Kambodja-Tailand chegara mojarosi - Cambodian–Thai border dispute

Kambodja-Tailand chegara mojarosi
Preah Vihear ibodatxonasining fotosurati
The Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi
Sana2008 yil 22 iyun - 2011 yil 15 dekabr
(3 yil, 5 oy, 3 hafta va 2 kun)
Manzil
Kambodja-Tailand chegarasi
Natija

Kambodja siyosiy g'alabasi:

ICJ qarori Preah Vihearni Kambodjaga topshirdi[1]
Urushayotganlar
 Kambodja Tailand
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
19 askar halok bo'ldi[2]
3 tinch aholi halok bo'ldi[3]		16 askar halok bo'ldi[4]
2 fuqaro o'ldirildi[5][6]

The Kambodja-Tailand chegara mojarosi Kambodja va Tailand o'rtasida XI asr atrofini o'z ichiga olgan bir asrlik tortishuvning so'nggi davri sifatida 2008 yil iyun oyida boshlangan. Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi, ichida Dangrêk tog'lari o'rtasida Choam Xsant tuman Preah Vihear Shimoliy Kambodja viloyati va Kantharalak tuman (amfo ) ichida Sisaket viloyati ning Tailandning shimoli-sharqida.

Kambodjaning Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidagi elchisining so'zlariga ko'ra, eng so'nggi nizo 2008 yil 15-iyulda taxminan 50 ta Tailand askarlari Kambodja hududidan 300 metr (980 fut) masofada joylashgan Keo Sixa Kiri Svara pagoda yaqiniga ko'chib o'tgandan keyin boshlangan. Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi.[7] Tailandning ta'kidlashicha, ma'badga tutash hududning tashqi qismlari uchun demarkatsiya hali tugallanmagan, bu Kambodja deb topilgan. Xalqaro sud (ICJ) 1962 yilda.[8] 2008 yil avgustga kelib, bahs 13-asrga qadar kengayib ketdi Ta Moan ibodatxonasi Preah-Vixardan (153 kilometr) g'arbdagi murakkab (14 ° 20′57 ″ N. 103 ° 15′59 ″ E / 14.34917 ° N 103.26639 ° E / 14.34917; 103.26639), bu erda Kambodja Tailand qo'shinlarini ibodatxona majmuasini egallab olganlikda ayblagan, u Kambodja erida. Tailand tashqi ishlar vazirligi 2011 yil aprel oyida bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvda bir necha kishi halok bo'lguncha ushbu hududga biron bir qo'shin ko'chib o'tganini rad etdi.[9][10] 2011 yil dekabr oyida bahsli hududdan qo'shinlarni olib chiqish to'g'risida kelishuvga erishildi.[11]

2013 yil 11-noyabrda ICJ 1962 yilgi ICJ qarori bilan barchasini taqdirlaganligini bir ovozdan e'lon qildi burun Preah Vihearning Kambodjaga borishi va Tailand ushbu hududda joylashgan har qanday Tailand harbiylari, politsiyasi yoki qo'riqchilarini olib chiqib ketishga majbur bo'lganligi.[1] Biroq, u Kambodjaning hukmida Pnom Trap tepaligini (ma'baddan uch kilometr shimoli-g'arbda) Kambodjaga berganligi haqidagi dalilni rad etdi va tepalik ustidan suverenitet to'g'risida hech qanday qaror chiqarmaganligini aniqladi.

Fon

Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi hududi Kambodja va Tailandda 19-asr oxiridan beri munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi.

Ma'bad majmuasi milodiy 9-10 asrlarda homiyligida qurilgan Khmer imperiyasi. Imperiya o'zining avj pallasiga etib borgan va a sekin pasayish, Ayutthaya Qirolligi zamonaviy Tailand davlatiga aylana boshladi. Siam va Vetnam ichiga kengaytirilgan Kambodja hududi o'z navbatida Ayutthaya paytida, Thonburi va Rattanakosin davrlar.[iqtibos kerak ]

The 1867 yildagi Franko-Siyam shartnomasi Siamni voz kechishga majbur qildi suzerainty bundan mustasno, Kambodja ustidan Battambang, Siem Reap, Banteay Meanchi va Oddar Meanchay Viloyatlar,[12] rasmiy ravishda Siam qirolligiga kiritilgan edi. 1904 yilgi davlat tashrifi davomida Qirol Rama V Frantsiyaga Siam Tailand suverenitetini qaytarib berish evaziga to'rt viloyatni Frantsiyaga berishga rozi bo'ldi Trat viloyati va Amfo Dan Sai ning Loei viloyati Frantsiya tomonidan bosib olingan edi.[12]

1907 yilda Tailand - Kambodja chegarasi ikki tomonlama chegara komissiyasi nomidan frantsuzlar tomonidan xaritaga tushirildi. 1904 yilgi kelishuvga binoan chegara mamlakatlar o'rtasidagi tabiiy suv havzasi bo'ylab ketishi kerak edi. Biroq, hosil bo'lgan xarita Preah Vihear ibodatxonasini Kambodjada ekanligini ko'rsatib, garchi u suv havzasining Tailand tomonida bo'lsa ham. Tailand xaritani rasmiy foydalanish uchun qabul qildi. Tailandliklar bu xatoni 1930-yillarda o'zlarining tadqiqotlarini o'tkazganlarida aniqladilar, ammo ICJ ularning noroziligini juda uzoq kutib, ma'badni "birlashish" bilan yo'qotib qo'yganliklarini qaror qildi.[13]

Darhol oldin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Tailand hukumati bilan chegarani sozlash bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishga urindi Frantsuz Hind-Xitoy. Biroq, bu bilan tugadi 1940 yilda frantsuzlar taslim bo'lishdi ga Natsistlar Germaniyasi uchun Kam mamlakatlar ga Belgiya va Italiyaning Liviyaga qarshi ikkinchi musulmonlarga qarshi qayta fathi va ijro etish Senussi Isyonchilar etakchisi Omar Muxtor yilda Italiyaning mustamlakachilik boshqaruvi yilda Liviya (Bugungi kun Liviya ). Keyin feldmarshal Plaek Phibunsongxram hukumati Tailandning 1904 va 1907 yilgi almashinuvlarda yo'qotgan hududini qaytarish uchun frantsuz Hind-Xitoy mustamlakachilar hukumatiga bosim o'tkazdi: Battambang viloyati Tailand (zamonaviy kun Battambang viloyati va Pailin munitsipalitet, Kambodja), Phibunsongkhram viloyati (zamonaviy kun Siem Reap viloyati, Oddar Meanchay viloyati va Bantey Meanchi viloyati Kambodja), Nakhon Champa Sak viloyati (zamonaviy kun Champassak viloyati, Laos, Preax-Vixar viloyati, Kambodja) va Laosning Sayaburi viloyati (hozirgi kun) Xaignabuli viloyati, Laos); (Quyidagi xaritaga qarang ) [12] Frantsiya mustamlakachilik hukumati bu talabni rad etdi va chegara bo'ylab janglar boshlandi. 1940 yil dekabrda Phibunsongxram frantsuz Hind-Xitoyiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bostirib kirishni buyurdi Frantsiya-Tailand urushi. Tailand armiyasi va havo kuchlari yaxshi jihozlangan va raqamlarga nisbatan ustunlikka ega edi Mustamlakachi frantsuzcha kuchlar; ular frantsuz xorijiy legioni va frantsuz mustamlakachisi qo'shinlarini ozgina qiyinchilik bilan orqaga surdilar. Biroq, zamonaviyroq Frantsiya harbiy-dengiz floti Tailand flotini kutilmaganda ushlab oldi va bu erda qat'iy g'alabaga erishdi Koh Chang jangi. Imperial Yaponiya mojaro ularning Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi rejalariga ta'sir qilishidan xavotirlanib, vositachilik qilishga aralashdi.[14] Umumiy sulh 1941 yil 28 yanvarda e'lon qilingan. 9 may kuni Tokioda tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi, frantsuzlar yaponlar tomonidan Tailand talab qilgan hududlarga bo'lgan da'vosidan voz kechishga majbur qilindi.

