Taksin Shinavatra - Thaksin Shinawatra - Wikipedia

Taksin Shinavatra GCMG KmstkNO
ทักษิณ ชิน วัตร
Tailand Bosh vaziri
Ofisda 2001 yil 9 fevral - 2006 yil 19 sentyabr
Monarx	Bhumibol Adulyadet
Oldingi	Chuan Leikpay
Muvaffaqiyatli	Sonti Boonyaratglin (Prezident Ma'muriy islohotlar bo'yicha kengash )
Tailand Bosh vazirining o'rinbosari
Ofisda 1995 yil 13 iyul - 1997 yil 8 noyabr
Bosh Vazir	Banharn Silpa-archa Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
Ta'lim vaziri
Ofisda 2001 yil 14 iyun - 2001 yil 9 oktyabr
Bosh Vazir	o'zi
Oldingi	Kasem Vatanachai
Muvaffaqiyatli	Suvit Xunkitti
Tashqi ishlar vaziri
Ofisda 1994 yil 25 oktyabr - 1995 yil 10 fevral
Bosh Vazir	Chuan Leikpay
Oldingi	Prasong Soonsiri
Muvaffaqiyatli	Krasae Chanawongse
Kambodjaning maxsus iqtisodiy maslahatchisi
Ofisda 2009 yil 4 noyabr - 2010 yil 23 avgust
Bosh Vazir	Xun Sen
Oldingi	Lavozim belgilandi
Muvaffaqiyatli	Lavozim bekor qilindi
Thai Rak Thai Party rahbari
Ofisda 1998 yil 14 iyul - 2006 yil 2 oktyabr
Oldingi	Lavozim belgilandi
Muvaffaqiyatli	Chaturon Chaisang
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	(1949-07-26) 1949 yil 26-iyul (71 yosh) San Kamphaeng, Chiang May, Tailand
Millati	Tailandcha Chernogoriya[1] (2009 yildan hozirgi kungacha)
Siyosiy partiya	Thai Rak Thai Party (1998–2006)[2]
Boshqa siyosiy bog'liqliklar	Palang Dharma partiyasi (1994–98)
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Potjaman Na Pombejra (1976–2008)[3]
Bolalar	Panthongtae Shinavatra Pintongtha Shinavatra Peathongtarn Shinavatra
Yashash joyi	Dubay, Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari
Olma mater	Qurolli Kuchlar akademiyalari tayyorlov maktabi Qirollik politsiyasi kadet akademiyasi Sharqiy Kentukki universiteti Sem Xyuston davlat universiteti (Ph.D. )
Kasb	Ishbilarmon Tadbirkor Politsiya xodimi (1973–1987) Siyosatchi Tashrif buyurgan professor[4]
Sof qiymat	1.8 AQSh dollari milliard (Oktyabr 2018)[5]
Imzo

Taksin Shinavatra (Tailandcha: ทักษิณ ชิน วัตร; RTGS: Taksin Chinnavat; talaffuz qilingan [tʰák.sǐn t͡ɕʰīn.nā.wát]; Xitoy: 丘達 新; Chernogoriya: Taksin Shinavatra / Taksin Shinavatra;^[6] 1949 yil 26-iyulda tug'ilgan) - Tailandlik ishbilarmon, siyosatchi va tashrif buyurgan professor. U xizmat qilgan Tailand politsiyasi 1973 yildan 1987 yilgacha va Tailand Bosh vaziri 2001 yildan 2006 yilgacha. Hokimiyatdan chetlatilgandan so'ng, u 2008 yilda korrupsiyada aybdor deb topilgan va hozirda o'zini quvg'inda yashamoqda.^[7]

Taksin uyali aloqa operatoriga asos solgan Murakkab ma'lumot xizmati va IT va telekommunikatsiya konglomerati Shin korporatsiyasi 1987 yilda, oxir-oqibat uni Tailandning eng boy odamlaridan biriga aylantirdi. U asos solgan Thai Rak Thai Party (TRT) 1998 yilda va saylovlarda katta g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, 2001 yilda bosh vazir bo'ldi. U Tailandning birinchi davri to'liq muddatga saylangan bosh vaziri bo'ldi va 2005 yilda ko'pchilik ovoz bilan qayta saylandi.

Taksin 2500 dan ortiq odam halok bo'lgan "giyohvandlikka qarshi urush" e'lon qildi. Taksin hukumati qashshoqlikni kamaytirish, infratuzilmani kengaytirish, kichik va o'rta korxonalarni rivojlantirish va sog'liqni saqlashning universal qamrovini kengaytirish dasturlarini boshladi. Taksin qarshi kuchli qo'l bilan yondashdi musulmonlarning janubiy viloyatlaridagi bo'lginchilar qo'zg'oloni.

Uning korporatsiyasining aktsiyalarini soliqsiz bir milliarddan oshiq dollarga sotish to'g'risidagi qarori ancha tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi. Taksinga qarshi fuqarolar harakati Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi yoki "Sariq ko'ylaklar" ommaviy norozilik namoyishlarini boshladilar, uni korrupsiyada, vakolatlarini suiiste'mol qilishda va avtokratik tendentsiyalarda aybladilar. Taksin muxolifat tomonidan boykot qilingan va saylovchilar tomonidan bekor qilingan navbatdan tashqari saylovlarni chaqirdi Konstitutsiyaviy sud.

Taksin edi ag'darilgan a 2006 yil 19 sentyabrdagi harbiy to'ntarish. Uning partiyasi noqonuniy deb e'lon qilindi va unga siyosiy faoliyat taqiqlandi.^[8] O'shandan beri Taksin o'z-o'zini surgun qilgan va 2008 yilda Tailandga qilgan qisqa muddatli tashrifidan tashqari yashagan sirtdan vakolatini suiiste'mol qilganligi uchun ikki yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum qilish.^[7] Chet eldan u Tailand siyosatiga ta'sirini davom ettirdi Xalq hokimiyati partiyasi 2008 yilda hukmronlik qilgan va uning o'rnini bosuvchi tashkilot Pheu Thai Party, shuningdek Diktaturaga qarshi demokratiya uchun birlashgan front yoki "Qizil ko'ylak" harakati. Uning singlisi Yinglak Shinavatra 2011 yildan 2014 yilgacha Tailand bosh vaziri bo'lgan.

Meros va erta hayot

Taksinning katta bobosi, Seng Sayxu, kelgan muhojir edi Meizhou, Xitoyning Guandun shahri, 1860-yillarda Siamga kelib joylashdi Chiang May 1908 yilda. Uning to'ng'ich o'g'li Chiang Sayxu tug'ilgan Chanthaburi 1890 yilda Saeng Samana ismli tailandlik ayolga uylandi. Chiangning katta o'g'li Sak Tailand familiyasini qabul qildi Shinavatra 1938 yilda mamlakat tufayli Xitoyga qarshi harakat va qolgan oilalar ham buni qabul qildilar.^[9]

Seng Sayxu o'z boyligini orttirib yuborgan edi soliq xo'jaligi. Keyinchalik Chiang Saekhu / Shinawatra Shinawatra Silks kompaniyasiga asos solgan va keyinchalik moliya, qurilish va mulkni rivojlantirishga o'tgan. Taksinning otasi Loet 1919 yilda Chiang Mayda tug'ilgan va Yindi Ramingvongga uylangan. Yindining otasi Charoen Ramingvong (tug'ilgan: Van Chuan Cheng) a Xakka muhojir^[10][11] kichkina a'zosi bo'lgan Princess Chanthip na Chiangmai bilan turmush qurgan Lanna (Chiang May) royalti. 1968 yilda Loet Shinavatra siyosatga kirib, u Deputat Chiang May uchun. Loet Shinavatra 1976 yilda siyosatni tark etdi. U qahva do'koni ochdi, Chiang Mayda apelsin va gullar o'stirdi. San Kamphaeng tumani, va ikkita kinoteatr, yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchasi va avtoulovlar va mototsikllarni sotish markazini ochdi. Taksin tug'ilgan paytga kelib Shinavatra oilasi Chiang Maydagi eng boy va eng nufuzli oilalardan biri edi.^[9]

Taksin Chiang May provinsiyasining San Kamphaeng shahrida tug'ilgan. U a Theravada Buddaviy. U 15 yoshigacha San Kamphaeng qishlog'ida yashab, keyin Chiang Mayga o'qish uchun ko'chib o'tdi Montfort kolleji. 16 yoshida u otasining kinoteatrlaridan birini boshqarishda yordam bergan.^[12]

Taksin uylandi Potjaman Damapong 1976 yil iyulda.^[13]:38 Ularning bitta o'g'li bor, Panthongtae va Pintongta va Peathongtarn ismli ikki qiz. Ular 2008 yilda ajrashishgan.^[14] Taksinning eng kichik singlisi, Yinglak Shinavatra (Tailandcha: ยิ่ง ลักษณ์ ชิน วัตร; RTGS: yinglak chinnawat), siyosatga 2011 yilda akasining iltimosiga binoan taksinparastning etakchisi sifatida kelganligi aytiladi Pheu Thai Party. Keyinchalik u 2011 yil 3-iyulda bosh vazir etib saylandi.^[15] Taksin kriminalistika bo'yicha doktorlik unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi Sem Xyuston davlat universiteti.^[16] Taksin Ijtimoiy-gumanitar fanlar fakultetida ma'ruza qildi Mahidol universiteti 1979 yilda.^[17]

Politsiya faoliyati

Taksin 10-sinf a'zosi edi Qurolli Kuchlar akademiyalari tayyorlov maktabi,^[18] keyin Tailand politsiyasi kadet akademiyasiga qabul qilindi. 1973 yilda maktabni tugatgan Tailand qirollik politsiyasi. Dan jinoiy adliya bo'yicha magistr darajasini oldi Sharqiy Kentukki universiteti 1975 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarda, uch yildan so'ng esa jinoiy adolat bo'yicha doktorlik unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi Sem Xyuston davlat universiteti yilda Xantsvill, Texas. Tailandga qaytib, u 1987 yilda o'z komissiyasini iste'foga chiqqunga qadar Metropolitan Politsiya Byurosi Bosh shtabi bo'limi Siyosat va rejalashtirish bo'limi boshlig'ining o'rinbosari lavozimiga erishdi. Politsiya podpolkovnigi va politsiyani tark etish. Uning sobiq rafiqasi, Potjaman Damapong, Politsiya generali Prievpan Damapongning singlisi va hozirda onasining qiz ismidan foydalanmoqda.^[13]:39 U avvalgi universitet o'qituvchisi da Qirollik politsiyasi kadet akademiyasi 1975-1976 yillarda.^[19][20]

Taksinning politsiya podpolkovnigi unvoni 2015 yil sentyabr oyida bekor qilingan.^[21][22]

