir uni sifatida Kakkavatti (Universal Hukmdor), Toungoo Qirolligi emas. Darhaqiqat, Ava va Siam vafotidan atigi ikki yil o'tib isyon ko'tarishdi. 1599 yilga kelib barcha vassal davlatlar isyon ko'tarishdi va Toungoo imperiyasi butunlay qulab tushdi.

Bayinnaung eng buyuk uch kishidan biri hisoblanadi Birma shohlari, bilan birga Anawrahta va Alaungpaya. Zamonaviy Myanmadagi eng taniqli joylarning ba'zilari uning nomi bilan atalgan. U shuningdek, yaxshi tanilgan Tailand sifatida Phra Chao Chana Sip Thit (พระเจ้า ชนะ สิบ ทิศ, "O'nta yo'nalish g'olibi").

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Ajdodlar

Bo'lajak podshoh Ye Htut (ရဲ ထွတ်, IPA:[jɛ́ tʰʊʔ]) 1516 yil 16-yanvarda Mingyi Swe va Shin Myo Myat. Uning aniq ajdodi aniq emas. Zamonaviy yozuvlar yo'q, shu jumladan Xantavaddi Xsinbyushin Ayedavbon, o'limidan ikki yil oldin yozilgan qirol hukmronligining keng xronikasida uning ajdodlari haqida eslatib o'tilgan.^[4] Faqat 1724 yilda, qirol vafotidan taxminan 143 yil o'tgach, bu sodir bo'lgan Maha Yazavin, rasmiy xronika Toungoo sulolasidan birinchi bo'lib o'z nasabnomasini e'lon qildi. Ga binoan Maha Yazavin, u janob oilasida tug'ilgan Toungoo (Taungoo), keyinchalik sobiq vassal davlat Ava Shohligi. U Toungoo noiblaridan kelib chiqqan Tarabya (1440–1446 yillar) va Minxaung I (1446-1451 y.) otasi tomonida; va qiroldan Tixatu ning Pinya (1310-1325 y.) va uning bosh malikasi Mi Saw U ning Butparastlar sulolasi onasi tomonida.^[5] Bundan tashqari, Ye Xtut Tounguning o'sha paytdagi raisi bilan uzoq vaqt aloqador edi Mingyi Nyo va uning o'g'li Tabinshveti ularning umumiy ajdodi orqali, Paxanlik Tarabya I.^{[eslatma 1]} Keyinchalik xronikalar shunchaki takrorlanadi Maha Yazavinning hisob qaydnomasi.^[4] Umuman olganda, xronikalar (ehtimol ham) uning nasabasini Yuqori Birmada mavjud bo'lgan avvalgi barcha asosiy sulolalar bilan bog'lab turadi: Ava, Sagaing, Myinsaing –Pinya va Butparast sulolalar.

Qirollik naslining rasmiy versiyasiga qaramasdan, og'zaki an'analar shafqatsiz nasabnomalar haqida gapiradi: uning ota-onasi Ngathayaukdan oddiy odamlar edi. Pagan tumani yoki Htihlaing qishlog'i Toungoo tumani va uning otasi a kichkina palma daraxt alpinisti, keyin Birma jamiyatidagi eng past kasblardan biri.^[4] Oddiy kelib chiqadigan rivoyat birinchi marta 20-asrning boshlarida mashhur bo'lgan Britaniya mustamlakasi davri millatchi yozuvchilar kabi Po Kya buni hatto toqqa chiqqan alpinistning o'g'li ham Birma jamiyatida buyuk imperator bo'lish uchun ko'tarilishining isboti sifatida targ'ib qildi.^[6] Ishonchim komilki, xronika va og'zaki an'analar bir-birini inkor etmasligi kerak, chunki toj alpinisti shoh ajdodlari bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qilmaydi.^[2-eslatma]

Bolalik va ta'lim

Ularning kelib chiqishi va hayotdagi mavqei qanday bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, uning ikkala ota-onasi qirol chaqalog'iga g'amxo'rlik qilish uchun yetti kishilik xodimlarning bir qismi sifatida tanlangan. Tabinshveti 1516 yil aprelda. Ye Xtutning onasi tanlandi ho'l hamshira shahzoda va merosxo'rning. Oila Toungoo saroy uchastkalariga ko'chib o'tdi, u erda er-xotinning yana uchta o'g'li bor edi, ularning oxirgisi yoshligida vafot etdi. Ye Xtutning katta singlisi bor edi Khin Hpone Soe va uchta ukasi: Minye Sithu, Thado Dhamma Yaza II va eng yoshi vafot etgan. Uning ikkita akasi bor edi, Minxaung II va Thado Minsaw ammasidan (onasining kenja singlisi) va otasidan tug'ilganlar.^[7]

Ye Htut shahzoda va qirolning boshqa bolalari, shu jumladan Malika bilan o'ynab ulg'aygan Takin Gyi, keyinchalik kim uning bosh malikasi bo'ladi. U shahzoda va boshqa bolalar bilan birga saroyda ta'lim olgan. Qirol Mingyi Nyo o'g'lidan harbiy san'at bo'yicha ma'lumot olishni talab qildi. Tabinshveti Ye Xtut va boshqa saroydagi yigitlar bilan birgalikda jang san'atlari, otda yurish, fil haydash va harbiy strategiya bo'yicha ta'lim oldi.^[8] Ye Htut shahzodaning o'ng qo'liga aylandi.^[9]

Tabinshveti deputati

Kuchga ko'tariling

1530 yil 24-noyabrda Mingyi Nyo vafot etdi va Tabinshveti taxtga o'tirdi.^[10] 14 yoshli yangi qirol Ye Xtutning katta singlisi Xin Xpone Soni o'zining ikkita asosiy malikalaridan biri sifatida oldi va bolalikdagi xodimlarini va do'stlarini qirollik unvonlari va lavozimlari bilan mukofotladi. Ye Htut, allaqachon yangi qirolning yaqin ishonchli vakili bo'lib, bir zumda tobora dushman davlatlar bilan o'ralgan qirollikda qudratli shaxsga aylandi.^[11] Shimolda Shan davlatlari konfederatsiyasi zabt etgan edi Ava Shohligi atigi uch yarim yil oldin. G'arbda Konfederatsiyaning ittifoqchisi bo'lgan Prome Kingdom. Janubda Xantavaddi Qirolligi, eng boy va eng qudratli post-postButparast shohliklar. 1532–1533 yillarda Konfederatsiya o'zining sobiq ittifoqchisi Promeni mag'lubiyatga uchratgandan so'ng, yaqinlashib kelayotgan tahlika yanada dolzarb bo'lib qoldi. Tabinshveti va Toungoo rahbariyati ularning qirolligi Konfederatsiya tomonidan "yutib yubormaslikni xohlasa, tezda harakat qilishi kerak" degan xulosaga kelishdi.^[12]

Aynan qirollikning safarbarlik davrida Ye Xtut o'zining belgisini qo'ydi va "o'zining jasorat va xarakterning kuchi" bilan ajralib turdi.^[13] Ye Htut 1532 yilda qirol va uning 500 eng mohir chavandozlari chaqirilmagan hujumni amalga oshirganda, qirol yonida edi. Shwemawdaw Pagoda chetida Pegu, go'yo qirolning quloqlarini teshish marosimi uchun Xantavaddi poytaxti. Jasoratli tajovuz Xantavaddining zaif hukmdori Shoh tomonidan jazosiz qoldi Takayutpi. Ye Htut yosh shohning doimiy hamrohi va maslahatchisi bo'ldi.^[13]

Biroq, ikkalasi o'rtasidagi yaqin munosabatlar 1534 yilda Xantavaddiyga qarshi urushga tayyorgarlik ko'rganligi sababli qattiq sinovdan o'tgan. Ye Htut bilan romantik aloqada bo'lgan Takin Gyi, qirolning kichik singlisi va bu ish 1534 yil aprelida aniqlangan.^[3-eslatma] Oddiylarning Birma qonunchiligiga binoan qirolning singlisi bilan bo'lgan munosabati xiyonat xisobiga aylangan. Ye Xtut isyon takliflarini rad etdi va hibsga olishga topshirdi. Tabinshveti vazirlari bilan uzoq vaqt maslahatlashib, nihoyat Ye Xtutga singlisiga turmushga berish va uning knyazlik unvonini berish kerak degan xulosaga keldi. Kyawhtin Navrahta. Ushbu qaror bilan Tabinshveti "Birma tarixida parallel holda" qaynotasining sodiqligini qo'lga kiritdi.^[14]

Harbiy rahbariyat

Toungoo harbiy yurishlari (1534–1547)

Tabinshvehtining qarori keyingi yillarda ulkan dividendlarni to'laydi. 1534 yildan 1549 yilgacha Toungoo barcha qo'shnilariga urush olib boradi va bu jarayonda Birmada 1287 yilda butparastlik qulaganidan buyon eng katta siyosatni topdi. Ye Htut o'z shohi uchun ko'plab muhim janglarda g'alaba qozonib, o'sib borayotgan qirollikni boshqarishda yordam beradi.^[14]

