Xitoy materikida COVID-19 pandemiyasi - COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China

Xitoy materikida COVID-19 pandemiyasi
	COVID-19 holatlarida tasdiqlangan materik Xitoy 2020 yil 3 oktyabr holatiga ko'ra viloyat bo'yicha 100000 aholiga 100000 kishiga 114,96 ta holat (Hubei) 100000 ga 3-5 holat 100000 ga 1-3 holat 100000 ga 0,5-1 holat > 100000 ga 0-0.5 holat
Kasallik	COVID-19
Virus shtammi	SARS-CoV-2
Manzil	Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi
Birinchi epidemiya	Vuxan, Xubey
Indeks ishi	1 dekabr 2019 yil; (1 yil va 2 kun oldin)
Tasdiqlangan holatlar	86,338
Qayta tiklandi	81,319
O'limlar	4,634

The Covid-19 pandemiyasi sirli, shubhali klaster bilan paydo bo'lgan zotiljam shahridagi holatlar Vuxan, poytaxti Xubey, Xitoy. Wuhan kasalxonasi 2019 yil 27 dekabrda kasalliklarni nazorat qilish va oldini olish bo'yicha mahalliy markaz (CDC) va sog'liqni saqlash komissiyalariga xabar berdi. 31 dekabr kuni Vuxan CDC bilan bog'liq noma'lum pnevmoniya holatlari klasteri bo'lganligi to'g'risida ommaviy axborot vositalariga oshkor qilindi Xuanan dengiz mahsulotlari bozori Internetda tekshirilmagan hujjatlar paydo bo'lgandan keyin. Tez orada yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan kasallik avj olishi butun mamlakat bo'ylab, shu jumladan, e'tiborni tortdi Milliy sog'liqni saqlash komissiyasi (NHC) Pekindagi mutaxassislar ertasi kuni Uxanga mutaxassislarni yuborishdi. Xitoy rasmiylari rasmiy ravishda xabar berishdi Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti shu kuni.^[5] 2020 yil 8-yanvarda pnevmoniyaning sababi sifatida yangi koronavirus aniqlandi.^[6] Tez orada virusning ketma-ketligi an ochiq kirish ma'lumotlar bazasi.^[7]

Ommaviy va ommaviy axborot vositalarining tanqidlari Vuxan va Xubey hukumatining javoblarini kechiktirilgan va dastlabki bosqichda yuqumli kasallikni ushlab tura olmagan deb baholamoqda.^[8] 29 yanvarga qadar virus hamma uchun tarqaldi materik Xitoy provinsiyalari.^[9]^[10]^[11] Xitoy materikining barcha provintsiyalari aholining sog'lig'i bilan bog'liq favqulodda vaziyatlarga eng yuqori darajada javob berishni boshladilar.^[12] Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti bu kasallikni a deb e'lon qildi Xalqaro xavotirda jamoat salomatligi 31 yanvar kuni,^[11] boshqa mamlakatlarda, xususan, sog'liqni saqlash tizimlari mustahkam bo'lmagan mamlakatlarda tarqalish sabablarini keltirib.^[13]^[14] 8-fevralga kelib, koronavirus infektsiyasiga bog'liq pnevmoniyadan 724 dan ortiq kishi vafot etdi va 34 878 kishi yuqtirgani tasdiqlandi. Birgina Xubeyda yuqtirish holatlari 24953 va 699 ta o'lim qayd etilgan.^[15]

Xitoy hukumati bo'lishi mumkin senzurali muhokamalar uning tarqalishi boshlanganidan beri epidemiya haqida.^[16]^[17] 25-yanvar kuni, Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi Bosh kotib Si Tszinpin Xitoyga duch keladigan "og'ir vaziyat" haqida ogohlantirdi.^[18]^[19] The Partiya siyosiy byurosi boshchiligidagi epidemik nazorat bo'yicha maxsus etakchi guruhni tashkil etdi Premer Li Ketsyan. 25-yanvar Xitoy Yangi Yili bayramlar bekor qilindi. Mamlakat bo'ylab yo'lovchilar haroratini tekshirdilar.^[20] Epidemiya nazorati bo'yicha buyruqlar (CEC) turli mintaqalarda, shu jumladan Uxan va Xubeyda tuzilgan. Ko'pgina viloyatlararo avtobus qatnovlari^[21] va temir yo'l xizmatlari to'xtatildi.^[22] 29 yanvarga qadar barcha Xubey shaharlari karantin ostiga olingan.^[23] Komendantlik soati to'g'risidagi qonunlar amalga oshirildi Xuangang, Wenzhou,^[24] va boshqa materik shaharlari.^[25] 2020 yil fevral oyida mintaqada juda katta tanqislik kuzatildi yuz maskalari va boshqa himoya vositalari bu dunyoda ushbu mahsulotlar uchun ishlab chiqarish markazi bo'lishiga qaramay.^[26] Boshqa mamlakatlar Xitoyga epidemiya bilan kurashishda yordam berish uchun tibbiy buyumlar berishdi.^[27]^[28]^[29]

Qo'rquv, Xitoyda mintaqaviy kamsitish va Xitoy ichida va undan tashqarida irqiy kamsitish ko'pgina hukumatlar tomonidan kamsitilishni to'xtatish talablariga qaramay, yuqtirgan yuqtirgan holatlar soni tobora ortib borishi bilan ortdi.^[30]^[31] Ba'zi mish-mishlar Xitoyning ijtimoiy tarmoqlarida tarqaldi, shuningdek, ommaviy axborot vositalari va hukumatlarning ma'qullashi va mish-mishlarga qarshi harakatlari.^[32]^[33] Xitoy hukumati inqiroz to'g'risidagi xabarlarni va tanqidlarni tsenzura qilish va ularga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha ish olib bordi va epidemiyaga qarshi rasmiy munosabatni ijobiy tomondan namoyish etdi. Shuningdek, ular virus bilan shug'ullanadigan boshqa mamlakatlarga gumanitar yordam ko'rsatdilar.^[34]^[35]^[36] Yangiliklar Xitoy hukumati yuqumli kasalliklar va o'lim darajasi to'g'risida ataylab kam ma'lumot berganidan xavotir bildirmoqda.^[37]^[38]^[39]

25 fevral kuni Xitoy materik tashqarisida yangi tasdiqlangan holatlar soni birinchi marta ichkaridagi holatlardan oshib ketdi; JSST mamlakatda ko'rilayotgan choralar samaradorligini yuqori baholadi.^[40] 6 martga kelib, xabar qilingan yangi kasallanishlar soni inqiroz avjiga chiqqan kunda minglab odamlarga nisbatan kuniga 100 dan kam mamlakatga kamaydi. 13 mart kuni yangi olib kelingan holatlar soni birinchi marta mamlakat ichida o'tkazilgan yangi holatlar sonidan oshib ketdi.^[41] 26-iyul kuni Xitoy mart oyidan beri eng ko'p kunlik kasallanishni ko'rdi.^[42]