Biznes martaba

Dastlabki tashabbuslar

Politsiyada bo'lganida Taksin va uning rafiqasi bir nechta biznesni, shu jumladan ipak do'koni, kinoteatr va ko'p qavatli uyni boshladilar. Barchasi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan va uni 50 milliondan ortig'ida qoldirgan baht qarzda. 1982 yilda u ICSI tashkil qildi. Politsiyadagi aloqalaridan foydalanib, u kamtarona muvaffaqiyatga erishgan holda davlat idoralariga kompyuterlarni ijaraga berdi. Biroq, xavfsizlik tizimlari (SOS) va jamoat avtobuslari radio xizmatlari (Bus Sound) bo'yicha keyingi tashabbuslar muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.^[23][24] 1986 yil aprelda u asos solgan Murakkab ma'lumot xizmati Kompyuterni ijaraga berish bo'yicha biznes sifatida boshlangan (AIS).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1987 yilda Taksin politsiyadan iste'foga chiqdi. Keyin u romantik dramani sotdi Baan Sai Thong, bu teatrlarda mashhur muvaffaqiyatga aylandi.^[25][26] 1988 yilda u qo'shildi Tinch okeani telesi PacLink-ni boshqarish va sotish peyjer xizmat, bu kamtarona muvaffaqiyat, garchi keyinchalik Taksin o'z aktsiyalarini sotib olib, o'zining paging kompaniyasini tashkil qildi.^[12][23]

1989 yilda u IBC kabel televideniesi kompaniyasini ochdi. O'sha paytda Taksin Tailand matbuoti va ommaviy axborot vositalariga mas'ul bo'lgan Bosh vazir devoni vaziri Chalerm Yoobumrung bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lgan. Chalerm loyihani avvalgi ma'muriyat tomonidan rad etilganini ko'rib, Taksinga yaqin do'stiga foyda keltirishi uchun IBC tashkil etish huquqini berganmi yoki yo'qmi, bu savol.^[27] Biroq, bu pul yo'qotadigan bo'lib chiqdi va oxir-oqibat u kompaniyani CP Group-ning UTV-si bilan birlashtirdi.^[23][28]

1989 yilda Taksin Shinawatra DataCom ma'lumotlar tarmog'i xizmatini yaratdi.^[23] bugungi kunda Advanced Data Network sifatida tanilgan va AIS-ga tegishli va TOT.^[29] Keyinchalik Taksinning ko'plab korxonalari birlashtirildi Shin korporatsiyasi.

Murakkab ma'lumot xizmati va keyingi tashabbuslar

Murakkab ma'lumot xizmati (AIS) 1986 yilda Taksinning harbiy aloqalari bilan monopol shartnoma tuzgan va undan foydalangan GSM-900 chastota diapazoni. AIS tez o'sdi va Tailandning eng yirik uyali aloqa operatoriga aylandi.^[30]

Shinawatra Computer and Communications Group 1987 yilda tashkil etilgan va sanab o'tilgan 1990 yilda.

1990 yilda Taksin Shinavatra sun'iy yo'ldoshiga asos solgan bo'lib, u to'rttasini ishlab chiqqan va boshqargan Taykom aloqa sun'iy yo'ldoshlari.

1999 yilda Shinavatra oilasi bir milliard bat tashkil etish uchun sarfladi Shinavatra universiteti yilda Patum Tani. U muhandislik, arxitektura va biznesni boshqarish bo'yicha xalqaro dasturlarni taklif etadi, ammo xalqaro reytinglarda juda past.

2000 yilda Taksin kasallikka chalindi iTV dan televizion stantsiya Crown mulk byurosi, Nation Multimedia Group va Siam tijorat banki.^[31][32]

Siyosatga kirish

Siyosiy martaba

Taksin. Bilan uchrashuvda Braziliya prezidenti, Lula da Silva, 2004

1994 yil oxirida Taksin siyosatga kirdi Chamlong Srimuang, kim hozirgina pozitsiyasini qaytarib olgan edi Palang Dharma partiyasi (PDP) rahbari Boonchu Rojanastien. Boonchu bilan bog'liq bo'lgan PDP kabinetining vazirlarini keyinchalik tozalashda Taksin 1994 yilning dekabrida uning o'rniga Tashqi ishlar vaziri etib tayinlandi. Prasong Soonsiri.^[33] Taksin Palang Dharmani ko'plab tarkibi bilan birga tark etdi Deputatlar 1996 yilda tashkil topgan va populist Thai Rak Thai (TRT) partiyasi 1998 yilda. A 2001 yildagi saylovlarning tarixiy g'alabasi, u bosh vazir bo'ldi, mamlakatning birinchi muddatini to'liq muddat boshqargan.^[34]

Taksin qishloqlarda qashshoqlikni engillashtirish bo'yicha bir qator siyosatlarni joriy etdi. Juda mashhur bo'lib, ular to'rt yil ichida qashshoqlikni yarmiga kamaytirishga yordam berishdi.^[35][36] U mamlakatda birinchi bo'lib ishga tushirdi universal sog'liqni saqlash dastur,^[37] The 30 bahtlik sxemasi, shuningdek, taniqli giyohvand moddalarni yo'q qilish kampaniyasi.^[38] Taksin infratuzilma sarmoyalarini, shu jumladan yo'llar, jamoat transporti va boshqalarni o'z ichiga olgan ulkan dasturni boshladi Suvarnabhumi aeroporti. Shunga qaramay, davlat sektori qarzlari 2001 yil yanvar oyida YaIMning 57 foizidan 2006 yil sentyabrida 41 foizga tushdi.^[39][40] Korruptsiya darajasi pasaygan deb hisoblanardi Transparency International "s Korrupsiyani qabul qilish indeksi 2001 yildan 2005 yilgacha 3.2 dan 3.8 gacha yaxshilandi.^[41] Thai Rak Thai partiyasi katta ovoz bilan g'alaba qozondi 2005 yilgi umumiy saylov Tailand tarixidagi eng yuqori saylovchilar ishtirok etgan.^[42][43][44]

O'n ikki yil o'tgach, Taksin hokimiyatdan chetlatilgandan so'ng, Chamlong Srimuang "bunday korrupsionerni" siyosatga olib kelganidan afsuslanishini bildirdi. Tez orada PDP Sor-Por Kor-4-01 yer islohoti bilan bog'liq korruptsiya mojarosi tufayli hukumatdan chiqib ketdi va hukumatga sabab bo'ldi Chuan Leikpay qulab tushmoq.

Banxarn davrida PDP rahbari va Bosh vazir o'rinbosari

Chuan hukumatining so'nggi kunlarida ichki PDP siyosatiga noto'g'ri munosabatda bo'lganligi uchun qattiq tanqid qilingan Chamlong, siyosatdan iste'foga chiqdi va Taksinni yangi PDP rahbari sifatida tanladi. Taksin birinchi marta konstitutsiyaviy tribunalga saylandi va yutqazdi.

Taksin hukumat tarkibiga kirdi Banharn Silpa-Archa Bangkok transporti uchun mas'ul Bosh vazir o'rinbosari etib tayinlandi. 1996 yil may oyida u va boshqa to'rtta PDP vazirlari Banxarn kabinetini tark etishdi (deputatlik o'rinlarini saqlab qolgan holda), shu sababli Vazirlar Mahkamasi tarkibida o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. Ko'pchilik Taksinning bu harakati Chamlong Srimuangni 1996 yil iyun oyida Bangkok gubernatori saylovlarida faollashtirishga yordam berish uchun ishlab chiqilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda va Chamlong nafaqadan chiqqanidan keyin musobaqaga qaytgan.^[45] Ammo Chamlong mustaqil Bxitit Rattakulga yutqazdi.

Bangkokdagi PDPning ishlamay qolgan kuch bazasini barbod qilmagan Chamlong PDPdagi bo'linishlarni kuchaytirdi, xususan Chamlongning "ibodatxonasi" fraktsiyasi va Taksin guruhi o'rtasidagi bo'linishlarni kuchaytirdi. Ko'p o'tmay, Chamlong yana siyosatdan ketishini e'lon qildi.

1996 yil avgustda Taksin va PDP Banxarn hukumatidan chiqib ketishdi. Keyinchalik ishonchsizlik muhokamasida PDP Banxarn hukumatiga qarshi dalillar keltirdi va 1996 yil sentyabrda Banxarn parlamentni tarqatib yubordi.

Taksin keyingi 1996 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tadigan saylovlarda qatnashmasligini, ammo PDP rahbari sifatida qolishini e'lon qildi. Bu saylovlarda halokatli mag'lubiyatga uchradi, faqat bitta o'rinni qo'lga kiritdi va ko'p o'tmay, a'zolarning aksariyati iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, shov-shuvga aylandi.

Chavalit davrida Bosh vazir o'rinbosari

1997 yil 15 avgustda Taksin bosh vazir o'rinbosari bo'ldi Chavalit Yongchaiyudh 1997 yil 2 iyulda Tailand bahti suzib va ​​qadrsizlantirilgandan so'ng hukumat hukumati, uni keltirib chiqardi Osiyo moliyaviy inqirozi. U bu lavozimni atigi uch oy ushlab turdi, 14 noyabrda Chavalit iste'foga chiqqandan keyin ketdi.

1997 yil 27 sentyabrda o'tkazilgan tanqid munozarasi paytida Demokrat Suthep Thaugsuban Taksinni hukumatning bahtni suzish to'g'risidagi qarori haqidagi ichki ma'lumotlardan foyda ko'rishda aybladi,^[46] ammo keyingi demokratlar partiyasi boshchiligidagi hukumat ayblovlarni tekshirmadi.

Ushbu davrda Taksin, shuningdek, Vashingtonda joylashgan Osiyo bo'yicha maslahat kengashida ishlagan Carlyle Group u 2001 yilda Bosh vazir bo'lganidan keyin iste'foga chiqqunga qadar.^[47]

Thai Rak Thai partiyasi va 2001 yilgi saylovlar

Taksin asos solgan Thai Rak Thai (TRT) ('Thais Thaisni sevadi') partiyasi bilan birga 1998 yil Somkid Jatusripitak, PDP ittifoqchisi Sudarat Keyurafan, Purachai Piumsomboon,^[48] va yana 19 kishi.

Ko'pincha populist platforma bilan bog'liq Somkid, TRT sog'liqni saqlash xizmatidan universal foydalanish imkoniyatini va'da qildi, fermerlar uchun uch yillik qarzdorlikni to'xtatib qo'yishni va Tailandning barcha qishloqlari uchun mahalliy boshqariladigan taraqqiyot jamg'armasini.

Bosh vazirdan keyin Chuan Leikpay 2000 yil noyabr oyida parlamentni tarqatib yuborgan TRT katta g'alabaga erishdi 2001 yil yanvar oyidagi saylovlar, Birinchisi 1997 yil Konstitutsiyasi asosida o'tkazilgan. O'sha paytda ba'zi akademiklar buni Tailand tarixidagi eng ochiq, korruptsiyasiz saylov deb atashgan.^[49] Tailandlik Rak Tailand parlamentdagi 248 o'rinni qo'lga kiritdi (ilgari boshqa partiyalarga qaraganda ko'proq) va hukumat tuzish uchun yana uchta o'ringa ehtiyoj bor edi. Shunga qaramay, Taksin umumiy boshqaruvni qo'lga kiritish va ishonchsizlik ovozidan qochish uchun keng koalitsiyani tanladi Tailand partiyasi jadvali (41 o'rin) va Yangi intilish partiyasi (36 o'rin), kichik Seritham partiyasini o'zlashtirganda (14 o'rin).^[50] Taksin 2001 yil 9 fevralda Tailand Bosh vaziri bo'ldi.