1534 yil oxirida Toungoo o'z janubidagi katta, boyroq, ammo birlashmagan shohlikka ega bo'lgan Xantavaddiga hujum qildi. Konfederatsiya e'tiborini Yuqori Birmadagi so'nggi qoldiqqa qaratmasdan oldin, uning tor dengiz sohasidan chiqib ketish Toungoo-ning gambiti edi. So'nggi o'ttiz yil ichida Yuqori Birmaning boshqa joylaridan doimiy ravishda qochqinlar oqimi kelib tushgani sababli Toungoo-da hali hech qanday xorijiy qurol yo'q edi, Toungoo odatdagidek jalb etilishi mumkin bo'lgan miqdordan ko'proq ishchi kuchiga ega edi.^[15]

Ammo Tabinshveti va Ye Xtut (hozirda Kyavhtin Navraxta) o'zlarining tishlarini kesishlari kerak edi. Ularning birinchi yillik quruq mavsumiy kampaniyalari (1534–1537) hammasi Peguning yaxshi qurollangan va mustahkam mustahkam himoyasiga qarshi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Ammo Xantavaddi hududiga tobora chuqurroq kirib borgan har bir keyingi kampaniyada ularning ko'rsatkichlari yaxshilanib bordi. Ular nihoyat 1538–1539 yillardagi yurishlarini buzib o'tib, Peguni qo'lga olishdi. Kyawhtin Navrahta ismini Naungyo jangi unda uning engil kuchlari Irrawaddi deltasida son jihatdan ustun bo'lgan Xantavaddi kuchlarini qat'iy ravishda mag'lubiyatga uchratdilar. Jang, eng mashhurlaridan biri Birma harbiy tarixi, buyuk Bayinnaungning "birinchi xarakterli teginishi" deb nomlangan.^[16] Jangdan so'ng, minnatdor Tabinshveti qaynonasiga unvon berdi Bayinnaung ("Qirolning katta akasi"), uni eslab qoladigan ism.^[17]

Toungoo 1541 yil o'rtalariga kelib butun Xantavaddi shahrini zabt etishga kirishdi va Quyi Birmaning ishchi kuchi ustidan to'liq nazoratni qo'lga kiritdi, ular uchun to'lash uchun chet el qurollari va dengiz boyliklariga ega bo'ldi. Va Tabinshveti ushbu yangi boyliklarni yanada kengaytirish uchun ishlatar edi.^[16] Portugaliyalik yollanma askarlarni, o'qotar qurollarni va harbiy taktikalarni Toungoo qurolli kuchlari tarkibiga kiritish orqali Tabinshveti va Bayinnaung harbiy rahbar sifatida o'sishda davom etishdi. Ikkala Xantavaddi kabi tajribali harbiy qo'mondonlarning tajribali bo'lishidan ham foyda ko'rishdi Lagun Eynni ko'rdim va Smim Payu ularning yuqori harbiy maslahatchilari va generallari bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Ularning yordami bilan Bayinnaung eng muhim g'alabalarni qo'lga kiritdi Padaung dovonidagi jang (1542) Promening ittifoqchisiga qarshi Arakan^[18] va Salin jangi (1544) Konfederatsiyaga qarshi bo'lib, Toungoo-ga Birmaning markazini shimolga qadar egallab olishga imkon berdi Butparast (Bagan).^[19] 1542 yil aprelda Bayinnaung Arakan kuchlarini tor-mor etganidan so'ng, Tabinshveti g'alabadan juda mamnun bo'lib, Bayinnaungni shohlikning vorisi qildi.^[20]

Ikkilikning keyingi kampaniyalari Arakan (1545–1547) va Siam (1547–1549) ammo qisqa bo'ldi. Ikkala kampaniyada ham Toungoo kuchlari barcha yirik ochiq janglarda g'alaba qozonib, poytaxtlarni qamal qilishga kirishdilar. Mrauk-U va Ayutthaya navbati bilan. Ammo ular portugaliyalik qurol-yarog 'bilan jihozlangan mudofaa tizimiga hali ham javob berishmadi va ikkala safar ham orqaga chekinishga majbur bo'lishdi.^[21] Toungoo-ning o'z portugal tilidagi to'pi ikkala poytaxtning devorlariga juda oz ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Shuningdek, ular etarli ishchi kuchiga ega emas edilar (Arakan va Siyam yurishlarida mos ravishda 19000 va 12000 qo'shin)^[22] uzoq muddatli qamal uchun. Shunga qaramay, muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga qaramay, Tabinshveti va Bayinnaung 1549 yilga kelib Birmada 1287 yilda butparastlar imperiyasi qulaganidan beri eng yirik siyosatni qurdilar, shimolda Pagandan janubda Tavoygacha cho'zildi.

Ma'muriy vazifalar

Bayinnaungga shohlikni boshqarish ham ishonib topshirilgan. Tabinshveti uni 1539 yilda bosh vazir etib tayinlagan.^[23] O'sha paytdagi hukmron ma'muriy modelda bosh vazirning o'rni yarim mustaqil irmoqlarni, avtonom noiblarni va haqiqatan ham kundalik ma'muriyat va ishchi kuchi ustidan nazorat olib borgan hokimlarni boshqarish va muvofiqlashtirish bilan cheklangan edi.^[24] Ishonchli mahalliy hukmdorlar Smim Payu va Lagun Eynni ko'rdim Bayinnaungga markaziy ma'muriyatda yordam berish uchun qirol tomonidan tayinlangan.^[25]

1549 yilda sharobni yoqtirishni rivojlantirgan Tabinshveti barcha ma'muriy vazifalarni Bayinnaungga topshirdi va ko'p vaqtini poytaxtdan uzoqda uzoq ov safarlarida o'tkazdi. Qirolning tartibsiz xatti-harakatlaridan xavotirga tushgan mahkamadagi vazirlar Bayinnaungni taxtni egallashga undashdi, ammo u "shohni o'z qirolligi oldidagi burchini qaytarib olishga" harakat qilishini aytib, rad etdi.^[26] U muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi. Hatto jiddiy isyonga duch kelganda ham Smim Xtav, qirol 1550 yil yanvarida Bayinnaungdan qo'zg'olonni bostirishni so'radi va yana bir necha oylik ov safariga chiqdi.^[27]

Toungoo imperiyasining tiklanishi

Interregnum

1550 yil 30-aprelda Tabinshveti buyrug'i bilan o'z qo'riqchilari tomonidan o'ldirildi Smut Sawhtut, qirolning yaqin maslahatchilaridan biri.^[28] Smim Sawhtut tabiiy ravishda o'zini qirol deb e'lon qildi. Ammo boshqa barcha yirik hokimlar va noiblar, shu jumladan Bayinnaungning ukasi ham shunday qilishdi Minxaung II. Bayinnaung 1542 yildan beri Tabinshvehtiyning tanlangan vorisi bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, ularning hech biri Bayinnaungni qonuniy voris sifatida tan olmagan.^[29] Bayinnaungga suiqasd haqida xabar kelganida, u ichida edi Dala (zamonaviy Yangon) Smim Xtovning isyonkor kuchlarini ta'qib qilmoqda. So'nggi 16 yil ichida uni topishda va kengaytirishda yordam bergan Toungoo imperiyasi xarobalar ostida qoldi. U mustamlakachilik davri tarixchisi ta'kidlaganidek, "shohligi bo'lmagan shoh" edi.^[30]

Bayinnaung shohlikni yangitdan tiklashi kerak edi. Dalada "ozgina, ammo sodiq" qo'shinlar bilan u keyingi harakatlarini rejalashtirdi.^[30] Uning ikkita katta ukasi Minye Sithu va Thado Dhamma Yaza II u bilan birga edilar va sodiq qolishdi.^[31] Shuningdek, uning xizmatida Mon nomli etnik qo'mondon bo'lgan Binnya Dala^[32] kim uning eng ishonchli maslahatchisi va "eng yaxshi qo'mondoni" bo'ladi.^[33] Uning hanuzgacha qurol-yarog 'bilan ishlay oladigan biron bir xorijiy yollanma askarlari bo'lmaganligi sababli, u o'zining sevimli portugaliyalik yollanma yollovchisini yubordi Diogo Soares de Mello unda unga katta taassurot qoldirgan Siyam kampaniyasi. Chet elda bo'lgan Soares o'z odamlari bilan qaytib keldi (ularning barchasi 39 kishi) va uni Bayinnaung iliq kutib oldi.^[29][30]

Suiqasddan ikki oy o'tgach, Bayinnaung qayta tiklash loyihasini boshlashga tayyor edi. U quyidagi dushmanlarga duch keldi:^[34]

Markaziy Birma (1550–1551)

Toungoo (1550–1551)

Bayinnaung va uning maslahatchilari uzoq o'ylanib, ularni qayta tiklash urushi sulolaning asl uyi Toungoo-da boshlanishiga qaror qilishdi.^[29] Bu hisoblangan qimor edi, chunki ular Pegu tomonidan boshqariladigan hududning markazidan o'tishlari kerak edi. Ammo ular qimor o'ynashga qaror qilishdi, chunki Bayinnaung eng yaxshi qo'llab-quvvatlovni ona Toungoo-da emas, balki chuqur Dushanba ular o'zlarini topgan mamlakatda.^[35]

