COVID-19 pandemiyasining iqtisodiy ta'siri - Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Ushbu maqola bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2020 yil sentyabr)

Qismi bir qator ustida
Covid-19 pandemiyasi
SARS-CoV-2 (virus) COVID-19 (kasallik)
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Ta'sir Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy Jinoyat Mamlakatlar bo'yicha o'lim darajasi Nogironlik Oiladagi zo'ravonlik Iqtisodiy Kanada Hindiston Irlandiya Buyuk Britaniya BIZ. Turg'unlik Shoshilinch evakuatsiya Atrof muhit Soxta muolajalar Ochlik Moliyaviy bozorlar Kasalxonalar Uzoq muddatli parvarish Migratsiya Noto'g'ri ma'lumotlar Harbiy Boshqa sog'liq muammolari Siyosat Homiladorlik Qamoqxonalar Din Katolik cherkovi Haj Ilm-fan va texnologiya Ijtimoiy Irlandiya Buyuk Britaniya BIZ. Ish tashlashlar Ksenofobiya va irqchilik E'tiborli o'lim Sohalar bo'yicha San'at va madaniyat Aviatsiya Nasha Kino filmlar Ta'lim Tadbirni bekor qilish Moda Ovqat Kanada go'shti AQSh go'shti Jurnalistika Musiqa Ijro san'ati Chakana savdo Sport Televizor BIZ. Turizm Video O'yinlar
COVID-19 portali

The Covid-19 pandemiyasi ning tarqalishidan tashqari juda katta oqibatlarga olib keldi kasallik o'zi va uni karantin ostidagi harakatlar. Sifatida SARS-CoV-2 virus butun dunyoga tarqaldi, xavotirlar ta'minot ishlab chiqarish muammolaridan xizmatlar sohasidagi biznesning pasayishiga aylandi.^[1] Pandemiya sabab bo'ldi tarixdagi eng yirik global tanazzul, o'sha paytda global aholining uchdan bir qismidan ko'prog'i joylashtirilgan qat'iy izolyatsiya.^[2]

Ta'minot etishmasligi tufayli bir qator sohalarga ta'sir qilishi kutilmoqda vahima sotib olish, pandemiyaga qarshi kurashish uchun tovarlardan foydalanishning ko'payishi, fabrikalar va logistika faoliyatining buzilishi materik Xitoy. Misollari bo'lgan narxlarni ko'tarish.^[3] Farmatsevtika etishmasligi haqida keng tarqalgan xabarlar mavjud,^[4] ko'plab hududlarda vahima paydo bo'lishi, natijada oziq-ovqat va boshqa zarur oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining etishmasligi.^[5][6][7] Texnologiya sanoati, xususan, elektron mahsulotlarni jo'natish kechikishi haqida ogohlantirmoqda.^{[8][yangilanishga muhtoj ]}

Jahon fond bozorlari pasayib ketdi Xitoyning materik qismidan tashqarida bo'lgan KOVID-19 kasalligi sonining sezilarli darajada oshishi sababli 2020 yil 24 fevralda.^[9][10] 2020 yil 28-fevralgacha butun dunyo bo'ylab fond bozorlari bir haftalik eng katta pasayishlarga duch keldi 2008 moliyaviy inqiroz.^[11][12][13] Jahon fond bozorlari 2020 yil mart oyida halokatga uchradi, dunyo miqyosida bir necha foizga pasayish bilan indekslar.

Epidemiya va shunga bog'liq xatti-harakatlar o'zgarishi natijasida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan beqarorlik oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining vaqtincha etishmovchiligiga, narxlarning ko'tarilishiga va bozorlarning buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Bunday narxlarning ko'tarilishini, asosan, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari bozoriga bog'liq bo'lgan va o'zlarining yashash sharoitlari va oziq-ovqat ta'minotini ta'minlash uchun allaqachon gumanitar yordamga bog'liq bo'lgan zaif aholisi sezishi mumkin. Da kuzatilganidek 2007–2008 yillarda oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari inqirozi, import bojlari va eksportni taqiqlash yo'li bilan protektsionistik siyosatning qo'shimcha inflyatsion ta'siri butun dunyo bo'ylab oziq-ovqat xavfsizligiga jiddiy duch keladigan odamlar sonining sezilarli darajada ko'payishiga olib kelishi mumkin.^[14]

Pandemiya tarqalishi bilan texnologiya, moda va sport bo'yicha global konferentsiyalar va tadbirlar bekor qilinmoqda yoki qoldirilmoqda.^[15] Sayohat va savdo sanoatiga pul ta'sirini baholash hali qilinmagan bo'lsa-da, ehtimol u milliardlab va o'sib borishi mumkin.

Fon

Ning harakati WTI xom neft narxi 2019 yildan. Avtohalokat 2020 yil fevral oyining o'rtalarida boshlandi. 2020 yil 20 aprelda narxlar tarixda birinchi marta noldan pastga tushdi.^[16]

Xitoyda pandemiyaning dastlabki avj olish davriga to'g'ri keldi Chunyun, bilan bog'liq bo'lgan katta sayohat mavsumi Xitoy Yangi Yili bayram Milliy va mintaqaviy hukumatlar tomonidan ko'plab olomon ishtirok etgan bir qator tadbirlar, shu jumladan har yili o'tkaziladigan Yangi yil festivallari bekor qilindi, xususiy kompaniyalar ham o'zlarining do'konlari va turistik joylarini mustaqil ravishda yopdilar. Gongkong Disneylend va Shanxay Disneylend.^[17][18] Ko'pchilik Lunar Yangi yil ommaviy yig'ilishlarning oldini olish uchun tadbirlar va turistik joylar yopildi, shu jumladan Taqiqlangan shahar Pekinda va an'anaviy ma'bad yarmarkalarida.^[19] Xitoyning 31 provinsiyasi, munitsipaliteti va mintaqalaridan 24tasida hokimiyat yangi yil ta'tilini 10 fevralga qadar uzaytirdi va aksariyat ish joylarini shu kungacha qayta ishlamaslikka ko'rsatma berdi.^[20][21] Ushbu hududlar mamlakat yalpi ichki mahsulotining 80 foizini va eksportning 90 foizini tashkil etdi.^[21] Gonkong yuqumli kasalliklarga qarshi kurashish darajasini eng yuqori darajaga ko'targan va favqulodda holat e'lon qilgan, maktablarni mart oyigacha yopgan va Yangi yil bayramlarini bekor qilgan.^[22][23]

JSST bosh direktorining so'zlariga ko'ra, shaxsiy himoya vositalariga bo'lgan talab 100 baravar oshdi Tedros Adhanom. Ushbu talab narxlarning odatdagi narxdan yigirma baravargacha o'sishiga olib keldi va tibbiy buyumlarni etkazib berishni to'rt oydan olti oygacha kechikishiga olib keldi.^[24][25]

Umumiy iqtisodiy qisqarish

Koronavirus retsessiyasi an iqtisodiy tanazzul bo'ylab sodir bo'lmoqda jahon iqtisodiyoti tufayli 2020 yilda Covid-19 pandemiyasi.^{[26][27][28][29]} Global fond bozorlari tajribali ularning eng yomon halokat 1987 yildan beri,^[30] va 2020 yilning dastlabki uch oyida G20 iqtisodiyoti o'tgan yilga nisbatan 3,4 foizga pasaygan.^[31] 2020 yil aprel va iyun oylari orasida Xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti butun dunyo bo'ylab 400 million ish kuniga teng ish o'rinlari yo'qolganligini taxmin qildi,^[32] 2020 yil to'qqiz oyida global miqyosda ishchilar tomonidan olingan daromad 10 foizga kamaydi, bu 3,5 trillion AQSh dollaridan ziyod zararga teng.^[33]

Iqtisodiyotni tiklash dasturlari

Dunyo bo'ylab boshqaruv mexanizmlariga ega bo'lgan xalqlar, shaharlar va boshqa kollektivlar iqtisodiy tiklanish dasturlarini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirilishini e'lon qilishdi.^{[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]} Ba'zi iqtisodiy tiklash dasturlariga quyidagilar kiradi Keyingi avlod EI va Pandemik favqulodda vaziyatlarda sotib olish dasturi.

2020 yil avgust oyida chop etilgan bir tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, pandemiyaga qarshi javobning global isishga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ta'siri, ehtimol, ahamiyatsiz bo'ladi va yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan iqtisodiy tiklanish kelajakda 2050 yilga kelib 0,3 ° S darajagacha isishi mumkin emas degan xulosaga keldi. Tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatadiki tizimli o'zgarish insoniyatning iqtisodiy tuzilmalarini "dekarbonizatsiyalash" uchun a talab qilinadi global isishga katta ta'sir, u ham bor iqtisodiy jihatlar.^[42][43] Yashil loyihalarni yoki sektorlarni maqsadli moliyalashtirishdan tashqari, qarorlarni qabul qilishning zamonaviy mexanizmlari, shuningdek, jiddiy ekologik, ijtimoiy yoki iqlimiy xatarlarga ega loyihalarni moliyaviy yengillikdan chiqarib tashlashga imkon beradi. 260 dan ortiq fuqarolik jamiyati tashkilotlari xitoylik aktyorlarni COVID-19 bilan bog'liqligini ta'minlashga chaqirdi Kamar va yo'l tashabbusi moliyalashtirish bunday loyihalarni istisno qiladi.^[44] 2020 yil noyabr oyida XVF hukumat va markaziy banklar koronavirus boshlanganidan beri 19,5 trillion dollarlik yordamni va'da qilganini aytdi.^[45]

Qishloq xo'jaligi

Oziq-ovqat inqirozi sharoitlari

Oziq-ovqat inqirozi bo'lgan mamlakatlarda aholining 80 foizigacha hayoti uchun qishloq xo'jaligiga tayanadi. Shu sababli, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarishda va tegishli qiymat zanjirlarida yuzaga keladigan har qanday boshqa uzilishlar, masalan, muhim manbalarning mavjudligini kamaytirish yoki erlarga yoki bozorlarga kirish huquqini cheklash, zaif aholisi uchun halokatli bo'lishi mumkin.^[14]