Ma'bad joylashgan joyni ko'rsatadigan Kambodja va Tailand xaritasi

1941 yil 7-dekabr kuni, bir necha soat oldin Perl-Harborga hujum, Yaponiya qo'shinlarini Tailand bo'ylab Malay chegarasiga ko'chirish huquqini talab qildi. Taylandliklar javob berishidan oldin, Yaponiyaning Tailandga bosqini Kambodja chegarasi bo'ylab va dengiz qirg'og'ining etti nuqtasida boshlandi. Tailand kuchlari qarshilik ko'rsatdi, ammo ko'p o'tmay yaponlar uni kaltakladilar. Faqat olti-etti soatdan keyin Bosh vazir Plaek Phibunsongkhram Bangkokga etib keldi va zudlik bilan sulhni to'xtatishni buyurdi. Yaponiyaga istaksiz ravishda bepul o'tish imkoniyati berildi va Yaponiya osonlikcha bosib olganidan keyin Singapur, Phibunsongkhram Yaponiya bilan harbiy ittifoqni 1941 yil 21 dekabrda imzoladi. Unda maxfiy protokol mavjud bo'lib, unda Tokio Tailandga yo'qotgan hududlarini qaytarib olishga yordam berishga rozi bo'lgan. Inglizlar va Frantsuz mustamlakachilik kuchlari. Buning evaziga Tailand Yaponiyaga ittifoqchilarga qarshi urushda yordam berishga va'da berdi.

Urush tugagandan so'ng, Bosh vazir Pridi Phanomyong "ozod qilingan" hududlarni Frantsiyaga qaytarib berishga rozi bo'ldi, buning evaziga u va Tailand tajovuzkor yoki uning a'zosi sifatida qaralmadi. Eksa kuchlari. Shuningdek, u yangi tashkil etilgan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotiga qabul qilishni so'radi. Dastlab, ham Buyuk Britaniya, ham Sovet Ittifoqi Yaponiyaga qarshi faol er osti harakatiga qaramay Tailandni tajovuzkor deb bildi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari minnatdorchilik bilan aralashdi Tailandning bepul harakati va urush davridagi ittifoqchilarida kelishib olishdi.

Bilan Kambodja mustaqilligi va 1953 yilda frantsuzlarning chiqib ketishi, Tailand harbiylari 1954 yilda tabiiy suv havzasining chegara chizig'iga rioya qilgan holda Preah Vixar ibodatxonasini egallab olishdi. Ma'bad shimolga qaragan holda, undan pastroqdagi Kambodja tekisligiga emas, balki yuqorisidagi tekisliklarga xizmat qilish uchun qurilgan edi. Biroq, 1907 yilgi frantsuz xaritasiga asoslanib, Kambodja norozilik bildirdi va bu ularning hududida ekanligini ta'kidladi. Ikkala mamlakat nihoyat kelishmovchilikni Xalqaro sudga topshirishga va uning qaroriga rioya qilishga kelishib oldilar.

1962 yilda Xalqaro sud (ICJ) Preah Vihear ibodatxonasiga Kambodjaga to'qqizdan uchtagacha ovoz berib, 1907 yilgi xaritada Preah Vihearning Kambodjada ekanligi aniq ko'rsatilgan edi.[15] Shunga qaramay, sud faqat ma'badning Kambodjaga tegishli ekanligi to'g'risida qaror chiqargan va shimolda joylashgan qo'shni er haqida izoh bermagan. Tailand ma'badni istamay topshirdi, ammo bu erda chegara rasman hech qachon belgilanmaganligini ta'kidlab, atrofni da'vo qilishni davom ettirmoqda.[16]

So'nggi yillarda Kambodja ariza yuborganida mulk huquqi bo'yicha nizo qayta tiklandi YuNESKO Preah Vihear-ni a deb belgilashni so'rab Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati. Tailand da'vogarning ta'kidlashicha, Tailand hanuzgacha o'z hududi deb hisoblagan ma'bad atrofidagi erlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Chegaralararo munosabatlar manfaati uchun Kambodja arizani qaytarib oldi va Tailand tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangandan so'ng, faqatgina ma'badning o'zi uchun belgilanishni talab qilgan o'zgartirilgan xaritani taqdim etdi.

The Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi (PAD), o'ng qanot Tailand norozilik guruhi, ma'badni a ga aylantirdi sabab célèbre takoz chiqarilishi ga qarshi janglarida Xalq hokimiyat partiyasi Bosh vazir hukumati Samak Sundaravej avvalgi va hozirgi holatni echishga urinishlarida Tailand kabineti.[17][18] 2006 yilda PAD rahbarligidagi ko'cha noroziliklari birinchi bo'lib Tailandda 2006 yil aprel oyida bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylovlarga olib keldi, asosan muxolifat tomonidan boykot qilindi va o'sha paytda amaldagi Bosh vazir g'alaba qozondi. Taksin Shinavatra "s Thai Rak Thai Partiya. Buning ortidan 2006 yil iyunidagi harbiy to'ntarish boshlanib, muvaqqat bosh vazir Taksinni hokimiyatdan chetlashtirdi. Bosh vazir Samak Sundaravej o'zini chetga surib yuborilgan Taksin Shinavatraning ishonchli vakili sifatida ko'rib chiqildi, u hozirda korruptsiya uchun sudlanmaslik uchun chet elda yashaydi.

Chegara bo'ylab Kambodja Xalq partiyasi (CPP) Bosh vazir hukumati Xun Sen ehtimol tasodifiy vaqtidan foydalangan YuNESKO yillik yig'ilish va ma'badning ro'yxati a Jahon merosi sayt 2008 yil 27 iyulda bo'lib o'tgan parlament saylovlari uchun saylov kampaniyasida.[18]

Eski Preah Ko Preak Keo haqidagi kxmer afsonasi Kambodja siyosatchilari ushbu kontekstda mamlakatning qo'shni Tailand bilan bo'lgan qiyin aloqalarini tasvirlash uchun murojaat qildilar.[19]