Iyun oyi oxirida Bayinnaung va uning kichik, ammo yaxlit jangovar bo'linmasi Daladan Toungooga jo'nab ketishdi. Ular shimol tomon yurishdi Xintada, keyin sharqiy tomonga o'tib ketdi Bago Yoma, Pegu shimolida. Smut Sawhtut, endi Peguning "qiroli" ularni to'xtatish uchun o'z qo'shini bilan chiqdi. Bayinnaung, xronikalarda aytib o'tilganidek, "sher shollarga qaraganda ko'proq e'tibor bermaydi" va yurishni davom ettirdi. Bayinnaungning maqsadi Pegu emasligini bilib, Sawhtut ularni jalb qilmadi. Bayinnaung Zeyavaddi shahrida lager qurdi (ဇေယျဝတီ), Toungoo shahridan 50 km (31 milya) tashqarida.^[30] U erda bo'lganida, Bayinnaung Tabinshveti sobiq sudining ko'plab vazirlari va askarlarini qabul qildi, ular Pegu va Martabandan qochib ketishdi. Yangi kelganlar har qanday etnik kelib chiqishi bo'lgan burmanlar, shanslar va monlar bo'lib, XVI asrda Birmada "vertikal homiy-mijoz tuzilmalari ko'pincha gorizontal, hatto etnik o'ziga xoslik va madaniyatlar singari gorizontal tuzilmalarni ustun qo'yganliklarini" ko'rsatdilar.^[29]

Avgust oyining oxiriga kelib u jiddiy jangovar kuchlarni yig'di (9600 kishi, 200 ot, 20 fil, 200 jangovar qayiq).^[36] Uning quruqlik va dengiz kuchlari hujumni 1550 yil 2 sentyabrda boshladi,^[4-eslatma] va shaharni qamal qildi. Minxaung to'rt oy qarshilik ko'rsatdi, ammo 1551 yil 11-yanvarda taslim bo'ldi.^[37] Ajablanarlisi shundaki, Bayinnaung akasini kechirdi. Xuddi shu kuni u vaqtinchalik saroyda shoh tojiga sazovor bo'ldi. U o'z odamlarini yuqori lavozimlar va lavozimlar bilan mukofotladi. Uning katta o'g'li Nanda merosxo'rga ayon bo'ldi.^[38]

Prome (1551)

Toungoo buyrug'i navbatdagi nishon sifatida Promeni tanladi.^[38] 1551 yil mart oyida,^[5-eslatma] Bayinnaung qo'shini (9000 qo'shin, 300 ot, 25 fil) shaharga hujum qildi. Ammo shaharning mushki va artilleriya otishmasi ularni uch oydan beri ushlab turdi. U 1551 yil 19-iyunda orqaga chekindi,^[6-eslatma] va Birmaning markazidan kelgan erkaklar bilan qayta to'plandilar (gacha) Myede va Sagu) ularning hukmdorlari endi yangi ko'tarilayotgan kuchga bo'ysunishdi. Yana 9000 kishilik qo'shin 1551 yil 21-avgustda qamalni qayta boshladi,^[7-eslatma] 1551 yil 30-avgustda shaharni egallab oldi. Bayinnaung Prome hukmdorini qatl qilishni buyurdi Thado Dhamma Yaza I ammo darhol qaroridan afsuslandi.^[39] U o'zining ikkinchi katta ukasini uslubi bilan Promening noibi etib tayinladi Thado Dhamma Yaza II.^[39]

Pagan (1551)

Keyin Bayinnaung shimoliy markaziy Birmani zabt etishni yakunladi Butparast (Bagan) 1551 yil sentyabr oyining o'rtalariga kelib. U amakisi Min Sithuni hokim qilib tayinladi.^[40] Keyin u Qirol o'rtasidagi fuqarolar urushidan foydalanishga umid qilib, Avaga yurish qildi Mobye Narapati va Sithu Kyawhtin, hokimi Sagaing. Ammo Pegu kuchlari Toungoo tomon yurish paytida u tezda orqaga chekinishga majbur bo'ldi.^[39]

Quyi Birma (1552)

Pegu kuchlari uning hududidan chiqib ketishdi, ammo Bayinnaung endi Peguni yo'q qilish kerak degan qarorga keldi. Ayni paytda Avadan haydab chiqarilgan Mobye Narapati Bayinnaungga qo'shilish uchun keldi.^[39] Besh oylik tayyorgarlikdan so'ng Bayinnaung qo'shini (11000 kishi, 500 ot, 40 ta fil) Toungudan 1552 yil 28-fevralda Peguga jo'nab ketdi va 1552 yil 12-martda shahar oldiga etib keldi.^[8-eslatma] 1550 yil avgustda Peguni egallab olgan Smim Xtav chiqdi va Bayinnaungni bitta jangga chorladi, Bayinnaung buni qabul qildi. Ikki kishi o'zlarining jangovar fillarida jang qilishdi. Bayinnaung g'alaba qozondi va Xtavni va filini maydondan haydab chiqardi. Xtavning odamlari o'z rahbarlari ortidan qochib ketishdi.^[41]

Xtav va uning oz sonli armiyasi Irravaddi deltasiga qaytib tushishdi. Toungoo qo'shinlari mart oyining oxiriga kelib sharqiy delta shaharlarni egallab olishdi.^[42] Xtav qo'shini qisqa vaqt ichida Dala jasoratli hujumni qaytarib oldi, ammo ular yaqinda mag'lubiyatga uchradilar Bassein (Pathein) may oyining o'rtalarida. Uning butun qo'shini, shu jumladan bosh malikasi va qaynotasi ham qo'lga olindi.^[43] Xtav zo'rg'a qochib qoldi. U 1553 yil martida asirga olinib qatl qilinmaguncha, u qochqin sifatida qochib yurgan bo'lar edi. 1552 yil o'rtalariga kelib Bayinnaung uchalasini ham qo'lga kiritdi. Dushanba - so'zlashuvchi mintaqalar (Bassein, Pegu va Martaban). U katta ukasini tayinladi Minye Sithu Martaban noibi sifatida 1552 yil 6-iyunda.^[44]

Yuqori Birma (1553)

Tabinshveti vafotidan ikki yil o'tgach, Bayinnaung marhum podshoh imperiyasini tikladi. Ammo u o'z ishini tugallanmagan deb hisoblar edi, chunki unga ko'ra Tabinshvehtining qonuniy vorisi bo'lgan Siam o'lpon yuborgan edi. U Siamga bostirib kirish haqida jiddiy o'ylar edi, ammo Bassein gubernatori Binnya Loun boshchiligidagi maslahatchilari uning o'rniga Avaga hujum qilishlarini maslahat berishdi. Ularning maslahatidan foydalangan holda qirol 1553 yil 14-iyunda o'zining merosxo'ri Nanda boshchiligidagi 14000 kishilik birlashgan quruqlik va dengiz kuchlarini yubordi.^[45] Ammo Avaning yangi shohi Sithu Kyavhtin (Mohnyin uyidan) tayyor edi. U beshta ittifoqdosh Shan davlatlaridan (Mohnyin, Mogaung, Momeit, Onbaung va Bhamo) va o'z vassal shtatlaridan qo'shinlarni jalb qilgan. Mu vodiysi va Kyaukse tumanlari. Katta mudofaaga qarshi uyushtirilgan Nanda bosqinni to'xtatdi.^[46]

Taqdirlash

Bayinnaung o'rniga yutuqlarini mustahkamlashga qaror qildi. Deb nomlangan yangi saroyni foydalanishga topshirdi Kanbavzatadi, 1553 yil 17-noyabrda uning poytaxti Pegu shahrida.^[47] 1554 yil 12-yanvarda,^[48] u rasmiy ravishda hukmronlik nomi bilan qirol tojiga sazovor bo'ldi Tiri Thudhamma Yaza (သီရိ သု ဓမ္မ ရာဇာ). Uning bosh malikasi Takin Gyi podsholik nomi bilan toj kiygan Agga Maheti (အဂ္ဂ မဟေသီ).^[46]

Toungoo imperiyasining kengayishi

Asosiy harbiy yurishlar va Toungoo imperiyasining kengayishi (1550–1565)

Quyi Birmani qayta zabt etish unga pul to'lash uchun juda zarur bo'lgan chet el qurollari va dengiz boyliklariga kirishni to'liq nazorat qildi. Keyingi yigirma yil ichida u ushbu boyliklarni yanada kengaytirish uchun ishlatar edi va yangi zabt etilgan erlardan ishchi kuchi va resurslarini piramida qilish orqali Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tarixidagi eng yirik imperiyani topdi.^[9-eslatma]

Yuqori Birma (1554–1555)