Grafika

Xitoyning COVID-19 kasalligi () O'limlar Qayta tiklash Sinovdan o'tgan Klinik tashxis qo'yilgan (CD) Sinovdan o'tgan yoki C.D. DekabrDekabrYanvarYanvarFevralFevralMarMarAprelAprelMayMayIyunIyunIyulIyulAvgustAvgustSentyabrSentyabrOktyabrOktyabrNoyabrNoyabrDekabrDekabrOxirgi 15 kunOxirgi 15 kun
Sana	Ishlar soni (C.D.dan tashqari)	Ishlar soni (shu jumladan, C.D.)
2019-12-31		27(n.a.)
⋮		27(=)
2020-01-03		44(+63%)
⋮		44(=)
2020-01-05		59(+34%)
⋮
2020-01-10	41(n.a.)
⋮	41(=)
2020-01-16	45(+9.7%)
2020-01-17	62(+38%)
2020-01-18	121(+95%)
2020-01-19	198(+64%)
2020-01-20	291(+47%)
2020-01-21	440(+51%)
2020-01-22	571(+30%)
2020-01-23	830(+45%)
2020-01-24	1,287(+55%)
2020-01-25	1,975(+53%)
2020-01-26	2,744(+39%)
2020-01-27	4,515(+64%)
2020-01-28	5,974(+32%)
2020-01-29	7,711(+29%)
2020-01-30	9,692(+26%)
2020-01-31	11,791(+22%)
2020-02-01	14,380(+22%)
2020-02-02	17,205(+20%)
2020-02-03	20,438(+19%)
2020-02-04	24,324(+19%)
2020-02-05	28,018(+15%)
2020-02-06	31,161(+11%)
2020-02-07	34,546(+11%)
2020-02-08	37,198(+7.7%)
2020-02-09	40,171(+8.0%)
2020-02-10	42,638(+6.1%)	48,315^[men](n.a.)
2020-02-11	44,653(+4.7%)	55,220(+14%)
2020-02-12	46,472(+4.1%)	58,761^[ii](+6.4%)
2020-02-13	48,467(+4.3%)	63,851(+8.7%)
2020-02-14	49,970(+3.1%)	66,492(+4.1%)
2020-02-15	51,091(+2.2%)	68,500(+3.0%)
2020-02-16		70,548(+3.0%)
2020-02-17		72,436(+2.7%)
2020-02-18		74,185^[iii](+2.4%)
2020-02-19		75,002^[iv](+1.1%)
2020-02-20		75,891(+1.2%)
2020-02-21		76,288(+0.52%)
2020-02-22		76,936(+0.85%)
2020-02-23		77,150(+0.28%)
2020-02-24		77,658(+0.66%)
2020-02-25		78,064(+0.52%)
2020-02-26		78,497(+0.55%)
2020-02-27		78,824(+0.42%)
2020-02-28		79,251(+0.54%)
2020-02-29		79,824(+0.72%)
2020-03-01		80,026(+0.25%)
2020-03-02		80,151(+0.16%)
2020-03-03		80,270(+0.15%)
2020-03-04		80,409(+0.17%)
2020-03-05		80,552(+0.18%)
2020-03-06		80,651(+0.12%)
2020-03-07		80,695(+0.05%)
2020-03-08		80,735(+0.05%)
2020-03-09		80,754(+0.02%)
2020-03-10		80,778(+0.03%)
2020-03-11		80,793(+0.02%)
2020-03-12		80,813(+0.02%)
2020-03-13		80,824(+0.01%)
2020-03-14		80,844(+0.02%)
2020-03-15		80,860(+0.02%)
2020-03-16		80,881(+0.02%)
2020-03-17		80,894(+0.02%)
2020-03-18		80,928(+0.04%)
2020-03-19		80,967(+0.05%)
2020-03-20		81,008(+0.05%)
2020-03-21		81,054(+0.06%)
2020-03-22		81,093(+0.05%)
2020-03-23		81,171(+0.10%)
2020-03-24		81,218(+0.06%)
2020-03-25		81,285(+0.08%)
2020-03-26		81,340(+0.07%)
2020-03-27		81,394(+0.06%)
2020-03-28		81,439(+0.06%)
2020-03-29		81,470(+0.04%)
2020-03-30		81,518(+0.06%)
2020-03-31		81,554(+0.04%)
2020-04-01		81,589(+0.04%)
2020-04-02		81,620(+0.04%)
2020-04-03		81,639(+0.02%)
2020-04-04		81,669(+0.04%)
2020-04-05		81,708(+0.05%)
2020-04-06		81,740(+0.04%)
2020-04-07		81,802(+0.08%)
2020-04-08		81,865(+0.08%)
2020-04-09		81,907(+0.05%)
2020-04-10		81,953(+0.06%)
2020-04-11		82,052(+0.12%)
2020-04-12		82,160(+0.13%)
2020-04-13		82,249(+0.11%)
2020-04-14		82,295(+0.06%)
2020-04-15		82,341(+0.06%)
2020-04-16		82,692(+0.40%)
2020-04-17		82,719(+0.03%)
2020-04-18		82,735(+0.02%)
2020-04-19		82,747(+0.01%)
2020-04-20		82,758(+0.01%)
2020-04-21		82,788(+0.04%)
2020-04-22		82,798(+0.01%)
2020-04-23		82,804(<+0.01%)
2020-04-24		82,816(+0.01%)
2020-04-25		82,827(+0.01%)
2020-04-26		82,830(<+0.01%)
2020-04-27		82,836(<+0.01%)
2020-04-28		82,858(+0.03%)
2020-04-29		82,862(<+0.01%)
2020-04-30		82,874(+0.01%)
2020-05-01		82,875(<+0.01%)
2020-05-02		82,877(<+0.01%)
2020-05-03		82,880(<+0.01%)
2020-05-04		82,881(<+0.01%)
2020-05-05		82,883(<+0.01%)
2020-05-06		82,885(<+0.01%)
2020-05-07		82,886(<+0.01%)
2020-05-08		82,887(<+0.01%)
2020-05-09		82,901(+0.02%)
2020-05-10		82,918(+0.02%)
2020-05-11		82,919(<+0.01%)
2020-05-12		82,926(<+0.01%)
2020-05-13		82,929(<+0.01%)
2020-05-14		82,933(<+0.01%)
2020-05-15		82,941(<+0.01%)
2020-05-16		82,947(<+0.01%)
2020-05-17		82,954(<+0.01%)
2020-05-18		82,960(<+0.01%)
2020-05-19		82,965(<+0.01%)
2020-05-20		82,967(<+0.01%)
2020-05-21		82,971(<+0.01%)
2020-05-22		82,971(=)
2020-05-23		82,974(<+0.01%)
2020-05-24		82,985(+0.01%)
2020-05-25		82,992(<+0.01%)
2020-05-26		82,993(<+0.01%)
2020-05-27		82,995(<+0.01%)
2020-05-28		82,995(=)
2020-05-29		82,999(<+0.01%)
2020-05-30		83,001(<+0.01%)
2020-05-31		83,017(0.02%)
2020-06-01		83,022(<+0.01%)
2020-06-02		83,021(>−0.01%)
2020-06-03		83,022(<+0.01%)
2020-06-04		83,027(<+0.01%)
2020-06-05		83,030(<+0.01%)
2020-06-06		83,036(<+0.01%)
2020-06-07		83,040(<+0.01%)
2020-06-08		83,043(<+0.01%)
2020-06-09		83,046(<+0.01%)
2020-06-10		83,057(+0.01%)
2020-06-11		83,064(<+0.01%)
2020-06-12		83,075(+0.01%)
2020-06-13		83,132(+0.07%)
2020-06-14		83,181(+0.06%)
2020-06-15		83,221(+0.05%)
2020-06-16		83,265(+0.05%)
2020-06-17		83,293(+0.03%)
2020-06-18		83,325(+0.04%)
2020-06-19		83,352(+0.03%)
2020-06-20		83,378(+0.03%)
2020-06-21		83,396(+0.02%)
2020-06-22		83,418(+0.03%)
2020-06-23		83,430(+0.01%)
2020-06-24		83,449(+0.02%)
2020-06-25		83,462(+0.02%)
2020-06-26		83,483(+0.03%)
2020-06-27		83,500(+0.02%)
2020-06-28		83,512(+0.01%)
2020-06-29		83,531(+0.02%)
2020-06-30		83,534(<+0.01%)
2020-07-01		83,537(<+0.01%)
2020-07-02		83,542(<+0.01%)
2020-07-03		83,545(<+0.01%)
2020-07-04		83,553(<+0.01%)
2020-07-05		83,557(<+0.01%)
2020-07-06		83,565(<+0.01%)
2020-07-07		83,572(<+0.01%)
2020-07-08		83,581(+0.01%)
2020-07-09		83,585(<+0.01%)
2020-07-10		83,587(<+0.01%)
2020-07-11		83,594(<+0.01%)
2020-07-12		83,602(<+0.01%)
2020-07-13		83,605(<+0.01%)
2020-07-14		83,611(<+0.01%)
2020-07-15		83,612(<+0.01%)
2020-07-16		83,622(+0.01%)
2020-07-17		83,644(+0.03%)
2020-07-18		83,660(+0.02%)
2020-07-19		83,682(+0.03%)
2020-07-20		83,693(+0.01%)
2020-07-21		83,707(+0.02%)
2020-07-22		83,729(+0.03%)
2020-07-23		83,750(+0.03%)
2020-07-24		83,784(+0.04%)
2020-07-25		83,830(+0.05%)
2020-07-26		83,891(+0.07%)
2020-07-27		83,959(+0.08%)
2020-07-28		84,060(+0.12%)
2020-07-29		84,165(+0.12%)
2020-07-30		84,292(+0.15%)
2020-07-31		84,337(+0.05%)
2020-08-01		84,385(+0.06%)
2020-08-02		84,428(+0.05%)
2020-08-03		84,464(+0.04%)
2020-08-04		84,491(+0.03%)
2020-08-05		84,528(+0.04%)
2020-08-06		84,565(+0.04%)
2020-08-07		84,596(+0.04%)
2020-08-08		84,619(+0.03%)
2020-08-09		84,668(+0.06%)
2020-08-10		84,712(+0.05%)
2020-08-11		84,737(+0.03%)
2020-08-12		84,756(+0.02%)
2020-08-13		84,786(+0.04%)
2020-08-14		84,808(+0.03%)
2020-08-15		84,827(+0.02%)
2020-08-16		84,849(+0.03%)
2020-08-17		84,871(+0.03%)
2020-08-18		84,888(+0.02%)
2020-08-19		84,895(<+0.01%)
2020-08-20		84,917(+0.03%)
2020-08-21		84,939(+0.03%)
2020-08-22		84,951(+0.01%)
2020-08-23		84,967(+0.02%)
2020-08-24		84,981(+0.02%)
2020-08-25		84,996(+0.02%)
2020-08-26		85,004(<+0.01%)
2020-08-27		85,013(+0.01%)
2020-08-28		85,022(+0.01%)
2020-08-29		85,031(+0.01%)
2020-08-30		85,048(+0.02%)
2020-08-31		85,058(+0.01%)
2020-09-01		85,066(<+0.01%)
2020-09-02		85,077(+0.01%)
2020-09-03		85,102(+0.03%)
2020-09-04		85,112(+0.01%)
2020-09-05		85,122(+0.01%)
2020-09-06		85,134(+0.01%)
2020-09-07		85,144(+0.01%)
2020-09-08		85,146(<+0.01%)
2020-09-09		85,153(<+0.01%)
2020-09-10		85,168(+0.02%)
2020-09-11		85,174(<+0.01%)
2020-09-12		85,184(+0.01%)
2020-09-13		85,194(+0.01%)
2020-09-14		85,202(<+0.01%)
2020-09-15		85,214(+0.01%)
2020-09-16		85,223(+0.01%)
2020-09-17		85,255(+0.04%)
2020-09-18		85,269(+0.02%)
2020-09-19		85,279(+0.01%)
2020-09-20		85,291(+0.01%)
2020-09-21		85,297(<+0.01%)
2020-09-22		85,307(+0.01%)
2020-09-23		85,314(<+0.01%)
2020-09-24		85,322(<+0.01%)
2020-09-25		85,337(+0.02%)
2020-09-26		85,351(+0.02%)
2020-09-27		85,372(+0.02%)
2020-09-28		85,384(+0.01%)
2020-09-29		85,403(+0.02%)
2020-09-30		85,414(+0.01%)
2020-10-01		85,424(+0.01%)
2020-10-02		85,434(+0.01%)
2020-10-03		85,450(+0.02%)
2020-10-04		85,470(+0.02%)
2020-10-05		85,482(+0.01%)
2020-10-06		85,489(<+0.01%)
2020-10-07		85,500(+0.01%)
2020-10-08		85,521(+0.02%)
2020-10-09		85,536(+0.02%)
2020-10-10		85,557(+0.02%)
2020-10-11		85,578(+0.02%)
2020-10-12		85,591(+0.02%)
2020-10-13		85,611(+0.02%)
2020-10-14		85,622(+0.01%)
2020-10-15		85,646(+0.03%)
2020-10-16		85,659(+0.02%)
2020-10-17		85,672(+0.02%)
2020-10-18		85,685(+0.02%)
2020-10-19		85,704(+0.02%)
2020-10-20		85,715(+0.01%)
2020-10-21		85,729(+0.02%)
2020-10-22		85,747(+0.02%)
2020-10-23		85,775(+0.03%)
2020-10-24		85,790(+0.02%)
2020-10-25		85,810(+0.02%)
2020-10-26		85,826(+0.02%)
2020-10-27		85,868(+0.05%)
2020-10-28		85,915(+0.05%)
2020-10-29		85,940(+0.03%)
2020-10-30		85,973(+0.04%)
2020-10-31		85,997(+0.03%)
2020-11-01		86,021(+0.03%)
2020-11-02		86,070(+0.06%)
2020-11-03		86,087(+0.02%)
2020-11-04		86,115(+0.03%)
2020-11-05		86,151(+0.04%)
2020-11-06		86,184(+0.04%)
2020-11-07		86,212(+0.03%)
2020-11-08		86,245(+0.04%)
2020-11-09		86,267(+0.03%)
2020-11-10		86,284(+0.02%)
2020-11-11		86,299(+0.02%)
2020-11-12		86,307(+0.01%)
2020-11-13		86,325(+0.02%)
2020-11-14		86,338(+0.02%)
2020-11-15		86,346(+0.01%)
2020-11-16		86,361(+0.02%)
2020-11-17		86,369(+0.01%)
2020-11-18		86,381(+0.01%)
2020-11-19		86,398(+0.02%)
2020-11-20		86,414(+0.02%)
2020-11-21		86,431(+0.02%)
2020-11-22		86,442(+0.01%)
2020-11-23		86,464(+0.03%)
2020-11-24		86,469(<+0.01%)
2020-11-25		86,490(+0.02%)
2020-11-26		86,495(<+0.01%)
2020-11-27		86,501(<+0.01%)
2020-11-28		86,512(+0.01%)
2020-11-29		86,530(+0.02%)
2020-11-30		86,542(+0.01%)
2020-12-01		86,551(+0.01%)
2020-12-02		86,567(+0.02%)
2020 yil 10-fevraldan boshlab ma'lumotlar ushbu holatlarni o'z ichiga oladi Xubey virus uchun tekshirilmagan, ammo klinik tashxis qo'yilgan pnevmoniya belgilarini ko'rsatadigan tibbiy tasvirga asoslangan.^[43] Laboratoriya sinovlaridan o'tgan ma'lumotlar 2020 yil 10-15 fevral kunlari uchun alohida ravishda mavjud edi.^[44] 2020 yil 16-fevraldan boshlab ma'lumotlar laboratoriyada tekshirilgan holatlarning alohida sonini o'z ichiga olmaydi. 2020 yil 19-fevraldan boshlab faqat laboratoriya tekshiruvidan o'tgan yangi holatlar umumiy songa qarab hisoblandi (ammo ilgari sanab o'tilgan klinik tashxis qo'yilgan holatlar bekor qilinmadi).^[45] 2020 yil 17 aprelda Vuxan hukumati ilgari xabar qilinmagan uyda sodir bo'lgan COVID-19 o'limini hisobga olish to'g'risidagi hisobotni chiqarganidan keyin, shuningdek, ilgari turli kasalxonalar tomonidan ikki marta hisoblangan o'limlarni olib tashlaganidan so'ng, NHC ularni qayta ko'rib chiqdi 16 aprelga to'g'ri keladigan jami jami 325 kümülat holat va 1290 o'lim qo'shilgan.^[46] Ma'lumotlar manbai NHC kundalik hisobotlari. (Boshqa havolada 25 yanvargacha, kuni Wuhan MHC veb-sayti 10 yanvargacha)
^ 02-10 va 02-11 klinik tashxis qo'yilgan ma'lumotlar ushbu ilovaga asoslangan 02-11 Hubei WJW ma'lumotlari, yangi CD sonini ajratib olish natijasida olingan 02-10 ma'lumotlari bilan. jami o'sha kuni bo'lgan ishlar. ^ 02-13 ma'lumotlar 02-13 NHC ayirboshlash ma'lumotlari va shunga mos ravishda tuzatilgan 02-13 Hubei ma'lumotlari. ^ Sinov holatlarining 02-18 soni quyidagilar asosida hisoblanadi 02-19 olib tashlash ma'lumotlari. ^ 02-19 ma'lumotlari klinik tashxislarni istisno qiladi, shuning uchun vaziyat vaziyatning rivojlanishini tushunish uchun hisoblash vaqtincha amalga oshiriladi.