Tailand Bosh vaziri, 2001–2006 yy

Taksin uchrashuvi Donald Evans 2001 yil dekabrda

Taksin Shinavatra Tailandning birinchi prezidentlik lavozimini to'liq muddatini tugatgan birinchi vazir bo'lgan va uning hukmronligi mamlakatning zamonaviy tarixidagi eng o'ziga xos xususiyatlardan biri ekanligi odatda qabul qilingan.^[51] U o'zining oldingilaridan ajralib turadigan ko'plab ko'zga tashlanadigan siyosatlarni boshladi.^[52] Ular iqtisodiyot, sog'liqni saqlash, ta'lim, energetika, ijtimoiy tartib, giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash va xalqaro munosabatlarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. U qayta saylovda bitta g'alaba qozondi.^[53]

Taksinning eng samarali siyosati qishloqdagi qashshoqlikni kamaytirish edi^[35] universal sog'liqni saqlashni joriy etish, unga qishloq kambag'allarining shu paytgacha e'tibordan chetda qolgan qo'llab-quvvatlashini, ayniqsa, aholisi ko'p bo'lgan shimoli-sharqda to'plash imkonini berdi.^[53]

Uning kabineti akademiklarning keng koalitsiyasidan, sobiq talabalar rahbarlaridan va sobiq rahbarlaridan iborat edi Palang Dharma partiyasi, shu jumladan Prommin Lertsuridej, Chaturon Chaisang, Prapat Panyachatraksa, Surapong Suebwonglee, Somkid Jatusripitak, Surakiart Satiratai va Sudarat Keyurafan. An'anaviy mintaqaviy elektr vositachilari ham uning hukumatiga oqishgan.

Biroq, uning hukumati tobora ko'proq diktaturada ayblanmoqda, demagogiya, korruptsiya, manfaatlar to'qnashuvi, inson huquqlari buzilishi, diplomatik yo'l tutmaslik, qonuniy bo'shliqlardan foydalanish va ularga nisbatan dushmanlik erkin matbuot. Juda ziddiyatli rahbar, u ko'plab ayblovlarning nishoniga aylandi lèse majesté, xiyonat qilish, diniy va qirol hokimiyatini egallab olish, aktivlarni xalqaro investorlarga sotish va diniy tahqirlash.^[54][55]

Iqtisodiy siyosat

Taksin hukumati o'z siyosatini qishloq ko'pchiligiga murojaat qilish uchun ishlab chiqardi va qishloqlar tomonidan boshqariladigan dasturlarni boshladi mikrokredit rivojlanish fondlari, past foizli qishloq xo'jaligi kreditlari, qishloqlarni rivojlantirish fondlariga naqd pulni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kiritish (SML sxemasi), infratuzilmani rivojlantirish va Bitta Tambon bitta mahsulot (OTOP) qishloq, kichik va o'rta korxonalarni rivojlantirish dasturi.

Taksinning iqtisodiy siyosati Tailandga vaziyatni tiklashga yordam berdi 1997 yil Osiyo moliyaviy inqirozi va qashshoqlikni sezilarli darajada kamaytirish. Yalpi ichki mahsulot 2001 yildagi 4,9 trillion bahtdan 2006 yilda 7,1 trillion bahtgacha o'sdi. Tailand o'z oldidagi qarzlarini to'ladi Xalqaro valyuta fondi muddatidan ikki yil oldin.

Mamlakatning eng qashshoq qismi bo'lgan shimoli-sharqdagi daromadlar 2001 yildan 2006 yilgacha 46 foizga o'sdi.^[56] Butun mamlakat bo'ylab qashshoqlik 21,3 foizdan 11,3 foizgacha kamaydi.^[35] Tailandniki Jini koeffitsienti, o'lchovi daromadlar tengsizligi, 2000 yildagi .525 dan 2004 yildagi .499 ga tushgan (1996 yildan 2000 yilgacha ko'tarilgan).^[57] The Tailand fond birjasi mintaqadagi boshqa bozorlardan ustun keldi. 2001 va 2002 yillarda moliyaviy tanqislikka duch kelgandan so'ng, Taksin milliy byudjetni muvozanatlashtirdi 2003 yildan 2005 yilgacha qulay fiskal profitsitlarni ishlab chiqarish. Infratuzilma investitsiyalarining ulkan dasturiga qaramay, a muvozanatli byudjet 2007 yilga mo'ljallangan edi.^[58] Davlat sektori qarzlari 2001 yil yanvar oyida YaIMning 57 foizidan 2006 yil sentyabrida 41 foizga tushdi.^[39][40] Valyuta zaxiralari 2001 yilda 30 milliard AQSh dollaridan 2006 yilda 64 milliard AQSh dollarigacha ikki baravarga oshdi.^[59]

Tanqidchilar aytadilar Taksinomika a dan ozroq Keynscha uslubidagi iqtisodiy rag'batlantirish siyosati qayta markali. Boshqalar siyosat qishloq kambag'allarini "Taksinning qo'llariga ilib qo'ygan" deb da'vo qilishdi.^[60]

Taksin Tailandning ulkan yer osti lotereya tizimini qonuniylashtirishga yordam berdi raqamlar o'yini (Taylandcha: หวย) hukumat lotereya idorasi tomonidan boshqariladi. Taxminan 70 milliard bat (2 milliard AQSh dollari) lotereya savdosi ijtimoiy loyihalar, jumladan "Bir tuman, bitta stipendiya" dasturiga sarflandi. Taksin hukumati ham xususiylashtirdi MCOT, katta televizion va radioeshittirish vositasi.^[61]

2006 yilgi to'ntarishdan so'ng Taksinning ko'plab iqtisodiy siyosatlari tugatildi, OTOP dasturi rebrending qilindi, hukumat lotereyasi idorasi dasturi noqonuniy deb topildi va hukumat bir nechta ommaviy axborot vositalari va energiya kompaniyalarini milliylashtirdi. Biroq, iqtisodchilar Tailandni rivojlantirish tadqiqot instituti (TDRI) ko'plab populist siyosat iqtisodiyotni kuchaytirmaganligini va ba'zilari tasodifan bo'lganligini ko'rsatuvchi hisobotni e'lon qildi.^[62]

Ta'lim siyosati

Jahon banki ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Tailand uning ma'muriyati davrida markazlashmagan, yaqinda markazlashtirgan.^[63]

Taksinning ta'lim sohasidagi islohotlaridan biri 1997 yilgi Konstitutsiyada belgilangan maktabni markazsizlashtirish edi.^{[64][iqtibos kerak ]}Maktab boshqaruvini haddan tashqari markazlashgan va byurokratik Ta'lim vazirligidan Tambon ma'muriy tashkilotlariga (TAO) topshirish kerak edi, ammo Tailandning davlat xizmatchilari maqomidan mahrum bo'lgan 700 ming o'qituvchilarning ommaviy qarshiliklariga duch keldi. O'qituvchilar TAOlarning maktablarni boshqarish qobiliyatiga ega emasligidan ham qo'rqishgan. O'qituvchilarning ommaviy noroziliklari va maktabni yopish tahdidlari oldida Taksin murosaga keldi va maktablari TAO boshqaruviga o'tkazilgan o'qituvchilarga boshqa maktablarga o'tish uchun ikki yil muhlat berdi.^{[65][iqtibos kerak ]}

Boshqa ko'zda tutilgan siyosat o'zgarishlariga asosan ta'limni isloh qilish va tegishli o'quv markazsizlashtirish, asosan, yaxlit ta'limdan keng foydalanish va uzoq o'qitishdan kamroq foydalanish kiradi.^[66]

Daromadlari past bo'lgan odamlar tomonidan universitetlarga kirishni kengaytirish uchun Taksin Talabalar Kredit Fondi (SLF) va Favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun kredit (ICL) dasturlarini boshladi. U ICL dasturini oliy o'quv yurtlariga kirish imkoniyatini oshirish maqsadida boshladi, shu orqali muhtoj talabalar o'zlarining kasb-hunar ta'limi va universitet darajalarida o'qishlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun kredit olishlari mumkin edi. Tailand banklari an'anaviy ravishda ta'lim kreditlarini berishmagan. Biroq, ICL oluvchilardan ish haqi oyiga 16000 bahtga yetganda, qarz berilgan kundan boshlab inflyatsiyaga teng foizlar bilan to'lashni boshlashni talab qildi. SLF oilaviy daromadga muvofiqlik chegarasiga ega edi, ammo foizlar bitiruvdan keyingi bir yildan boshlab 1 foizni tashkil etdi. Dasturlar birlashtirildi va Taksin hukumati ag'darilgandan keyin daromad chegarasi o'zgartirildi.^[67]

Taksin birinchi tarafdorlaridan biri edi Nikolas Negroponte "s Bola boshiga bitta noutbuk (OLPC) loyihasi, Tailand Ta'lim vazirligi 600000 dona sotib olishga majbur.^[68] Keyinchalik xunta loyihani bekor qildi.

Taksin, shuningdek, har bir tumanda kamida bitta yuqori sifatli maktab bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun maktablar sifatini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan munozarali "Bir tuman, bitta orzu maktabi" loyihasini tashabbus qildi. Faqatgina Taksin va kompyuterlar va o'quv uskunalarini sotadigan kompaniyalar foyda ko'rgan degan da'volar bilan tanqid qilindi. Loyihani amalga oshirishda ko'plab maktablar qarzga botib, markaziy hukumatdan etarli moliyaviy yordam olmadilar.^[69][70]

Bundan tashqari, u faqat milliy standartlashtirilgan imtihonlarga tayanadigan davlat universitetiga kirish tizimini o'zgartirdi. Taksin o'rta maktab o'quvchilarini shaxsiy kirish imtihonlari o'qituvchilariga emas, balki sinf o'quvchilariga yo'naltirish umidida katta vaznga ega bo'lishni talab qildi.