1554 yil oxiriga kelib Bayinnaung katta bosqin kuchini (18000 kishi, 900 ot, 80 fil, 140 jangovar qayiq) to'pladi, bu hozirgi kungacha eng katta safarbarlik. Lan Na, Siam va Arakan hujumlaridan saqlanish uchun chegaralarda ehtiyot choralari ko'rildi.^[49] 1554 yil noyabrda Toungoo kuchlari Sittaung vodiysiga, ikkinchisi Irrawaddi vodiysiga ikki tomonlama bosqinga kirishdilar. To'qqizta Konfederatsiya qo'shinlari (Bhamo, Kale, Mogaung, Mohnyin, Momeik, Mone, Nyaungshwe, Theinni va Thibaw-Onbaung) tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Avan mudofaasi oldinga o'tishni to'xtata olmadi va poytaxt Ava 1555 yil 22-yanvarda janubiy kuchlar qo'liga o'tdi. .^[50] Qirol Sithu Kyavhtin Peguga jo'natildi. Bayinnaung o'zining ukasini tayinladi Thado Minsaw Ava noibi.^[51] Keyin Toungoo kuchlari qolgan Konfederatsiya qo'shinlarini Chindvin vodiysi qadar Moniva, Mu vodiysi qadar Myedu va Kyaukse vodiysi Singu mart oxiriga qadar.^[52][53]

Bayinnaung endi Irravaddi va Sittaung daryolari vodiylarini, mamlakat oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining ko'p qismi ishlab chiqarilgan va uning aholisi yashaydigan "yurakka" olib boruvchi yo'laklarni boshqargan.^[29] Shunday bo'lsa-da, uning yuqori Birmani ushlab turishi unchalik katta emas edi - uning shimoliy chegara posti Myudu Avadan atigi 160 km (100 milya) uzoqlikda edi va u tinimsiz bosqinlar manbai bo'lgan Shan atrofidagi davlatlarga sodiqligini ta'minlamagani uchun juda sust edi. XIV asrdan beri mamlakat va haqiqatan ham XVI asrning boshidan buyon uning ko'p qismida hukmronlik qilgan. U Yuqori Birmani ushlab turishi kerak bo'lsa, u atrofdagi itoatsiz davlatlarni nazorat ostiga olishi kerak edi.^[51]

Cis-Salween Shan shtatlari (1557)

1556 yilga kelib, qirol va uning saroyi Irravaddi vodiysini darhol o'rab turgan barcha Shan davlatlarini bir martadan qisqartirish kerak degan qarorga kelishdi. Ular, shuningdek, o'z zimmalariga olishlari kerakligini angladilar Lan Na (Chiang May), qudratli davlatning ittifoqchisi bo'lgan Mone. Toungoo qo'mondonligi bosqinchilik uchun hali ham eng katta qo'shinni (36000 kishi, 1200 ot, 60 fil, 180 jangovar qayiq va 100 yuk kemasi) yig'ishga sarfladi.^[54][55]

Ning bosqini Shan mamlakati 1557 yil yanvarda boshlangan. (Armiya 1556 yil 24 dekabrdan 1557 yil 8 yanvargacha Ava bazasini tark etdi.)^[56] Katta kuch namoyishi ishladi. Shtatlar birin-ketin minimal qarshilik bilan topshirishdi. 1557 yil martigacha Bayinnaung bir zarbada Salis-Shan shtatlarining aksariyat qismini boshqargan Patkay shimoliy g'arbiy qismida Assam chegarasida, hozirgi kunda Mohnyin (Mong Yang), Mogaung (Mong Kawng) gacha. Kachin shtati ga Momeik (Mong Mit) va Thibaw (Hsipaw) shimoli-sharqda joylashgan.^[53] Ammo armiya ketganidan keyin tartib buzildi. Ning kuchli holati Mone 1556 yilda o'lpon yuborgan va shu tariqa bosqinga duch kelmagan (Mong Nai), Lan Na tomonidan boshqarilgan isyon ko'tarildi. Mekuti, Mone hukmdorining ukasi. Mone kuchlari Thibavni egallashga kirishdilar va Bayinnaung tomonidan tayinlangan yangi saofani qatl etdilar.^[57] 1557 yil noyabrda qirolning o'zi boshchiligidagi beshta Toungoo qo'shinlari (33000 kishi, 1800 ot, 170 fil) bostirib kirib, Mon va Tibavni osongina egallab olishdi.^[57]

1557 yil oxiriga kelib Sal-Saluin davlatlaridan faqat xitoylik vassallar - Teynni (Xsenvi; hozirgi shimoliy Shan davlati), Movun, Kaingma, Sanda va Lata (hozirgi) Dehong va Baoshan prefekturalar Yunnan, Xitoy)^[10-eslatma]- Bayinnaung qo'lidan tashqarida qoldi. Toungoo qo'mondonligi Tinniga hujum qilishni jiddiy o'ylab ko'rdi, chunki Thado Minsaw armiyasi qo'shni Tibavda edi. Ammo ular boshqa front ochmaslikka qaror qildilar, Lan Na janubiy Shan davlatlari uchun tahlikali bo'lib qoldi.^[57]

LAN Na (1558)

Sifatida qirol Mekuti vakili bo'lgan Yun Bayin, Birma nat

Bayinnaung endi bir paytlar qudratli Lan Na qirolligini ko'rdi, bu ikki shoxlar o'rtasidagi sulolaviy kurashlarda qatnashgan. Mengraylar sulolasi. Qirolning hukmronligi Mekuti Mone House of King tomonidan qarshilik ko'rsatildi Setthathirath ning LAN Xang, Lan Na qiroli Ketklaoning nabirasi. Bayinnaung va uning qo'shinlari darvozada paydo bo'lganida Chiang May 1558 yil 31 martda Mekuti 1558 yil 2 aprelda jangsiz taslim bo'ldi.^[61] Birma qiroli Mekutiga Lan Na hukmdori bo'lib qolishiga ruxsat berdi va bir nechta hunarmandlarni olib keldi, ularning aksariyati taniqli edi. lak buyumlari ishchilar, Peguga qaytish.^[62] U Chiang Mayda Binnya Dala va Binnya Set qo'mondonligidagi 1000 kishidan iborat kichik garnizonni tark etdi.^[63]

Asosiy qo'shinlar ketgandan ko'p o'tmay tartib buzildi. Setthatirath sharqiy Lan Na viloyatlarini egallab oldi (Phrae, Yo'q, Chiang Ray va Chiang Saen ). 1558 yil noyabrda Tado Minsaw boshchiligidagi 14000 kishilik qo'shin Chiang May mudofaasini kuchaytirdi va u erdan birlashgan qo'shinlar muvaffaqiyatli ravishda Lan Xang kuchlarini hududlardan quvib chiqardi.^[64]

Cis-Salween China Shan shtatlari (1558–1559)

Lan Xangning mag'lubiyati Toungoo Birmaning Shan mamlakatidagi bosh kuch sifatida paydo bo'lishini kuchaytirdi. Qolgan Salis-Shan davlatlari, ehtimol ular Xitoyga o'lpon to'lashni davom ettirsalar ham, navbatga tushib qolishdi.^{[53][11-eslatma]} Theinni 1558 yil 26-iyulda qabul qilingan oldindan o'lpon yubordi.^[65] Undan keyin 1559 yil boshlarida Xitoyning kichik vassal davlatlari Mowun, Kaingma, Latha va Sanda tomonidan topshirilgan topshiriqlar berildi.^[66]

Manipur (1560)

Bayinnaung zudlik bilan yangi egallab olingan hududlardan ishchi kuchini ko'proq hududni egallashga jalb qildi. 1559 yil 2-dekabrda u bostirib kirishni buyurdi Manipur, go'yo kichik qirollikning Kale hududiga tajovuzlarini ko'rib chiqish uchun. U Binnya Dalani Chiang Maydan bostirib kirishga rahbarlik qilish uchun chaqirgan edi. Ko'pincha Kale, Mohnyin, Mogaung, Momeik va Sanda chaqiriluvchilaridan tashkil topgan uchta qo'shin (10 000 kishi, 300 ot, 30 fil) minimal qarshilikka duch keldi. Manipuri raja 1560 yil fevralida taslim bo'ldi.^[53][67]

Trans-Salvin Xitoy Shan davlatlari (1562–1563)

Podshoh keyingi ikki yilni Siamga qarshi urushga tayyorlanib, uni tugallanmagan ishi deb bildi. U garnizon tuzdi Tavoy (Dawei) 1562 yil 17-iyunda.^[68] Ammo u avvalo Salu-Shan-Shan davlatlarini o'z safiga qo'shib olmoqchi edi, ehtimol, ko'proq ishchi kuchi olish bilan birga, orqa tomonni ham ta'minlash uchun. Birma xronikalarida u o'zining 1562 yil iyuldagi qo'zg'oloniga o'zining Salisyan xitoylik Shan davlatlari tomonidan trans-Salvin Shan davlatlarining ko'magi bilan javob berganligi aytilgan.^[69] Biroq, Manipurda bo'lgani kabi, bu shunchaki bahona bo'lishi mumkin edi. U Nanda, Thado Dhamma Yaza II, Minhaung II va Thado Minsaw boshchiligidagi 12000 kishilik to'rtta qo'shinni yubordi. Salvinning eng janubiy trans-shtati Kengtung bosqindan oldin 1562 yil 16-dekabrda topshirilgan.^[70] Qo'shinlar ikki tomonlama hujumni boshladilar Vodiyni yopishtirish 1563 yil mart / aprel oylarida.^[12-eslatma] Qo'shinlar minimal qarshilikka duch kelishdi va mahalliy saofalarning sadoqatini ta'minladilar.^[71] Bayinnaung endi hech bo'lmaganda Xitoyning Shan davlatlari ustidan Taping vodiysidagi Salisin davlatlaridan tortib to nomigagina ega edi. Kengxung (Bugungi kun Xishuangbanna Dai avtonom prefekturasi, Yunnan) sharqda.^[72]

Siam (1563–1564)

Omon qolish Kxmer 1564 yilda Ayutthayadan olingan 30 ta haykalning bronza haykallari. Ular olib ketilgan Mrauk-U 1600 yilda arakanliklar tomonidan va Amarapura 1785 yilda tomonidan Thado Minsaw.