Qishloq xo'jaligi sohasi migratsiya tartibiga ta'sir ko'rsatishda muhim rol o'ynaydi. Transxumant Yaylov populyatsiyalari har qanday chegara yopilishidan aziyat chekishi mumkin, chunki ular oziq-ovqat va daromadlari uchun chorva mollarining mavsumiy harakatlanishiga tayanadi. An'anaviy va g'arbiy naqshlarning buzilishi va yangilarining yaratilishi aholi va chorvachilik jamoalari o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlarga va hatto zo'ravon to'qnashuvlarga olib kelishi mumkin, natijada mahalliy ko'chish va qashshoqlik va oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi darajasi oshadi.^[14]

FAO ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, oziq-ovqat inqirozi sharoitida mahalliy oziq-ovqat bozorlari, qiymat zanjirlari va qishloq xo'jaligi-oziq-ovqat tizimlarining doimiy ishlashini ta'minlash va qo'llab-quvvatlash juda muhimdir, shu jumladan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash, transport, marketing va boshqalarni doimiy va kengaytirilgan qo'llab-quvvatlash orqali; muzokaralar kuchini va bozorlarga kirishni ta'minlash uchun mahalliy ishlab chiqaruvchilar guruhlarini kuchaytirish; va, COVID-19 bilan bog'liq harakatlanish cheklovlari paytida savdo koridorlarini iloji boricha ochiq turishini targ'ib qilish.^[14]

Moliyaviy bozorlar

Koronavirus pandemiyasi bilan bog'liq iqtisodiy notinchlik keng qamrovli va jiddiy ta'sirga ega moliyaviy bozorlar Qimmatli qog'ozlar, obligatsiyalar va tovar (shu jumladan, xom neft va oltin) bozorlari. Asosiy voqealar qatoriga quyidagilar kiradi Rossiya-Saudiya Arabistoni neft narxlari urushi natijada 2020 yil mart oyida xom neft narxlarining qulashi va fond bozori qulab tushdi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Taraqqiyot Dasturi rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda daromadning 220 milliard AQSh dollarigacha qisqarishini kutmoqda va COVID-19 ning iqtisodiy ta'siri bir necha yoki hatto yillar davom etishini kutmoqda.^[46][30] Ba'zilar tabiiy gaz narxi pasayishini kutmoqda.^[47]

Ishlab chiqarish

Yilda yangi transport vositalarini sotish Qo'shma Shtatlar 40 foizga kamaydi.^[48] Amerika Katta uch barchasi AQShdagi zavodlarini yopib qo'yishdi.^[49] The Germaniya avtomobilsozligi dan aziyat chekkanidan keyin inqirozga tushdi Dizelgeyt - janjal, shuningdek, raqobat elektr mashinalar.^[50] Boeing va Airbus ba'zi fabrikalarda ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatib qo'yish. Britaniya plastmassa federatsiyasi (BPF) tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rovda COVID-19 Buyuk Britaniyadagi (Buyuk Britaniya) ishlab chiqarish korxonalariga qanday ta'sir ko'rsatayotganligi o'rganildi. So'ralganlarning 80% dan ortig'i keyingi 2 chorakda tovar aylanmasining pasayishini kutishdi, 98% esa pandemiyaning biznes faoliyatiga salbiy ta'siridan xavotirda ekanliklarini tan olishdi.^[51][52]

San'at, ko'ngil ochish va sport

Epidemiya to'satdan va san'at va madaniy merosga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi (GLAM ) butun dunyo bo'ylab tarmoqlar. Jahon sog'liqni saqlash inqirozi va uning oqibatida yuzaga kelgan noaniqlik butun sektor bo'ylab tashkilotlar faoliyatiga, shuningdek ish bilan ta'minlangan va mustaqil bo'lgan shaxslarga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. 2020 yil mart oyiga qadar butun dunyo bo'ylab aksariyat madaniyat muassasalari (yoki hech bo'lmaganda o'zlarining xizmatlarini tubdan qisqartirgan holda) ko'rgazmalar, tadbirlar va spektakllar bekor qilindi yoki qoldirildi. Ko'plab shaxslar turli darajadagi ogohlantirish va moddiy yordam bilan vaqtincha yoki doimiy ravishda shartnomalarini yoki ishlarini yo'qotdilar. Teng, moliyaviy rag'batlantirish san'atkorlar uchun hukumatlar va xayriya tashkilotlari tomonidan sektor va mamlakatga qarab juda xilma-xil darajadagi yordam ko'rsatildi. San'at 6,4% ga hissa qo'shgan Avstraliya kabi mamlakatlarda YaIM, jismoniy shaxslarga va iqtisodiyotga ta'siri sezilarli bo'ldi.^[53][54]

Kino

Pandemiya kino sanoatiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Butun dunyoda va turli darajalarda kinoteatrlar yopildi, festivallar bekor qilindi yoki qoldirildi, filmlar keyingi kunlarga ko'chirildi. Kinoteatrlar yopilgach, global teatr kassasi milliardlab dollarga tushdi, oqim esa ommalashib ketdi va Aksiya ning Netflix gul; zaxirasi film namoyishchilari keskin tushib ketdi. Deyarli barchasi blokbasterlar mart oyining ochilishidan keyin chiqarilishi kerak bo'lgan butun dunyo bo'ylab qoldirilgan yoki bekor qilingan, shuningdek filmlar ishlab chiqarilishi to'xtatilgan. Sanoatdagi katta yo'qotishlar bashorat qilingan.^[55]

Sport

Ko'pgina yirik sport tadbirlari bekor qilindi yoki qoldirildi,^[56] shu jumladan 2020 yilgi yozgi Olimpiada yilda Tokio 2020 yil 24 martda 2021 yilga qoldirildi.^[57][58]

Televizor

COVID-19 pandemiyasi bir qator mamlakatlarda televizion dasturlarni ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatdi yoki kechiktirdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Biroq, Apptopiya va Brazening qo'shma hisoboti^[59] kabi platformalarda dunyo bo'ylab oqim seanslarining 30,7% o'sishini ko'rsatdi Disney +, Netflix va Xulu mart oyi davomida.^[60]

Video O'yinlar

Pandemiya video o'yinlar sektoriga ham ozroq ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Kasallik birinchi bo'lib Xitoyda paydo bo'lganligi sababli, ta'minot zanjirlari ba'zi video o'yin konsollarini ishlab chiqarish va ishlab chiqarishga ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ularning chiqarilishini kechiktirdi va hozirgi ta'minotni kamroq qildi. Kasallik va pandemiya tarqalishi bilan bir qator asosiy savdo tadbirlari, shu jumladan E3 2020 yil, yanada tarqalishi xavfi tufayli bekor qilindi. Video o'yinlar sohasidagi iqtisodiy ta'sir kino yoki boshqa ko'ngilochar sohalardagidek katta bo'lishi kutilmaydi, chunki videoo'yinlarni ishlab chiqarishdagi ko'p ishlar markazsizlashtirilishi va masofadan turib amalga oshirilishi mumkin, shuningdek mahsulotlar turli xil milliy va mintaqalardan qat'i nazar iste'molchilarga raqamli ravishda tarqatilishi mumkin. korxonalar va xizmatlarning bloklanishi.^[61]

Dori

Pandemiya plastik jarrohlik kabi tibbiyot bilan bog'liq elementlarga qiziqarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

Nashriyot

Pandemiya dahshatli ta'sir ko'rsatishi taxmin qilinmoqda mahalliy gazetalar ko'pchilik allaqachon qattiq kurash olib borgan Qo'shma Shtatlarda.^[62]

Chakana savdo tarmoqlari vaqtincha yopiq bo'lishi to'g'risida buyruq berilgan, aholining sog'lig'iga oid vaziyatni inobatga olgan holda,^[63] Diamond Comic Distribyutorlari 2020 yil 24 martda e'lon qilingan materiallar va tegishli tovarlarni tarqatishni to'liq to'xtatilishini 2020 yil 1 apreligacha e'lon qildi.^[64] Diamond bosma chiziq romanlarini tarqatishda deyarli monopoliyaga ega bo'lgani uchun, bu "yo'q bo'lib ketish darajasidagi voqea "bu butun ixtisoslashganlarni haydash bilan tahdid qilmoqda chiziq romanlarning chakana savdosi shu harakat bilan sektorni ishdan bo'shatish.^[65] Natijada, noshirlarga yoqadi IDW Publishing va To'q ot prikollari o'zlarining davriy nashrlarini nashr etishni to'xtatdilar DC komikslari tarqatish alternativalarini, shu jumladan raqamli materiallarning onlayn chakana savdosiga katta e'tiborni o'rganmoqda.^[66]

Chakana savdo

Eng yaxshi xarid cheklangan miqdordagi odamlarni o'zlarining Union Square do'koniga kiritishgan Nyu-York shahri, 2020 yil 18-mart

Pandemiya chakana savdo sohasiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Dunyo bo'ylab savdo markazlari bunga javoban soatlarni qisqartirish yoki vaqtincha yopib qo'yishdi. 2020 yil 18-mart holatiga ko'ra, savdo markazlariga tushadigan maydon 30 foizgacha kamaydi va bu har bir qit'ada katta ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda.^[67] Bundan tashqari, mahsulot talabi ko'plab sarf materiallari uchun taklifdan oshib ketdi, natijada chakana savdo do'konlari bo'shaydi.^[68][69] Avstraliyada pandemiya yangi imkoniyat yaratdi Daigou xaridorlarni Xitoy bozoriga qayta sotish. "Virus inqirozi qo'rqinchli bo'lsa ham, kumush rangga ega".^[70][71]

Ba'zi sotuvchilar kontaktsiz ish bilan ta'minlangan uyga etkazib berish yoki elektron tijorat saytlari orqali sotib olingan narsalar uchun chekka joydan olish.^[72][73] Aprel oyiga qadar chakana savdo korxonalari iste'molchilar o'z buyurtmalarini qabul qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan "to chakana savdo" modellarini amalga oshirishni boshladilar. Xaridorlarning taxminiy 40 foizi Internet orqali xarid qilishdi va do'kondan olishni tanladilar, bu xatti-harakatlar o'tgan yilga nisbatan birdan ikki baravarga oshdi.^[74]

Kichik fermerlar raqamli texnologiyalarni mahsulotni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sotish usuli sifatida qo'llaydilar va jamiyat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qishloq xo'jaligi va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sotish etkazib berish tizimlari o'sib bormoqda.^[75]

Chakana savdo 2020 yil mart oyida 40-60% pasayishiga duch keldi^[76]