Kontekst

Yangi yuqumli kasalliklar keng jamoatchilik salomatligiga jiddiy tahdid solmoqda. Intensiv tadqiqot harakatlariga qaramay, ularning kelib chiqishi ko'pincha sirli.^[47] Garchi inson koronaviruslari (KV) katta deb tanilgan edi patogenlar sabab bo'lish umumiy sovuq,^[48]^[49] yangi turdagi koronavirus, ya'ni SARS-CoV 2002-2003 yillar davomida 29 ta mamlakatni qamrab olgan epidemiyani keltirib chiqardi, ular 8098 kishini yuqtirib, 774 kishini o'ldirdilar.^[49] Dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, virus hayvonlarning koronavirusidan kelib chiqqan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo qandaydir tarzda inson populyatsiyasiga kirib kelgan.^[49]^[50]^[51] Uning tarqalishi hayvonlarning koronaviruslari odamlar uchun potentsial xavf tug'dirishi mumkinligini ham anglatadi.^[49]

Beri 2003 yilda SARS yuqishi, Xitoyning keng jamoatchiligi va ilmiy jamoatchiligi Xitoy hukumatini keyingi sog'liqni saqlash inqirozini hal qilish uchun o'z sog'lig'ini saqlash tizimini isloh qilishga undagan o'lik virusning qaytishi mumkinligidan xavotirda.^[52]^[53]^[54] Islohot doirasida Xitoy yangi qurilgan yuqumli kasalliklar patogenlarini davolash uchun laboratoriya tarmoqlarini kengaytirdi BSL-4 Vuxandagi laboratoriya va a milliy kalit laboratoriyasi noaniq sabablarga ko'ra pnevmoniyani tekshirish.^[55] Zeng Guang, da bosh olim Xitoy CDC epidemiya to'g'risidagi ma'lumotni tezroq nashr etish, Xitoy SARS yuqishidan olgan saboq, deb hisoblardi, chunki ma'lumotlarning etishmasligi kasallikni kuchaytirdi.^[55]