G'arbiy materikning katta qismi Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo uning nazorati ostida bo'lganida, Bayinnaung endi Siamni olishga tayyorligini sezdi. U ishchi kuchi jihatidan Siamga nisbatan juda katta ustunlikka ega bo'lishi kerak edi, chunki Shanning ichki shtatlaridan farqli o'laroq, Siamni o'zi portugaliyalik qurol-yarog'ining kuchi bilan engib bo'lmaydi. Siam o'z-o'zidan gullab-yashnagan qirg'oq kuchi edi va uning kuchlari orasida portugaliyalik o'qotar qurollar, kemalar va yollanma askarlar bor edi.^[73] 1563 yil 16-iyulda u to'rt kishidan birini talab qilib, Siamga elchixona yubordi oq fillar o'lpon sifatida siyam podshohiga tegishli.^[74] Kutilganidek, qirol Maha Chakkrafat tegishli ravishda rad etdi.^[75] 1563 yil 1-noyabrda,^[13-eslatma] beshta qo'shin (60 ming kishi, 2400 ot va 360 fil) kampaniyani boshlash uchun Peguni tark etdi. Lan Na shahridan yana bir qo'shin tushishi kerak edi, lekin Lan Na qiroli Mekuti isyon ko'targan edi.^[75][76]

Bosqin yo'li markaziy Siam orqali o'tdi. Qo'shinlar asosiy markaziy shaharni egallab oldilar Kamphaeng Phet 1563 yil 4-dekabrda.^[14-eslatma] So'ngra qo'shinlarning uchtasi markaziy Siam shaharlarini olishga intilishdi Suxotay, Fitsanulok va Savankhalok. Fitsanulokdagi besh kunlik jangdan tashqari, qo'shinlar minimal qarshiliklarga duch kelishdi. Uch shaharning hukmdorlari ham Fichit topshirildi va o'z lavozimlariga qayta tayinlandi.^[77]

Keyin qo'shinlar pastga qarab yurishdi Ayutthaya. U erda ularni portlar tomon uch portugaliyalik harbiy kemalar va artilleriya batareyalari yordam bergan Siam qal'asi bir necha hafta davomida ushlab turishdi. Bosqinchilar, nihoyat, 1564 yil 7 fevralda Portugaliya kemalari va akkumulyatorlarini qo'lga kiritdilar, shundan so'ng qal'a zudlik bilan qulab tushdi.^[75][78] Siyam qiroli 1564 yil 18 fevralda taslim bo'ldi.^[79][80] Bayinnaung to'rtta oq filni ham, boshqa o'ljalarni ham oldi va yiqilgan shohni Peguni oldiga yubordi. U halok bo'lgan podshohning o'g'li Mahintratiratni Siamning vassal podshosi etib tayinladi va 3000 kishilik garnizonni tark etdi.^[75] Tailand manbalarida Bayinnaung ham olganligi qayd etilgan Shahzoda Ramesuan (รา เม ศ วร,), Maxa Chakkrafatning to'ng'ich o'g'li, u bilan birga Ayutthaya kantsleri Phraya Chakkri (พระยา จักรี) va Ayutthayaning harbiy boshlig'i Phra Sunthon Songkhram (สุนทร สุนทร สงคราม).^[81]

Lan Na va Lan Xang (1564–1565)

U nihoyat Siamni zabt etgan bo'lsa-da, u hali ham o'rta Tai mamlakati bilan muomala qilishi kerak edi. Lan Na qiroli Mekuti o'zining eski raqibi Lan Xangdagi Settatirat bilan ittifoqdosh edi. 1564 yil 23-oktabrda Bayinnaung o'zi beshta katta qo'shinni (64000 kishi, 3600 ot, 330 fil) boshchiligida boshladi va Lan Na-ga ikki tomonlama hujumni boshladi.^[82] To'lovlar butun imperiya tomonidan, jumladan, qo'shinlari boshchiligidagi Siam tomonidan kutib olindi Ramesuan, Siamning sobiq valiahd shahzodasi.^[83] Katta kuch namoyishi ishladi. To'rt janubiy qo'shin paydo bo'lganda Lamfun Chiang Maydan 20 km janubda, 1564 yil 25 noyabrda Chiang May mudofaasini boshqaradigan qo'mondonlar shunchaki shaharni tark etishdi.^[82] Mekuti endi kechirim so'rab, topshirdi. Bayinnaung singan shohning hayotini saqlab, uni Peguni oldiga yubordi. Keyin Birma qiroli keyingi to'rt oy davomida Lan Na shahrida bo'lib, mamlakatni boshqargan. U qirolichani tayinladi Visuddadevi, Peganing jiddiy qo'zg'oloni bilan shug'ullanish uchun 1565 yil 10-aprelda Chiang Mayni tark etishdan oldin Lan Na-ning vassal hukmdori sifatida.^[84]

Ammo Lan Xang juda qiyin loyihani isbotladi. Valiahd shahzodaning o'zi boshchiligidagi uchta qo'shin Lan Xangga bostirib kirdi va osongina qo'lga kiritildi Vientiane 1565 yil 2-yanvarda.^[15-eslatma] Ammo shoh Settatirat qochib qoldi. Keyingi bir necha oy davomida Birma qo'shinlari uni va uning kichik odamlarini Laos qishloqlari atrofida behuda quvib chiqdilar. Ko'plab qo'shinlar ochlikdan va kasallikdan vafot etdi.^[85] Birma qo'mondonligi nihoyat taslim bo'ldi va qo'shinlar 1565 yil 1-avgustda Вьентьянni tark etishdi.^[85][86] Ular Settatiratning kuyovini vassal podshoh qilib tayinladilar.^[87] Ular shuningdek, Lan Xang qirolligining ko'plab a'zolarini, shu jumladan Settatiratning 18 yoshli ukasini, Maha Ouparat.^[88]

Lan Na Bayinnaungning qolgan davrida tinch bo'lishi kerak edi. Vientianda esa vassal qirolning hokimiyati Birma garnizoni tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan poytaxtdan tashqariga chiqmagan. Setthatirath qishloqda faol bo'lib qoldi va 1567 yil oxirida Вьентьянga qaytib keladi.^[89]

Imperiyani saqlab qolish

After the Lan Xang campaign, Bayinnaung had at least nominal control over the lands stretching from Manipur in the northwest to Lan Xang in the east; and from the Chinese Shan states in the north to the Malay peninsula in the south. After a brief lull, he was to spend nearly a decade (1568–1576) keeping the empire intact.

Interlude (1565–1567)

Kanbavzatadi saroyi

Plan of the city of Pegu (Bago), 1568

After the 1565 rebellion by resettled Shans in Pegu, he faced no new rebellions for the next two years (1565–1567). Because the rebellion burned down major swaths of the capital, including the entire palace complex, he had the capital and the palace rebuilt. The new capital had 20 gates, each named after the vassal who built it.^[90] Each gate had a gilded two-tier pyatthat and gilded wooden doors.^[91]

The newly rebuilt Kanbawzathadi Palace was officially opened on 16 March 1568, with every vassal ruler present. He even gave upgraded titles to four former kings living in Pegu: Mobye Narapati of Ava, Sithu Kyawhtin of Ava, Mekuti of Lan Na, and Maha Chakkrafat Siam.^[92]

Lan Xang and Siam (1568–1569)

Even as he triumphantly entered the new palace as the universal ruler, or kakkavatti, trouble was already brewing in Lan Xang. About a month earlier, he had been informed that Setthathirath's forces not only had retaken Vientiane but were also raiding eastern districts of central Siam and Lan Na. In response, he had rushed down troops from the Shan states and Upper Burma to the border.^[92] But it was a rush job. The army could only muster 6000 troops on short notice, and was thoroughly routed at the border.^[93]

More bad news piled up. He learned on 12 May 1568 that southern Siam (Ayutthaya) too had revolted, and entered into an alliance with Lan Xang. Isyon boshchilik qildi Maha Chakkrafat, the deposed king of Siam whom Bayinnaung had just showered with honors and permitted to return to Ayutthaya on pilgrimage as a monk. No sooner had the monk arrived at Ayutthaya than he flung off the robe, and declared independence.^[94] But all was not lost. The ruler of central Siam (Phitsanulok), Maxa Tammarachattirat, remained loyal to him. On 29 May 1568, a dismayed Bayinnaung sent an army of 6000 to reinforce Phitsanulok.^[95]

The war began in June. Desperate to consolidate the Chao-Phraya vodiysi before the expected dry-season invasion, combined Ayutthaya and Lan Xang forces braved unforgiving rainy season conditions and laid siege to Phitsanulok. But Phitsanulok's reinforced defenses held. In late October/early November,^[96] the besiegers retreated to their respective cities before the upcoming invasion.^[97] Bayinnaung's five armies (54,600 men, 5300 horses, 530 elephants) arrived at Phitsanulok on 27 November 1568.^[16-eslatma] Reinforced at Phitsanulok, combined armies of 70,000^[17-eslatma] marched down along the Chao Phraya to Ayutthaya, and laid siege to the city in December 1568.