Sog'liqni saqlash siyosati

Taksin sog'liqni saqlashning ikkita asosiy siyosatini boshladi: 2002 yilda subsidiyalangan universal tibbiy yordam (UHC) va arzon narxlardagi universal foydalanish retrovirusga qarshi OIVga qarshi dorilar (ARV). Taksinning tashrifi uchun 30 bahtlik UHC dasturi keng jamoatchilikning maqtoviga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo ko'plab shifokorlar va rasmiylar tomonidan tanqid qilindi.^[71][72] Dastur joriy etilgunga qadar aholining katta qismi tibbiy sug'urtaga ega emas edi va faqat tibbiy xizmatdan foydalanish imkoniyati cheklangan edi. Dastur sog'liqni saqlash xizmatidan aholining 76 foizidan 96 foizigacha ko'payishiga yordam berdi.^[73] Boshida UHC "populist" siyosat sifatida yomonlandi. Post-to'ntarish sog'liqni saqlash vaziri Mongkol Na Songkhla 30 baht dasturini "marketing hiyla-nayranglari" deb atadi.^[74] UHC kasallarining deyarli yarmi o'zlariga qilingan davolanishdan norozi bo'lishdi.^[71] Dasturning salbiy tomonlari bor: sog'liqni saqlash xodimlari uchun haddan tashqari ish yuki, kutish xonalari ko'pligi va har bir bemorni tashxislash uchun etarli vaqt sarflanmagan va xarajatlar 2006 yildagi 56 million bahtdan 2019 yilda 166 million battgacha uch baravarga oshgan, ammo baribir bir foizdan past bo'lib qolmoqda YaIM. Balansda, a Bangkok Post sharhlovchining so'zlariga ko'ra, "... tanqid noto'g'ri edi. Bu mamlakatning eng qimmat davlat farovonligi xizmatiga aylandi, ..."^[75]

2001 yildan 2004 yilgacha OIV / OITS bilan kasallanganlar soni, umuman olganda tarqalishi stavkasi "sezilarli darajada pasaygan".^[76]

Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi urush

2003 yil 14 yanvarda Taksin uch oy ichida "mamlakatning har bir kvadrat dyuymini" giyohvand moddalardan tozalash kampaniyasini boshladi.^[77] Bu giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qiluvchilarga nisbatan jazo siyosatini o'zgartirish, viloyatni hibsga olish va musodara qilish maqsadlarini belgilash, shu jumladan "qora ro'yxat" ni, maqsadlarga erishganlik uchun hukumat amaldorlarini mukofotlash va kvotani bajarmaganlarni jazolash bilan tahdid qilish, dilerlarni nishonga olish va "shafqatsiz" amalga oshirish. Birinchi uch oy ichida Human Rights Watch tashkiloti 2275 kishi bo'lganligi haqida xabar beradi suddan tashqari qatl etilgan.^[78][79] Hukumat o'limlarning atigi 50 ga yaqini politsiya qo'lida, qolganlari esa o'zlarining dilerlari va dilerlari dilerlari tomonidan jim turadigan giyohvand moddalar savdosi bilan shug'ullanadi. Inson huquqlari tanqidchilari ko'pchilik suddan tashqari qatl etilganligini da'vo qilishdi.^{[80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]}

Qirol Bhumibol, 2003 yil tug'ilgan kunidagi nutqida Taksinni maqtagan:^[95]

"ไอ้ การ ชัยชนะ ของ การ ปราบ ไอ้ ยา เสพ ติด นี่ ดี ที่ แล้ว แล้ว ก็ ที่ เขา ๒ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ อะไร นั่น ไม่ ๕๐๐ ๕๐๐ นายก ได้ ได้ ทำ Dr ปี ๆ in ไว้ นะ นะ มากกว่า ๒,๕๐๐ คน ที่ ตาย "" Giyohvandlarga qarshi urushda g'alaba yaxshi. Ular 2500 dan ortiq o'lim uchun tazyiqni ayblashlari mumkin, ammo bu to'lash uchun juda oz narx. Agar bosh vazir muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan bo'lsa. [giyohvand moddalar savdosini] jilovlash uchun, yillar davomida o'lim soni bu ko'rsatkichdan osongina oshib ketishi mumkin edi.^[96]"

Bxumibol shuningdek, politsiya qo'mondonidan qotilliklarni tekshirishni so'radi.^[97] Politsiya qo'mondoni Sant Sarutanond o'lim bo'yicha tergovni qayta boshladi va yana o'limlarning oz qismi politsiya qo'lida bo'lganligini da'vo qildi.

Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi kurash xalqaro hamjamiyat tomonidan keng tanqid qilindi. Taksin buni so'radi BMTning inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasi vaziyatni baholash uchun maxsus vakil yuboring, ammo intervyusida "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti mening otam emas. Men bu masalada Tailandga BMTning biron bir tashrifidan xavotirda emasman" dedi.^[98]

2006 yilgi to'ntarishdan so'ng, harbiy xunta giyohvandlikka qarshi kampaniyani tekshirish uchun qo'mita tayinladi.^[99] Sobiq Bosh prokuror Kanit Na Nakorn qo'mitani boshqargan. Qo'mita natijalariga kelsak Iqtisodchi 2008 yil yanvarida xabar qilingan: "2003 yilda o'ldirilganlarning yarmidan ko'pi giyohvand moddalar savdosi bilan aloqasi yo'q edi. Panel zo'ravonlikni hukumatning" qora o'qlar "ga asoslangan siyosati bilan aybladi. Ammo prokuratura tomonidan olib borilayotgan ishlar Muvaqqat bo'lgan Bosh vazir Surayud Chulanont janob Taksinning xatolarini to'g'rilashga va'da berib, ish boshladi, ammo shu hafta u qotilliklar yuzasidan qonuniy choralar ko'rish uchun etarli dalillar yo'qligini aytdi. Buning sababini anglash oson. Lobbi guruhi Human Rights Watch tadqiqotchisi Sunai Phasukning aytishicha, panelning asl hisobotida qurollanganlarga qarshi g'azablangan siyosatchilar nomi keltirilgan. Ammo o'tgan oygi saylovlarda PPP g'olib chiqqanidan so'ng, bu ismlar qoldirilgan. "^[100]

U oppozitsiya rahbari bo'lganida, Abxitit Veyjajiva Taksinni aybladi insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlar uning kampaniyada gumon qilingan roli uchun. Bosh vazir lavozimiga tayinlanganidan so'ng, Abxitit o'ldirish bo'yicha tergovni boshlagan va muvaffaqiyatli tekshiruv sud tomonidan ta'qib qilinishiga olib kelishi mumkinligini da'vo qilgan. Xalqaro jinoiy sud. Sobiq bosh prokuror Kampee Kaewcharoen tergovni olib bordi va tergov qo'mitasi Abhisitning Vazirlar Mahkamasi tomonidan tasdiqlandi. Abxitit tergovning siyosiy motivli ekanligini rad etdi. Guvohlar va jabrlanganlar bevosita Abhisit nazorati ostida ishlaydigan Maxsus tergov bo'limiga xabar berishga chaqirilgan.^{[78][101][102]}

Energiya siyosati

Energiya siyosatida Taksin hukumati Chuan Leikpay hukumatning xususiylashtirish kun tartibi, ammo muhim o'zgarishlar bilan. Chuan hukumati esaOsiyo moliyaviy inqirozi siyosat sanoatni parchalanishi va ulgurji savdo yo'li bilan iqtisodiy samaradorlikka intildi quvvat havzasi musobaqa,^[103] Taksinning siyosati yaratishga qaratilgan milliy chempionlar Bu kuchli iqtisodiy o'sishni ishonchli qo'llab-quvvatlashi va mintaqaviy energetika bozorlarining muhim ishtirokchilariga aylanishi mumkin.^[104] Taksin qayta tiklanadigan energiya va energiya tejashni rag'batlantirish siyosatini ham boshladi. Taksin davridagi ko'plab energiya siyosati 2006 yilgi to'ntarishdan keyin bekor qilindi.

Janubiy Tailand isyoni

2001 yilda Tailandning janubdagi uchta viloyatida o'zlarining musulmon, etnik malay ko'pchiliklari bilan jonlanish boshlandi. Ushbu eskalatsiyaning sabablari to'g'risida juda ko'p tortishuvlar mavjud. 2001 yildan keyin hujumlar politsiya, harbiylar va maktablarga qaratilgan, ammo tinch aholi (shu jumladan buddist rohiblar) ham doimiy nishonga aylangan. Taksin vaziyatni boshqargani uchun keng tanqid qilindi.

Uchta tortishuvli voqealardan birinchisi, armiyaning bostirib kirishi edi Krue Se masjidi, namoyishchilar uyushtirilgan va o'ldirilgan joyda.^[105]

Ikkinchisi, 2004 yil oktyabr oyida, 84 ta musulmon namoyishchilarning o'ldirilishi Tak Bai, armiya tinch norozilikni tarqatib yuborganida.^[106] Yuzlab hibsga olingan shaxslar qurol-yarog 'bilan kishanlangan va armud yuk mashinalarida o'ralgan holda yotishga majbur bo'ldilar. Yuk mashinalari hibsga olingan hududga soatlab harakatlanishini kechiktirdilar. Qurbon bo'lgan 84 kishi ishtiyoqdan siqilgan, ezilgan yoki haddan tashqari issiqlikdan vafot etgani xabar qilingan. O'limning aniq mohiyati va sababi tortishuvlarga va shubhalarga sabab bo'ldi, chunki shaffoflik yo'qligi va tekshiruvlarda chuqurlik yo'qligi. Yana ko'plab o'limlar haqida boshqa xabarlar mavjud, ammo ular tasdiqlanmagan.

Uchinchi voqeada musulmon huquqshunos Somchai Neelapaijit yo'qolgan, go'yoki qiynoqqa solingan deb da'vo qilgan isyonchilarni himoya qilishdagi roli uchun politsiya tomonidan o'g'irlangan va o'ldirilgan. Sud tergovi va sud jarayonlari davomida guvohlarning ko'rsatmalari va sud-tibbiy dalillariga qaramay, politsiyaga qarshi barcha ayblovlar bekor qilindi va yo'qolib qolish to'g'risidagi ish yopildi.

Taksin mintaqada harbiy va politsiya faoliyati kuchayganligini e'lon qildi.^[107] 2005 yil iyul oyida Taksin uchta muammoli viloyatni boshqarish uchun Favqulodda vaziyatlar to'g'risida farmon chiqardi. Bir nechta inson huquqlarini himoya qilish tashkilotlari ushbu farmon fuqarolarning erkinliklarini buzish uchun ishlatilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida xavotirlarini bildirdilar.^[108]

2005 yil mart oyida Taksin sobiq Bosh vazir raisligida Milliy yarashtirish komissiyasini tuzdi Anand Panyarachun notinch Janubda tinchlik o'rnatish harakatlarini nazorat qilish. 2006 yil iyun oyida yakuniy hisobotida komissiya elementlarini joriy etishni taklif qildi Islom shariati va qilish Pattani-Malay (Yavi) Tailand tili bilan bir qatorda mintaqada rasmiy til. Taksin ma'muriyati hisobotni o'rganish uchun hukumat qo'mitasiga topshiriq bergan, ammo undan hech narsa chiqmagan.^[109]

Taksin Malayziyaning vaqti-vaqti bilan Islomiy jangarilarni janubda va Indoneziyada zo'ravonlik keltirib chiqarishga o'rgatish uchun ishlatilgan junglini jangarilarga ilhom sifatida aybladi.^[110]

Ma'muriy islohot

Taksinning ma'muriy islohotlarining eng ko'zga ko'ringanlaridan biri bu "katta portlash" deb nomlangan hukumat idoralari va vazirliklarni qayta qurish edi. Bu "tarixiy yutuq" va "1897 yilda Qirol Chulalongkorn Tailandning zamonaviy idoraviy boshqaruv tizimini tashkil qilganidan beri vazirliklarning birinchi yirik qayta tashkil etilishi" sifatida baholandi. Eski tizimning qattiqligi va harakatsizligini yumshatish bo'yicha rejalar yillar davomida o'rganilgan, ammo Taksin hukumatigacha amalga oshirilmagan.^[111] https://web.archive.org/web/20071016205115/http://etna.mcot.net/query.php?nid=19066

Qayta qurish byurokratiyani soddalashtirish va uni ishlash va natijalarga yo'naltirish uchun ishlab chiqilgan. Ijtimoiy va inson xavfsizligini rivojlantirish, turizm va sport, tabiiy resurslar va atrof-muhit, axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari va madaniyat sohalarida yangi vazirliklar yaratildi.