Aprel oyining o'rtalarida Amazon AQShdagi 110 ta omborning yarmidan ko'pida ishchilarga koronavirus tashxisi qo'yilganligini tasdiqladi.^[77]

16 iyun kuni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Savdo vazirligi May oyi uchun chakana savdosi aprel oyidan 17,7 foizga o'sganligini e'lon qildi, chunki davlatlar qayta ochilib, cheklovlarni bekor qilishdi. Ga binoan CNBC, Bu Qo'shma Shtatlardagi chakana savdo tarixidagi bir oylik eng katta sakrashni belgilaydi.^[78] Iyun oyidagi raqamlar savdolarning 7,5 foizga o'sishini aks ettirdi.^[79]

Korxonalarning yopilishi

Aprel oyiga qadar do'konlarning chakana sotuvchilari JCPenney, Nordstrom, Macy's va Kolning 12,3 milliard dollarni yo'qotgan edi. Neiman Marcus va JCPenney aprel oyida bankrotlik sudi va bankrotlik muhofazasi uchun ichki tayyorgarlikni amalga oshirib, obligatsiyalarni to'lash bo'yicha majburiyatlarini to'lamagan.^[80] J.Kryu va Neiman Marcus may oyining birinchi haftasida bankrotlik to'g'risida sudga murojaat qildi; Xabarlarga ko'ra, ular pandemiya paytida buni amalga oshirgan birinchi ikki yirik chakana savdo do'koni bo'lgan.^[81][82] JCPenney bankrotlik to'g'risida 15 mayda murojaat qildi.^[83]

May oyida, Pier 1 imkon qadar tezroq yopilishini e'lon qildi. U fevral oyida sud himoyasini so'ragan va kimdir bu biznesni sotib oladi deb umid qilgan, ammo keyingi turg'unlik bu ehtimoldan yiroq edi.^[84]

Restoran sektori

Crofton MD-dagi Tailand restoranidagi belgilar

Pandemiya restoran biznesiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. 2020 yil mart oyining boshida AQShning ba'zi bir yirik shaharlari bar va restoranlarning o'tirishlari uchun yopiq bo'lishi va cheklovlar bilan cheklanishini e'lon qilishdi. buyurtma berish va etkazib berish.^[85] Oyning so'ngida, ko'plab shtatlar restoranlarni qabul qilish yoki etkazib berishni talab qiladigan cheklovlar qo'ydilar.^[86] Ba'zi xodimlar ishdan bo'shatildi va ko'proq ishchilar etishmayapti kasallik ta'tillari shu kabi tarmoqlarga nisbatan sektorda.^[87][88] Faqatgina etkazib berish va etkazib berish xizmatlari mavjud bo'lganligi sababli, ko'pgina serverlar va barmenlar ishdan bo'shatilgan, shu sababli ushbu xodimlar AQShning 23 shahri bo'ylab "virtual uchish idishlari" yaratishga majbur bo'lishgan.^[89] Qo'shma Shtatlarda "Buyuk Amerikani olib ketish" deb nomlangan tashabbus karantin ostida bo'lgan odamlarni har seshanba kuni seshanba kuni olib ketishni yoki oziq-ovqat etkazib berish xizmatidan foydalanishni buyurtma qilish orqali mahalliy restoranlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga chaqirdi. Bu 2020 yil mart oyining oxirida boshlandi.^[90]

Ilm-fan va texnologiya

Pandemiya ilm-fan, kosmik va texnologik loyihalar samaradorligiga va dunyoning etakchi kosmik agentliklariga, shu jumladan ta'sir ko'rsatdi NASA va Evropa kosmik agentligi ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatishi kerak Kosmik uchirish tizimi, Jeyms Uebbning kosmik teleskopi, va kosmik fan zondlarini hozirda kutish rejimiga yoki kam quvvat rejimiga qo'ying. Ikkala idoralarning dala markazlarining aksariyati xodimlarni uzoqdan ishlashga yo'naltirishgan. Turli xil IT kompaniyalari bunga erishish uchun bir nechta dasturlarni boshlashdi pandemiya va bu yangi normal hayotda ^[91].^{[92][93][94][95]} Pandemiya ilmiy aloqani yaxshilagan yoki uning yangi shakllarini yaratgan bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan, ko'plab ma'lumotlar chiqarilmoqda oldindan chop etish serverlari va rasmiy Internetga chiqishdan oldin ijtimoiy Internet-platformalarda va ba'zan ommaviy axborot vositalarida tarqatilmoqda taqriz. Olimlar qo'lyozma va ma'lumotlarni rekord tezlikda va juda ko'p sonda ko'rib chiqish, tahrirlash, tahlil qilish va nashr etishmoqda. Ushbu kuchli aloqa olimlar o'rtasida g'ayrioddiy hamkorlik va samaradorlikka imkon bergan bo'lishi mumkin.^[96]

Turizm

A filial ning SESC mehmonxonalari yilda San-Joao-da-Barra, Braziliya tufayli yopilishi kerak edi moliyaviy inqiroz pandemiya sabab bo'lgan.^{[97][98][99][100]}

Philia Tounta COVID-19 ning global ta'sirga ta'sirini sarhisob qildi turizm 2020 yil mart oyining boshida:^[101]

• jiddiy ta'sir, chunki turizm sayohatga bog'liq
• karantin cheklovlari
• aeroportlardan va boshqa ommaviy yig'ilish joylaridan qo'rqish
• chet elda kasallikdan qo'rqish
• transchegaraviy masalalar tibbiy sug'urta
• turizm korxonasi bankrotlik
• turizm sohasi ishsizlik
• aviachipta xarajatlar oshadi
• tasviriga zarar etkazish kruiz sanoat

Tadbirlar va muassasalar

Pandemiya dunyodagi asosiy voqealarning bekor qilinishiga yoki keyinga qoldirilishiga sabab bo'ldi. Ba'zi jamoat joylari va muassasalari yopildi.^[102]

Transport

Dan deyarli bo'sh parvoz Pekin ga Los Anjeles pandemiya paytida

The kruiz kemasi Sanoat, shuningdek, pasayishning ta'sirlanishiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi, aksariyat aktsiyalarning narxi kruiz chiziqlari 70-80% gacha pasaygan.^[103]

Dunyoning ko'plab shaharlarida rejalashtirilgan sayohat 80-90% ga kamaydi.^[104]

Aviatsiya

Delta havo liniyalari taksi yo'lida to'xtagan samolyotlar Kanzas-Siti xalqaro aeroporti. Havo qatnoviga bo'lgan talabning keskin pasayishi sababli samolyotlar to'xtab turishadi.

Pandemiya tufayli aviatsiya sanoatiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi natijada sayohat qilish cheklovlari shuningdek, sayohatchilar orasida talabning pasayishi. Yo'lovchilar sonining sezilarli pasayishi samolyotlarning aeroportlar o'rtasida bo'sh uchishiga va reyslarning bekor qilinishiga olib keldi.

Qo'shma Shtatlarning yo'lovchi aviakompaniyalari 50 milliard dollarlik subsidiyani kutishlari mumkin Koronavirusga yordam, yordam va iqtisodiy xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun.^[105]

Kruiz yo'nalishlari

Kruiz yo'nalishlari COVID-19 pandemiyasi boshlanganidan keyin suzib yurishni bekor qilishlari kerak edi. Karantin ostida bo'lgan kemalarda kasal bo'lgan yo'lovchilar haqida ommaviy axborot vositalarida keng yoritilishi soha obro'siga putur etkazgani sababli, bronlar va bekor qilinishlar ko'payib ketdi.^[105]

Kruiz liniyalari aktsiyalari 2020 yil 27 martda 2 trillion dollarlik Koronavirusga yordam, yordam va iqtisodiy xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonunda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qonunchiligiga binoan "uyushmagan" kompaniyalarni chetlashtirganda keskin tushib ketdi. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) tvitterdagi sahifasida: "Gigant kruiz kompaniyalari AQSh soliqlaridan qochish uchun chet ellarni birlashtiradilar, AQSh soliqlari va qonunlaridan qochish va ifloslantiruvchi moddalarni zararsizlantirish uchun nega ularni qutqarishimiz kerak?" Senator Josh Xolli (R-MO) tvitterda kruiz yo'nalishlari moliyaviy yordamni kutishsa, Qo'shma Shtatlarda ro'yxatdan o'tishlari va soliqlarni to'lashlari kerakligi haqida yozdi. AQShda joylashgan ishchilar va Amerikaga tegishli kichik kompaniyalar moliyaviy yordam olish huquqiga ega.^[105]

Temir yo'llar

Bir nechta temir yo'l operatorlari davlat yordamini olishlari va / yoki belgilangan xizmatlarini kamaytirishlari kerak edi. Deutsche Bahn rekord yo'qotishlarni qoplash uchun milliardlab evro miqdorida federal yordam oldi.^{[106][107][108][109][110][111]}

Qimor o'ynash va pul tikish

Amerika O'yinlar Uyushmasining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, keyingi oylarda sanoat 43,5 milliard dollargacha bo'lgan iqtisodiy faoliyatda zarar ko'radi. Ba'zi taxminlarga ko'ra, sport qimor sanoati NCAA basketbol musobaqasining yutqazilgan garovlari bo'yicha (mart oyining to'rtinchi hafta oxirida (2020 yil 21-22 mart)) 140 million dollarni yo'qotishi mumkin.^[112]Qimor o'yinlari bilan shug'ullanadigan kompaniyalar xaridorlarni sport anjomlari bekor qilinganligi va tikish do'konlari yopilganligi sababli tushum yo'qotishlariga qarshi kurashish uchun xaridorlarni chakana savdo-sotiqdan onlayn kazino va poker o'yinlariga o'tkazishga tayyor. Qimor o'yinlari guruhlari onlayn kazino o'yinlarining reklamasini va ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda o'ynashni ko'paytirdi, ba'zilari virtual poyga, shuningdek, chizilgan o'yinlar ham ommalashayotganini ta'kidlamoqda.^[113][114] Ba'zi dasturiy ta'minot tikish provayderlari pul tikish kompaniyalarini jalb qilish uchun onlayn tarzda tikish echimlarini targ'ib qiluvchi maxsus ishlab chiqilgan aktsiyalarga ega. Gambling va qimor sanoati uchun uzoq muddatli oqibatlar quyidagilar bo'lishi mumkin: kichik chakana savdo operatorlari va provayderlarining o'limi, M&A-ning ko'payishi, onlayn rejimga ko'proq e'tibor, onlayn yangilik, demak, hattoki sport daftarchasi kabi sovun kabi qorong'u sport turlariga ko'proq e'tibor berishadi. futbol yoki kvidich va eng taniqli joy virtual o'yinlar.^[115]