Xronologiya

2008 yilgi janggacha etakchilik

  • 2008 yil yanvar
    • 2008 yil yanvar oyida Tailand Mudofaa vazirligi Tailandning 56-chi kabinetidan Kambodjaning ma'badni Tailandning kelishuvisiz YuNESKOning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatidan o'tkazishga urinishiga norozilik bildirdi.[20]
  • 2008 yil mart
    • 2008 yil mart oyida Kambodja Tailandga Preah Vihear ibodatxonasini Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga olish to'g'risidagi rejasini ma'lum qildi.
  • 2008 yil aprel
    • 2008 yil aprel oyida Tailand (57-chi vazirlar mahkamasi) va Kambodja ro'yxatdan o'tishdan oldin ushbu masala bo'yicha suhbatni rejalashtirdilar. Tailand ma'badni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni qo'llab-quvvatlashini ta'kidladi, ammo bu jarayon "bahsli chegara chizig'iga ta'sir qilmasligi kerak".[21]
  • 2008 yil iyun
    • 2008 yil 18-iyun kuni Tailand va Kambodja ma'badni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish bo'yicha qo'shma kommyunike e'lon qilishdi.[22]
    • 2008 yil 20 iyunda Millat Bangkokdagi gazeta Bosh vazir Samak Sudaravejning Xalq hokimiyati partiyasiga qarshi kampaniyasida Preah Vihear ibodatxonasidan foydalanganligi uchun Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqini tanqidiy tahririyatda nashr etdi.[23]
    • 2008 yil 22 iyunda Kambodja Tailandning chegara punktida o'tkazilgan noroziliklariga javoban Preah Vixarga o'tishni yopdi. Namoyishlarni Taksinga qarshi muxolifatchi qo'llab-quvvatladi, Sonti Limtongkul Tailand Bosh vaziri Samak Sudaravej hukumati YuNESKOga taqdim etiladigan Preah Vihear sayt xaritasi bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borganida Tailand hududini Kambodjaga berish evaziga Kambodjada tijorat imtiyozlarini qo'lga kiritganini da'vo qilgan. Kvebek, Kanada.[18][24]
  • 2008 yil iyul
    • 2008 yil 2 iyulda YuNESKO o'zining yillik yig'ilishini boshladi Kvebek, Kanada, Bangkok Post onlayn ravishda Deutsche Presse-Agentur (German Press Agency) xabarini e'lon qildi, unda Preah Vihear qisman Tailand hududida o'tiradi, deb noto'g'ri yozilgan.[25] Tailand hukumati Kambodjaning Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga qo'shilish taklifini qo'llab-quvvatlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilganidan so'ng Taksin Shinavataga qarshi muxolifat vakillari Tailand tashqi ishlar vaziriga qarshi qonuniy choralar ko'rishdi. Noppadon Pattama.
      • Tailand Konstitutsiyaviy sudi 2008 yil 7 iyulda tashqi ishlar vazirining Kambodja bilan qo'shma bayonoti "konstitutsiyaga zid" degan sakkizdan bitta hukmgacha da'voni qanoatlantirdi.[26][27] YuNESKO Kanadaning Kvebek shahrida yig'ilayotganda, 20 ga yaqin tailandliklar "Noppadon, siz yolg'onchisiz" belgisi va Tailand bayroqlarini ko'tarib, tashqarida turib norozilik bildirishdi.
    • 2008 yil 8 iyulda Pnompen shahrining minglab aholisi YuNESKO tomonidan Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi yozuvini nishonlash uchun ko'chalarda yurishdi. Xuddi shu kuni, Pnompen munitsipaliteti kechqurun ochiq kontsert o'tkazdi Wat Phnom kunning avvalida YuNESKO tomonidan Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi yozuvini nishonlash. Konsert milliy miqyosda translyatsiya qilindi CTN, Kambodjaning eng yirik televizion yulduzi tomonidan suratga olingan va an'anaviy kxmerlarning chiqishlari hamda otashin namoyish etilgan. Doimiy yomg'irga qaramay, minglab kambodjaliklar qatnashdilar.[18]
    • 2008 yil 10 iyulda Tailand tashqi ishlar vaziri Nappadon Pattama YuNESKO tomonidan Preah Vihear ro'yxati sababli iste'foga chiqdi. Uning iste'fosi Tailand Konstitutsiyaviy sudining 2007 yilgi Konstitutsiyasining 190-moddasini buzganligi to'g'risidagi sakkizdan bitta qaroriga binoan, iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, ushbu vakolat berilishidan oldin jamoat muhokamasi va kabinet darajasida tasdiqlashni talab qiladi.[18][28]
    • 2008 yil 14 iyulda 8000 Kambodja to'ldirildi Pnomen shahridagi Olimpiya stadioni Yopiq arenada kontsert uchun Bosh vazir o'rinbosari mezbonlik qiladi Sok An va simulcast kuni Bayon Televizioni. Sok An YUNESKOning Kanadaning Kvebekdagi yillik anjumanidan qaytgan edi, u erda Preah Vihear Butunjahon merosi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.[29]
    • 2008 yil 15 iyulda Kambodja rasmiylari ma'bad yonida Tailand bayrog'ini o'rnatmoqchi bo'lgan uch nafar Tailand fuqarosini hibsga olganidan keyin transchegaraviy ziddiyat avj oldi. Kambodja bir necha o'nlab Tailand askarlari keyinchalik chegarani kesib o'tganligini da'vo qildi. Tailandlik bir askar Kambodja minasini portlatish natijasida oyog'idan ayrildi.[30][31][32]
      • Tailand o'z qo'shinlarini o'z suverenitetini himoya qilish va ma'bad yaqinidagi har qanday norozilik namoyishlari tartibli bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun safarbar etilishini davom ettiradi, garchi Tailandning yuqori martabali amaldorlari uning qo'shinlari "bahsli" joyda ekanliklarini tan olishgan.
    • 2008 yil 16 iyulda Tailand chegara hududida joylashgan qo'shinlar sonini ko'paytirdi[33] Preah Vihear ma'badiga qo'shni.
    • 2008 yil 17-iyul kuni ma'baddagi qo'shinlarning umumiy soni 1000 dan oshdi, bu hududdagi 400 ta Tailand qo'shinlarining bir qismi ma'bad yaqinidagi buddist pagodani egallab oldi va Kambodja da'vo qildi. Tailand kuchlari Kambodja hududida ekanliklarini rad etishdi.[31][34][35]
      • Tailand Bosh vaziri, Kambodja Bosh vaziri Xun Sen Tailand qo'shinlari va namoyishchilarni zudlik bilan hududdan olib chiqishga chaqirdi.[36]
    • 2008 yil 18 iyulda Tailand hukumati Kambodjaga Bosh vazir Samak Sundaravejdan Tailand qo'shinlari Tailand tuprog'ida joylashtirilishini talab qilgan maktubni topshirdi. Tailand Bosh vaziri Xun Senga yo'llagan maktubida Kambodja qo'shinlari va bahsli 4,6 km2 (1,8 kvadrat milya) maydon "Tailand suvereniteti va hududiy yaxlitligini buzish" edi, ammo uning hukumati "vaziyatni adolatli va tinch yo'l bilan hal qilishga intilgan".[37][38]
    • 2008 yil 19 iyulda Tailand va Kambodja hukumatlari bahsli chegaraga qo'shimcha qo'shinlar va og'ir qurollar yuborishdi[39] Kambodja mudofaa vaziri va Tailand oliy harbiy qo'mondoni o'rtasida 2008 yil 21 iyulga rejalashtirilgan yuqori darajadagi muzokaralar oldidan.[40]
    • 2008 yil 21 iyulda Kambodja mudofaa vaziri Choy taqiq va Tailand armiyasi qo'mondoni Boonsrang Niempradit Tailandda muzokaralar o'tkazdi. Muzokaralar hech qanday natija bermadi.[41]
    • 2008 yil 22 iyulda Tailand chegara mojarosini hal qilishda ASEANning yordamini rad etdi. Tailandning bayonoti ASEAN tashqi ishlar vazirlarining Singapurdagi uchrashuvi boshlanganda yangradi. Bi-bi-si Kambodja chegara mojarosini hal qilishda BMTdan yordam so'raganini xabar qildi. O'tgan hafta Kambodja hukumati shunga o'xshash yangiliklar nashr etilgandan keyin bunday chaqiriqni rad etdi.[42]
    • 2008 yil 23-iyulda Kambodja bosh vazirining vakili Kambodja ushbu ishni sudga oshirishi mumkinligini aytdi Xalqaro sud, 1962 yilda qilinganidek.
    • 2008 yil 24 iyulda Kambodja Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotiga so'rovini ikki tomonlama muzokaraga qadar qoldirishini e'lon qildi Siem Reap 2008 yil 28 iyulda yakunlandi.
      • Kambodja va Tailand uchrashuvni 2008 yil 28 iyulda o'tkazdilar, ammo natijasiz.
      • Xabar qilinishicha, ikkala tomon ham Tailand armiyasidan boshlab qo'shinlarni olib chiqishni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda; ammo Tailand o'z qo'shinlarini olib chiqadigan sana kelishilmagan edi.[43]
  • 2008 yil avgust
    • 2008 yil 1-avgustda Bun Rany, Kambodja Bosh vazirining rafiqasi Xun Sen, ma'badda buddistlik marosimini o'tkazdi; minglab Kambodja ham marosimga qo'shilishdi. Xuddi shu kechada Tailandga qarshi Taksin va hukumatga qarshi demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi (PAD) o'zlarining minglab tarafdorlarini raqib marosimida ibodat qilib boshladilar Suttas bu Gautama Budda rohiblariga berdi; ular buni Kambodja marosimidagi salbiy ta'sirlarning oldini olish uchun qilishgan deb da'vo qilishdi. Ko'pgina tailandliklar Bun Ranyni Tailandni zaiflashtirishga qaratilgan qora sehrgarlikda aybladilar.[44][45][46]
    • 2008 yil 1-avgustda Xalq (Tailand) Tailanddagi gazeta Kambodjani xalqaro hamjamiyatni Preah Vihear masalasini hal qilishga yordam berishga chaqirgani uchun tanqid qilgan tahririyat maqolasini chop etdi.[47]
    • 2008 yil 3 avgustda Kambodja Tailand Angkoriya davridagi Ta Moan Thom va Ta Moan Touch nomli ikkinchi ma'bad majmuasini egallagan deb da'vo qildi. 14 ° 20′57 ″ N. 103 ° 15′59 ″ E / 14.34917 ° N 103.26639 ° E / 14.34917; 103.26639 chegarasida Oddar Meanchi Viloyat.[48]
    • 2008 yil 5 avgustda Kriengkrai Sampatchalit, Tailandning tasviriy san'at bo'limi rejissyor Kambodjaga "Prasat Ta Moan Thom ibodatxonasi Tailand tuprog'idagi chegaradan atigi 100 metr (330 fut) masofada joylashgan" deb da'vo qildi.
      • Tailand ma'muriyatining so'zlariga ko'ra, Ta Moan Thom majmuasi Tailand hududida joylashgan bo'lib, tasviriy san'at bo'limi qadimgi xarobani Tailand milliy arxeologik joyi sifatida 73 yil oldin, 1935 yilda ro'yxatdan o'tkazganidan dalolat beradi, xarobasi 300 metr (980 fut) janubda bo'lganiga qaramay chegara suv havzasi tizmasining
      • Tharit Charungvat, Tailand vazirligining bosh vakili "Tailand [Ta Moan Thom ibodatxonasida] o'z qo'shinlari sonini ko'paytirmadi" dedi.[8]
      • Tailand armiyasi boshlig'i Anupong Paochinda, Tailand qo'shinlari Ta Moan Thomda qoladi, chunki ma'bad Tailandda.[49]
    • 2008 yil 7 avgustda, ASEAN AFP xabariga ko'ra, Tailand ham, Kambodja ham Taoan Thom ibodatxonasi hududidan o'zlarining asl bazalariga o'z qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketishgan.Agence France-Presse ).[50]
      • Kambodja manbalariga ko'ra, Tailand Bosh vaziri Samak Sundaravej ibodatxonaning o'zi emas, balki Preah-Vixar ibodatxonasi yaqinidagi hududga tashrif buyurishi kutilmoqda. Kambodja va Tailand 2008 yil 18 avgustda Tailandda tashqi ishlar vazirlarining ikkinchi uchrashuvini o'tkazib, chegara mojarosi bilan bog'liq 25 kunlik harbiy ziddiyatni tinch yo'l bilan hal qilishga intilishdi.[51]
    • 2008 yil 14 avgustda ikkala xalqning harbiylari tashqi ishlar vazirlari uchrashuvidan oldin Preah Vixar ibodatxonasida qo'shinlar sonini kamaytirishga kelishib oldilar.[52]
  • 2008 yil sentyabr
    • 2008 yil sentyabr oyida Kambodja Tailandni Ta Moan Thom va Ta Kwai ibodatxonalarini bosib olish uchun qo'shin yuborganlikda aybladi. Tailand ibodatxonalar ularga tegishli va Surin viloyatining bir qismi va Tailand tasviriy san'at bo'limi 1935 yildan beri qadimiy xarobalarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazgan deb javob berdi.[53]