Taksin viloyat hokimlarining rolini faol siyosat menejerlariga aylantirdi. Tarixga ko'ra, markaziy hukumat vazirliklari viloyatlarda Bangkokka hisobot bergan yuqori lavozimli mulozimlar boshchiligidagi dala idoralari orqali ish olib borgan, Ichki ishlar vazirligi esa viloyat hokimlarini tayinlagan, ularning roli asosan tantanali bo'lgan.

Taksinning ma'muriy islohotlar siyosatining muhim tarkibiy qismi bo'lgan "bosh direktor-gubernatorlar" uning "an'anaviy byurokratiyaning ish uslubini ta'sirchanroq natijalarga yo'naltirilgan vositaga aylantirishi" deb nom olgan narsalarini namoyish etdi. 2001 yilda sinovdan o'tgan va 2003 yil oktyabr oyida barcha viloyatlarda joriy qilingan bosh direktorlar viloyatlarni rejalashtirish va muvofiqlashtirishga mas'ul etib, viloyat ishlariga javobgar bo'lishdi. "Bosh direktorlar" ga Moliya vazirligining "viloyat moliya direktorlari" yordam berishdi, ular har bir hokimga bevosita hisobot berishdi. Hokimlarga obligatsiyalar chiqarish orqali mablag 'yig'ish huquqi berildi va ularga intensiv o'quv kurslari o'tkazildi.^[112] To'ntarishdan keyin xunta gubernatorlarning rolini qaytardi.

Taksin davrida, shuningdek, sarmoyalardan tortib kommunal xizmatlar va ID-kartalarni qayta ishlashgacha bo'lgan byurokratiyani kamaytirish uchun bir qator hukumat xizmatlari markazlari ochildi.

Tashqi siyosat

Taksin bilan Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin APEC Bangkok 2003 da 2003 yil 21 oktyabrda Bangkokda

Taksin bir nechta muzokaralarni boshladi erkin savdo shartnomalari Xitoy, Avstraliya, Bahrayn, Hindiston va AQSh bilan. Ikkinchisi, ayniqsa, Tailandning qimmat sanoatini yo'q qilish mumkin degan da'volar bilan tanqid qilindi.^[113]

Tailand AQSh boshchiligidagi Iroqqa bostirib kirdi va 423 kishilik gumanitar kontingentni yubordi. 2004 yil 10 sentyabrda u o'z qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketdi. Ikki Tailand askari Iroqda qo'zg'olonchilar hujumida halok bo'ldi.

Taksin Tailand tashqi yordamni tark etishini va donor davlatlar bilan Buyuk Mekong mintaqasidagi qo'shnilarini rivojlantirishga yordam berishini e'lon qildi.^[114]

Chet el rahbarlari va xalqaro hamjamiyat bilan diplomatik munosabatda bo'lmaganligi uchun Taksinga bir necha bor hujum qilingan. Uning BMTdagi taniqli svaypidan tashqari (yuqoridagi "Giyohvandlikka qarshi urush" ga qarang), xalqaro uchrashuvlarda gafflar haqida da'volar ham bo'lgan.^[115]

Taksin Tailandni mintaqaviy etakchi sifatida tanlamoqchi edi, Laos singari qashshoq qo'shni mamlakatlarda turli xil rivojlanish loyihalarini boshladi. Ko'proq tortishuvlarga qaramay, u Birma diktaturasi bilan yaqin do'stona aloqalarni o'rnatdi, shu jumladan qashshoq mamlakatni oilaviy biznesi bilan sun'iy yo'ldosh telekom shartnomasini tuzishi uchun 4 milliard bat kredit liniyasini uzaytirdi.^[116]

AQSh davlat kotibi Kolin Pauell va Tailand Bosh vaziri Taksin Shinavatra hukumat uyida

Taksin o'zining sobiq tashqi ishlar vazirini g'ayrat bilan qo'llab-quvvatladi Surakiart Satiratai Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh kotibi bo'lish uchun olib boriladigan kampaniya.

Suvarnabhumi aeroporti

Aeroport joylashishi uchun zamin barqarorligi sababli munozaralarga va rejadan uzoq vaqt voz kechishga qaramay, Taksin hukumati yangi qurilishni tugatishga undadi Suvarnabhumi xalqaro aeroporti. Aeroport Taksin hukumati ag'darilganidan bir hafta o'tib ochilgan.

Taksin hukumati a'zolari ayblandi Suvarnabhumi aeroporti loyihasidagi korruptsiya. Ushbu da'volar harbiy xunta tomonidan 2006 yilgi to'ntarishni oqlash uchun ishlatilgan.^[117] The xunta aeroportga oid bir nechta tergovlarni boshladi. Shunga qaramay, tergov panellari aeroportga etkazilgan zarar "daqiqali" va "odatiy" ekanligini aniqladilar. Zararni tiklash uchun sarflangan xarajatlar umumiy aeroport narxining bir foizidan kamrog'ini tashkil etdi. Xunta muxoliflari tomonidan aeroportni ta'mirlashni kechiktirishda va Taksin hukumatiga ko'proq ayb qo'yish uchun aeroportdagi muammolarni kuchaytirganlikda ayblangan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Tanqid

Korruptsiya

Thaksin was accused of "policy corruption", such as infrastructure and liberalisation policies that, while legal "...abuse the public's interest,..."^[118] Supannee Chai-amporn and Sirinthip Arun-rue of the Rivojlanishni boshqarish milliy instituti (NIDA) claimed that policy corruption caused the state to spend 5 to 30 percent more than it otherwise should have spent, costing the state an additional 400 billion baht. Thaksin critics point to more examples of corruption: the Tailand sarmoyalar kengashi 's (BOI) granting tax breaks worth a total of 16.4 billion baht to Shin Satellite for its iPSTAR project in 2003, and the Transport Ministry's decision the same year to abolish the minimum air fare of 3.8 baht per kilometre when Shin Corporation was about to consummate a joint venture with low-cost carrier AirAsia.^[119]

After the 2006 coup, the military junta-appointed Assets Examination Committee froze Thaksin's assets based on charges of policy corruption.^[120]

Thaksin denied the allegations. "They just made up a beautiful term to use against me. There's no such thing in this government. Our policies only serve the interests of the majority of the people", he said.^[120] From 2002 to 2006, the stock price of Shin Corporation increased from 38 to 104 baht, up 173 percent, while the stock price of Shin Satellite fell. Xuddi shu davrda Tailand fond birjasi (SET) index rose 161 per cent, and the price of other major SET blue chip companies increased vastly more. Industry deregulation caused the market share of AIS to fall from 68 percent to 53 percent.^[120]

Transparency International reported that Thailand's reputation for transparency among business executives improved somewhat during the years of the Thaksin government. In 2001, Thailand's Korrupsiyani qabul qilish indeksi (CPI) score was 3.2 (ranked 61), whilst in 2005, the CPI was 3.8 (ranked 59).^{[121][122][123]}

Tadqiqot governance indicators worldwide tomonidan Jahon banki gave Thailand a lower score on "control of corruption" from 2002 to 2005 under Thaksin when compared to the Democrat-led government of 1998–2000.^[124]

In 2008 Thaksin was sentenced to two years' imprisonment sirtdan over a corrupt land deal. In a ruling that made him the first Thai politician ever to be convicted of corruption committed while prime minister, Thaksin was found to have violated conflict of interest rules in helping his wife buy land from a state agency at a seemingly low price.^[7]

Boshqa ayblovlar

Immediately after the events of March 2010, Abxitit Veyjajiva stated that he would talk to the red shirt leadership, but not to Thaksin. He criticised Thaksin's wealth and extravagance, contrasting the alleged opulence of the premier's house and the humbler, agrarian roots of many of his supporters. Shortly after, he condemned his opponent's self-proclaimed affinity with ordinary people, the "phrai" (Tailandcha: ไพร่), arguing that Thaksin was far closer to the "ammart", or the traditional elites in Thailand's army, bureaucracy, and political parties.^[125]

Thaksin's government was accused of exerting political influence in its crackdown on unlicensed community radio stations, and Thaksin brought defamation lawsuits against critical journalists.^[126][127]

Political crisis of 2005–2006

Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and Deputy Prime Minister Surakiart Satiratai, 2005 yil 19 sentyabr

2005 yil qayta saylanish

Under the slogans "Four Years of Repair – Four years of Reconstruction" and "Building Opportunities", Thaksin and the TRT won landslide victories in 2005 yil fevral saylovlari, winning 374 of 500 seats in parliament. The election had the highest voter turnout in Thai history. But his second term was soon beset by protests, with claims that he presided over a "parliamentary dictatorship".^[128]

The political crisis was catalysed by accusations published by media mogul and popular talk show host Sondhi Limtongkul, a former Thaksin supporter who had broken with him. These included accusations that Thaksin:

• Restricted press freedom by suing Sondhi after he printed a sermon by a Luang Ta Maha Bua, a controversial monk.
• Masterminded the desecration of the famous Erawan ibodatxonasi

Sale of Shin Corporation

On 23 January 2006, the Shinawatra family sold their entire stake in Shin korporatsiyasi ga Temasek Holdings. The Shinawatra and Damapong families netted about 73 billion baht (about US$1.88 billion) tax-free from the sale, using a regulation that made individuals who sell shares on the Fond birjasi ozod qilingan kapitaldan olinadigan soliq.^[129] Thaksin was the target of accusations of corruption for selling forbidden national assets such as national utility company to a foreign entity in exchange for personal profits and kickbacks. Thai laws at the time disallowed the sale of integral assets of national importance to the public or to any foreign entity, but Thaksin amended the laws to allow such sale.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Protests followed the Shin Corporation sale, led by the Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi (PAD), whose leaders included Chamlong and Sondhi. Numbers soon swelled to tens of thousands occupying the area around Government House in Bangkok.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

House dissolution and election

Thaksin announced the parlamentni tarqatib yuborish on 24 February 2006. General elections were scheduled for 2 April.