Yilda Makao, daromadlari bo'yicha dunyodagi eng qimor o'yinlari yo'nalishi bo'yicha barcha kazinolar 2020 yil fevral oyida 15 kunga yopiq edi^[116] va 88% yillik daromad pasayishiga duch keldi, bu hududdagi eng yomon ko'rsatkich.^[117]

Ishsizlik

The Xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti 7 aprelda 2020 yil ikkinchi choragida global miqyosda ish vaqtining 6,7 foizga yo'qolishini, 195 million doimiy ish joyiga teng kelishini aytdi. Ularning hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, faqat birinchi chorakda 30 million ish o'rni yo'qolgan, bu davrda 25 million 2008 moliyaviy inqiroz.^[118]

2020 yil yanvar va fevral oylarida, Uxan shahrida epidemiya avj olgan paytda, Xitoyda 5 millionga yaqin kishi ishsiz qoldi.^[119] Xitoyning 300 millionga yaqin qismi qishloq mehnat muhojirlari ichki provinsiyalarda uyda qolib ketishgan yoki Xubey viloyatida qolib ketishgan.^[120][121]

2020 yil mart oyida 10 milliondan ortiq amerikaliklar ishsiz qolishdi va hukumatdan yordam so'rashdi.^[122] Koronavirus epidemiyasi Qo'shma Shtatlarda 47 million ish joyiga zarar etkazishi mumkin va ishsizlik darajasi Sent-Luis federal zaxira bankining hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra 32% ni tashkil qilishi mumkin.^[123]

The Hindistondagi blokirovka o'n millionlab qoldirgan mehnat muhojirlari ishsiz.^[124][125]

Dan so'rovnoma Angus Reid instituti 44% ekanligini aniqladi Kanadalik uy xo'jaliklari ish yo'qotishlarining bir turiga duch kelishdi.^[126][127]

900 mingga yaqin ishchi ishsiz qoldi Ispaniya chunki u 2020 yil mart oyining o'rtalarida qulflangan.^[128] Mart oyining ikkinchi yarmida 4 million frantsuz ishchilari vaqtincha ishsizlik nafaqasini olish uchun murojaat qildilar va 1 million ingliz ishchilari universal kredit sxemasini olish uchun murojaat qilishdi.^[129]

Deyarli yarim million kompaniyalar Germaniya o'z ishchilarini hukumat tomonidan subsidiyalangan holda yuborishdi qisqa muddatli ish Kurzarbeit nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan sxemalar.^[130][131] Nemislarning qisqa muddatli ish haqini to'lash sxemasi Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan ko'chirildi.^[132]

Pandemiyaning iqtisodiy ta'siri jinsiy ekspluatatsiya va bolalarning nikohini kuchaytirishi mumkin, bu ayollar va qizlarni zaif iqtisodiyotda va qochqinlar sharoitida ayniqsa zaiflashadi.^{[133][134][135]}

COVID-19 ning ishsizlik, uy xo'jaliklarining sotib olish qobiliyati, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari narxlari va mahalliy bozorlarda oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining mavjudligiga potentsial qo'shma ta'siri eng zaif mamlakatlarda oziq-ovqat mahsulotlariga kirishni jiddiy xavf ostiga qo'yishi mumkin.^[14]

Jins bo'yicha ta'sir

Inqirozlar yuz berganda, ayollar va qizlar iqtisodiy ta'sirga erkaklarnikiga qaraganda ko'proq ta'sir qilishadi. Butun dunyoda ayollar odatda kam daromad oladilar va ozgina tejaydilar, yolg'iz ota-onalarning ko'pchiligini tashkil etadilar va nomutanosib norasmiy iqtisodiyotda yoki xizmat ko'rsatish sohasida ijtimoiy himoyadan foydalanish imkoniyati kam bo'lgan noaniq ishlarda ishlaydilar. Bu ularning iqtisodiy zarbalarni erkaklarnikiga qaraganda kamroq qabul qilishiga imkon beradi.^{[136][137][138][139][140][141][142]} Ko'pgina oilalar uchun maktablarning yopilishi va ijtimoiy masofani cheklash choralari ayollarning uyda to'lanmagan parvarishlash va uydagi yukini ko'paytirdi, bu ularga pullik ishlarni bajarish yoki muvozanatlash imkoniyatini kamaytirdi. Rivojlanayotgan iqtisodiyotlarda ahvol yomonroq, chunki odamlarning katta qismi norasmiy iqtisodiyotda ishlaydi, bunda tibbiy sug'urta, kasallik uchun pullik ta'til va boshqa ko'plab ijtimoiy himoya mavjud. Garchi global miqyosda norasmiy bandlik ayollarga (58 foiz) nisbatan erkaklar (63 foiz) uchun ko'proq ish manbai bo'lsa-da, past va o'rta-quyi daromadli mamlakatlarda ayollarning ko'proq qismi norasmiy ishlarda erkaklarnikiga qaraganda ko'proq.^{[136][137][138][139][140][141][142]} Masalan, Afrikaning Sahroi Kabirida ish bilan band bo'lgan ayollarning taxminan 92 foizi norasmiy ish bilan band bo'lib, erkaklar 86 foiziga nisbatan. Ehtimol, pandemiya ayollarning daromadlari va ishchi kuchi ishtirokida uzoq vaqt pasayishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti 2019 yilda COVID-19 ning global yalpi ichki mahsulotning o'sishiga ta'siri natijasida global ishsizlik darajasi 5,3 milliondan ("past" stsenariy) va 24,7 milliondan ("yuqori" stsenariy) 188 million asosiy darajadan ko'tarilishini taxmin qilmoqda. Taqqoslash uchun, 2008-9 yillardagi global moliyaviy inqiroz paytida global ishsizlik 22 millionga oshgan. Norasmiy ishchilar, migrantlar, yoshlar va dunyodagi eng qashshoq ayollar, boshqa zaif guruhlar qatori, ishdan bo'shatish va ish joylarini qisqartirishga ko'proq moyil. Masalan, Osiyo va Tinch okeanida o'tkazilgan BMTning Ayollar tadqiqotlari natijalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, ayollar erkaklarnikiga qaraganda tezroq o'zlarining moddiy ta'minotlarini yo'qotmoqdalar va daromad olish uchun alternativalari kam. Va AQShda erkaklar ishsizligi fevralda 3,55 milliondan 2020 yil aprelda 11 milliongacha, ayollar ishsizligi esa inqirozgacha erkaklarnikidan past bo'lgan - shu davrda 2,7 milliondan 11,5 milliongacha ko'tarilgan. AQSh Mehnat statistikasi byurosi. Bu rasm 16-19 yoshdagi ayollar va erkaklar uchun yanada xiralashgan, ularning ishsizlik darajasi fevraldagi 11,5 foizdan aprelda 32,2 foizgacha ko'tarilgan.^{[136][137][138][139][140][141][142]}

Mintaqa va mamlakat bo'yicha iqtisodiy ta'sir

Ushbu bo'lim bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Sabab berilgan: Ushbu bo'limning aksariyati 2020 yil fevral oyidan beri sodir bo'lgan voqealarni aks ettirmaydi. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2020 yil mart)

Sharqiy Osiyo

Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi

The Xitoy iqtisodiyoti milliardlab iqtisodiy mahsulot ishlab chiqarishi kutilgan edi. Morgan Stenli Xitoy iqtisodiyoti 2020 yil uchun 5,6% gacha (eng yomon stsenariy) 5,9% gacha o'sishini kutgan.^[143] Ma'lumot uchun, Xitoy 2019 yil fevralida, Xitoy Yangi yilida 143 milliard AQSh dollar ishlab topdi.^[144] Xitoyliklar Transport vazirligi o'tgan yilga nisbatan poezdlarda sayohat 73 foizga kamayib, 190 million sayohatga etganligi haqida xabar berdi. Zavodlar, chakana savdo do'konlari va restoran tarmoqlari yopiq.^[145]

Mamlakatdagi barcha 70 ming teatr ekranlari yopilib, barcha kassalarni yo'q qildi. Bu 2019 yilda 836 million dollar ishlab topgan Xitoy Yangi yilining haftasidan keskin farq qiladi.^[146]

Iqtisodiy ta'sir qisqa muddatli bo'lishidan ogohlantirib, XXR Milliy taraqqiyot va islohotlar komissiyasi partiya kotibi Cong Liang kichik va o'rta biznes o'z faoliyatida ko'proq qiyinchiliklarga duch kelayotganini ko'rib chiqadi. Kadrlar va ijtimoiy ta'minot vazirining yordamchisi You Jun qishloq xo'jaligi ishchilari va kollej bitiruvchilari qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishini ta'kidladi.^[147]

Media-ni ijro etish

Tasdiqlangan COVID-19 holatlarini aks ettiruvchi animatsion xarita 22 yanvardan (yuqori aniqlikda)

Xitoyda turizm sayohat cheklovlari va yuqumli kasalliklar qo'rquvi, shu jumladan ichki va xalqaro sayyohlik guruhlarini taqiqlash bilan qattiq ta'sirlandi.^[148] Ko'pgina aviakompaniyalar Xitoyga parvozlarni bekor qildilar yoki juda qisqartirdilar va hozirda bir nechta sayohat bo'yicha tavsiyalar Xitoyga sayohat qilishdan ogohlantiradi. Frantsiya, Yaponiya, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Buyuk Britaniya va AQSh kabi ko'plab mamlakatlar o'z fuqarolarini Uxan va Xubey provinsiyalaridan evakuatsiya qilishdi.^[149]

Maktablar va universitetlarning aksariyati yillik ta'tillarni fevral oyining o'rtalariga qadar uzaytirdilar.^[150] Xitoydagi universitetlarga o'qishga kirgan chet ellik talabalar yuqtirish xavfidan uylariga qaytishmoqda - bu birinchi holatlar Nepal va Kerala, Hindistonning janubiy shtati, ikkalasi ham uyga qaytgan talabalar edi.^[151][152] Maktab ichidagi yopilishdan 200 millionga yaqin o'quvchi ta'sir ko'rsatdi, Chunyundan keyingi ikkinchi semestr 17 fevralda qayta tiklandi. Buning o'rniga o'quvchilar uylariga borish uchun onlayn darslar o'tkazishdi. Ta'lim vazirligi 50 million boshlang'ich va o'rta maktab o'quvchilarining populyatsiyasini ta'minlash uchun 7000 ta server tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan "milliy Internet bulutli sinfi" ni taqdim etdi.^[153]