To'qnashuvlar

2008

Oktyabr
  • 2008 yil 3 oktyabrda Tailand va Kambodja qo'shinlari Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi yaqinidagi bahsli hududda bir-birlari bilan otishma o'tkazdilar. Janglar qariyb uch daqiqa davom etdi, ikki Tailand askari va bitta Kambodja askari yaralandi.[54]
  • Ikki mamlakat qo'mondonlari 2008 yil 4 oktyabrda o'zlarining bahsli chegara hududida uchrashdilar, har kuni tomonlar oldingi kunida chegara janjaliga sabab bo'lgan degan ayblovlar ostida. Hududda Kambodja qo'mondoni mezbonlik qilmoqda Srey Dek va uning tailandlik hamkasbi polkovnik Chayan Huaysoongnern, ikki tomon vaziyatni normal holatga keltirishga chaqirdi.[55]
  • 2008 yil 6 oktyabrda Kambodja hududiga 1 kilometr (0,62 milya) yurganligi sababli ikki Tailand askari chegara hududida minalardan yaralangan.[56]
  • 2008 yil 13 oktyabrda Kambodja Bosh vaziri Xun Sen Tailandga o'z qo'shinlarini bahsli chegara hududidan 2008 yil 14 oktyabr, seshanba kunigacha olib chiqish to'g'risida ultimatum qo'ydi. Xun Senning aytishicha, Tailand qo'shinlari chegara hududida Buzoq Intri (Eagle) deb nomlangan. Field) Preah Vihear yaqinidagi Kambodja erlarini egallashga urinish uchun ma'bad yaqinida. "Ular chekinishlari kerak", dedi u. Tailand Bosh vaziri Somchay Vongsawatning aytishicha, u armiyaga "zo'ravonlik bo'lmasligi uchun vaziyatni yaxshilab hal qilishni" buyurgan. Somchai jurnalistlarga: "Biz boshqa ishga joylashishga qarshi emasmiz, shuning uchun qarama-qarshilik bo'lmaydi", dedi Xun Senning muddati tugaganidan xabardor emasligini.[57]
  • 2008 yil 14 oktyabrda televizion intervyusida Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi etakchisi (va kelajakdagi tashqi ishlar vaziri) Kasit Piromya Xun Senni "aqldan ozgan", "qul" va "nak leng" (odatda "gangster" deb tarjima qilingan) deb atadi.[58]
  • 2008 yil 15 oktyabrda Kambodja va Tailand kuchlari chegara hududida yana bir bor o'q uzdilar. Uchta Kambodja askari halok bo'ldi va ikki nafari yaralandi. Tailandning ettita askari yaralandi, ulardan biri bir hafta o'tgach jarohati tufayli vafot etdi.[59] Kambodjaliklar jang paytida 10 nafar Tailand askarini asirga olganini da'vo qilishgan, ammo tailandliklar buni rad etishgan. Hali ham Reuters Kambodja qo'shinlari tomonidan ushlab turilgan askarlarning fotosuratlarini e'lon qildi.[60] Garchi har ikki tomon qo'mondonlari sulhni to'xtatish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib borishga urinishgan bo'lsa-da, Tailand Tailand fuqarolarini Kambodjani tark etishga chaqirdi.[61]
  • 2008 yil 18 oktyabrda Tailand askari Phu Ma Khua-da o'z qurolidan tasodifan o'ldirildi.[62]
Noyabr-dekabr
  • Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi 2008 yil 25 noyabrdan 3 dekabrgacha "Xirosima operatsiyasi" ni ijro etdi: Suvarnabhumi aeroporti. Aeroportni ishg'ol qilish paytida PAD etakchisi Kasit Piromya nutq so'zlab, "Men oyog'imni yuvish uchun Xun Senning qonidan foydalanaman" dedi va King sodir bo'lgan tarixiy voqeani esladi. Naresuan Siam Shohga xuddi shunday qildi Lovek Kambodja.[58] Qamal konstitutsion sud Somchay Vongsawat hukumatini tarqatib yuborganidan so'ng tugadi, natijada Abxitit Veyjajiva bosh vazir, Kasit esa hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarildi. tashqi ishlar vaziri.