But the Burmese armies, despite taking immense losses, could not break through for months. When Setthathirath and his army approached to relieve the city, Bayinnaung left Binnya Dala in command of the siege, and left with half his force to meet the enemy. On 8 May 1569, he decisively defeated Setthathirath northeast of the city, after which Lan Xang ceased to be of concern to the siege operations.^[98][99] Meanwhile, Maha Chakkraphat had died, and his son Mahintratirat made an offer of conditional surrender. It was refused. Bayinnaung demanded an unconditional surrender.^[98] Instead he sent one of his Siamese nobles to the city, pretending to be a deserter. King Mahinthrathirat promptly appointed him to a high command. Through the spy's treacherous machinations, one of the city's gates was opened.^[98] The city fell on that very night on 2 August 1569.^[18-eslatma] Bayinnaung appointed Maha Thammarachathirat king of Siam on 29 September 1569.^[19-eslatma]

Remote regions

While Bayinnaung had decisively defeated Siam, his most powerful rival in the region, his greatest challenge would turn out to be keeping remote, mountainous states in the farthest corners of his empire in check. Guerrilla warfare by small rebel armies combined with difficult terrain and starvation caused more problems for the king's armies than the armies of Siam ever did.

Lan Xang (1569–1570)

The remote hilly Lan Xang proved most troublesome. He personally led the two-pronged invasion of Lan Xang in October 1569. Setthathirath made a stand at Vientiane for a few months before retreating into the jungle in February 1570 to conduct his tried-and-true guerrilla warfare. Bayinnaung and his men spent the next two months combing the Lao countryside. Setthathirath was nowhere to be found but many Burmese troops died of starvation and from long marches. Bayinnaung finally called off the search in April 1570, and returned home.^[100][101] When the king arrived back at Pegu, very few men of the original army had survived to reach their own country.^[101]

Northern Shan states (1571–1572)

Lan Xang was not the only remote, mountainous region the Burmese king had trouble controlling. The northernmost Shan states of Mohnyin and Mogaung (and their vassals in present-day Kachin State and Sagaing Region) collectively revolted in July 1571. He sent two 12,000-strong armies led by Nanda and Thado Dhamma Yaza II. The armies easily recaptured the states. But, like in Lan Xang, the troops spent five punishing months fruitlessly chasing after the renegade saofalar in the snow-clad foothills of the Himalayas.^[102]

Lan Xang (1572–1573)

Statue of King Setthathirath at Vientiane Bugun

Meanwhile, Setthathirath's forces sacked the Burmese garrison at Vientiane. Fortunately for the Burmese, so it seemed, the Lan Xang king was killed shortly after—sometime before mid-1572, and a senior minister and general named Sen Soulinta taxtni egallab oldi.^[103] (In Laotian history, the events took place a year earlier. Setthathirath retook Vientiane in the dry season of 1570–1571, and died in 1571.^[104]) Much to his surprise, Soulintha refused Bayinnaung's ultimatum to submit. Incredulous, Bayinnaung sent Binnya Dala to lead an invasion with a small army of 6000, with the majority of troops coming from Lan Na and Siam. But he and the Toungoo court had underestimated the opposition. Lan Xang's strength was more than Setthathirath, and Soulintha proved no pushover. The small Burmese army suffered from partizan hujumlari, and had to retreat in early 1573. At Pegu, the king was furious at Binnya Dala, hitherto his most trusted adviser and favorite general, despite the fact that he had given the general little to work with. He sent Binnya Dala into exile "to a sickly place" in central Siam, where the general who had won him many a battle died from illness six months later.^[105][106]

Lan Xang and northern Shan states (1574–1577)

He immediately ordered the levy to be raised to invade Lan Xang in the following dry season of 1573–1574. But the kingdom had been in constant campaign mode, and his annual demands of more levies were pushing his vassals to the breaking point. Even his senior advisers murmured loudly, and the king reluctantly agreed to postpone the expedition for a year. The respite did little to restore the ranks of depleted vassals. When the conscription drive came in 1574, the northernmost states of Mohnyin and Mogaung refused, and revolted.^[106]

The king was unfazed. He ordered Thado Minsaw, the ruler of Ava, to take care of the northern states while he personally led the Lan Xang campaign. On 1 October 1574, Thado Minsaw's army (6000 men, 800 horses, 80 elephants), made up of regiments from Upper Burma and the Shan states, marched north. Six days later, Bayinnaung's four armies (34,000 men, 1800 horses, 180 elephants), with regiments from Lower Burma, Lan Na and Siam, began the Lan Xang campaign.^[107] The armies arrived before Vientiane after 60 days marching.^[20-eslatma] On 6 December 1574, the king and his massive armies faced no opposition entering Vientiane, as Soulintha had already evacuated to the countryside. Fortunately for the Burmese king, Soulintha was viewed as a usurper by his own officers, who arrested him and presented him to the conqueror.^[106] Burmese armies again fanned out to and received tribute from the Lao countryside, including easternmost Lan Xang, which is now part of present-day Vetnam.^[108] The Burmese king appointed a younger brother of Setthathirath, Maha Oupahat (Chao Tha Heua), king of Lan Xang with the regnal nomi Voravongsa I, and returned to Pegu on 16 April 1575.^[109][110] Since he was a true high Lan Xang royal he was accepted by the populace as the rightful successor to Setthathirath. Lan Xang was finally under control.

The low-grade rebellion in Mohnyin and Mogaung remained a pesky thorn in Bayinnaung's side. The rebel chiefs simply retreated to the jungle when the army showed up, returning right after the army left. The king was particularly annoyed that the leader of the rebellion, the young saopha of Mogaung, had been raised at the Pegu palace, and that he himself had appointed him to the office in 1572.^[111] He personally marched north in late 1575, and sent several battalions to comb the jungles. One battalion ran into the rebels deep in the hills, and killed the saopha of Mohnyin.^[112] But the saopha of Mogaung escaped and remained at large for another year and a half. When the renegade saopha was finally captured, and brought before the king on 30 September 1577,^[21-eslatma] the king ordered that the young chief be exhibited in fetters for a week at each of the twenty gates of Pegu, and that he and his followers be sold as slaves in India.^{[113][22-eslatma]}

Keyingi yillar

Seylon

16th-century Ceylon

Temple of the Tooth Relic in Kandy, Sri Lanka

By 1576, almost no one wanted to challenge Bayinnaung's rule, and the rest of his reign was to be relatively quiet. Other states in the region—in particular, rival Ceylonese kingdoms—were keen to receive his support. For his part, Bayinnaung viewed himself as the protector of Theravada buddizm, and had long tried to promote and protect the religion in Ceylon. Two decades earlier, in November 1555,^[114] he sent rich presents to the Tooth of Kandy, and bought land there to keep lights continually burning at the shrine. His craftsmen beautified the temple and swept it with the broom made of his and his chief queen's hair. In 1560, upon hearing that the Portuguese had seized and taken the tooth relic to Goa, he sent envoys to secure the relic for 800,000 silver kyat (41,000 pounds sterling) and shiploads of rice, whenever needed, to provision the Portuguese garrison at Malakka. Noib Constantino de Bragança was interested but the Archbishop of Goa, Gaspar de Leo-Pereyra, overruled him by threatening the viceroy with an Inkvizitsiya style trial. In 1561, "while the Burmese envoys gazed in frozen horror, the archbishop placed the Tooth in a mortar, grounded it to powder, burned it in a brazier, and cast the ashes into the river."^[115][116] The Ceylonese however claimed that the destroyed relic had been a replica, and that the true Tooth had remained in Ceylon. Two teeth, claimed to be the real Tooth, appeared in Ceylon, one at Kolombo ikkinchisi esa Kendi.^[115]

By the 1570s, both Kotte and Kandy were jockeying for Bayinnaung's support. Qirol Dharmapala ning Kotte was the most active. He presented who he said was his daughter to Bayinnaung. The princess was received with great fanfare at Bassein (Pathein) on 24 September 1573.^[117] Ga binoan G.E. Xarvi, however, the Kotte king's action was not voluntary: the Burmese king had demanded a princess to fulfill a prophecy given by his astrologers, and Dharmapala, who had no daughters, complied by sending the daughter of a chamberlain, whom he had treated as his own.^[118] At any rate, Dharmapala, who had converted to Katoliklik, continued to curry favor by sending what he claimed was the real Tooth relic, ostensibly to be safeguarded under the protection of the great Buddhist king. The main purpose of his mission was to seek military help against a rebellion. The Tooth was received on 14 July 1576.^[119] While it is unclear whether Bayinnaung actually believed in the authenticity of the relic, the possession of a holy Tooth, which many millions of subjects believed in, was of the highest importance.^[116] In return, Bayinnaung sent 2500 of his best "invulnerables" from all parts of the empire in five ships to Colombo.^[23-eslatma] The king's best troops easily defeated the rebellion, which was noticed by the other three rulers on the island. Chronicles say that the Burmese generals then received the rulers of the four kingdoms of Ceylon in Colombo, and instructed them to safeguard the religion.^[120] Qirol Karaliyadde Bandara ning Kendi, offered a daughter and what he claimed was the real Tooth. But His Majesty, seeing no reason to reopen the case, would not enter into controversy with skeptics and dismissed them with thanks.^[118]