Yaxshilangan sog'liqni saqlash tizimi yordamida Xitoy bir qator sog'liqni saqlash bilan bog'liq favqulodda vaziyatlarni bartaraf etishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Meksikadan boshlangan 2009 yil H1N1 grippi bilan kurashishda Xitoy faol profilaktika sifatida bir necha oy ichida 100 million kishiga vaksinalar ishlab chiqdi va tarqatdi.^[54] 2013 yil davomida H7N9 Mamlakatning sog'liqni saqlash tizimi kasallik qo'zg'atuvchisini Sharqiy Xitoyda yuqtirgandan 5 kun o'tgach aniqladi. Diagnostika uchun test to'plamlari ishlab chiqilgan va identifikatsiyadan 3 kun o'tgach, barcha materik viloyatlariga tarqatilgan. Bir necha oy ichida samarali vaktsinalar ishlab chiqildi. Bundan tashqari, xitoylik akademik Li Lanjuan va uning guruhi birinchi bo'lib virusni yuqtirish usullari, molekulyar mexanizmlari va samarali davolash usullarini ochib berdi.^[56]

Biroq, Southern Metropolis Daily odamlar sog'liqni saqlashga ko'proq e'tibor berishgan bo'lsa-da, hukumatning sog'liqni saqlash tizimini moliyalashtirish etarli emasligi sababli, kichikroq munitsipalitetlarning CDClari o'z xodimlarini qisqartirishi kerak edi. SARS yuqqanidan 10 yil o'tgach, nafas olish alomatlari bo'lganida va shifoxonalarda isitma klinikalarini kesib tashlaganida kam odam yuziga niqob kiygan.^[57] Keyingi jangda g'alaba qozonishga bo'lgan ishonchga qaramay SARS, Zhong Nanshan 2003 yilda SARS epidemiyasiga qarshi kurashda shuhrat qozongan, xitoylik rasmiylar kasallik tarqalishi to'g'risida xalqqa yolg'on gapiradimi yoki yo'qmi degan savolga konservativ munosabatda bo'lishgan.^[54]

Hayvonlar bozori atrofidagi dastlabki holatlar hayvondan odamga yuqishi mumkinligini taxmin qilar edi, keyinchalik virus kasal odamlardan boshqalarga yuqishi aniqlandi.^[58] Bunday holatlar bo'lgan asemptomatik bemorlar virusni boshqalarga yuqtirgan.^[59]^[60] China NHC ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, virus tomchilar bilan yoki yaqin aloqada yuqadi^[61] ba'zilari najas virus yashiringan va yuqadigan joyda ham bo'lishi mumkin deb taxmin qilishgan.^[62]^[63] Virusli infektsiyaning o'ziga xos belgilariga isitma, quruq yo'tal, nafas qisilishi, bosh og'rig'i va pnevmoniya kiradi^[64] odatda 2 hafta davom etgan inkubatsiya vaqtidan keyin ishlab chiqiladi.^[65] Engil, ammo yuqumli holatlarning mavjudligi epidemiyaga qarshi kurash ishlarini murakkablashtirdi.^[66] Bundan tashqari, bemorlar virusni hatto inkubatsiya davrida ham yuqtirishlari mumkinligi seziladi.^[67]

Wuhan tomonidan erta javob

Kashfiyot

Vuhan MHKning pnevmoniya epidemiyasi to'g'risida birinchi ogohlantirishlaridan biri. Dastlab Weibo-da 2019 yil 30-dekabrda joylashtirilgan va ertasi kuni (31-dekabr) Wuhan CDC tomonidan tasdiqlangan.

Birinchi tasdiqlangan bemor 2019 yil 1 dekabrda simptomlarni boshdan kechira boshladi,^[68] bo'lsa ham South China Morning Post keyinchalik birinchi holat 17 noyabrdayoq Xubey provinsiyasidan kelgan 55 yoshli bemor bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida xabar berdi.^[69]^[70]^[71] Yaqinda, 2020 yil 27 martda, yangiliklar nashrlari hukumat hujjatiga asoslanib, 2019 yil 10-dekabrda simptomlarni ko'rishni boshlagan va keyinchalik ijobiy sinovdan o'tgan 57 yoshli ayol haqida xabar berishdi. koronavirus kasalligi, tasvirlangan The Wall Street Journal 2020 yil 6 martda bo'lishi mumkin edi sabr nol koronavirus pandemikasida.^[72]^[73] Birinchi tasdiqlangan bemorga hech qanday ta'sir ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa ham Xuanan dengiz mahsulotlari bozori, to'qqiz kundan keyin bozorga duch kelgan odamlar orasida virus tarqalishi boshlandi.^[74]^[75] Ehtimol, infektsiya yarasadan odamga o'tishi mumkin; agar shunday bo'lsa, u ko'rshapalak bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin guano ichida ishlatilgan an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyoti.^[76] 26-dekabr kuni Shanxay tibbiyot shifoxonasi Vuhan CDC va Vuxan markaziy kasalxonasidan noma'lum pnevmoniya bilan kasallangan bemorning namunasini qabul qildi va keyinchalik yangi koronavirus borligi tasdiqlangan namunada tekshiruv o'tkazdi.^[74]

Chjan Tszian tomonidan pnevmoniyaning noma'lum holatlari guruhi kuzatilmaguncha, kasallik yuqmadi.^[77] Hubei an'anaviy an'anaviy xitoy va g'arbiy tibbiyot kasalxonasi nafas olish tibbiyoti bo'limining direktori,^[78] tajribasi kurashgan SARS 2003 yilda uni sog'liqni saqlashda favqulodda vaziyat haqida ogohlantirdi. 2019 yil 26 dekabrda Chjan kasalxonasi yaqinida yashovchi bir necha qariyalar isitmasi va yo'tali tufayli uning oldiga kelishdi. KT tomografik tekshiruv natijalari o'pkada g'ayritabiiy o'zgarishlarni ko'rsatdi, ular ma'lum bo'lganlardan farq qiladi virusli pnevmoniya. Chjan er-xotinning o'g'lini ko'rdi va shunga o'xshash sharoitlarni topdi. Xuddi shu kuni, doktor Chjan ko'rgan Xuanan dengiz mahsulotlari bozoridagi bemorda ham noodatiy holatlar bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

28 va 29 dekabr kunlari Xuanan dengiz bozoriga tashrif buyurgan yana uchta bemor kasalxonaning klinikasiga tashrif buyurishdi. Kasalxona viloyat va shahar sog'liqni saqlash komissiyalariga xabar berdi. Sog'liqni saqlash komissiyalari 29 dekabrda Uxan va Tszixan CDK va Jinyintan kasalxonasini ettita bemor uchun epidemiologik tadqiqotlar o'tkazish uchun tayinladilar. Ularning oltitasi yuqumli kasalliklar bo'yicha ixtisoslashgan Jinyintan muassasasiga o'tkazildi. Faqat bitta bemor o'tkazishni rad etdi.^[77] Chjanning kashfiyoti keng maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi;^[79] Xubey hukumati uni va Jinyintan prezidenti Chjan Dingyuni virusli epidemiyani nazorat qilishga qo'shgan hissasi uchun taqdirladi.^[78]

Oshkor qilish

Ning afishasi Li Venliang, Xitoyni koronavirus haqida ogohlantirgani uchun tanbeh berilgan shifokor

2019 yil 30 dekabrda Wuhan CDC mahalliy kasalxonalarga shoshilinch ogohlantirishlar berdi, bu o'tgan hafta shaharda aniqlangan pnevmoniya sirli holatlari.^[80]^[81]

Xatlar Uxan shahridagi barcha shifoxonalardan noma'lum sabablarga ega va Xuanan dengiz mahsulotlari bozoriga aloqador pnevmoniya kasalligi to'g'risida xabar berishlarini talab qildi. Shuningdek, ular shifoxonalardan ushbu bemorlarga tegishli davolanishni so'rashdi. Wuhan CDC xabar berdi Pekin yangiliklari tergov hali ham davom etayotgani va NHC mutaxassislari tergovga yordam berish uchun ketayotganliklari^[82] bu haqda mish-mish Internetda tarqalgandan so'ng.^[74]

2020 yil 1-yanvar kuni dengiz mahsulotlari bozori yopildi Tszixan tumani Atrof muhitni yaxshilash tufayli Sog'liqni saqlash agentligi va bozorni tartibga solish bo'yicha ma'muriyat. Ga binoan China Business, ishchilar hazmat kostyumlari bozor atrofida tekshiruv o'tkazib, namunalar yig'ishmoqda. Bozordagi omborchilar, odamlarning nimalarni yig'ayotgani va aniqlayotgani haqida ularga aytilmaganligini aytishdi. Shahar ma'muriyati xodimlari va politsiya xodimlari omborxonachilarni bozorni tugatib, tark etishlarini so'rashgan.^[83]

Uxan politsiyasi bir nechta shifokorlarni "noto'g'ri ma'lumotlar tarqatgani" uchun ogohlantirgan va sakkizta "mish-mishlar" Uxan kasalxonalarida shifokorlar bo'lgan. Vang Gaofey, Vaybo bosh direktori^[84] 3 yanvar kuni politsiya tomonidan chaqirilgan.^[85]^[86] Li Venliang, hushtakbozlardan biri 7 fevral kuni virusdan vafot etdi^[87] o'sha kuni Xubey hukumati tomonidan kasallikning kashf etuvchilari Chjan Tszian va Chjan Dingyu sharaflangan.^[88] Doktor Lining o'limi hukumatga nisbatan keng qayg'u va tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi.^[89]

Xubeydagi chora-tadbirlar va ta'sir

Avtobusda ko'p odamlar niqob kiygan, Xubey viloyati, 2020 yil 23-yanvar.