2009

Aprel
  • 2009 yil 2 aprelda Tailand askari minaga qadam qo'ydi va chegara hududida oyog'idan ayrildi.[63]
  • 2009 yil 3 aprelda Tailand va Kambodja kuchlari o'rtasidagi janglarda kamida uch nafar Tailand askarlari qoldi[64] va ikkita Kambodja askari o'lgan; yana besh Tailand askari yaralandi.[65] Ushbu to'qnashuvdan bir necha kun oldin Kambodja rasmiylari 100 tagacha Tailand askarlari Kambodja hududiga o'tib ketishdi va Kambodja askarlari paydo bo'lib, ularni tark etishni so'ramaguncha ketmadilar. Tailand Qirollik armiyasi bu da'voni rad etdi va Tailand askarlari ularga ruxsat berilmagan biron bir joyga bormaganligini aytdi. Kambodja Bosh vaziri Xun Sen keyin Tailandni ikkinchi marta ogohlantirish berdiki, agar ular (Tailand askarlari) yana o'tib ketishsa, Tailand askarlari yana Kambodja askarlari bilan kurashga duch kelishadi. U aytdi: "Avval aytaman, agar siz yana (Kambodja hududiga) kirsangiz, biz jang qilamiz. Chegaradagi qo'shinlar allaqachon buyurtma olishgan".[66]

2010

Yanvar
  • 2010 yil 24 yanvarda Kambodja va Tailand kuchlari chegara hududida yana bir-biriga qarata o'q uzdilar. Tailand Reynjerslari Kambodja askarlariga ushbu hududga o'tishdan maqsadlarini so'rab baqirishganda, Kambodja askarlari o'q uzishdi M79 granata otish moslamalari va ularga avtomat miltiqlar, dedi polkovnik Nut, bu ikki Tailand askarini yarador qildi.[67]
  • 2010 yil 25 yanvarda Kambodja va Tailand qo'shinlari Preah Vihear ibodatxonasi yaqinidagi ziddiyatli chegarada yakshanba kuni ertalab ikki marta o'q uzdilar. Keyinchalik Kambodjaliklar sakkiz kishini ishdan bo'shatdilar RPG (B-40) raketalar Tailand hududiga.[68]
  • 2010 yil 30 yanvarda ikki mamlakat askarlari juma kuni kechqurun ikki-uch daqiqaga o't ochishdi.[69]
  • 2010 yil 31-yanvar kuni Tailand va Kambodja kuchlari o'rtasidagi to'qnashuvda Tailand askari halok bo'ldi. Ikki tomonning bahsli chegara zonasidagi qo'shinlari juma kuni kechqurun 20 ga yaqin Tailand askarlari Kambodja hududiga o'tib ketgach, qarama-qarshi chiqqandan keyin ketishdan bosh tortganidan keyin juma kuni kechqurun 15 daqiqa jang qilishdi. Kambodja askarlari tomonidan. Kambodja Mudofaa vazirligi vakili general-leytenant Chxum Soxatning aytishicha, bir Tailand askari halok bo'lgan, Kambodja qo'shinlari o'q uzmoqda AK-47 avtomatlar va B-40 raketa qo'zg'atuvchi granatalar.[70]
Aprel
  • 2010 yil 16 aprelda Kambodja va Tailand kuchlari o'zlarining chegaralari bo'ylab Preah-Vixardan 150 kilometr g'arbda o'q uzdilar. To'qnashuv taxminan 15 daqiqa davom etdi, ammo qurbonlar haqida ma'lumot yo'q. Kambodja Mudofaa vazirligi vakili Chxum Sxeat "[...] Bizning qo'shinlarimiz chegarani qo'riqlash paytida Tailand askarlari ularga qarata o'q uzdilar. Shunday qilib, bizning qo'shinlarimiz javob qaytarishdi."[71] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ikkala tomonning qo'shinlari raketa va granatalardan, shuningdek, miltiqlardan o'q uzgan, ammo Kambodja va Tailand harbiy qo'mondonlari ushbu hududda bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvdan so'ng tinchlik qaytgan.[71] Tailand harbiylari otishma sodir bo'lganligini tasdiqladilar. "Bu tushunmovchilik edi va to'qnashuvda hech kim jabr ko'rmadi", dedi ismini oshkor qilmaslikni so'ragan Tailand armiyasi zobiti.[71]