Lan Na and Lan Xang (1579)

No troubles arose when Queen Visuddhadevi of Lan Na, who had successfully kept the middle Tai country quiet for over 13 years, died on 2 January 1579.^[121] Bayinnaung's choice Nawrahta Minsaw, one of his sons, faced no problems taking over the Lan Na throne. When instabilities arose in Lan Xang, he took no chances. On 17 October 1579, he sent a sizable army (22,000 men, 1200 horses, 120 elephants), which faced no opposition.^[122] According to Laotian history, the vassal king of Lan Xang Maha Ouparat died in 1580, and Bayinnaung installed Sen Soulinta, the usurper whom he had kept in Pegu since 1574, as the successor.^[123] The Burmese chronicles make no mention of any change for the rest of the king's reign. The Chronicles' lone post-1579 entry on Lan Xang during his reign simply states that on 2 September 1581, the king commissioned a Buddhist pagoda in Lan Xang.^[124] The Chronicles say that the vassal king died in September/October 1588.^[125]

Arakan (1580–1581)

By 1580, not only had the "universal ruler" subdued all the countries which had occupied his attention for the last three decades but he also had the respect of neighboring states. He faced no internal or external threats (although Portuguese Goa considered itself technically at war with Burma for her interference in Ceylon).^[116] Instead of resting, he turned his gaze on Arakan, the kingdom he and Tabinshwehti unsuccessfully tried to conquer in 1545–1547. He determined that it was now time to reduce the western coastal kingdom to the vassal status it held under the Pagan kings once more.^[116] A year earlier, he had sent an embassy to Emperor Akbar ning Mughal imperiyasi, which had just acquired Bengal in 1576, perhaps to ascertain whether his occupation of Arakan would be viewed as an act of hostility to the Mughals.^[116]

At any rate, the king sent an 8000-strong naval invasion force on 15 October 1580.^[126] The fleet, which consisted of 200 ships, went on to occupy Sandoway in November 1580.^{[127][24-eslatma]} The king had probably planned to lead the assault on the Arakanese capital Mrauk-U by himself but could not because of his failing health. The invasion force remained inactive at Sandoway for a year. The king sent additional land and naval forces (29,000 troops, 1600 horses, 120 elephants) on 28 August 1581 in preparation for the coming dry season campaign.^[25-eslatma] But the king died six weeks later, and the invasion forces withdrew soon after.^[116]

Ma'muriyat

Emperor without an empire

Toungoo imperiyasi 1580 yilda. "Sharq qadar davlatlar Vetnam va Kambodja ehtimol Bayinnaungga targ'ibot marosimini o'tkazgan. "^[72] Xronikalar ham da'vo qilmoqda Cachar and much deeper parts of Yunnan, and treat the Ceylonese Kingdom of Kotte as a protectorate.^[128]

Bayinnaung successfully assembled the largest empire in Burmese history.^[26-eslatma] The empire spanned "from Manipur Kambodjaga yurishlar and the borders of Arakan to Yunnan,"^[1] and likely received "propitiatory homage" from states as far east as Vetnam va Kambodja.^[72] Notwithstanding its fragility, his realm was certainly the largest empire in the history of mainland Southeast Asia^[129] and "probably the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia."^[1] The Portuguese called Pegu "the most powerful monarchy in Asia except that of China."^[130]

But Bayinnaung, who began his reign as a "king without a kingdom",^[30] ended his reign as an "emperor without an empire."^[131] Ga binoan Tunga qaraganda, Bayinnaung conquered territories not to colonize them but to gain the loyalty of their rulers. He kept conquered kings and lords in their own positions so long as they remained loyal to him. Tun Aung Chain adds that "the extensive polity was held together not so much by formal institutions as personal relationships" based on the concepts of bu (သစ္စာ, 'allegiance') and kyezu (ကျေးဇူး, 'obligation')."^[131] Lieberman writes: "... he presented himself as kakkavatti, or World Ruler, par excellence ..."^[132]

This was nothing new. The king was simply following the then prevailing Southeast Asian quyosh politesining ma'muriy modeli unda yuqori qirol yadroni boshqargan, yarim mustaqil irmoqlar, muxtor noiblar va hokimlar aslida kundalik ma'muriyat va ishchi kuchini boshqargan.^[24] As such, the "King of Kings" governed only Pegu and the Mon country himself, leaving the rest of the realm to vassal kings in Ava, Prome, Lan Na, Lan Xang, Martaban, Siam, and Toungoo.^[90] He regarded Lan Na as the most important of all the vassal states, and spent much time there.^[90]

He administered Lower Burma with the help of ministers, the vast majority of whom were of ethnic Mon background. (The word used by European visitors to describe a court official was semini, Italian translation of smim, Mon for lord.)^[33] His chief minister was Binnya Dala, known for his military and administrative abilities, and literary talents.^[33][137]

Ma'muriy islohotlar

He introduced administrative reforms only at the margins. By and large, he simply grafted the prevailing decentralized administration system, which barely worked for petty states like his native Toungoo, to the largest polity ever in the region.^[138] Indeed, it did not work for mid-size kingdoms like Ava, Hanthawaddy, Lan Na, and Siam. (Ava had always had to contend with Prome and Toungoo; Pegu with Martaban and Bassein; Chiang Mai with Chiang Saen and Nan; Ayutthaya with Phitsanulok; etc.) Now, because of the sheer size of the empire, the system was even more decentralized and stretched thinner still. Qanday bo'lmasin, bu Toungoo shohlari biladigan yagona tizim edi va ular "uni saqlab qolishdan boshqa ilojlari yo'q edi".^[138]

He, perhaps inadvertently, did introduce a key reform, which turned out to be the most important and most enduring of his legacies.^[3] It was his policy to administer the Shan states, which had constantly raided Upper Burma since the late 13th century. Shoh ruxsat berdi saofalar of the states to retain their royal regalia and ceremonies, and feudal rights over their subjects. The office of the saopha remained hereditary. Ammo amaldagi prezident saofa could now be removed by the king for gross misconduct although the king's choice of successor was limited to members of the saopha's own family. The key innovation was that he required sons of his vassal rulers to reside in his palace as pages, who served a dual purpose: they were hostages for good conduct of their fathers and they received valuable training in Burmese court life. Uning Shan siyosati 1885 yilda qirollikning inglizlar qo'liga qulashiga qadar barcha Birma qirollari tomonidan kuzatilgan.^[3]

Still, his reforms were ad hoc and experimental. Patron-client relationships still mattered much more than weak or non-existent institutions: his vassals were loyal to him, not Toungoo Burma. The reforms he started would ultimately be expanded by his 17th-century successors.^[139] But they had not sufficiently taken root by his death to prevent his "overheated" empire from rapidly collapsing in the next two decades.^[138]

Legal and commercial standardizations

His Majesty introduced a measure of legal uniformity by summoning learned monks and officials from all over his dominions to prescribe an official collection of law books. Olimlar tuzdilar Dhammathat Kyaw va Kosaungchok, Kingga asoslangan Wareru "s dhammathat. Uning sudida berilgan qarorlar yig'ildi Xantavaddi Xsinbyumyashin Xpyat-hton.^[90] He promoted the new law throughout the empire so far as it was compatible with customs and practices of local society.^[3] Birma odatiy huquqining qabul qilinishi va Birma taqvimi uning hukmronlik davrida Siamda boshlangan.^[140] He also standardized the weights and measurements such as the cubit, tical, basket throughout the realm.^[90][130]

Din ishlari

Shwezigon Pagoda Bell donated by Banyinnaung in Bagan. The inscriptions on the bell written in Birma, Dushanba va Pali refer to him as the "Conqueror of the Ten Directions", the title by which he is widely known in Mon and Tailandcha.^[56]

Another enduring legacy of Bayinnaung was his introduction of a more orthodox Theravada Buddhism to Upper Burma and the Shan states.^[141] He propagated the religious reforms begun by King Dhammazedi in the late 1470s. Viewing himself as the "model Buddhist king," the king distributed copies of the scriptures, fed monks, and built pagodas at every new conquered state from Upper Burma and the Shan states to Lan Na and Siam. Some of the pagodas are still to be seen, and in later ages the Burmese would point to them as proof of their claim to rule those countries still.^[115] Following in the footsteps of Dhammazedi, he supervised mass ordinations at the Kalyani ordination Hall at Pegu in his orthodox Theravada Buddhism in the name of purifying the religion.^[115] He prohibited all human and animal sacrifices throughout the kingdom. In particular, he forbade the Shan practice of killing the slaves and animals belonging to a saofa uning dafn marosimida.^[3] His attempts to rid of animist nat worship from Buddhism, however, failed.^[3]

He donated jewels to adorn the crowns of many a pagoda, including the Shvedagon, Shwemawdaw, Kyaiktiyo, and many less famous ones. He added a new spire to the Shwedagon in 1564 after the death of his beloved queen Yaza Devi.^[115] His main temple was the Mahazedi Pagoda at Pegu, which he built in 1561. He tried but failed to secure the release of the Tooth of Kandy from the Portuguese in 1560. He later interfered with the internal affairs of Ceylon in the 1570s, ostensibly to protect the religion there.