COVID-19 epidemiyasi paytida Xitoyda yangi holatlar va o'lim holatlarining 3 kunlik o'rtacha ko'rsatkichi bo'yicha yarim log grafigi, 23 yanvarda blokirovka va 19 martda qisman ko'tarilish.

Xubeydan tashqari ta'sir

A holatlar soni (ko'k) va o'lim soni (qizil) a logaritmik o'lchov.

Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi bosh kotib Si Tszinpin Xitoy "og'ir vaziyatga" duch kelayotgani haqida ogohlantirdi.^[18]^[19] U ushlab turdi Partiya siyosiy byurosi Hubei-ga davolanish va etkazib berish uchun resurslar va mutaxassislarga va'da bergan uchrashuv^[90] chunki Vuxandan eksport qilingan virusli infektsiyaning tobora ko'payib borayotgan holatlari Xubeyning boshqa shaharlarida ham tasdiqlandi^[9] va materik Xitoyda bir nechta qismlar.^[91] 29 yanvar kuni, Tibet birinchi tasdiqlangan holatini e'lon qildi, Uxandan sayohat qilgan erkak Lxasa 22-24 yanvar kunlari temir yo'l orqali^[92] bu virus materik Xitoyning barcha qismlariga tarqalishini belgiladi.^[9]^[10]^[11]

25-yanvar Xitoy Yangi Yili ko'plab shaharlarda bayramlar bekor qilindi. Yo'lovchilar harorati tekshirilib, isitmasi bor-yo'qligini tekshirdilar.^[20] Xenan, Vuxi, Xefey, Shanxay, Ichki Mo'g'uliston 21 yanvarda tirik parrandalar savdosini to'xtatdi.^[93]

Financial Times epidemiya Xitoy deb ta'riflangan Chernobil lahzada, o'z rahbariga bosimni oshirib, Si Tszinpin. AQSh bilan savdo urushi, Gonkong noroziliklari va cho'chqa go'shti tanqisligiga olib kelgan Afrika cho'chqa bezgagi hozirgi hukumatga bosim o'tkazdi.^[94]^[95]

Henanning dastlabki javoblari

2019 yil dekabr oyining oxirida, Xenan Uxanga va undan qaytadigan yo'lovchi poezdlari to'xtatilishini e'lon qildi. 2020 yil yanvar oyining boshida Xenan provintsiyasining mahalliy hukumati o'zining to'liq dezinfeksiya choralari, samarali va intensiv targ'ibot ishlari, odamlar orasida epidemiyaning oldini olish va karantin to'g'risida xabardorligi, qishloqning kirish qismida qaytish joylarini tashkil etish va hatto axlatdan foydalanish bilan. yuk mashinalari, Xubeyni bog'laydigan yo'llarni to'sish uchun xandaklar qazish va "kasallik bilan uyga qaytish - ota-onangizning nomusini buzish" degan shiorlarni osib qo'yish. # 抄河南的作业 (yoqilgan 'Henanning uy vazifasini nusxalash') Weibo-ning trendli hashtagiga aylandi.^[96]^[97]^[98]

Biroq, Sinxua va jamoat xavfsizligi vazirligi ta'kidlaganidek, Xitoyning materik qismida avtorizatsiya qilinmasdan yo'llarni kesish noqonuniy hisoblanadi.^[99]^[100] Transport vazirligi mahalliy hokimiyatlardan "uchta emas, bitta blokirovka (Xitoy : 一断三不断) ", ya'ni virusning tarqalishini oldini olish uchun, lekin yo'llarni, trafikni va Internetga kirishni, favqulodda yordam vositalarini tashishni va eng muhim tovarlarni tashishni taqiqlamaslik kerak.^[101]

Epidemiya nazorati uchun avtoulovlarni tekshiradigan xodimlar Qujiang kirish Sian Bypass

Tana haroratini skrining Jishuitan metro bekati, Pekin

Jamiyat salomatligi bo'yicha favqulodda deklaratsiyalar

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Media-ni ijro etish

Doktor ota va o'g'il bir-birlarini virus bilan kurashishga undaydilar Chenzhou, Xunan

21 yanvarga qadar hukumat vakillari kasallikni yashirishdan ogohlantirdilar.^[102]

22-yanvar kuni Hubei jamoat salomatligi bilan bog'liq favqulodda vaziyatlarga qarshi 2-sinfga javob berdi.^[103] Hubei hukumati oldida, sog'liqni saqlashning favqulodda holatiga 1-darajali javob, eng yuqori javob darajasi materik provinsiyasi tomonidan e'lon qilindi Chjetszyan 23-kuni.^[104]^[105] Guandun va Xunan kunning ikkinchi yarmida. Ertasi kuni Xubey^[91] va boshqa 13 materik provinsiyasi^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109] shuningdek, 1-sinf javobini boshladi. 29 yilga kelib, materikning barcha qismlari Tibet o'sha kuni javob darajasini oshirgandan so'ng, 1-sinfga javob berishni boshlashdi.^[12]

Javob berishning eng yuqori darajasi viloyat hukumatiga epidemiyani nazorat qilish uchun ma'muriyat ostidagi resurslarni rekvizitsiya qilish huquqini beradi. Hukumatga bemorlarni davolashni tashkil etish va muvofiqlashtirish, epidemiya hududida tekshiruvlar o'tkazish, viloyatdagi ayrim hududlarni epidemiyani nazorat qilish hududi deb e'lon qilish, majburiy buyruqlar chiqarish, inson harakatini boshqarish, axborot va hisobotlarni nashr etish, ijtimoiy barqarorlikni saqlash va epidemiya nazorati bilan bog'liq boshqa ishlarni bajarish.^[110]

11 iyun kuni rasmiylar infektsiyaning yana bir yuqishini tasdiqladilar Fengtai, Pekindagi janubi-g'arbiy tuman. Ko'pgina holatlar tashrif buyurgan Xinfadi bozori, shaharning yangi oziq-ovqat ta'minotining yagona yirik manbai. ^[111]

Bekor qilish, kechikishlar va o'chirishlar

Bayramni kengaytirish

26 yanvar kuni Davlat kengashi 2020 yilni uzaytirdi Bahor bayrami 2 fevralgacha (yakshanba, birinchi qamariy oyning to'qqizinchi kuni) 3 fevral (dushanba) bilan normal ish boshlanishini belgilaydigan ta'til. Ta'lim muassasalari maktab boshlanishini keyinga qoldirishdi.^[112] Turli viloyatlar ta'tilni uzaytirish bo'yicha o'z siyosatini ishlab chiqdilar.^[113]

Sport tadbirlari

Uchun 2020 yilgi ayollar o'rtasidagi futbol bo'yicha Olimpiya saralashi, Osiyo guruhi uchun "B" guruhining uchinchi tur o'yinlari Vuxanda va keyinchalik Nankinda o'tkazilishi rejalashtirilgan edi,^[114]^[115] ammo o'yin nihoyat Avstraliyaning Sidney shahrida bo'lib o'tdi.^[116] The 2020 yilgi Xitoy Angliya Superkubogi, 2020 yil 5 fevralda Suzhou shahrida o'tkazilishi keyinga qoldirildi.^[117] The 2020 yilgi Osiyo chempionlar ligasining pley-off bosqichi o'rtasidagi o'yin Shanxay SIPG va Buriram Yunayted yopiq eshiklar ortida o'ynaldi.^[118] The Xitoy futbol assotsiatsiyasi 2020 yilgi mavsum 30 yanvardan keyinga qoldirilishini e'lon qildi.^[119] Osiyo futbol konfederatsiyasi Xitoy klublari uchun uy uchrashuvlarini keyinga qoldirdi Chempionlar Ligasi guruh bosqichi. Ularning uchtasi 2020 yil 3 mart holatiga ko'ra hali bitta o'yin o'tkazmagan.^[120]