2011

fevral
  • 2011 yil 4 fevralda Tailand va Kambodja hududining Fu Makua tepaligi bilan to'qnashgan kulrang zonasida to'qnashuv soat 15: 15dan 18: 00gacha (GMT + 7) o't ochish bilan boshlandi. Keyinchalik mahalliy kuchlar tomonidan sulh e'lon qilindi. Ban Phumsrol qishlog'ida yashovchi Tailand fuqarosi Sisaket viloyati "s Kantharalak tumani bir zumda vafot etdi va etti yoki undan ortiq bino, shu jumladan Phum Srol maktabi Kambodjaning artilleriya otishmalariga uchradi. Uch uy yonib ketgan.[72] Kambodja hukumati 16-33 nafar Tailand askarlari o'ldirilgani, 26 nafari yaralangan va to'rt nafari asirga olingan, ikkita tank yo'q qilingan deb da'vo qilmoqda.[73][74] Tailand yangiliklar stantsiyalari 64 nafar Kambodja askari halok bo'lganligini va ikkita tank, 16 zirhli texnika, oltita artilleriya qurol va to'rtta raketa tizimining yo'q qilinganligini xabar qildi.[75] Mustaqil manbalar uchta kambodjalik, shu jumladan ikkita askar va Tailandlik qishloq aholisi o'ldirilganligini tasdiqladilar;[76] shuningdek, 10 Kambodja[77] sakkiz nafar Tailand askari yaralangan va to'rt nafar Tailand askari asirga olingan.[78][79]
  • 2011 yil 5 fevralda ikkala tomon yana Chongdon-awnda uchta to'qnashuvda soat 06:25 (GMT + 7) dan boshlab, o'zaro o't ochishdi. Tailand armiyasi to'qnashuvda bir Tailand serjanti shrapnellardan va to'rt askarlardan yaralanganini tasdiqladi.[80] Kunning ikkinchi yarmida ikkala tomon to'rt shart bilan sulhga imzo chekdilar: 1. otishni to'xtatish; 2. saytdagi qo'shinlar kuchini ko'paytirmang; 3. baxtsiz hodisaga olib kelmang; 4. ko'proq aloqa.[81]
  • 2011 yil 6-fevral kuni, shu kuni ertalab sulh imzolanganiga qaramay, kechqurun yana to'qnashuvlar yuz berdi. Xabarlarga ko'ra, janglar Phum Srol qishlog'idan Phu Maxua tog'igacha 10 km (6,2 milya) ga cho'zilgan. Soat 08: 17da Kambodja qo'shinlari Phu Ma Khua va Phlan Yao-da joylashgan Tailand harbiy xizmatchilari hamda Tailand hududidagi qishloq aholisiga raketa qo'zg'atuvchilardan foydalanib o'q uzdilar. Xabarlarga ko'ra, Tailandning bir nechta qishloq aholisi yaralangan. Baan Phum Srol maktabining direktori Boonruam Pongsaphan "bu endi tushunmovchilik emas deb o'ylayman. Bu urush, chunki Kambodja tomon harbiy zonalarga emas, turar joylarga o'q otmoqda" dedi. Kantharalakdan minglab qishloq aholisi evakuatsiya qilindi.[82] Kambodjaning ta'kidlashicha, to'qnashuvlarda 20 dan ortiq Tailand askarlari halok bo'lgan.[83] Xabarlarga ko'ra, kechqurun Tailand qo'shinlari Kambodja hududiga o't ochishni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi kelishuvga qaramay, Kambodja hududiga o'tishga urinish orqali hujum qilishdi. Kambodja qo'shinlari Don Tuan ibodatxonasini oldingi to'qnashuv joylaridan 10 km (6,2 milya) uzoqlikda egallab olgani va Don Tuan ibodatxonasi Tailand hududida bo'lganligi haqida xabarlar bor.[84] Tailand kuchlari tomonidan Preah-Vixar ibodatxonasining kuchli o'q otishi uning bir qismi qulab tushishiga sabab bo'lganligi haqida xabar berildi.[85] Jang boshlangandan buyon Kambodja qo'shinlari ibodatxonaning 900 yillik xarobalarida bir necha bunkerlardan tashkil topgan lagerga joylashtirilgan edi. Ular Kambodja tekisliklarini qo'mondonlik qiladigan tog 'tizmasiga balandlikda joylashgan, ammo bir necha yuz metr naridagi Tailand pozitsiyalaridan o'q otish xavfi yuqori bo'lgan.[86]
  • 2011 yil 7 fevralda, tunda soat ikkilar atrofida, artilleriya otishmasi nihoyat to'xtadi. Biroq, Tailand qo'shinlari oldingi kungi og'ir janglarda jabrlanganlarni tiklash uchun operatsiya o'tkazishga urinishganidan so'ng, vaqti-vaqti bilan janglar qayta boshlandi.[76] To'qnashuvlar soat 11:00 da yana to'xtadi. Ikki tomon ham voqeada bir-birlarini ayblashdi.[87] Kambodja rasmiylari tomonidan bahsli hudud yaqinida yashovchi Kambodja tinch aholisi evakuatsiya qilingan.[88] The Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi Bosh vazir Abxitit Veyjajivani iste'foga chiqishga chaqirdi.[89] Kambodja Tailand chegarasida BMTning bufer zonasini yaratishga chaqirdi.[90] Kambodja Bosh vaziri Xun Sen vaziyatni "katta to'qnashuv yoki kichik urush" deb ta'riflagan.[91] O'sha kuni mustaqil manbalar, o'tgan uch kunlik janglar uchun 10 kishining o'ldirilishini e'lon qilishdi: Tailanddan bitta askar va bitta fuqaro, Kambodjadan to'rt askar va to'rt nafar fuqaro.[92][76][3] 34 tailandliklar (30 askar va to'rt nafar tinch aholi) va 45 kambodja (askarlar va tinch aholi) jarohat olishdi.[93][3] Asirga olingan to'rt nafar Tailand askarlari ozod qilindi.[94]
  • 2011 yil 8 fevralda o'q otish hodisalari qayd etilmagan. Biroq, xabarlarga ko'ra, Kambodja qo'shinlari yangi pozitsiyalar qazish va qum torbalarini o'rnatish uchun mo'rt sulhdan foydalangan.[95] 2011 yil 6 fevralda o'q otish paytida og'ir jarohat olgan Tailand askari Sapphasithiprasong kasalxonasida olgan jarohati tufayli vafot etdi.[96]
  • 2011 yil 9 fevralda Xun Sen yaqinda bo'lib o'tgan to'qnashuvlarni rasmiy ravishda urush deb atadi va "Tailand bu urushni yaratdi. [Tailand Bosh vaziri] Abxitit urush uchun javobgar bo'lishi kerak" va "Tailand bilan bo'lgan urushimiz uzoq vaqt talab etadi" dedi. Shuningdek, u uchinchi tomonsiz boshqa muzokaralar bo'lmasligini aniq aytib, "Endi ikki tomonlama muzokaralar bo'lmaydi va barcha muzokaralarda uchinchi tomon ishtirok etadi" deb ta'kidladi.[97] Keyinchalik bergan bayonotida u "Bu haqiqiy urush. Bu to'qnashuv emas" dedi.[98] Kambodjaning yuzlab qo'shinlari jang maydoniga yaqin joyda qarorgoh qurib, ma'baddagi mavqeini samarali ravishda mustahkamladilar.[99]
  • 2011 yil 15 fevralda yangi to'qnashuv yuz berdi. Otishma hodisasi bir necha daqiqa davom etdi. Mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalari Tailandning beshta askari yaralangani haqida xabar bergan bo'lsa-da, armiya janglar paytida faqat bitta askar jarohat olganini aytdi.[100]
  • 2011 yil 16 fevralda to'qnashuvlar yanada kuchaygan. Kun davomida uchta to'qnashuv sodir bo'ldi (05:00, 20:00 va 22:00), ammo ikkala tomonda ham jabrlanganlar yo'q. Tailand armiyasi vakili polkovnik Sansern Kaewkamnerd Kambodjaliklar hammasini minomyot va raketa-granatalardan foydalangan holda boshlaganliklarini va тайлlandlarni qasos olishga majbur qilganliklarini aytdi.[101] Biroq, Kambodja Vazirlar Kengashi vakili Fay Sifan avvalo o'z mamlakati qo'shinlari o'q uzilganini rad etadi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, avval Tailand askarlari hujum qilishgan. Ikkala tomon ham urushni boshlash uchun boshqasini ayblashadi. Kambodja keyingi janglarning oldini olish uchun xalqaro yordamni istaydi, Tailand esa bu masala ikki tomonlama hal qilinishi kerakligini aytmoqda.[102] O'sha kuni tasdiqlanmagan xabarlarga ko'ra, Vetnam tanklari Kambodja-Tailand chegarasi tomon harakatlanmoqda.[103][104] Biroq, Xun Sen buni qat'iyan rad etdi.[105]
  • Uchrashuvda erishilgan kelishuvda ASEAN yilda Jakarta, Kambodja va Tailand Indoneziya kuzatuvchilariga 40 ga qadar harbiy va fuqarolik kuzatuvchilar tomonidan bahsli chegara hududlarini kuzatishga ruxsat berishga kelishib oldilar. "Bu kuzatuvchilar jamoasi, tinchlikni saqlash yoki tinchlikni saqlash guruhi emas. Kuzatuvchilar jamoasi qurolsiz bo'ladi", - dedi Indoneziya tashqi ishlar vaziri. Marti Natalegava dedi.[106]
Aprel
  • 2011 yil 22 aprelda Panom Dong Rak okrugi chegarasida besh soatlik to'qnashuv boshlandi. Surin viloyati, Tailand va Banteay Ampil Tumani Oddar Meanchi Kambodja viloyati, Ta Moan ibodatxonasi majmuasida 14 ° 20′57 ″ N. 103 ° 15′59 ″ E / 14.34917 ° N 103.26639 ° E / 14.34917; 103.26639 Preah-Vixardan 153 kilometr (95 mil) g'arbda va Ta Krabey Ta Moandan 15 kilometr sharqda joylashgan ma'bad majmuasi, ikkala tomon ham raketa otish moslamalari, pulemyotlar va miltiqlardan foydalanganligi haqida xabar berilgan. Tailand armiyasining xabar berishicha, janglar tong otgandan keyin boshlanib, yarim soatdan ko'proq davom etgan. To'rt nafar Tailand va uch Kambodja askarlari halok bo'lganligi, sakkiz Tailand va olti Kambodja askarlari yaralangani xabar qilindi.[10][109][110]