Thaksin was attacked for calling for snap elections, which in effect prevented any member of parliament from changing parties. Tahririyatda, Millat noted it that, "It fails to take into consideration a major fallacy of the concept [of democracy], particularly in a less-developed democracy like ours, in which the impoverished, poorly informed masses are easily manipulated by people of his ilk. And Thaksin's manipulation has been well documented."^[130]

Thaksin's TRT Party won the widely boycotted elections, gaining 462 seats in parliament, with a ratio of yes-voters to no-voters of 16:10, not counting non-voters.^[131]

However, by-elections were needed for 40 TRT candidates who failed to win the minimum 20 percent required by the 1997 yil Konstitutsiya in uncontested races.^[132][133] The Democrat Party refused to contest them^[132] va bilan birga PAD, petitioned the Central Administrative Court to cancel them.^[134] Chamlong Srimuang declared that the PAD would ignore the elections and "go on rallying until Thaksin resigns and Thailand gets a royally appointed prime minister".^[135]

Thaksin had announced on 4 April 2006 that he would not accept the post of prime minister after parliament reconvened, but would continue as caretaker prime minister until then.^[136] He then delegated his functions to caretaker Deputy Prime Minister Chidchai Wannasathit, moved out of Government House, and went on vacation.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Elections were held on 25 April and resulted in the TRT winning 25 of the constituencies and losing two. Yet another round of by-elections on 29 April was scheduled for 13 constituencies. The Thai Rak Thai Party was later accused and found guilty of paying smaller parties to contest the election to fulfill the 20 percent rule, while the Democrat Party was accused of paying smaller parties not to. The by-elections were suspended by the Constitutional Court while it deliberated whether or not to annul the main elections. In press interviews in exile, Thaksin was to insist on his technical majority.^[137]

Invalidation of the elections

On 8 May 2006, the Konstitutsiyaviy sud ruled 8–6 to invalidate the April elections based on the awkward positioning of voting booths. The ruling was called a landmark case in "judicial activism".^[138] The Democrat Party, which had boycotted the April elections, said they were now ready to contest an October election.^[139]

A new election was ordered and later set for 2006 yil 15 oktyabr. The court found the Election Commissioners guilty of malfeasance and jailed them. But the election was cancelled when the military seized power on 19 September.

The ouster

The Thaksin government faced allegations of corruption, authoritarianism, xiyonat, manfaatlar to'qnashuvi, acting non-diplomatically, and muzzling of the bosing.^[140] Thaksin was accused of soliq to'lashdan bo'yin tovlash, lèse majesté (insulting King Bhumibol ), and selling assets of Thai companies to international investors.^[54][55] Independent bodies, including Xalqaro Amnistiya, criticised Thaksin's human rights record. Thaksin was also charged for concealing his wealth during his premiership.^[141]

Tomonidan noroziliklar Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi massed in 2006, and on 19 September 2006 a harbiy xunta which later called itself the Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi (CNS) replaced Thaksin's caretaker government in a to'ntarish u chet elda bo'lganida. The Konstitutsiyaviy sud dissolved the Thai Rak Thai party for electoral fraud ex post facto, banning him and TRT executives from politics for five years.^[142] The CNS-appointed Assets Examination Committee froze Thaksin and his family's assets in Thailand, totalling 76 billion baht (US$2.2 billion), claiming he had become unusually wealthy while in office.^[143][144] Thaksin and his wife had declared assets totalling 15.1 billion baht when he took office in 2001, although he had transferred many of his assets to his children and associates before taking office.^[145]

Thaksin returned to Thailand on 28 February 2008, after the Xalq hokimiyati partiyasi, which he supported, won the post-coup elections.^[146] But after visiting Beijing for the 2008 Summer Olympics, he did not return to hear the final supreme court sentence and applied for asylum in the United Kingdom. This was refused, after which he had to move about from one country to another. In October 2008, the Thai Supreme Court found him guilty of a conflict of interest and sentenced him sirtdan to two years imprisonment.^[147]

The People's Power Party was later dissolved by the Supreme Court, but party members regrouped to form the Pheu Thai Party, which Thaksin also supported. Thaksin is a supporter, and alleged bankroller, of the Diktaturaga qarshi demokratiya uchun birlashgan front (aka "Red Shirts").^[148][149] The government revoked Thaksin's passport for his role in the UDD's protests during Songkran 2009.^{[150][151][152]} On 26 February 2010, the Supreme Court seized 46 billion baht of his frozen assets, after finding him guilty of abnormal wealth. In 2009 it was announced that Thaksin had obtained Chernogoriya orqali fuqarolik that country's economic citizenship program.^{[1][153][154][155]}

2006 yil sentabr to'ntarishi

On the evening of 19 September 2006, while Thaksin was visiting New York City to attend a UN summit and speak at the Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash, the army took control of Bangkok. At Government House, some 50 soldiers ordered approximately 220 policemen in the complex to lay down their weapons. Troops also surrounded the Taykom satellite receiving station and state-run television station Channel 11. By the morning of 20 September, tanks and military vehicles armed with machine guns were stationed at Government House, the Royal Plaza, and Ratchadamnoen shoh ko'chasi.^[156]

Troops participating in the coup were from the 1st and 3rd Army Regions, the Ichki xavfsizlik operatsiyalari buyrug'i, the Special Warfare Centre, army units from Naxon Ratchasima va Prachinburi, and navy sailors.^[157] According to coup leader Army General Sonti Boonyaratglin, coup leaders had arrested Deputy Prime Minister Chitchai Wannasathit va mudofaa vaziri Thammarak Isaragura na Ayuthaya.^[158]

The military, originally calling itself the Council for Democratic Reform under the Constitutional Monarch (CDRM), issued a statement citing the government's alleged lèse majesté, corruption, interference with state agencies, and creation of social divisions as reasons for the coup.^[159] It declared the King of Thailand the head of state, and said elections would be held soon to return democracy to the country. Thaksin departed New York for Great Britain, where he had family.

Thai Rak Thai Party

Ko'pchilik Thai Rak Thai party members were reported to have resigned from the party in the aftermath of the coup for fear that the party would be dissolved by the junta and its members banned from politics. These included Somsak Thepsuthin and 100 members of the Wang Nam Yen faction. It was not clear whether Suriya Jungrungreangkit, another influential member of the faction, would also resign. Sontaya Kunplome was reported to have led 20 members of the Chonburi faction in resigning from the party.^[160][161]

On 2 October 2006 Thaksin and his former deputy Somkid Jatusipitak resigned from the TRT.^[162][163] Chaturon Chaisang took over as party head.

The TRT was dissolved on 30 May 2007 by the Constitutional Tribunal, which banned over 100 of its executives, including Thaksin, from politics for five years, based on charges that two party executives (Defense Minister Thammarak and Pongsak Raktapongpaisarn) bribed a smaller party to stand in the 2006 yil aprel saylovlari. The Democrat party was cleared on a similar charge.

2006 yil Bangkokda Yangi yil arafasida portlashlar

On 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2007, several bombs exploded in Bangkok, killing three and wounding a number of bystanders. Prime Minister General Surayud Chulanont accused "those who lost power as a result of the military takeover" of masterminding the bombings, but did not directly identify Thaksin. Thaksin went on CNN to publicly deny any involvement in the bombings. The government did not make any arrests in the case.^[164]

Sud ayblovlari

Taksinning diplomatik pasport was revoked on 31 December 2006 after the junta accused him of engaging in political activities while in exile. Thai embassies were ordered not to aid him in his travels.

A junta-appointed Assets Examination Committee (AEC) froze Thaksin's assets and attempted to bring charges against him. The AEC was criticised for being stacked with anti-Thaksin appointees. At one point, AEC Secretary Kaewsan Atibodhi claimed that "evidence and witnesses are useless", when an AEC panel recommended legal action without hearing 300 witnesses or considering 100 additional pieces of evidence.^[165] The AEC froze Thaksin's assets.

In January 2007, the Financial Institutions Development Fund (FIDF) complied with an AEC request to file a charge against Thaksin and his wife for their purchase of four 772 million baht plots of land from the FIDF in 2003. The charge was based on an alleged violation of Article 100 of the National Counter Corruption Act, which prohibits government officials and their spouses from entering into or having interests in contracts made with state agencies under their authority.

The AEC also accused Thaksin of issuing an unlawful cabinet resolution approving the spending of state funds to buy rubber saplings.

In March 2007, the Office of the Attorney-General charged Thaksin's wife and brother-in-law with conspiring to evade taxes of 546 million baht (US$15.6 million) in a 1997 transfer of Shin Corporation shares.

The AEC found Thaksin guilty of malfeasance for obstructing competition by imposing an excise tax on telecom operators. Thaksin's Cabinet had approved the relevant executive decree in 2003.

Purchase of Manchester City Football Club

As prime minister, Thaksin had unsuccessfully sought to buy the English Premer-liga futbol klublari "Fulxem" va keyinroq "Liverpul", in what critics claimed was a publicity stunt in response to his political problems.^[166]

On 21 June 2007, now out of office, Thaksin bought Premier League club "Manchester Siti" for £81.6 million.^[167] He became briefly popular with fans (who nicknamed him "Frank",^[168]) especially after appointing Sven-Göran Eriksson manager of the club and bringing in prominent players.^[169] Eriksson was later critical of Thaksin's running of the club, saying "he [Thaksin] didn't understand football – he hadn't a clue."^[170] He sold the club to investors from Abu Dabi Birlashgan Guruhi in September 2008 for a reported £200 million.^[171]

After selling Manchester City, Thaksin was nominated as "honorary president" but did not have any administrative responsibilities.^[172] However, he was later dismissed as honorary club president after the club took a position against him following his conviction and was "on the run" from Thai authorities.^[173]

Convictions and exile

In May 2007, Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont said Thaksin was free to return to Thailand, and he would personally guarantee Thaksin's safety. In January 2008 Thaksin's wife Potjaman was arrested on arrival in Bangkok but released on bail after appearing at the Supreme Court, with orders not to leave the country.^[174] She was set to be tried for alleged violation of Aksiya -trading and land sale laws.^[175]

On 28 February 2008, Thaksin arrived in Bangkok after 17 months in exile. Thaksin stated that he would not re-enter politics and wished to focus on his football interests.^[176][177] In March Thaksin pleaded not guilty before the Supreme Court in one of his two criminal corruption cases. He was ordered to report back on 11 April after the court granted a month-long trip to England.^[178]

In June the Supreme Court denied Thaksin's request to travel to China and Britain, since his corruption case was set for trial and was ordered to surrender his passport after arraignment.^[179][180] In July the court assumed jurisdiction over the fourth corruption charge against Thaksin concerning soft loans to Birma. The court also agreed to hear allegations that Thaksin, his former cabinet, and three members of the current government broke anti-gambling laws by setting up the new state lottery in 2003.^[181][182]

Potjaman was found guilty on 31 July and sentenced to three years imprisonment, then released on bail. The Bangkok Criminal Court also convicted her adopted brother Bhanapot Damapong and her secretary, who allegedly held assets for Thaksin by proxy, of tax evasion.^[183][184]

Request for asylum in the United Kingdom

Hibsga olishga order for Thaksin Shinawatra, issued by the Tailand qirollik politsiyasi on 13 August 2008, after his flight to London and failure to appear in court on 11 August 2008

On 10 August 2008, Thaksin and Potjaman violated their bail terms by attending the 2008 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlarining ochilish marosimi Pekinda.^[185] Stating that he wished to return to Thailand but claimed it was not currently safe for him and his family.^[186][187] Thaksin sought siyosiy boshpana Buyuk Britaniyada,^[188] claiming his political enemies were interfering with the judiciary. There is no evidence that he proceeded with his request and his asylum case was neither approved nor declined.