The Olimpiya boksiga saralash^[121]^[122] mart oyiga ko'chirildi va joy Iordaniyaning Amman shahriga ko'chirildi.^[123] "B" guruhi Olimpiya o'yinlari bo'yicha basketbol bo'yicha ayollar uchun saralash Dastlab Foshan shahrida bo'lib o'tishi rejalashtirilgan, Guangdong ham Serbiyaning Belgrad shahriga ko'chirilgan.^[124]

Boshqa yirik sport tadbirlariga kelsak, FIS tog 'chang'isi bo'yicha Jahon kubogi, 2020 yil 15-16 fevral kunlari rejalashtirilgan, kasallik avj olgani sababli bekor qilindi. Dastlab tadbir 2022 yilgi qishki Olimpiya o'yinlarining birinchi sinovi bo'lishi rejalashtirilgan edi. Dastlab Nankinda 13 martdan 15 martgacha bo'lib o'tishi rejalashtirilgan yopiq inshootlardagi engil atletika bo'yicha Jahon chempionati - 2020 yil bir yilga qoldirildi va o'sha joyda o'tkaziladi.^[125] Konfederatsiyalar kubogi Osiyo Tinch okeani I guruhi, Dongguan shahrida bo'lib o'tishi rejalashtirilgan, Guandun ko'chirildi Nur-Sulton, Qozog'iston.^[126]

Sportning davlat bosh boshqarmasi barcha sport tadbirlari aprel oyigacha to'xtatilishini e'lon qildi. Mudanjiang sport madaniyatining qishki lageri^[127] va Changli tog'larida Xitoyning Ralli chempionati^[128] ikkalasi ham to'xtatib qo'yilgan. Milliy ayollar basketbol o'yinlari qoldirilgandan so'ng Xitoy voleybol assotsiatsiyasi barcha voleybol o'yinlari va tadbirlarini to'xtatib qo'ydi.^[129]

The 2020 yil Sanya ePrix, 21-mart kuni bo'lib o'tadigan uchinchi tur Formula E mavsumi hali e'lon qilinadigan sanaga qoldirildi.^[130] 12 fevral kuni 2020 yilgi Xitoy Gran-prisi, 19 aprel kuni to'rtinchi tur bo'lib o'tishi kerak 2020 yilgi Formula-1 bo'yicha jahon chempionati shuningdek, keyinga qoldirildi.^[131]

The Lingshui China Masters 2020 yil 25 fevraldan 1 martgacha boshlanishi kerak bo'lgan badminton musobaqasi may oyining boshiga qoldirildi.^[132]

Dastlab 16-26 fevral kunlari bo'lib o'tishi kerak bo'lgan Xitoyning 14-qishki milliy o'yinlari ham qoldirildi.^[133]

Go'zallik tanlovlari

Miss Universe China 2020 dastlab 2020 yil 8 martda bo'lib o'tishi kerak edi; ammo, 2020 yil 21-fevralda Miss Universe China Organization pandemiya sababli tanlovning bekor qilinganligini va keyingi kunga qoldirilganligini e'lon qildi.^[134] Keyinchalik yangi sana 2020 yil 9-dekabr deb e'lon qilindi.

Turistik diqqatga sazovor joylar

4 May Square Station stantsiyasida avtoulovlar safari sezilarli darajada kamaydi Tsingdao metrosi 3-qator Epidemiya vaqtida.

21 yanvar kuni Uxan Madaniyat va turizm byurosi shahar aholisiga turizmni targ'ib qilish tadbirini qoldirdi. Barcha malakali fuqarolar Byuroning keyingi faoliyatida malakasini davom ettirishlari mumkin.^[135] 23 yanvar kuni Byuro 23 yanvar - 8 fevral kunlari Uxan shahridagi muzeylar, yodgorliklar, ommaviy kutubxonalar va madaniyat markazlarini vaqtincha yopilishini e'lon qildi.^[136] Uxanga va undan qaytib keladigan barcha turistik guruhlar bekor qilinadi.^[137]^[138]

23 yanvar kuni shahar ma'muriyati Dongcheng, Pekin Longtan va .dagi ma'bad yarmarkalarini bekor qildi Yer ibodatxonasi, dastlab 25 yanvarga rejalashtirilgan.^[139] Keyinchalik Pekin madaniyat va turizm byurosi barcha yirik tadbirlarni, shu jumladan ma'bad yarmarkalarini bekor qilishni e'lon qildi.^[140] Pekindagi turistik joylar^[141] va Tyantszin,^[142] shu jumladan Taqiqlangan shahar va Milliy dengiz muzeyi 24-yanvardan boshlab jamoatchilik uchun o'z eshiklarini yopdi. 23 yanvar kuni kechqurun Saroy muzeyi 25 yanvardan boshlab yopilishga qaror qildi^[143] va Xanchjou shahridagi G'arbiy ko'l barcha pullik diqqatga sazovor joylarni va "Musiqiy favvorasini" yopib qo'yishini e'lon qildi va ertasi kundan boshlab barcha yirik kruiz kemalarining xizmatlarini to'xtatdi.^[144] 24-yanvardan buyon mamlakat bo'ylab ko'plab yirik diqqatga sazovor joylar, shu jumladan, yopiq Sun Yat Sen maqbarasi Nankinda,^[145] Shanxay Disneylend, Pingyao Shanxi shahridagi qadimiy shahar, Kanton minorasi Guangdongda Litsianning eski shahri, Yunnan va Emei tog'i Sichuan shahrida.^[146]

Ta'lim

2020 yil 21-yanvar kuni Ta'lim vazirligi (MO) yangi koronavirus infektsiyasidan kelib chiqqan pnevmoniyani oldini olish va nazorat qilish bo'yicha ta'lim tizimini yaxshi ishlashini so'radi. Shundan so'ng, xususiy ta'lim provayderlari, shu jumladan Yangi Sharq, NewChannel va TAL Education,^[147] Xubeydagi ta'lim bo'limlari,^[148] Chjetszyan,^[149] Shenchjen,^[150] va Shanxay universiteti^[151] davom etayotgan barcha kurslarni bekor qildi va yangi semestrni qoldirdi. 27-yanvar kuni MoM barcha oliy ta'lim muassasalariga mahalliy hokimiyatlarning qaroriga binoan K-12 ta ta'lim va mahalliy kollejlar uchun yangi semestr boshlanish vaqtini belgilash uchun barcha mahalliy ta'lim bo'limlari bilan yangi bahorgi semestrni keyinga qoldirishni maslahat berdi.^[152] Kadrlar va ijtimoiy ta'minot vazirligi yangi semestrni barcha kasb-hunar ta'limi muassasalari uchun qoldirishga qaror qildi.^[153]

The Milliy ta'lim imtihonlari boshqarmasi barchasini bekor qildi IELTS, TOEFL va GRE fevral oyiga rejalashtirilgan imtihonlar. Qaror birinchi bo'lib Uxan shahrida o'tkaziladigan sinovlar uchun qabul qilingan va Xitoyning barcha qismlarida o'tkazilgan.^[154]^[155]^[156] Ta'lim vazirligi chet elda tahsil olayotgan xitoylik talabalarni safarlarini kechiktirishga chaqirdi. Chet elga borishi kerak bo'lganlar uchun, MH har qanday tibbiy ko'rikdan o'tkazilganda ertaroq kelishlarini va yo'tal va isitma alomatlari bo'lsa, sayohatni to'xtatishlarini maslahat berdi.^[157]

28 yanvar kuni Davlat xizmatlari bo'yicha milliy byuro 2020 yilda davlat xizmatiga qabul qilish imtihonini, jamoatchilik tanlovini va jamoatchilik tanlovi bilan suhbatni keyinga qoldirishini aytdi.^[158]

Nikohni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish

Shanxay, Xanchjou, Guanchjou, Jinan, Ningbo va Gansu shaharlaridagi fuqarolar ishlari bo'yicha vakillar, epidemiya tarqalishining oldini olish va 2020 yil 2 fevralga belgilangan nikohni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishning maxsus tartibini bekor qilishlarini e'lon qildilar. odamlar.^[159]^[160]^[161]^[162] Keyinchalik, 30 yanvarda Fuqarolik ishlari vazirligi 2 fevralda nikohni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni bekor qilishni buyurdi.^[163]