  • 2011 yil 23 aprelda asosan uzoq masofadan o'q otish bilan jang soat 06:00 atrofida qayta boshlandi va tushga qadar to'xtatildi. Kambodja mudofaa vazirligi bayonotida Tailand samolyotlari Kambodja havo hududiga kirishda ayblangan. Bayonotda, shuningdek, Tailand kuchlari yuklangan 75 va 105 mm'lik snaryadlarni otishgani aytiladi zaharli gaz Kambodja hududiga, mustaqil ravishda tekshirib bo'lmaydigan va Tailand rad etgan da'vo. Kambodja dala qo'mondoni "zaharli tutun" uni nafas olgan bir necha askarni qo'llari va oyoqlarida kuchini yo'qotishiga olib kelgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Artilleriya bo'limi qo'mondoni o'rinbosari polkovnik Suos Soteyaning aytishicha, Kambodja ichidagi qariyb 20 km (12 milya) masofadagi qishloqlarga oltita klaster snaryadlari tushgan, ammo odamlar allaqachon evakuatsiya qilingan. Tailandning 2-armiya mintaqasi qo'mondoni, polkovnik Tovatchay Samutsakorn klasterli bomba yoki zaharli gaz ishlatilganligini mutlaqo rad etdi. Tavatchayning aytishicha, bir Tailand askari vafot etgan va ikki kunlik qurbonlar soni to'rt nafar halok bo'lgan va 17 kishi yaralangan va jang maydonidan 15 ming tinch aholi evakuatsiya qilingan. Kambodja fuqarosi Suos Soteyaning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning mamlakatidan uch nafar harbiy halok bo'lgan va Kambodjaning ikki kunlik qurbonlari soni oltitaga etgan.[108] Kambodja tabiiy ofatlarni boshqarish milliy qo'mitasi vitse-prezidentining so'zlariga ko'ra janob Nxim Vanda, taxminan 5000 nafar aholi xavfsiz boshpana evakuatsiya qilingan Samrong tumani Banteay Meanchi Province, some 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the fighting zone.[111][112]
  • On April 25, 2011, the fighting continued, after an almost full-day break.
  • On April 26, 2011, the fighting resumed for a fifth day. The fighting had now spread to a nearby temple.[113][114] By this point, five Thai soldiers were killed and more than 35 wounded, and eight Cambodian soldiers were killed, 17 were wounded and one was missing.[115][116][117]
  • On April 27, 2011, a Thai civilian was reported to had been killed in the fighting.[6]
  • On April 28, 2011, two more Thai soldiers were confirmed killed in the fighting.[118][119] The same day, Thailand and Cambodia agreed upon a ceasefire. Cambodian spokesman Phay Siphan said that "We will abide by the ceasefire from now on and local commanders will meet regularly to avoid misunderstanding".[120]
  • On April 29, 2011, the ceasefire was broken, as one Thai soldier was confirmed killed in the fighting.[121] A Thai military spokesmen said 11 Thai soldiers were hurt in the clashes with a total of 58 soldiers wounded since the start of the fighting.[122]
  • On April 30, 2011, the fighting resumed for a ninth day. However, there were no casualties.[123]
May
  • On May 1, 2011, a Cambodian soldier was killed. The death toll had reached 17, including: nine Cambodian and seven Thai soldiers and one Thai civilian. Ninety-five Thais, including 50 soldiers, and 18 Cambodian servicemen had been wounded since the start of the fighting.[124][125] According to Thai army spokesman Col. Prawit Hukaew, the two sides had engaged each other with automatic weapons overnight Sunday. According to Thailand, no Thai troops was killed in the clashes.[126] In the afternoon, the Cambodian Ministry of Defense issued a statement which condemned Thailand for ten straight days of armed conflict; "The repeated invasions of Thai troops into Cambodia have caused gradual damage to Cambodia, it is an unacceptable act".[127]
  • On May 2, 2011, the two sides engaged each other with automatic fire, but no casualties was reported.[128] Cambodia also filed a case at the Xalqaro sud o'sha kuni.[129]
  • On May 3, 2011, a Thai soldier was killed during skirmish in Surin, bringing the death toll on the Thai side to 12.[130] Cambodia claimed Thailand had fired 50,000 shells during the clashes.[131]
  • On May 4, 2011, a ceasefire was agreed upon, and the border was re-opened for trade.[132]
  • On May 5, 2011, Thai Prime Minister Abxitit Veyjajiva made it clear that he would not allow any international troops at Preah Vihear, unless Cambodia withdrew its forces from the disputed territory. He claimed the presence of troops in the area was a violation of the 2000 memorandum of understanding between Thailand and Cambodia.[133]
  • On May 7, 2011, Thailand and Cambodia agreed to appoint Indonesia as observers at the disputed border.[134][135]
Iyul
  • Following a request from Cambodia to order Thai troops out of the area, the judges of the Xalqaro sud, by a vote of 11–5, ordered both countries to immediately to withdraw their military forces from disputed areas straddling their border and imposed restrictions on both their armies and police forces. A "provisional demilitarized zone" would make Thai troops leave positions they have long occupied and Cambodia's to leave the temple's immediate vicinity. The court also called for officers from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to be allowed into the area to observe the cease-fire as called for by the UN Security Council last February.
  • Both sides said they were satisfied with the decision. Thai Foreign Minister Kasit, speaking outside the court, said that a withdrawal of armed Cambodians from the temple complex "has been our consistent position." Further noting that the decision is binding on both countries, he added that Thailand would withdraw its forces and facilitate the observers' deployment, and further agreed to allow unhindered supplies to Cambodian civilian personnel at the temple complex.
  • Cambodian Foreign Minister Hor Namhong said a demilitarised zone would mean "a permanent ceasefire...tantamount to a cessation of aggression" by Thailand. He also said he was satisfied with the dispatch of truce observers, which he said Cambodia had been seeking since last February, but made no reference to the demand for Cambodian troops to abandon the temple grounds.
  • The court said its ruling would not prejudice any final ruling on where the border in the area between Thailand and Cambodia should fall. It could take the court many months or even years to reach that decision.[136]
  • Abhisit, caretaker prime minister since the just-concluded Thai general election, said that Thai soldiers would not pull out of the disputed area until the military of both countries agreed on the mutual withdrawal. "We need to talk to the Cambodians as the Cambodians also have to pull out their troops," Abhisit said at a news conference in Bangkok. "So there has to be some kind of mechanism to verify, to do it in an orderly manner. And therefore it depends on the two sides to come together and talk," he said, suggesting that an existing joint border committee would be the appropriate place to plan a coordinated pullback.[137]
  • On July 23, 2011, one Cambodian soldier was killed along the Cambodian-Thai border while another was wounded. A local military commander stated that the soldier's death was a result of clashes provoked by Thai troops. Pok Sophal, a commander for Oddar Meanchey's Trapaing Prasat district, stated that, "We had an appointment for the meeting [between the two sides], and when we were walking, they opened fire at our soldiers". Thai spokesman Phay Siphan stated that the government was investigating the incident, but dismissed claims of armed clashes.[138][139]
Sentyabr Football diplomacy
Shuningdek qarang: Sport diplomatiyasi