The Xitoy Moliya vazirligi bemorlarning shaxsiy tibbiy xarajatlarini to'liq subsidiyalashini e'lon qildi.^[154]

CNN telekanalining ma'lum qilishicha, Uxan shahridan bo'lgan ba'zi odamlar "o'z mamlakatlarida qashshoq bo'lib qolishgan, mehmonxonalar, qo'shnilar va ba'zi hududlarda - bahsli karantin choralari ostida qochishgan".^[155]

Xitoyda yangi avtoulovlarning sotilishi epidemiya tufayli ta'sir ko'rsatdi. 2020 yil fevral oyining dastlabki ikki haftasida sotilgan avtomobillar hajmida 92% pasayish kuzatildi.^[156]

24-fevral kuni Xitoy Doimiy komissiya 74 milliard dollarlik yovvoyi tabiat savdosi sanoatiga zudlik bilan va "keng qamrovli" taqiq e'lon qildi, bu "yovvoyi hayvonlarni haddan tashqari iste'mol qilish muammosi va aholi salomatligi va xavfsizligi uchun yashirin katta xavf" deb keltirib chiqardi. Bu yanvar oyining oxiridan boshlab amalda bo'lgan vaqtinchalik taqiqni doimiy ravishda uzaytiradi.^[157][158]

Ga binoan Uglerod haqida qisqacha ma'lumot, koronavirus pandemiyasi Xitoyda paydo bo'ldi issiqxona gazi emissiya 25% ga kamayadi.^[159] 2020 yil mart oyida kosmosdan olingan sun'iy yo'ldosh tasvirlari NASA ifloslanish sezilarli darajada pasayganligini aniqladi, bu qisman epidemiya natijasida iqtisodiy faoliyatning pasayishi bilan bog'liq.^[160]

Tibbiy buyumlarning etishmasligi

Vuxandagi odamlar sotib olish uchun giyohvand moddalar do'koni oldida saf tortishmoqda jarrohlik maskalari

Pekindagi supermarketda har bir kishi kuniga bittadan jarrohlik maskalari va bitta shisha 84 ta dezinfektsiyalovchi suyuqlik sotib olishi mumkinligi to'g'risida xabarnoma.

Epidemiya tezlashganda materik bozori tanqislikni ko'rdi yuz maskalari jamoatchilik tomonidan ortib borayotgan ehtiyoj tufayli.^[161] Ma'lum qilinishicha, Shanxay mijozlari yana yarim soat ichida tugab qolgan yuz niqoblarini sotib olish uchun bir soatga yaqin navbatda turishlari kerak edi.^[162] Ba'zi do'konlarda mollar to'planib, narxlar oshib ketdi, shuning uchun bozor regulyatori bunday harakatlarga qarshi kurash olib bordi.^[163][164] Soha mutaxassisi Ley Liminning so'zlariga ko'ra, tanqislik fevral oyining oxirlarida, aksariyat ishchilar Yangi yil ta'tilidan qaytguniga qadar bartaraf etilmaydi.^{[165][yangilanishga muhtoj ]}

2020 yil 22-yanvarda, Taobao, Xitoyning eng yirik elektron tijorat platformasi Alibaba guruhi, barcha yuz maskalari Taobao va Tmall narxning oshishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Chakana savdo korxonalariga maxsus subsidiyalar berilishi kerak edi. Shuningdek, Alibaba Health-ning "shoshilinch dori-darmonlarni etkazib berish" xizmati bahor bayramida yopilmaydi.^[166] JD Xitoyning yana bir etakchi elektron tijorat platformasi, "Biz JD o'z tovarlari uchun narx barqarorligini to'liq ta'minlash bilan birga," manbalar, saqlash va tarqatish, platformani boshqarish va boshqalarni etkazib berish va narx barqarorligini ta'minlash bo'yicha faol ish olib bormoqdamiz "dedi. JD platformasida tovarlarga nisbatan qattiq nazoratni ham amalga oshirgan.Yuz niqoblarini sotadigan uchinchi tomon sotuvchilariga narxlarni ko'tarish taqiqlangan.Uchinchi tomon sotuvchilarining narxlari g'ayritabiiy ravishda oshgani tasdiqlangandan so'ng, JD huquqbuzar tovarlarni darhol javonlardan olib tashlaydi. va huquqbuzar sotuvchilar bilan tegishli ravishda muomala qiling. "^[167] Boshqa yirik elektron tijorat platformalari, shu jumladan Sunning.com va Pinduoduo shuningdek, sog'liqni saqlash mahsulotlari narxlarini barqaror ushlab turishga va'da berdi.^[168][169]

Iqtisodiyot

Morgan Stanley tomonidan o'tkazilgan tadqiqotga ko'ra, Xitoyning iqtisodiy o'sishi 2020 yilning birinchi yarmida 1,1% gacha sekinlashishi kutilmoqda, chunki iqtisodiy faoliyatga yangi koronavirus pandemiyasi salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. Reuters.^[170] Ammo 2020 yil 1-fevral kuni Xitoy Xalq banki epidemiyaning Xitoy iqtisodiyotiga ta'siri vaqtinchalik bo'lganligi va Xitoyning uzoq muddatli ijobiy va sifatli o'sishining asoslari o'zgarishsiz qolganini aytdi.^[171] Yanvar oyi oxirida iqtisodchilar V shaklidagi tiklanishni bashorat qilishdi. Martga kelib, bu juda ham noaniq edi.^[172]

Vujudga kelganligi sababli Shanxay fond birjasi va Shenchjen fond birjasi ning ma'qullashi bilan e'lon qildi Xitoyning qimmatli qog'ozlarni tartibga solish komissiyasi, bahor festivali uchun yopilish vaqti 2 fevralgacha uzaytiriladi va savdolar 3 fevralda davom etadi.^[173][174] Bungacha, 23 yanvarda, bahor bayrami oldidan aktsiyalarning so'nggi savdo kuni, uchta asosiy fond indekslari ham pastroq ochilib, taxminan 3 foizga pasayishni yaratdi va Shanxay kompozit indeksi 3000 dan pastga tushdi.^[175] Bayramdan keyingi birinchi savdo kuni 2 fevral kuni uchta asosiy indekslar rekord darajada past ochilishni o'rnatdilar - taxminan 8%.^[176] Kunning oxiriga kelib, pasayish biroz qisqarib, taxminan 7 foizni tashkil etdi, Shenchjen indeksi 10 000 punktdan pastga tushdi, ikkala bozorda jami 3177 aksiya tushdi.^[177]

Xitoy Xalq banki va Valyuta davlat ma'muriyati banklararo ekanligini e'lon qildi Renminbi valyuta bozori, valyuta bozori va valyuta bozori ta'til kunlarini 2020 yil 2 fevralgacha uzaytiradi.^[178] Bozor 3 fevralda ochilganda, Renminbi endi asosiy xorijiy valyutalarga nisbatan qadrsizlanmoqda edi. Renminbi-ning AQSh dollarlariga nisbatan markaziy paritet darajasi 6.9249-da ochilib, 373-ga tushdi asosiy fikrlar oldingi savdo kunidan boshlab.^[179] Ochilishdan bir soat o'tgach, soat 7.00 dan pastga tushdi,^[180] va 7.0257 da yopildi.^[181]

The Jahon banki Xitoyning 0,1-2,3 foizga o'sishini kutmoqda, bu so'nggi o'n yillikdagi eng past o'sish sur'ati.^[182]

22 may kuni, Xitoy Bosh vaziri Li Ketsyan tarixda birinchi marta markaziy hukumat 2020 yilga nisbatan iqtisodiy o'sish maqsadini belgilamagan bo'lar edi, chunki iqtisodiyot 2019 yilga nisbatan 6,8 foizga qisqargan va Xitoy "kutilmagan" vaqtga duch kelgan. Shu bilan birga, hukumat 2020 yil oxirigacha 9 million yangi shahar ish o'rinlari yaratish niyatini bildirdi.^[183]

2020 yil oktyabr oyida Xitoyning uchinchi choragida yalpi ichki mahsulot 4,9 foizga o'sganligi va shu bilan tahlilchilar kutgan natijalarni yo'qotganligi e'lon qilindi (5,2 foiz darajasida). Biroq, bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, Xitoy iqtisodiyoti haqiqatan ham o'nlab yillik past o'sishga sabab bo'lgan koronavirus shokidan barqaror ravishda tiklanmoqda.^[184] Iqtisodiy o'sishni ta'minlash uchun mamlakat yirik infratuzilma loyihalari uchun yuzlab milliard dollar ajratdi va o'zlashtirildi aholini kuzatib borish siyosati va majburiy virusni o'z ichiga olgan qat'iy blokirovka.^[185]Xalqaro valyuta fondi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, bu 2020 yilda o'sishi kutilayotgan yagona yirik iqtisodiyotdir.^[186]

Gonkong

Gonkong ko'rdi yuqori darajadagi norozilik namoyishlari sakkiz oy davomida materik Xitoydan sayyohlarning kelishi keskin pasayganini ko'rdi. Virusli epidemiya sayohat sohasiga uzoq muddatli pasayishlarga qarshi turish uchun qo'shimcha bosim o'tkazdi.^[187] O'tgan oylarda uchinchi mamlakatlardan keluvchilarning pasayishi ham ko'proq tashvishga solmoqda.^[149] Shahar allaqachon tanazzulga yuz tutgan^[187] va Moody shaharning kredit reytingini pasaytirdi.^[188][189]

Shuningdek, materik xitoylariga qarshi dushmanlik kayfiyati materik Xitoydan virus yuqtirish qo'rquvi kuchayganligi sababli norozilik faolligining yangilanishi kuzatildi, ko'pchilik chegara portlarini yopishni va barcha materik xitoylik sayohatchilarni kirishni rad etishni talab qilmoqda. Hodisalar qatoriga benzin bombalari politsiya uchastkalariga uloqtirilgan,^[190] hojatxonada portlagan uy qurilishi bombasi,^[191] va Gonkong va materik Xitoy chegarasi orasidagi tranzit temir yo'llariga tashlangan begona narsalar.^[192] Political issues raised have included concerns that mainland Chinese may prefer to travel to Hong Kong to seek free medical help (which has since been addressed by the Hong Kong government).^[193][194]