Parlament sessiyalari

A vaqtincha kasalxona qurilgan Vuxan fevral oyida

Epidemiya ta'sir ko'rsatdi Butunxitoy xalq kongressi (NPC), Xitoy milliy parlamenti va ko'plab mahalliy parlamentlar. 27-yanvar kuni Yunnan viloyat Xalq Kongressi Doimiy Qo'mitasi (PPCSC) fevral oyining boshiga rejalashtirilgan mahalliy Lianghui sessiyalarini keyinga qoldirishni e'lon qildi, undan keyin 28-yanvar kuni Sichuan PPCSC tomonidan o'tkazildi. Shaharlarning mahalliy parlament sessiyalari, shu jumladan Hohxot, Chengdu, Jinan, Tsindao, Binzhou, Chjenchjou, Pingdingshan, Anyang, Xefey, Chanchjou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Zhoushan, Ganzhou, Shangluo va Tszantszin ham kechiktirildi.^[164]

NPC doimiy komissiyasi mart oyidagi sessiyani kechiktirish yoki qoldirmaslik to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish uchun 24 fevralda muhokama qiladi.^[165] Mart oyida bo'lib o'tadigan 10 kunlik sessiya - bu Xitoyning barcha hududlaridan 3000 ga yaqin delegatlarning yillik yig'ilishi bo'lib, u erda asosiy qonunlar qabul qilinadi va asosiy iqtisodiy maqsadlar ochiladi. Mumkin bo'lgan kechikish 1995 yildan beri NPC mart sessiyasi jadvalini birinchi marta qabul qilganidan beri birinchi marta bo'ladi.^[166] Villi Lam, siyosiy tahlilchi Gonkong xitoy universiteti sessiyalar nafaqat yuqtirish xavfini oshirishi, balki "yuqori lavozimli shaxslarga epidemiya haqida dushmanlik va uyatli savollar yuborishi" mumkinligiga ishongan. Shuningdek, u uchrashuvlarni bekor qilish mumkinligiga ishongan bo'lsa-da, bundan keyin hech qachon bunday bo'lmagan Madaniy inqilob.^[167]

Din

Siyosatini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan Xitoy hukumati davlat ateizmi, davom ettirish uchun COVID-19 koronavirus pandemiyasini ishlatgan diniy bo'lmagan kampaniyalar, Sianbaishu cherkovini buzish Yixing va cherkov eshigidan xristian xochini olib tashlash Guyang okrugi.^[168]^[169] In Shandun, rasmiylar, Internetda voizlik qilishni taqiqlovchi ko'rsatma berishdi, bu cherkovlar jamoat a'zolariga quvg'in qilish va virus tarqalishida erishish uchun juda muhim usul.^[168]^[169]^{[ishonchli manba? ]}

Iqtisodiy ta'sir

Yanvar oyi oxirida iqtisodchilar V shaklidagi tiklanishni bashorat qilishdi. Martga kelib, bu juda ham noaniq edi.^[170] Millionlab ishchilar ish joylaridan uzoqlashib ketishdi, ish joylari esa qisqa muddatli edi. 2020 yil fevralidagi ma'lumotlar - yanvar oyida virus asosiy omilga aylanganidan keyingi birinchi to'liq oy - iqtisodiy faoliyatning rasmiy ko'rsatkichlari eng past darajaga tushdi. Kayxin ishlab chiqarish indeksi (PMI) fevral oyida 35.7 ga tushib, yanvar oyidagi 50 dan chuqur qisqarishni ko'rsatdi. Mamlakatning ishlab chiqarishdan tashqari ko'rsatkichi yanada pasayib ketdi va fevral oyida rekord darajadagi eng past ko'rsatkichga - 29,6 ga, 2020 yil yanvaridagi 54,1 dan tushdi. The Wall Street Journal "" Zavod indeksi 2019 yil aksariyat qismida qisqarishni ko'rsatdi, Qo'shma Shtatlar va Xitoy o'rtasidagi savdo urushi urdi. O'tgan yilning oxirigacha bu ikki tomon o'rtasidagi savdo ziddiyatlari pasayib ketguniga qadar kengayishga o'tmadi. "^[171]

Xitoyning iqtisodiy o'sishi 2020 yilning birinchi yarmida 1,1 foizgacha pasayishi kutilmoqda, chunki iqtisodiy faoliyatga yangi koronavirus avj olishi salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda, deya xabar beradi Reuters tomonidan keltirilgan Morgan Stanley tadqiqotida.^[172] Ammo, 2020 yil 1-fevral kuni Xitoy Xalq banki epidemiyaning Xitoy iqtisodiyotiga ta'siri vaqtinchalik bo'lganligini va Xitoyning uzoq muddatli ijobiy va sifatli o'sishining asoslari o'zgarishsiz qolganini aytdi.^[173]

Vujudga kelganligi sababli Shanxay fond birjasi va Shenchjen fond birjasi ning ma'qullashi bilan e'lon qildi Xitoyning qimmatli qog'ozlarni tartibga solish komissiyasi, bahor bayrami ta'tili 2 fevralgacha uzaytirildi va savdolar 3 fevralda davom etadi.^[174]^[175] Bungacha, 23 yanvar kuni, Bahor bayrami oldidan aktsiyalarning so'nggi savdo kuni, uchta asosiy fond indekslari ham pastroq ochilib, taxminan 3 foizga pasayishni yaratdi Shanxay indeksi 3000 dan pastga tushdi.^[176] Bayramdan keyingi birinchi savdo kuni 2 fevral kuni uchta asosiy indekslar rekord darajada past ochilishni o'rnatdilar - taxminan 8%.^[177] Kunning oxiriga kelib, pasayish taxminan 7% ga qisqargan, Shenchjen indeksi 10 000 punktdan pastga tushgan va ikkala bozorda jami 3177 ta aktsiyalar tushib ketgan.^[178]

Xitoy Xalq banki va Valyuta davlat ma'muriyati banklararo RMB valyuta bozori, chet el valyutasidan bozorga va valyuta bozoriga ta'tilni 2020 yil 2 fevralga qadar uzaytirilishini e'lon qildi.^[179] Bozor 3 fevralda ochilganda, Renminbi asosiy xorijiy valyutalarga nisbatan pasayib ketdi. Renminbi-ning AQSh dollarlariga nisbatan markaziy pariteti 6,9249 darajasida ochildi, bu avvalgi savdo kunidan 373 bazaviy punktga pasaygan.^[180] Ochilishdan bir soat o'tgach, soat 7.00 dan pastga tushdi,^[181] va 7.0257 da yopildi.^[182]

Xitoyda yangi avtoulovlarning sotilishiga epidemiya ta'sir ko'rsatdi. 2020 yil fevral oyining dastlabki ikki haftasida sotilgan avtomobillar hajmida 92% pasayish kuzatildi.^[183] Manbalariga ko'ra Avtomatik yangiliklar, Xitoylik siyosatshunoslar sotuvlarni jonlantirish uchun elektr transport vositalarini sotib olish uchun subsidiyalarni joriy yildan keyin uzaytirishni muhokama qildilar,^[183] uchun talablarni kamaytirish masalalarini muhokama qilayotganda nol chiqadigan vosita ishlab chiqarish ulushi.^[184]

13 martga kelib Xubeydan tashqaridagi aksariyat bizneslar yana faollashdi.^[185] Caixin PMI mart oyi oxirida 50 ga ko'tarildi.^[186]

2020 yil 1-choragida Xitoy YaIM 6,8 foizga kamaydi, bu 1992 yildan beri birinchi qisqarish.^[187]

2020 yil may oyida, Xitoy Bosh vaziri Li Ketsyan tarixda birinchi marta markaziy hukumat 2020 yilga nisbatan iqtisodiy o'sish maqsadini belgilamagan bo'lar edi, chunki iqtisodiyot 2019 yilga nisbatan 6,8 foizga qisqargan va Xitoy "kutilmagan" vaqtga duch kelgan. Shu bilan birga, hukumat 2020 yil oxirigacha 9 million yangi shahar ish o'rinlari yaratish niyatini bildirdi.^[188]

Ishsizlik

2020 yil yanvar va fevral oylarida, Uxan shahrida epidemiya avj olgan paytda, Xitoyda 5 millionga yaqin kishi ishsiz qoldi.^[189] Xitoyning 300 millionga yaqin qismi qishloq mehnat muhojirlari ichki provinsiyalarda uyda qolib ketishgan yoki Xubey viloyatida qolib ketishgan.^[190]^[191]

Xitoy ijtimoiy fanlar akademiyasining iqtisodchisi Chjan Bin hisob-kitobiga ko'ra mart oyi oxiriga kelib 80 millionga yaqin ishchi ishsiz qolishi mumkin; ushbu taxminga Pekindagi rasmiy statistika hisobga olinmaydigan mehnat muhojirlari va qishloq joylardagi odamlar kiritilgan.^[192]

Yuz niqobining etishmasligi va ishlab chiqarilishi

Vuxandagi odamlar sotib olish uchun giyohvand moddalar do'koni oldida saf tortishmoqda jarrohlik maskalari.

Pekindagi supermarketda har bir kishi kuniga bir paket jarrohlik maskalari va 84 dona dezinfektsiyalovchi suyuqlik sotib olishi mumkinligi to'g'risida xabarnoma.