The Thailand Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions issued a second arrest warrant on 16 September 2008 against Thaksin over another of the four pending corruption cases and ordered suspension of the trial.^[189][190] Several more arrest warrants were issued over subsequent no-shows at various corruption trials.^{[191][192][193][194][195]}

Ratchadaphisek land verdict

On 21 October 2008, the Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions ruled that Thaksin, while prime minister, abused his power to help his wife buy public land at auction, and sentenced him to two years in jail.^[196]

Soon after, Thaksin told Reuters, "I have been informed of the result. I had long anticipated that it would turn out this way", and added that the case was politically motivated.^[197]

Chief prosecutor Seksan Bangsombun called on Britain to ekstraditsiya qilish uni.^[198] Thaksin now denied he was seeking political asylum in Britain.^[199]

Self-imposed exile

On 10 November 2008, a Philippine spokesman said his government would "politely" turn down any request for political refuge from Thaksin due to Manila 's "friendly" relations with Bangkok.^{[200][201][202]}

Britaniya hukumati Uy idorasi, meanwhile, revoked Potjaman and Thaksin's vizalar due to their convictions, while the Bangkok British Embassy e-mailed airlines asking them to disallow either of them to board flights to Britain.^[203] 2008 yil oxirida, Arab biznesi reported that the UK froze US$4.2 billion of his assets in the UK. The UK government did not confirm or deny this claim.^[204]

Thaksin had reportedly considered sanctuaries such as China, the Bagama orollari, Nikaragua, and several other countries in South America and Africa. Reports said the Shinawatras were granted honorary citizenship by the Bahamas and Nicaragua, and were building a £5.5 million home in China. As of late-May 2009, he reportedly remained in Dubay.^{[205][206][207]} A spokesman claimed Thaksin was travelling on six passports, none of them Thai.^[208] In December 2008 Thaksin obtained a residency permit for (Germany)^[209] which was subsequently withdrawn on 28 May 2009 when the German government became aware of the arrangement. Thaksin then obtained status as a diplomat of Nicaragua.^[209][210] Gvido Vestervelle, Nemis tashqi ishlar vaziri, lifted the travel restriction banning Thaksin from entering Germany on 15 July 2011 after the saylov victory of Thaksin's proxy party.^[209]

In a November 2009 interview, Thaksin told The Times that he was living in Dubai, still had access to about US$100 million of his money outside of Thailand, and was investing in gold mines, diamond polishing, and lottery licenses in various countries.^[211]

Songkran unrest

In mid-April 2009, violent protests of mostly Thaksin supporters calling themselves the Diktaturaga qarshi demokratiyaning milliy birlashgan jabhasi (UDD) led to the cancellation of the ASEAN summit in Pattaya and a declaration of a state of emergency in Bangkok. Thaksin had given encouragement at UDD rallies via satellite and phone-in link, at one point calling for a "people's revolution". Following suppression of the protests he claimed to have merely been offering "moral support".^[148][212]

Thaksin supported protests by the UDD against the Abhisit Vejjajiva government, demanding Thaksin be allowed to return free from all the earlier corruption charges.^{[149][150][151][152]} Thaksin denied leading the UDD, claiming he only gave them "moral support".^[148]

Pul yuvish bilan bog'liq ayblovlar

In April 2009, Privy Councilor General Pichitr Kullavanijaya reported he had been informed by former US ambassador to Thailand Ralf L. Boyz that Thaksin had laundered 100 billion baht (US$2.8 billion) through Cayman Island bank accounts to organise the anti-government protests. Boyce himself said that he had "...no idea why he was cited as a knowledgeable source about where Thaksin may or may not have made deposits, and that he has no such information."^[213]

Economic advisor to Cambodia

On 4 November 2009, it was announced that Thaksin had been appointed as special advisor to the Cambodian government and Xun Sen and stated that Cambodia would refuse to extradite Thaksin because it considered him a victim of political persecution. On 5 November 2009, both countries recalled their ambassadors.^[214]

Tailand bosh vaziri Abxitit Veyjajiva stated this was "the first diplomatic retaliation measure".^[214] Stating Cambodia was interfering in Thailand's internal affairs and as a result all bilateral agreements would be reviewed.^{[214][215][216]} Sok An, a'zosi Vazirlar Kengashi and Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia, said Thaksin's appointment is a decision internal to Cambodia and "conforms to international practice".^[216] The mutual withdrawal of ambassadors is the most severe diplomatic action to have occurred between the two countries.^[216]

Spy controversy

On 11 November 2009, Sivarak Chutipong was arrested by Cambodian police for passing the confidential flight plans of Thaksin and Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen to Kamrob Palawatwichai, First Secretary of the Royal Thai Embassy in Cambodia. Sivarak was a Thai engineer working in Cambodia for Cambodia Air Traffic Service, the private firm which managed havo harakatini boshqarish Kambodjada.^[217] Sivarak denied that he was a spy, and the Thai government claimed that he was innocent and that the incident was a Thaksin/Cambodian plot to further damage relations between the two countries. The Thai First Secretary was expelled from Cambodia. Sivarak demanded that former First Secretary Kamrob speak out and restore his damaged reputation by confirming he was not involved in a spy ring. Kamrob refused to provide comment to the press throughout the controversy, and Kasit's secretary, Chavanond Intarakomalyasut, insisted that although that there was no misconduct on the part of the First Secretary or Sivarak, there would be no statement from Kamrob.^[218]

Sivarak was later sentenced to jail for seven years. Thaksin requested the Cambodian government to pardon Sivarak, and he was soon pardoned by King Norodom Sihamoni and expelled. Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban later accused Sivarak of staging his own arrest in order to discredit the Abhisit government.^[219] Former Thai spy chief and Foreign Minister Prasong Soonsiri concurred, claiming, "It has been a set-up from the beginning.^[220]

Frozen asset seizure

Prior to the verdict

On 26 February 2010, the Thai Supreme Court was scheduled to render its verdict on whether to seize Thaksin's Thai assets, worth 76 billion baht frozen by the AEC after the coup. The AEC froze the assets under the authority of Announcement No. 30 of the military junta.^[143] Tensions ran high throughout Thailand. Tens of thousands of government security forces were deployed, particularly in routes leading to Bangkok. However, the UDD denied that it would rally on the date of the verdict.^[221][222] The nine Supreme Court judges had to make a judgment on accusations of abnormal wealth through policy corruption. Policy corruption, was defined by the court as the abuse of powers by implementing economic policies that, while in themselves legal and of potential benefit to society and the economy, also aided companies that were owned in part by the policy maker.^[118] The prosecution claimed that Thaksin abused his powers five times while premier.

The first and last pages of the verdict with the signatures of the nine supreme court judges

Hukm

The court first ruled that Thaksin and Potjaman were the real owners of the assets, rather than his children and relatives. The court also ruled that it had the authority to seize assets, based on the announcements of the junta. The court found Thaksin guilty of four out of five policy corruption, and ordered that 46 billion baht be seized. The remaining 30 billion was to remain frozen.

• Count 1: Conversion of telecom concession fees into excise charges. Previously, telecom operators had to pay TOT/CAT a percentage of their revenue as a concession fee (TOT/CAT are state-owned enterprises, although they were going through the process of privatisation). The Thaksin government modified this into a system wherein all operators would instead directly pay the government an equivalent excise tax. The imposition of excise tax here would eventually be passed on to consumers.^[223] Thaksin claimed that all operators continued to pay the same total costs. The judges ruled that this benefited AIS while harming TOT, and thus was an abuse of power.
• Count 2: Modification of a revenue sharing agreement on pre-paid mobile services. Previously, telecom operators had to pay TOT a percentage of their revenues for post-paid mobile services. To offer pre-paid services, which generally cost the consumer less, AIS negotiated with TOT to design a revenue sharing agreement for pre-paid services that offered less revenue to TOT, an estimated loss of 14.2 billion baht (revenue reduced from 25 to 20 percent) from 2001 to 2006 and another estimated loss of 56 billion baht (revenue reduced from 30 to 20 percent) from 2006 to 2015.^[224] The judges ruled that the terms of the pre-paid agreement harmed TOT while benefiting AIS. The judges did not dispute the fact that TOT's total revenue actually increased substantially as a result of the agreement, but noted that the rise in pre-paid revenue came about while harming TOT's post-paid revenue. The massive growth in Thai mobile penetration from 13 percent in 2001 to 80 percent in 2007, due almost completely to pre-paid services, and the reduction in AIS market share from 68 to 53 percent in the same period were not taken into account by the court.
• Count 3: Modification of mobile roaming agreement. Previously, there were no roaming agreements between mobile operators – subscribers from one operator were not allowed to use services on another operator's network, thus limiting the growth of the mobile industry. Under the Thaksin government, roaming was allowed, with roaming fees deducted from the revenue that AIS and other operators had to share with TOT and other state enterprises. Essentially, TOT helped AIS shoulder the costs of its subscribers roaming on the mobile networks of other operators. This reduced TOT and CAT's income while benefiting the operators. However, the judges ruled that it while benefited AIS, it did so to the benefit of AIS's new owners (Temasek Holdings) rather than Thaksin, and hence was not an abuse of power.
• Count 4: Replacement of ThaiCom 4 bilan iPSTAR. A previous government had originally contracted with ShinSat to launch and operate ThaiCom 4 as a backup satellite for ThaiCom 3. Instead, ShinSat negotiated with the Thaksin government to launch iPSTAR, at the time the largest commercial satellite in history, which it claimed could offer commercial internet services while also providing backup for ThaiCom 3. However, the claim is not technically possible since iPSTAR does not have C-band transponders as Thaicom 3. Shin Corp's ownership in ShinSat was subsequently reduced from 51% to 40%. The judges found that the changes in ownership and satellite specification change reduced Thailand's communications security by not having the backup satellite for ThaiCom 3 on the one-to-one basis. It also noted that the negotiations allowed ShinSat to launch a satellite with much greater commercial potential than ThaiCom 4 without having to bid for a separate concession agreement.
• Count 5: EXIM Bank loan to Myanmar to pay for ThaiCom services. Thaksin was scheduled to meet with Burmese leaders to negotiate trade deals between the two countries. One of the deals negotiated gave Myanmar a Thai EXIM Bank loan to purchase 376 million baht in satellite services from ShinSat. Thaksin noted that many deals were struck in the negotiations, and that 16 other companies also benefited from the EXIM Bank's loans. The judges ruled that the loans gave preferential treatment to Thaksin, and hence were an abuse of power.^[225][226]

The judges decided to seize 46 billion differences in value of Shin Corp. shares from the date when he came to office and the value when the shares were sold to Singapore's Temasek Holdings in early 2006. Note that, Thaksin had declared around 500 million baht in assets and Pojaman had 8 billion to 9 billion baht while Thaksin served as prime minister.^[224] Nevertheless, during that period, Shin shares gained 121%, compared with a 128% gain in the benchmark SET index, while Siam tsement, one of Thailand's premier blue chip companies, gained 717%.^[227] The judges did not find that Thaksin was guilty of malfeasance. They also noted that any benefit to the government from Thaksin's policies was irrelevant to the ruling. The government reaped approximately 100 billion baht in increased revenue from changes in the concession agreements alone.^[228]

Natijada

In an email to his supporters, Thaksin claimed that the court was used as a tool. He also noted how the Thai stock market rose to the benefit of many companies, not just his, and claimed that all charges against him were politically motivated. He thanked his supporters for not protesting while the verdict was being read, and implored them to use non-violent means in the future. Pojaman na Pombejra insisted that tens of billions of baht of her wealth had been given to her children and relatives well before Thaksin took office in 2001 and denied that her children and relatives were nominees of her and her husband. She also denied having any control over Ample Rich and Win Mark, two firms that the AEC had accused of being her nominees.^[229] In spite of Pojaman's claim, Thaksin was the authorised signature for Ample Rich through 2005, making him the only individual authorised to withdraw funds from the company's account until he transferred the authority to his children, four years after he took office in 2001.^[230]Some UDD members held a small protest in front of the court, but did not disrupt the ruling as the government had predicted they would. The UDD leaders announced that a large-scale protest was scheduled to be held on 14 March 2010.