Since the outbreak of the virus, a significant number of products have been sold out across the city, including face masks and disinfectant products (such as alcohol and bleach).^[195] An ongoing period of panic buying has also caused many stores to be cleared of non-medical products such as bottled water, vegetables and rice.^[196] The Gonkong hukumati had its imports of face masks cancelled as global face mask stockpiles decline.^[197]

In view of the coronavirus pandemic, the Ta'lim byurosi closed all kindergartens, primary schools, secondary schools, and special schools until 17 February.^[198] This has been extended for multiple times due to the development of the epidemic,^{[199][200][201]} until the Bureau announced that all schools would be indefinitely suspended until further notice on 31 March.^[202] The disruption has raised concerns over the situation of students who are due to take examinations at the end of the year, especially in light of the protest-related disruption that happened in 2019.^[203]

On 5 February, flag carrier Ketay Tinch okeani requested its 27,000 employees to voluntarily take three weeks of unpaid leave by the end of June. The airline had previously reduced flights to mainland China by 90% and to overall flights by 30%.^[204]

Makao

On 4 February 2020, all kazinolar in Macau were ordered shut down for 15 days.^[205][206]All casinos reopened on 20 February 2020,^[207] but visitor numbers remained low due to the pandemic, with hotels at less than 12% occupancy at the end of February.^[117]

Yaponiya

Shelves in a pharmacy in Japan sold out of masks on 3 February 2020

Bosh Vazir Shinzo Abe has said that "the new coronavirus is having a major impact on tourism, the economy and our society as a whole".^[208][209] Face masks have sold out across the nation and stocks of face masks are depleted within a day of new arrivals.^[210] There has been pressure placed on the healthcare system as demands for medical checkups kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish.^[211] Chinese people have reported increasing discrimination.^[212] The sog'liqni saqlash vaziri has pointed out that the situation has not reached a point where mass gatherings must be called off 1 February 2020.^[213]

Aviation, retail and tourism sectors have reported decreased sales and some manufactures have complained about disruption to Chinese factories, logistics and supply chains.^[214] Prime Minister Abe has considered using emergency funds to mitigate the outbreak's impact on tourism, of which Chinese nationals account for 40%.^[215] S&P Global noted that the worst hit shares were from companies spanning travel, cosmetics and retail sectors which are most exposed to Chinese tourism.^[216] Nintendo announced that they would delay shipment of the Nintendo Switch, which is manufactured in China, to Japan.^[217]

The outbreak itself has been a concern for the 2020 yilgi yozgi Olimpiada which is scheduled to take place in Tokyo starting at the end of July. The milliy hukumat has thus been taking extra precautions to help minimise the outbreak's impact.^[218][219] The Tokyo organising committee and the Xalqaro Olimpiya qo'mitasi have been monitoring the outbreak's impact in Japan.^[218]

On 27 February 2020, Prime Minister Sindzo Abe requested that all Japanese elementary, junior high, and high schools close until late March, the end of the school year, to help contain the virus. Schools will only reopen for the next term after spring break in early April and the nationwide closures will affect 13 million students.^[220][221]

Janubiy Koreya

Coronavirus infection prevention tips banner in Seoul

2020 yil 5-fevralda, Hyundai Motor Company was forced to suspend production in South Korea due to shortage in supply of parts.^[222][223]

South Korea has been reporting increasing human-to-human community transmission of COVID-19 since 19 February 2020, traced to a church of Shincheonji, located near the city of Daegu. Apart from the city of Daegu and the church community involved, most of South Korea is operating close to normality, although nine planned festivals have been closed and tax-free retailers are closing.^[224] South Korean military manpower agency made an announcement that conscription from the Daegu will temporarily be suspended.^[225] The Daegu Office of Education decided to postpone the start of every school in the region by one week.^[226]

Numerous educational institutes have temporarily shut down, including dozens of kindergartens in Degu and several elementary schools in Seul.^[227] As of 18 February, most universities in South Korea had announced plans to postpone the start of the spring semester. This included 155 universities planning to delay the semester start by 2 weeks to 16 and 22 March universities planning to delay the semester start by 1 week to 9 March.^[228] Also, on 23 February 2020, all kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools were announced to delay the semester start from 2 to 9 March.^[229]

The economy of South Korea is forecast to grow 1.9%, which is down from 2.1%. The government has provided 136.7 billion won for local governments as support.^[224] The government has also organised the procurement of masks and other hygiene equipment.^[224]

Tayvan

Surgical masks used by people in Taiwan

Surgical masks and other medical equipment sold out in Taiwan

24 yanvar kuni Tayvan hukumati announced a temporary ban on the export of face masks for a month in order to secure a supply of masks for its own citizens.^[230][231] On 2 February 2020, Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center postponed the opening of primary and secondary schools until 25 February.^[232][233] Taiwan has also announced a ban of cruise ships from entering all Taiwanese ports.^[234] In January, Italy has banned flights from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. On 10 February, the Philippines announced it will ban the entry of Taiwanese citizens due to the One-China Policy.^[235] Later on 14 February, Presidential Spokesperson of Philippines, Salvador Panelo, announced the lifting of the temporary ban on Taiwan.^[236] In early February 2020 Taiwan's Central Epidemic Command Center requested the mobilisation of the Taiwanese Armed Forces to contain the spread of the virus and to build up the defences against it. Soldiers were dispatched to the factory floors of major mask manufacturers to help staff the 62 additional mask production lines being set up at the time.^[237]

In the aviation industry, Taiwanese carrier China Airlines 's direct flights to Rome have been rejected and cancelled since Italy has announced the ban on Taiwanese flights.^[238] On the other hand, the second-largest Taiwanese carrier, Eva Air, has also postponed the launch of Milan va Puket reyslar.^[239] Both Taiwanese airlines have cut numerous cross-strait destinations, leaving just three Chinese cities still served.^[240]

Other parts of Asia

Janubiy Osiyo

Hindiston

Yilda Hindiston, economists expect the near-term impact of the outbreak to be limited to the supply chains of major conglomerates, especially pharmaceuticals, fertilisers, automobiles, textiles and electronics. A severe impact on global trade logistics is also expected due to disruption of logistics in mainland China, but due to the combined risk with regional geopolitical tensions, wider trade wars and Brexit.^[241] The stock market took a bearish mode in response to COVID-19. The BSE SENSEX fell 2919 and NIFTY 50 fell 950 points in a single day on 12 March 2020.^[242]

On 19 March 2020, the Indian government has banned the export of ventilators, surgical/disposable masks and textile raw materials out of the country.^[243]

Pokiston

The Pokiston iqtisodiyoti faced a devastating impact from the coronavirus outbreak because it was in recessionary conditions in the quarter prior to the pandemic.^[244] Weak social protections and low investment in healthcare meant that most citizens were vulnerable to pandemic conditions at the time of the outbreak.^[245] Forecasts of the economic loss from the three month lockdown, which was subsequently eased in late May 2020, indicated that Pakistan would face its first annual economic recession since 1952.^[246] Given the strained government resources, civil society and charity organizations became much more active in providing relief to the public during the national lockdown.^[247]

Shri-Lanka

Yilda Shri-Lanka, research houses expect the economic impact to be limited to a short-term impact on the tourism and transport sectors.^[248]

Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo

Coronavirus fears lead to panic buying of essentials in Singapore

Ular orasida Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo xalqlari assotsiatsiyasi countries, the city-state of Singapore was forecast to be one of the worst-hit countries by Maybank.^[249] The tourism sector was considered to be an "immediate concern" along with the effects on production lines due to disruption to factories and logistics in mainland China.^[250] Singapore has witnessed panic buying of essential groceries,^[251] and of masks, thermometers and sanitation products despite being advised against doing so by the Hukumat.^[252][253] Bosh Vazir Li Syen Lun said that a recession in the country is a possibility and that the country's economy "would definitely take a hit".^[254] 17 fevral kuni Savdo va sanoat vazirligi (MTI) downgraded Singapore's forecast YaIMning o'sishi to between -0.5% and 1.5%.^[255] This is largely due to the fall in tourism and social distancing restrictions.^[255] On 26 March, MTI said it believed that the economy would contract by between 1% and 4% in 2020. This was after the economy shrank some 2.2% in the first quarter of 2020 from the same quarter in 2019.^[256] On 26 May, the Singapore economy contracted 0.7%YoY, which was better than the expected contraction of 2.2%. However, MTI said that it was revising down its expectation for the Singapore economy in 2020 to shrink by 4% to 7%.^[257] Economists were behind the curve in downgrading their numbers and some raced to catch up.^[258]

Bosh Vazir Xun Sen Kambodja epidemiyani yuqtirishga qarshi kurashda Kambodjaning Xitoyni qo'llab-quvvatlashini namoyish etish maqsadida Xitoyga maxsus tashrif buyurdi.^[259]

Maybank economists rated Thailand as being most at risk, with the threat of the viral outbreak's impact on tourism causing the Tailand bahti to fall to a seven-month low.^[260]

Panic buying in a supermarket in Indonesia

In Indonesia, over 10,000 Chinese tourists cancelled trips and flights to major destinations such as Bali, Jakarta, Bandung, etc., over coronavirus fears. Many existing Chinese visitors are queuing up with the Indonesian authority appealing for extended stay.^[261] Panic buying has also hit the capital city, Jakarta. As the first reported cases of COVID-19 was announced by the government at 3 March.^[262]

In Malaysia, economists predicted that the outbreak would affect the country's GDP, trade and investment flows, commodity prices and tourist arrivals.^[263] Dastlab, cycling race event Le Tour de Langkavi was rumoured to be cancelled, but the organiser stated that it would continue to be held as usual. Despite this, two cycling teams, the Hengxiang velosiped jamoasi va Gigant velosiped jamoasi, both from China, were pulled from participating in this race due to fear of the coronavirus pandemic.^[264] As the outbreak situation has worsened, some of the upcoming concerts held in the country, such as Kenni G, Jey Chou, Joey Yung, Vinnerlar, ajoyib o'smir, Rockaway Festival and Miriam Yeung, were postponed to a future date, and the upcoming O'n etti concert was cancelled.^[265]