Iqtisodiyot

His kingdom was mainly an agrarian state with a few wealthy maritime trading ports. The main ports were Syuriya (Thanlyin), Dala, and Martaban. The kingdom exported commodities such as rice and jewels. At Pegu, overseas trade was in the hands of eight brokers appointed by the king. Their fee was two percent. Their honesty and business-like methods won the esteem of European merchants. The wealth was seen at the capital. Contemporary European travelers would "never tire of describing Pegu—the long moat full of crocodiles, the walls, the watch-towers, the gorgeous palace, the great processions with elephants and palanquins and grandees in shining robes, the shrines filled with images of massy gold and gems, the unending hosts of armed men, and the apparition of the great king himself."^[142] The king appointed officials to supervise merchant shipping and sent out ships to undertake commercial voyages.^[130] The prosperous life at the capital, however, was probably not replicated at the countryside. Annual mobilizations of men greatly reduced the manpower necessary to cultivate the rice fields. Harvests at times fell perilously low, causing severe rice shortages, such as in 1567.^[143]

Harbiy

Qirollik Birma armiyasi mobilization (1530–1599)

Bayinnaung built the largest empire in Southeast Asia on the back of "breathtaking" military conquests. His success has been attributed to a "more martial Toungoo tradition", Portuguese firearms, foreign mercenaries, and larger forces.^[144]

First, he was a product of Toungoo, a rebellion-prone former vassal of Ava, where he as a young man at the palace received a military-style education since childhood.^[8] With their training, he and Tabinshwehti launched their first campaign against a larger, wealthier Hanthawaddy when they were both just 18.

Secondly, the beginning of their military careers coincided with the arrival of Portuguese cannon and matchlocks in large quantities. Portuguese weaponry proved superior in accuracy, safety, ballistic weight, and rapidity of fire to Asian-made firearms. The duo arrived at the coast on the cusp of this transformation, and quickly turned it to their advantage, incorporating Portuguese firearms as well as Portuguese and Indian Ocean (mostly Muslim) mercenaries into their forces.^[144][145] Indigenous infantry and elephant units also began using guns, with 20–33% of the troops so equipped on some late 16th century campaigns.^[144] According to Lieberman, "had Toungoo attacked Pegu a generation later, it is conceivable that Portuguese guns could have given Pegu the victory, thus altering the course of history."^[144] But it was Toungoo that seized Hanthawaddy's advantages and leveraged them into an empire.

Finally, Bayinnaung was able to marshal more manpower than any ruler in the region. He required every new conquered state to provide conscripts for his next campaign. Using both larger forces and superior firearms, he had no trouble reducing Manipur and the entire Shan world to tributary status. His larger forces and their greater fighting experience proved to make the difference against Siam, which too was a wealthy coastal power with a powerful well-equipped military.^[144]

It turned out however that Siam was not his greatest adversary. It was the remote mountainous states like Lan Xang, Mohnyin and Mogaung whose guerrilla warfare gave him constant trouble. Many of his men died from starvation and disease while fruitlessly searching for elusive bands of rebels, year after year. (The death toll must have been significant since it made it to the chronicles.) He was fortunate that the charismatic guerrilla leader Setthathirath died. In the end, his military might alone could not bring lasting peace. He needed competent local rulers, who commanded the respect of the local populace, to rule the lands on his behalf. History shows that he used the political solution instead to maintain peace.

To be sure, the individual ingredients alone cannot explain his success. The same ingredients were available to his successors. Yet no one (in Burma or elsewhere in the successor states of his empire) could put them together. For example, he raised upwards of 60,000 to 70,000 men for his major campaigns. His Toungoo successors raised a third at most. It was not until the early Konbaung kings that the army again raised nearly as many men. Harvey notes: "From his teens until his death, he was constantly in the field, leading every major campaign in person. The failure of other kings who attempted the same conquests is the measure of his ability."^[146]

O'lim va vorislik

The king died on 10 October 1581 after a long illness.^[28-eslatma] His full reign name at death was "Thiri Tri Bawa Naditra Pawara Pandita Thudhamma Yaza Maha Dipadi."^[147]

His eldest son and heir-apparent Nanda took over the throne without incident.^[148] But the empire, which Bayinnaung had built on military conquests and maintained by both military power and personal relationships with the vassal rulers, was to crumble soon after. The first crack appeared in the far north in September 1582 when the Chinese Shan states of Sanda and Thaungthut revolted. The rebellion was put down in March 1583. Much more serious cracks followed. Ava (Upper Burma) revolted in October 1583, and the rebellion was put down on 24 April 1584.^[149] Siam revolted on 3 May 1584. Nanda would spend the rest of his reign fighting Siam and other former vassals and would lose the entire empire in the process by 1599.

Oila

The king had three principal queens consort and over 50 other junior queens. In all, he left 97 children.^[29-eslatma] The following is a list of notable queens and their issue.

A notable queen of Bayinnaung in Thai history is Suphankanlaya, qirolning qizi Maxa Tammarachattirat Siam.

Meros

Statue of Bayinnaung in front of the DSA

Bayinnaung is considered one of the three greatest Burmese kings, alongside Anawrahta va Alaungpaya, ning asoschilari Birinchidan va Third Burmese Empires navbati bilan. The king is mostly remembered for his military conquests, not just in Myanmar but also in Thailand and Laos. His reign has been called "the greatest explosion of human energy ever seen in Burma."^[146] In Myanmar, the soldier-king is considered the favorite king of the present-day Burmese generals. Ga binoan Thant Myint-U, the generals often see themselves "as fighting the same enemies and in the same places... their soldiers slugging their way through the same thick jungle, preparing to torch a town or press-gang villagers. The past closer, more comparable, a way to justify present action. His statues are there because the ordeal of welding a nation together by force is not just history."^[150] In Thailand, he is well known as the "Conqueror of the Ten Directions" (พระเจ้าชนะสิบทิศ),^[56] from the 1931 novel Phu Chana Sip Thit (ผู้ชนะสิบทิศ, "Conqueror of the Ten Directions") by Chote Praepan (โชติ แพร่พันธุ์). He has thus far escaped the increasingly negative portrayals of Burmese kings in Thai history books. As the founder of an empire geografik jihatdan centered in Siam, he is well known by the Thai people, and often still treated with respect. In Laos, King Setthathirath is lionized for his pesky resistance to the empire.

Though he is best known for empire building, his greatest legacy was his integration of the Shan states, which eliminated the threat of Shan raids into Upper Burma, an overhanging concern to Upper Burma since the late 13th century. His Shan policy, greatly enhanced by later Toungoo kings, reduced the power of hereditary saofalar, and brought hill customs in line with low-land norms. This policy was followed by Burmese kings right up to the final fall of the kingdom to the British in 1885.^[3]

Ning qabul qilinishi Birma odatiy huquqi va Birma taqvimi uning hukmronlik davrida Siamda boshlangan. Siam Birma kalendaridan 1889 yilgacha foydalangan.^[140][151]

Xotiralar

Bayinnaung haykali (o'rtada) bilan birga Anawrahta (juda chapda) va Alaungpaya (o'ng tomonda) oldida DSA.

Myanmada Bayinnaungni bir necha jihatdan yod etishadi.

• Bayinnaung ko'prigi, osma ko'prik Yangon
• Bayinnaung bozori, Yangondagi asosiy tovar bozori
• Bayinnaung yo'li, Yangondagi yo'l
• Bayinnaung haykali, asosiy parad maydonida joylashgan shohlarning uchta haykalidan biri Naypyidaw. Qolgan ikkitasi Anavraxta va Alaungpayaning haykallari.
• Bayinnaung burni, Myanmaning materikning eng janubiy nuqtasi
• Bayinnaung jamoasi, Birma boshlang'ich va o'rta maktablaridagi beshta talabalar jamoalaridan biri
• UMS Bayinnaung, Myanma dengiz floti Anawrahta sinfidagi korvet

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Bayinnaung - bu asosiy belgi Empires II davri: Rajalarning ko'tarilishi tomonidan nashr etilgan Xbox Game Studios.

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

• Peguga sayohat va u erdagi kuzatuvlar, taxminan 1583 yil, Gaspero Balbi
• Pegu hisobi (1586–1587), Sezar Fedrici tomonidan.
• 1596 yilda Birmadan Laosgacha bo'lgan urush asirlarining Laosga qaytishi: tarixiy manbalarni taqqoslash Jon Fernquest, Ma Fa Faang universiteti, SOAS byulleteni, 2005 yil bahor
• XVI-XIX asrlarda Birma davlatlarining o'sishi va rivojlanishidan ko'rinib turganidek, Birma va Siam o'rtasidagi ziddiyatning o'zgaruvchan tabiati, Pamaree Surakiat tomonidan, 2006 yil mart, Osiyo tadqiqot instituti, Singapur.