On the evening of 27 February, M67 granatalari were thrown from a motorcycle outside three branches of Bangkok banki. Nobody was hurt or injured in the attacks. The perpetrators were not caught, and no organisation claimed responsibility for the attacks. Thaksin and the UDD were quick to deny any involvement.^{[231][232][233]} An arrest warrant was issued based on sketches of a motorcycle driver.^[234]

Transfer of Shin Corp. Shares

The law does not allow the prime minister to run a side business while holding office. Charges were pressed against Thaksin on wealth concealment while in office.^[235][236]Prior to the wealth declaration of Thaksin and his family when he took office, there had been an appeal to The National Anti-Corruption Commission that there were some suspicions about the numbers in the report.

Transferring to maid and driver

Thaksin was charged with illegally concealing billions of baht of his wealth by transferring ownership of Shin Corp. shares to his drivers and maids without their knowledge. Thaksin tearfully told the Constitutional Court that it was an honest mistake before the Court acquitted him on the charges.^[237]

Transferring shares to children who reached maturity

There was also a controversy over whether there was any hidden tax evasion when Thaksin and Potjaman transferred their Shin Corporation shares to their children. Panthongtae and Pinthongta Shinawatra were accused of being nominees of their parents.

The transfer of shares from Thaksin and Potjaman to Parnthongtae was claimed to have been a sham, since there was no actual transfer of money. Panthongtae said the shares were sold to him at cost. Thaksin stated he had a written agreement proving the transfer to his son. Prior to the transfer, Panthongtae had signed an agreement with his father to settle a 4.5 billion baht debt from buying 300 million shares of the Tailand harbiy banki (TMB). However, the actual market value of the TMB shares at that time was only 1.5 billion baht. This showed a "fake debt" of 3 billion baht had been created.^[238] The Assets Examination Committee (AEC) discovered that the account of Panthongtae's which had received Shin Corporation's dividend had also been used to transfer money to Potjaman's account, to the amount of 1.1 billion baht.

Pintongtha was also accused of being a nominee for her parents. She said that the money from her mother was a "birthday present". Ushbu tug'ilgan kungi sovg'a Shin korporatsiyasining 367 million dona aktsiyasini sotib olish uchun ishlatilgan bo'lib, u akasini shu miqdorda qoldirgan. AEC hisob-kitob Shin Corp-dan dividendlar olganligini aniqladi, Pintongtaning va onasining hisobvarag'i o'rtasida hech qanday operatsiyalar bo'lmagan. Biroq, dividend pullari SCM Asset aktsiyalarini WinMark-dan 71 million bat miqdorida va 5 ta ko'chmas mulk firmalarining 2004 yilda 2 ta fonddan 485 million bat qiymatidagi aktsiyalarini sotib olishga sarflandi.

DSI, AEC va Qimmatli qog'ozlar va birja komissiyasi ikkala WinMark va ikkala fond Taksin va uning sobiq xotiniga tegishli ekanligini aniqladi.^[239]

Ajdodlar

Faxriy yorliqlar, ordenlar va mukofotlar

Milliy sharaf

Taksin Shinavatraning milliy mukofotlari ro'yxati belgilangan tartibda tuzilgan Tailand birinchi o'ringa ega.

•  Tailand:
  • Buyuk kordon ritsari (Maxsus sinf) "Oq fil" ordeni (1996)
  • Eng zodagonlarning ritsari Grand Kordon (maxsus sinf) Tailand toji ordeni (1995)
  • Eng yuqori darajadagi ritsar Grand Xoch (Birinchi toifali) "Oq fil" ordeni (1994)
  • Eng maqtovga sazovor bo'lgan Buyuk Xoch (Birinchi toifali) Direkgunabhorn ordeni (2001)
  • Eng ashaddiylarning ritsar qo'mondoni (ikkinchi daraja, quyi sinf) Chula Chom Klaoning buyrug'i (2002)
  • Eng zodagonlarning qo'mondoni (uchinchi sinf) Tailand toji ordeni (1985)
  • Eng yuksaklarning hamrohi (to'rtinchi sinf) "Oq fil" ordeni (1980)
  • Eng zodagonning hamrohi (to'rtinchi sinf) Tailand toji ordeni (1976)
  • Eng zodagonning a'zosi (beshinchi sinf) Tailand toji ordeni (1974)

Chet el mukofotlari

•  Kambodja:
  • Katta xoch Sahametrei qirollik ordeni (2001)^[240]
•  Bahrayn:
  • Bahrayn ordeni 1-darajali a'zosi ^[241]
•  Bruney:
  • Qirollikning birinchi toifasi Bruney davlatiga sodiqlik ordeni (2002)^[242]
•  Shvetsiya:
  • Qirollikning Buyuk Xoch qo'mondoni "Polar Star" ordeni (2003)^[243]
•  Gollandiya:
  • Katta xoch Orange-Nassau ordeni (2004)^[244]
•  Qo'shma Shtatlar:
  • Qabul qiluvchi Prezidentning Ozodlik medali
•  Peru:
  • Katta xoch Peru oftobasi ordeni
•  Yaponiya:
  • Buyuk Kordon Chiqayotgan quyosh ordeni
•  Indoneziya:
  • Indoneziya Respublikasining yulduzi, 1-sinf
•  Italiya:
  • Katta xoch Italiya Respublikasining xizmatlari uchun ordeni (O.M.R.I.)
•  Frantsiya:
  • Katta xoch Faxriy legion

Ilmiy darajasi

• 2007 – Tashrif buyurgan professor ning Takushoku universiteti Tokioda, Yaponiya^{[245][246][247]}

Mukofotlar

• ASEAN tinchlik va yarashuv institutidan (AIPR) yilning eng yaxshi ishbilarmon kishisi, 1992 y^[248]
• Tailand telekommunikatsiya jamiyatining 1993 yildagi "Ijtimoiy ta'minot uchun telekommunikatsiyani rivojlantirish" mukofoti^[249]
• 1993 yilgi eng yaxshi telekom yilning eng yaxshi odami mukofoti, Singapur Business Times tomonidan 12 ta etakchi osiyolik ishbilarmonlardan biri sifatida taqdirlangan.^[250]
• Osiyo yilning eng yaxshi bosh direktori^[251]
• Faxriy san'at doktori (Aloqa san'ati) (Tammasart universiteti, Tailand)^[251]
• Birinchi Tailandga "Li Kuan Yu almashinuvi bo'yicha stipendiya" berildi (Singapur )^[251]
• Dunyodagi 50 ta nufuzli kishidan 1 tasi Time jurnali^[252]
• Tailand-Filippin munosabatlaridan 1 nafari Filippinning Tailanddagi Elchixonasi elchilari tomonidan yaxshi niyat^[251]
• Ajoyib jinoiy adliya bitiruvchilari mukofotlari Sem Xyuston davlat universiteti^[251]
• Hurmatli bitiruvchilar mukofoti Sem Xyuston davlat universiteti^[251]
• Tailand ommaviy axborot vositalari fotograflari assotsiatsiyasining faxriy mukofoti^[250]
• Xalqaro kechirim mukofoti 2004 yil^[253]
• Faxriy doktorlik darajasi Plexanov nomidagi Rossiya iqtisodiyot akademiyasi^[4]
• ABLF Stateman mukofoti 2012 yil^[254]
• The Olimpiya ordeni dan Xalqaro Olimpiya qo'mitasi

Shuningdek qarang

• Tailand Bosh vazirlarining ro'yxati
• Tailanddagi siyosiy inqiroz 2005-2006 yillar
• Taksinomika
• Sondhi Limtongkul
• Demokratiya uchun Xalq Ittifoqi
• Tailand konstitutsiyasi
• Rodrigo Duterte

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Bidya Bouornvatan (2004). "Taksinning hukumat islohoti modeli:" mamlakat - bu mening kompaniyam "yondashuvi" orqali Bosh vazirlikni tanlab olish. Osiyo siyosiy fanlar jurnali. 12 (1): 135–153. doi:10.1080/02185370408434237. S2CID  153481914.
• Pavin Chachavalpongpun (2010). Tailandni qayta kashf etish: Taksin va uning tashqi siyosati. Singapur: Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tadqiqotlari instituti. ISBN  978-616-215-000-5.
• Jon Funston, tahrir. (2009), Taksin bo'yicha bo'linish: Tailandning to'ntarishi va muammoli o'tish, Singapur: Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tadqiqotlari instituti, ISBN  978-981-230-961-7
• Makkargo, Dunkan; Patmanand, Ukrist (2005). Tailandning taksinizizatsiyasi (PDF) (Qattiq nusxa.). Kopengagen: NIAS Press. ISBN  87-91114-45-4. Olingan 31 dekabr 2018.
• Pasuk Phongpaichit; Kris Beyker (2008). "Taksinning populizmi". Zamonaviy Osiyo jurnali. 38 (1): 62–83. doi:10.1080/00472330701651960. S2CID  143550663.

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy sayt
• Taksin Shinavatra kuni Facebook
• Taksin Shinavatra kuni Twitter
• Taksin Shinavatraning intervyusi 2008 yil —Arab biznesi
• Taksinning ingliz tilida "Radio France Internationale / France 24 TV" ga bergan intervyusi
• Taksin Shinavatraning asarlari kutubxonalarda (WorldCat katalog)
• Taksin Shinavatra da to'plangan yangiliklar va sharhlar Osiyo muxbiri
• Taksin Shinavatra da to'plangan yangiliklar va sharhlar Huquqiy yangiliklar
• Taksin Shinavatra yangiliklar va sharhlarni yig'di da Guardian
• "Taksin Shinavatra yangiliklar va sharhlarni yig'di". The New York Times.
• Tailandda yuqori keskinlik - voqealar xronologiyasi 2005-2006 yillardagi siyosiy inqiroz
• Berthelsen, Jon (2010 yil 4-avgust). "Taksin va Tailandning tortishuvli tashqi siyosati" (Kitoblarni ko'rib chiqish). Osiyo muxbiri. Olingan 29 noyabr 2011.