Vietnam, who had clamped down early to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, was expected to be the only country in the South East Asia region that was expected to grow in 2020.^[266]

Yaqin Sharq

Eron

Saudiya Arabistoni

27 fevralda, Saudiya Arabistoni halted travel to Makka va Madina over coronavirus. This has prevented foreigners from reaching the holy city of Mecca and the Ka'ba. Travel was also suspended to Muhammad's mosque Madinada.^[267] Images of the emptied ṣaḥn ning Makka ulkan masjidi, where pilgrims are ordinarily performing the tawaf atrofida Ka'ba, went viral on social media.^[268]

Evropa

In Spain, a large number of exhibitors (including Chinese firms Huawei va Vivo ) announced plans to pull out of or reduce their presence at Mobil Jahon Kongressi, a simsiz industry trade show in "Barselona", due to concerns over coronavirus.^{[269][270][271]} 2020 yil 12 fevralda, GSMA CEO John Hoffman announced that the event had been cancelled, as the concerns had made it "impossible" to host.^[272]

Owing to an increase in the demand for masks,^[273] on 1 February most masks were sold out in Portuguese pharmacies.^[274] On 4 February, President Marselo Rebelo de Sousa admitted that the epidemic of the new coronavirus in China "affects the economic activity of a very powerful economy and thus affects the world's economic activity or could affect". He also admitted the possibility of economic upheavals due to the break in production."^[275] On 28 February, the Swiss government has banned all public and private gatherings of more than 1,000 people until 15 March, including forcing through a cancellation of the Jeneva xalqaro avtoulov ko'rgazmasi.^[276]

Ichki bozor va xizmatlar bo'yicha Evropa komissari Thierry Breton has asked streaming video services operating in the EU to reduce the amount of tarmoqli kengligi used by their services in order to preserve capacity and infrastructure. Netflix va YouTube have complied with this request.^[277][278]

The European Investment Bank estimates that corporate investment in the EU could fall by between 31% and 52%, even in more favourable scenarios due to the pandemic. They also estimate that even after strong policy intervention, 51-58% of EU firms face liquidity shortfalls after 3 months of lockdown.^[279]

Frantsiya

8 aprel kuni Frantsiya banki officially declared that the Frantsiya iqtisodiyoti was in recession, shrinking by 6 percent in the first quarter of 2020.^[280]

Germaniya

Ga ko'ra Deutsche Bank the outbreak of the novel coronavirus / COVID-19 may contribute to a recession in Germany.^[281][282]

Irlandiya

By mid-March, nearly 3% of Ireland's population—140,000 people (including 70,000 restaurant staff, 50,000 pub and bar staff)—had lost their jobs due to restrictions brought in to delay the virus's spread.^[283] The numbers of people in normally busy Dublin kabi sohalar Grafton ko'chasi dropped by percentages in the sixties, seventies and eighties.^[284][285]

16 mart kuni Bandlik ishlari va aholini ijtimoiy muhofaza qilish vaziri Regina Doherty e'lon qildi COVID-19 Pandemiya Ishsizlik uchun to'lov.^[286] Initially available for six weeks, it was extended for another nine weeks on 5 June.^[287] 24 mart kuni Vaqtinchalik COVID-19 ish haqi uchun subsidiya sxemasi was announced for a twelve-week run beginning on 26 March.^[288]

15 may kuni Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation Xezer Xemfreyz announced details of a new €250m "Restart Grant" which would give direct grant aid of between €2,000 and €10,000 to small businesses to help them with the costs associated with reopening and re-employing workers following the COVID-19 closures.^[289]

22 may kuni Irlandiya hukumati had signed off on €6.8 billion in extra funding for the Bandlik ishlari va aholini ijtimoiy muhofaza qilish boshqarmasi, as it was due to reach this year's spending limit early the following month.^[290]

On 23 July, the Irlandiya hukumati launched a €7.4 billion Iyul oyidagi ishlarni rag'batlantirish package of 50 measures to boost economic recovery and get people back to work.^[291] The measures include the extension of the COVID-19 Pandemiya Ishsizlik uchun to'lov to April 2021, and the replacement of the Vaqtinchalik COVID-19 ish haqi uchun subsidiya sxemasi uchun Ish bilan ta'minlash uchun ish haqini subsidiyalash sxemasi from September 2020 and will run until April 2021.^[292]

On 7 September, it was announced that Ireland was now officially in recession after the economy shrank by 6.1% between April and June as the COVID-19 ning ta'siri brought the largest quarterly drop on record, following new figures published by the Markaziy statistika boshqarmasi.^[293][294]

Italiya

Fuqaro muhofazasi volunteers carrying out health checks at the Guglielmo Marconi Airport yilda Boloniya, Italiya

Empty shelves at the Esselunga supermarket Bergamo, Italiya

On 21 February, at least ten towns in the Lombardiya va Veneto regions of Italy, with a total population of 50,000, were locked down in quarantine procedure following an outbreak in the town of Codogno Lombardiyada. Police mandated a curfew closing all public buildings and controlling access through police checkpoints to the so-called 'red zone' which is enforced under penalty by fines against trespassers who are not health or supply workers.^[295] The government of Italian Prime Minister Juzeppe Konte vowed that sending in "the armed forces" to enforce the lockdown was within possibility.^[296] Schools and universities have been closed throughout Northern Italy along with museums, and various festivities, concerts, sporting events and church masses have been cancelled as of 23 February.^[297] On 4 March, these closures were extended to all schools and universities nationwide.^[298]

Sustained panic buying of groceries has reportedly cleared out supermarkets, and several major events were cancelled, such as the annual Venetsiya karnavali, along with the cancellation of A seriya football matches on 23 February by the Sports Ministry.^[299] Bilan bog'liq tashvishlar Milan moda haftaligi has led to several fashion houses declaring that they will only hold broadcast, closed-door shows with no spectators. As of 26 February 2020, there have been 456 coronavirus cases in Italy, 190 of which have been also confirmed by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità.^[300][301]

By 12 March 2020, the number of cases in Italy had risen to 15,113, including 1,016 fatalities.^[302] On 9 March 2020, Italy declared a nation-wide quarantine.^[303] Since 10 March 2020, all residents need a special form to be allowed to leave their homes.^[304] On 11 March 2020, all shops and businesses were closed except food shops and pharmacies.^[305]

Portugaliya

Due to an increase in the demand for masks,^[273] on 1 February most masks were sold out in Portuguese pharmacies.^[306]

On 4 February, Marselo Rebelo de Sousa, Portugaliya Respublikasi Prezidenti, admitted that the epidemic of the new coronavirus in China "affects the economic activity of a very powerful economy and thus affects the world's economic activity or could affect". He also admitted the possibility of economic upheavals due to the break in production."^[307]

Birlashgan Qirollik

Pensive shopper during the Coronavirus Covid-19 outbreak in the U.K.

On 13 February, heavy equipment manufacturer JCB announced its plan to reduce working hours and production due to shortages in their supply chain caused by the outbreak.^[308]

On 5 March, British airline Flybe finally collapsed into administration with the loss of 2,000 jobs after failing to secure financial support. The airline said the impact of the coronavirus pandemic is partly to blame for its collapse. Flybe provided more than half of UK domestic flights outside London.^[309]

Shimoliy Amerika

Kanada

On 4 March, Canadian Bosh Vazir Jastin Tryudo announced the creation of a new kabinet qo'mitasi to manage the federal response to the coronavirus disease.^[310] A week later, on 11 March, the government announced a CA $ 1 billion COVID-19 Response Fund that included a $50 million contribution to the Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti and an additional $275 million to fund coronavirus research in Canada.^[311][312]

13 mart kuni Kanada banki lowered the overnight rate target by 50 basis points to 0.75 percent in an unscheduled rate decision citing the "negative shocks to Canada's economy arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent sharp drop in oil prices."^[313][314] In June 2020, Canada lost its triple "A" credit rating.^[315]

Meksika

The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) said the unemployment rate in Mexico increased from 3.6% in January 2020 to 3.7% in February 2020. The informal sector increased to 56.3% in February compared to 56.0% in February 2019. Fewer than half of Mexicans have paid sick leave or health care.^[316] BBVA México predicted a 4.5% economic contraction in 2020, while analysts at Kapital iqtisodiyoti in London argued that the government had to do more to support the economy. They forecast a 6% contraction in 2020. HR Ratings, Latin America's first credit rating agency, said that the performance of the economy would depend on the government's response to the COVID-19 crisis.^[317]

The Meksika fond birjasi fell to a record low on 10 March due to fears of the coronavirus and because of neft narxlarining pasayishi. The Meksika banki (Banksiko) stepped in to prop up the value of the peso, which fell 14%.^[318] Jahon bozorlarida 1987 yildagiga o'xshash pasayishlar kuzatilmoqda.^[319]

The Consejo Nacional Empresarial Turístico (National Tourism Business Council, CNET) sent two letters in March to Alfonso Romo, Chief of Staff to the Meksika prezidenti, outlining the importance of tourism to the economy and asking for government support for the sector. Tourism provides 4 million jobs in Mexico, and 93% of the companies have ten or fewer employees. COVID-19 forced the closure of 4,000 hotels (52,400 rooms) and 2,000 restaurants, while the airline industry lost MXN $30 billion (US$1.3 billion) through March.^[320] The association of car dealers, ADMA, predicted a decrease in domestic sales between 16% and 25% in 2020.^[321]

Panama

COVID-19 is expected to subtract US$5.8 billion from Panama's GDP.^[322]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Empty shelves from vahima sotib olish da Sams Club yilda Lufkin, Texas, on 13 March 2020.