The Thai general election resulted in a decisive victory for the Pheu Thai Party, with their leader, Yinglak Shinavatra, replacing Abhist as Bosh Vazir on August 5, 2011. Many Diktaturaga qarshi demokratiyaning birlashgan jabhasi (UDD, also called "Red Shirts") members were elected to the Vakillar palatasi. Core UDD leaders arranged with Cambodian PM Hun Sen for a friendly futbol match to be played in Phnom Penh's Olympic Stadium on September 24, 2011.[140] MP–and–UDD leaders Jatuporn Prompan va Natthawut Saikua were prohibited from leaving the country due to pending charges arising from the 2010 yil Tailanddagi siyosiy norozilik namoyishlari, so an attorney petitioned the Criminal Court for permission for them to travel to Cambodia for the game.[141] Former Thai premier Somchai Wongsawat led the Thai side. Cambodian premier Hun Sen led his side to a 10–7 victory, following which he announced that "the nightmare era" between Thailand and Cambodia was over. Former Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya rejoined that Hun Sen should not think that he could benefit from close ties with ousted former Thai Premier Thaksin Shinawatra and the ruling Pheu Thai Party. "Don't think that you will get at our natural resources and territory by befriending or playing football with the Pheu Thai MPs," he said.[142]

Dekabr

On December 15, 2011, armies of both sides exchanged gunfire along the border in Koh Kong viloyati. The armed clash erupted at 13:45 in Zone 329 in Ta Min mountain after a Thai helicopter tried to land in Cambodian territory. Hech qanday jarohatlar va o'limlar haqida xabar berilmagan. The source said the Cambodian soldiers opened fire to prevent the Thai helicopter entering Cambodia and that the Thai soldiers responded with heavy gunfire. It was the first armed clash since Thailand's new government was formed in August.[143]

Proceedings at the International Court of Justice

Provisional demilitarized zone pursuant to the Order of 18 July 2011

On 28 April 2011 Cambodia filed a request for interpretation of the 1962 judgment, as well as a request for the indication of vaqtinchalik choralar, in the Registry of the Xalqaro sud.[144] On 18 July 2011 the court rejected Thailand's attempt to have the case dismissed and indicated provisional measures requiring both states to withdraw their soldiers from a "provisional demilitarized zone" containing the area in dispute and some of its environs, continue their co-operation with ASEAN and observers appointed by it, and refrain from doing anything that might "aggravate or extend the dispute".[145] It also ordered Thailand not to obstruct Cambodia's access to the Temple of Preah Vihear.[146]

On 11 November 2013 the International Court of Justice gave judgment, ruling that the 1962 judgment awarded all of the burun to Cambodia and ordering the withdrawal of Thai soldiers.[147] This followed a tense buildup to the decision in which dozens of Thai schools had closed ahead of the ruling.[148]

The court first concluded that it had jurisdiction and the request for interpretation was admissible, finding that a "dispute exists between the Parties as to the meaning and scope of the 1962 judgment pursuant to Article 60 of the Statute [of the ICJ]."[149] The court said that the 1962 judgment had three important features:[150] it involved an issue of "territorial sovereignty...and that it was not engaged in delimiting the frontier";[150] the "Annex I map played a central role in the reasoning of the Court...";[151] and that it made clear that it was only dealing with the small area in the "region of the Temple of Preah Vihear".[152] The court unanimously declared:

The Court therefore concludes that the first operative paragraph of the 1962 Judgment determined that Cambodia had sovereignty over the whole territory of the promontory of Preah Vihear, as defined in paragraph 98 of the present Judgment, and that, in consequence, the second operative paragraph required Thailand to withdraw from that territory the Thai military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, that were stationed there.[153]

However, the court rejected Cambodia's argument that Phnom Trap had also been awarded to it by the 1962 judgment, concluding that the reference to the "vicinity" of the Temple of Preah Vihear in the operative part of the 1962 judgment was not intended to extend to it. Phnom Trap, known by Thais as Phu Ma-khuea (ภูมะเขือ, "Solanum Hill"), is the hill three kilometers northwest of the temple and comprises over 4 km2 of the "4.6 square km" that both states agreed was in dispute.[154]

Prior to the verdict, hundreds of Thai villagers left the area in expectation of the ruling to be unfavorable to them. There were also fears of renewed clashes amid rising nationalist rhetoric.[155]

Civilian effects

After the initial attack on 4 February 2011, the Cambodian army fired BM-21 Grad rockets into the town of Sao Thong Chai about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the border. As a direct result, primary schools, a local hospital, and four or five houses were destroyed.[156] Only minutes before the bombardment, the local authority had issued a warning to the locals to evacuate and close the school. Despite this, one civilian was killed and at least 34 were injured in the rocket attack.[157] There are reports that 22,000 Thai citizens had to evacuate and abandon their homes. The Cambodian government blamed the Thai army for firing onto the World Heritage temple, causing severe damage, whereas the Cambodian army settled the site as an army base. There is evidence, such as video and photo footage from Reuters,[158] showing that Cambodian forces used the temple as a military base and fired machine guns and artillery. Thai soldiers responded by firing rifles at the Cambodian soldiers hiding in the temple.[159] However, there are only a few bullet impacts visible on the temple.[160] The Associated Press reported that Cambodian troops were stationed in the temple.[161]

Thai army was accused of using cluster munitions against Cambodia during the border fighting in February. Thailand at first denied the allegation, but later admitted it had fired the weapons. According to the Cluster Munition Coalition, thousands of Cambodian villagers are now at risk of death or serious injury because of unexploded ordnance near their homes.[162]

Reaksiyalar

Xalqaro

Many Asian nations, including Indoneziya, Malayziya, Filippinlar, Yaponiya, Xitoy va Vetnam, as well as Canada, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States, have called on both sides to exercise restraint.[163][164][165][166][167][168] Thailand and Cambodia agreed to allow Indonesian monitors to go to the border between the two countries to help prevent further military clashes; Indonesia was appointed as observer in this dispute.[134][135]

Mahalliy

Improvised village bunker

Despite the 1976 Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda do'stlik va hamkorlik shartnomasi, which commits parties to resolve intrastate conflict without violence, and the 2000 O'zaro anglashuv memorandumi between Cambodia and Thailand, which established a Joint Border Commission to peacefully resolve overlapping claims, important constituent groups in Thailand, including the "Yellow Shirts," maintain that the status of Preah Vihear remains unresolved.[169]

Villagers from Ban Phum Srol denounced plans by the Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi (PAD) ("Yellow Shirts") to bring relief supplies. "You have created the war. You troubled us. We don't welcome you," said Wichit Duangkaew, 46.[170]

Police arrested a Thai, a Cambodian, and a Vietnamese in Thai Sisaket's Kantharalak tumani, near the Thai-Cambodian border. The suspects carried maps with military bases marked on them, but they denied they were spying.[171]

According to Michael Montesano, a visiting research fellow on Thai history and regional affairs at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore, "They're people who say that Xun Sen 's playing up the situation on the Thai border is a way to distract the Cambodian people from his much softer stance vis à vis Vietnam relating to poorly demarcated borders."[172]

Shuningdek qarang

911 Para-Commando Special Forces
Tailandda Vetnamning chegara reydlari
Chegara-patrul politsiyasi
Thahan Phran
Tailand-Laos chegara urushi

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Adabiyot

  • Kasetsiri, Charnvit; Sothirak, Pou; Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (2013). Preah Vihear: A Guide to the Thai-Cambodian Conflict and Its Solutions. Bangkok: Oq Lotus Press. ISBN  9789744801081.
  • Mißling, Sven (2011). "A Legal View of the Case of the Temple Preah Vihear". In Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta (ed.). World Heritage Angkor and Beyond: Circumstances and Implications of UNESCO Listings in Cambodia. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press. 57-67 betlar. ISBN  9782821875432.
  • Pawakapan, Puangthong R. (2013). State and Uncivil Society in Thailand at the Temple of Preah Vihear. Singapur: Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tadqiqotlari instituti. ISBN  9789814459907. OCLC  857365234.

Adabiyotlar

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  156. ^ "ร่ำไห้ หนัก !! สาว ภูมิ ซ รอ ล บ้าน บ้าน ถูก ปืน ใหญ่ ยิง ยิง ใส่ พัง ยับ - มท. พร้อม เยียวยา".. Manager.co.th. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2011 yil 16 mayda. Olingan 16 fevral, 2011.
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