Sign warning customers not to circumvent limits on toilet paper purchases at an Nyu-York shtati qulay Do'kon

The viral outbreak was cited by many companies in their briefings to shareholders, but several maintained confidence that they would not be too adversely affected by short-term disruption due to "limited" exposure to the Chinese consumer market. Those with manufacturing lines in mainland China warned about possible exposure to supply shortages,^[323] while others cautioned that large corporations and the wealthy could exploit the crisis for economic gain in line with the Shock Doctrine, as has occurred after past pandemics ^[324]

Silicon Valley representatives expressed worries about serious disruption to production lines, as much of the technology sector relies on factories in mainland China. Since there had been a scheduled holiday over Lunar New Year, the full effects of the outbreak on the tech sector were considered to be unknown as of 31 January 2020^[yangilash], ga binoan The Wall Street Journal.^[325]

Cities with high populations of Chinese residents have seen an increase in demand for face masks to protect against the virus;^[326] many are purchasing masks to mail to relatives in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, where there is a shortage of masks.^[327] 2020 yil fevral oyidan boshlab^[yangilash], many stores in the United States had sold out of masks.^[327][328] This mask shortage has caused an increase in prices.^[329]

Universities in the United States have warned about a significant impact on their income due to a large number of Chinese international students potentially unable to attend classes.^[330]

Washington Post reported in February that President Donald Trump told advisors that he did not want the government to say or do anything that might spook the stock market, on concerns a large-scale outbreak could hurt his reelection chances.^[331]

26 fevralda, The New York Times (NYT) reported a case in California which the Kasalliklarni nazorat qilish markazi confirmed as the first possible community transmission of coronavirus in the United States.^[332]

Closed Barber On P St NW in Washington DC

On 27 February, the NYT reported delay in diagnosis of the community transmission case in California.^[333] A later article in the NYT on 27 February discussed a hushtakboz 's allegation's of the ineptitude of preparedness at Travis havo kuchlari bazasi yaqin Feyrfild, Kaliforniya va Mart havo zaxiralari bazasi yilda Riversayd okrugi, Kaliforniya to receive possible coronavirus transmitters for diagnosis and treatment.^[334] The same day, a report by Goldman Sachs forecast that it believes American companies "will generate no earnings growth in 2020," wiping out an earnings recovery that was expected for the year after "lackluster profit reports for most of 2019"^[335]

On 27 February, U.S. stocks were on their way to the largest loss for a week since 2008, and the Dow Jones sanoat o'rtacha fell 1190 points in one day. On 28 February the average dropped below 25000 briefly.^[336][337] The Dow Jones ended the week down 12.4 percent, the S&P 500 indeksi 11.5 percent, and the Nasdaq Composite down 10.5 percent.^[338] Stocks fell to 18,592 points (Dow average) on 23 March after a procedural Senate vote on a coronavirus economic stimulus bill failed for the second time in two days.^[339]

On 7 March, US stocks fell by 7 percent, triggering a temporary halt in trading, which was also aided by the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war.^[340]

On the evening of 11 March, the Milliy basketbol assotsiatsiyasi announced that the rest of its season would be suspended indefinitely, va Milliy kollegial atletika assotsiatsiyasi (NCAA) announced that its Erkaklar va Ayollar basketball tournaments would be played without fans.^[341] The following day, the NCAA initially announced that it would cancel the basketball tournaments,^[342] but later that day announced that all championship events throughout all sports would be cancelled until 2020–21.^[343]

Chuqur janub states such as Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana reported on April 6 that 70% of its reported deaths had involved Afroamerikaliklar.^[344][345] It has been acknowledged that African Americans were more likely to have poor yashash sharoitlari (including dense urban environments and qashshoqlik ), employment instability, chronic qo'shma kasalliklar influenced by these conditions, and little to no tibbiy sug'urta coverage—factors which can all exacerbate its impact.^[346][347]

In April, nearly a quarter of residents (renters and homeowners) did not pay full housing costs. Some did not pay rent/mortgage at all, while others did not make full payment.^[348] The difficulties experienced by many tenants during the pandemic have sparked a movement to cancel rent, which is advocated by some activists, organizations, and politicians.^[349][350]

In early May, a Washington Post-Ipsos poll revealed racial disparities between adult workers who were laid off or furloughed since the beginning of the outbreak: layoffs affected 20 percent of Hispanic workers, 16 percent of black workers, 11 percent of white workers, and 12 percent of workers of other races.^[351]

Many workers were furloughed or laid off as a result of business and school closures and the cancellation of public events. During April more than 20 million Americans filed for unemployment insurance, an all-time record, and the national unemployment rate was reported as 14.7% - the highest monthly rate since record keeping was begun in 1948.^[352] The rise in unemployment may have contributed to protracted nationwide civil unrest.^[353][354]

For first quarter 2020, health care spending dropped 18 percent. 42,000 health care workers lost their jobs in March, and 1.4 million in April, as most hospitals postponed non-essential procedures. People who were left ended up doing the jobs of others who were furloughed.^[355]

Although the United States government is the world's largest borrower, credit card debt in the country fell below $1 trillion in May 2020 for the first time since May 2011, declining for the previous three months. This was due to a decrease in both personal income and disposible personal income while personal savings rates nearly doubled. A job reports validated the decline after indicating that three million jobs were added in June 2020, compared to the 20 million jobs lost throughout the pandemic.^{[315][356][357][358][359]}

Janubiy Amerika

Latin American and caribbean countries were already facing low economic growth before COVID-19, with the region averaging 0.4% of growth in 2019, due to what was described as "a vicious circle of low-quality jobs, deficient social protection and volatile incomes" with one out of five in the ages of 14-25 being unable to find a job. The economic impact caused by COVID-19 was exarcebated by many countries' lack of reserve funds for times of crisis. Between 35 and 50 million people in the region are expected to fall below the poverty line, which is set at US$5.60 per day. Exports have also been affected and many countries are expected to fall further into debt.^[360]

Argentina

On 19 March, Argentina entered a nation-wide lockdown. The Argentine government announced the extension of the lockdown, originally intended to end on 31 March until mid-April. On 10 April, President Alberto Fernández announced that the lockdown would be extended in major cities until 26 April.^[361]

In response to the economic halt, on 24 March, the executive qaror qildi the payment of a one-time welfare benefit to the lowest earning Shaxsiy ishini yurituvchi taxpayers left with no sources of income in their uy xo'jaligi.^[362]

On September 22, official reports showed a record 19% year-on-year drop in the GDP for the second quarter of 2020, the biggest drop in the country's history.^[363][364] Investment fell 38% from the previous year.^[363][364]

Braziliya

Two Brazilian banks predicted the deceleration of economic growth in China. UBS has reviewed its estimations from 6% to 5.4%, while Itau stated a reduction to 5.8%.^[365]

A representative of some of the bigger Brazilian companies of the electronics sector, Eletros, stated that the current stock for the supply of components is enough for around 10 to 15 days.^[365]

The prices of soybeans, oil, and iron ore have been falling. These three goods represent 30%, 24% and 21% of the Brazilian exports to China, respectively.^{[365][366][367]}

Chili

COVID-19 tufayli Chilining qulashiga yordam berish AQSh va Xitoydan misga bo'lgan talabni kamaytiradi.^[368]

Okeaniya

Avstraliya

Australia is expected to be heavily affected by the epidemic, with early estimations have GDP contracting by 0.2% to 0.5%^[369][370] and more than 20,000 Australian jobs being lost.^[371] Avstraliyalik Xazinachi, Josh Fraydenberg said that the country would no longer be able to promise a byudjet profitsiti due to the outbreak.^[372] The Australian dollar dropped to its lowest value since the Katta tanazzul.^[373]

The Avstraliyaning shoshilinch tibbiy yordam kolleji called for a calm and a fact-based response to the epidemic, asking people to avoid racism, "panic and division" and the spread of misinformation.^[374] A large amount of protective face masks were purchased by foreign and domestic buyers, which has sparked a nationwide face masks shortage.^[375] In response to price increases of nearly 2000%, the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia has called on these "unethical suppliers" to keep supplies affordable.^[375]

Tourism bodies have suggested that the total economic cost to the sector, as of 11 February 2020, would be A$4.5 billion. Casino earnings are expected to fall.^[376] At least two localities in Australia, Keyns va Oltin sohil, have reported already lost earnings of more that $600 million.^[377] The Australian Tourism Industry Council (ATIC) called on the Government of Australia for financial support especially in light of the large number of small businesses affected.^[378]

Mining companies are thought to be highly exposed to the outbreak, since sales to China constitute 93% of the sales of Fortescue Metallar, 55% of the sales of BHP, and 45% of the sales of Rio Tinto.^[376] The iron ore shipping gauge dropped 99.9% as a result of the outbreak,^[379] and the virus has made shipping and logistic operations of mining companies more complicated.^[380]

Agriculture is also experiencing negative effects from the outbreak,^[381] including the Australian dairy industry,^[382] baliq ovlash sanoati,^[383] wine producers,^[384] and meat producers.^[370] 2020 yil 13 fevralda, Rabobank, which specialises in agricultural banking, warned that the agricultural sector had eight weeks for the coronavirus to be contained before facing major losses.^[385] Yuqumli kasallik eksportga ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi. May oyida, Avstraliyaning eng yirik savdo hamkori bo'lgan Xitoy - avstraliyalik go'shtni qabul qilishni to'xtatdi va avstraliyalik arpa uchun bojlarni joylashtirdi, ehtimol Avstraliyaning global pandemiya kelib chiqishini tekshirishga chaqirig'iga jazo chorasi.^[386]

Ta'lim sohasi hukumatning dastlabki taxminlariga ko'ra 5 milliard AQSh dollar miqdorida zarar ko'rishi kutilmoqda,^[387][388] "o'qish to'lovini qaytarish, o'qishni bepul kechiktirish, o'quv kalendarlarini qayta belgilash va talabalarning turar joy xarajatlari" tufayli xarajatlar.^[389] Soliq to'lovchidan ta'lim byudjetidagi kamomadni qoplashi talab etilishi mumkin.^[390] Taxminan 100000 talaba semestr boshida ro'yxatdan o'tolmadi.^[391] Xitoylik talabalarning qariyb uchdan ikki qismi materik Xitoydan kelgan sayohatchilarga viza cheklovlari tufayli chet elda qolishga majbur bo'lishdi.^[392] Sidney universiteti dotsenti Salvatore Babones "Avstraliya xitoylik talabalar uchun jozibali o'qish joyi bo'lib qoladi, ammo xitoylik talabalar sonining tiklanishi uchun bir necha yil kerak bo'lishi mumkin", deb ta'kidladi.^[389]

Shuningdek qarang

• COVID-19 turg'unlik
• Kontaktsiz to'lov
• Masofaviy ta'lim
• COVID-19 pandemiyasining moliyaviy bozorga ta'siri
• Mobil bank xizmati
• Onlayn bank ishi
• COVID-19 pandemiyasi bilan bog'liq kamchiliklar

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

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