Xitoyda, yuz maskalari ishlatilgan pandemiya paytida keng jamoatchilik tomonidan keng tarqalgan va ko'plab joylarda talab qilingan.^[193] Epidemiya tezlashganda, materik bozorida aholining ehtiyojlari oshgani sababli yuz maskalari etishmasligi kuzatildi.^[194] Ma'lum qilinishicha, Shanxay mijozlari yana yarim soat ichida tugab qolgan yuz niqoblarini sotib olish uchun bir soatga yaqin navbatda turishlari kerak edi.^[195] Ba'zi do'konlarda narxlar ko'tarilib, boshqa harakatlar sodir etilmoqda, shuning uchun bozor regulyatori ushbu qonunbuzarliklarga qarshi kurash olib borishini aytdi.^[196]^[197] Soha mutaxassisi Ley Liminning so'zlariga ko'ra, ko'pchilik ishchilar Yangi yil ta'tilidan qaytgach, fevral oyining oxirigacha tanqislik bartaraf etilmaydi.^[198]^{[yangilanishga muhtoj ]}

2020 yil 22-yanvarda, Taobao, Xitoyning eng yirik elektron tijorat platformasi Alibaba guruhi barcha yuz maskalari Taobao va Tmall narxning oshishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Chakana savdo korxonalariga maxsus subsidiyalar berilishi kerak edi. Shuningdek, Alibaba Health-ning "shoshilinch dori-darmonlarni etkazib berish" xizmati bahor bayrami paytida yopilmaydi.^[199] JD Xitoyning yana bir etakchi elektron tijorat platformasi: "Biz JD o'z tovarlari uchun narx barqarorligini to'liq ta'minlash bilan birga" manbalar, saqlash va tarqatish, platformani boshqarish va boshqalarni etkazib berish va narx barqarorligini ta'minlash bo'yicha faol ish olib bormoqdamiz ". JD platformasida tovarlar ustidan qattiq nazoratni amalga oshirgan.Yuz niqoblarini sotadigan uchinchi tomon sotuvchilariga narxlarni ko'tarish taqiqlangan.Uchinchi tomon sotuvchilarining narxlari g'ayritabiiy ravishda ko'tarilganligi tasdiqlangandan so'ng, JD huquqbuzar tovarlarni zudlik bilan javonlardan olib tashlaydi va oldi-sotdi bilan shug'ullanadi. huquqbuzar sotuvchilar bilan tegishli ravishda. "^[200] Sunning.com va boshqa yirik elektron tijorat platformalari Pinduoduo shuningdek, sog'liqni saqlash mahsulotlari narxlarini barqaror ushlab turishga va'da berdi.^[201]^[202]

Xitoy Bojxonasidagi raqamlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, 24-yanvar va 29-fevral kunlari orasida 2,46 milliardga yaqin epidemiyaning oldini olish va nazorat qilish materiallari, shu jumladan 2,02 milliard niqob va 8,3 milliard yuanga (1 milliard dollar) baholanadigan 25,38 million himoya kiyimlari import qilingan. Press xabar berishicha China Poly Group, together with other Chinese companies and state-owned enterprises, had an important role in scouring markets abroad to procure essential medical supplies and equipment for China.^[203] Risland (formerly Country Garden) sourced 82 tonnes of supplies, which were subsequently airlifted to Wuhan.^[204]

By March, China has been producing 100 million masks per day to meet the demand of medical staff and general public.^[205]

Lockdown and curfew

Government-issued permit for Jintan aholi. Jintan announced that each family should only have one member to be outdoor for shopping life necessities for every 2 days.

Ever since Hubei's lockdown, areas bordering Hubei including Yueyang in Hunan and Xinyang in Henan set up checkpoints on roads connecting to Hubei to monitor cars and people coming from Hubei.^[206]^[207] Between 24 and 25 January, the local governments of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Xaynan and other areas announced to quarantine passengers from "key areas" of Hubei for 14 days.^[208]^[209] Chonging also announced mandatory screening of every person who arrived from Wuhan since 1 January, and set up 3 treatment centers.^[210]

Since 1 February, a curfew law that resembles that of Xuangang, Hubei, was put in place by the city of Wenzhou in Zhejiang, which is the second largest center after Hubei. Each local family can appoint one family member who may leave their house to purchase essential goods every two days.^[211] Since 4 February Zhejiang's capital, Hangzhou, announced the closure of all of its villages, turar-joy jamoalari va work units to guests. Those who enter and exit these places must show valid identification papers. Non-residents and cars will be checked strictly.^{[yangilanishga muhtoj ]}^[212]^[213] Xuddi shu kuni, Yueqing, Ningbo, Chjenchjou, Linyi, Harbin, Nankin, Syuzhou va Fuzhou began to take the same approach.^[214] Jumadyan, Henan, announced that each family were only allowed to have one member leave the house to purchase essential goods every 5 days.^[215]

Workers having their temperatures taken as they enter an sanoat parki yilda Shenchjen 2020 yil mart oyida

Factories were closed or reduced production for a few weeks. When they opened again, measures were implemented to reduce risk.^[216]^[217] Pandemiya paytida, Uyg'ur workers were sent to resume work.^[218]^[219]

Many local governments implemented restrictions to control the outbreak, including keeping schools closed, cutting off villages, and restricting travel.^[220]^[221] A smartphone-based health-tracking system was introduced in much of the country.^[222]

On 2 April 2020, the government ordered a Hubei-like lockdown in Xenanning Jia okrugi, after a woman tested positive for the coronavirus. It is suspected that she may have been infected when she visited a hospital where three doctors tested positive for the virus, despite showing no symptoms.^[223] In early May, restrictions were tightened in Harbin.^[224]

In mid-July, Xinjiang province and its capital Urumqi were locked down in the wake of the discovery of new cases in the city.^[225]^[226]

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions

The slowdown in manufacturing, construction, transportation and overall economic activity created a temporary reduction by about a quarter in China's issiqxona gazlari chiqindilari.^[227]

Further outbreaks

On 9 April, a COVID-19 cluster was detected in Heilongjiang Province, which started with an asymptomatic patient returning from the United States and quarantining at home. AQSh CDC reported that the infections were initially spread through a shared elevator used at different times, and led to at least 71 cases by 22 April.^[228] 10 aprelda, Tianshannet reported that there had been no newly confirmed cases of coronavirus in Shinjon for the preceding 53 days and that there were no coronavirus patients in Xinjiang.^[229]

As factories and other businesses reopened, extensive measures were put in place to avoid infection, including temperature checks, handwashing, disinfection, mask wearing, a mobile phone health app, avoiding public transportation, staggered lunches, physical distancing, kontaktni kuzatish, and opening windows for ventilation. Rules vary by location, with different local governments enforcing different measures.^[230]

In June 2020, an outbreak with 45 people testing positive at Xinfadi bozori yilda Pekin caused some alarm.^[231] Authorities closed the market and nearby schools; eleven neighborhoods in the Fengtai tumani started requiring temperature checks and were closed to visitors.^[232] By this time, public health technology included special leaf blower backpacks designed to vent hot air onto outdoor surfaces.^[233] By the evening of 23 June, Chinese Vice Premier Sun Chunlan declared that the situation has been basically brought under control while China's traffic authorities vowed to strictly guard traffic out of Beijing: those with abnormal health QR codes or without recently-taken negative nucleic acid test proof will not be allowed to take public transportation or drive out of the capital; and started a new regulation to that effect, while 13 new cases were detected on that morning.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

On 26 July, China saw its highest number of daily cases since March, mostly from outbreaks in Xinjiang and Liaoning.^[42] with 61 new cases, up from 46 cases a day earlier,^[234] This increased to 127 daily COVID cases on July 30.^[235] The daily reported cases subsequently went down, to 16 on August 23.^[236]

On October 11, officials in Tsindao urged to carry out contact tracing and mass testing after it 12 new cases were found connected to the Qingdao Chest Hospital. On October 12, it is announced that Qingdao will test all 9 million of its residents. ^[237]

In October, 137 asymptomatic cases were detected in Qashqar, Shinjon and were linked to a garment factory.^[238]^[239]

Response by the Central Government

Safeguarding 2020 Chunyun

Eng yirik davriy migratsiya hodisalarini taqqoslaydigan piktografik dunyo xaritasi ^[240]

Chunyun, known to host the world's largest human migration, is a 40-day period when people return home to spend the Xitoy Yangi Yili oilalari bilan.^[241] In 2020, it started on 10 January and was to end on 18 February. Before the coronavirus outbreak, the government estimated 3 billion trips to be made during the period.^[242]

On 9 January, Wan Xiangdong, the Chief Pilot of the Fuqaro aviatsiyasi ma'muriyati, said that the agency would keep a close watch on the outbreak and strengthen ties with the health authorities. Li Wenxin, the Deputy general manager of China Railway said that the railway authorities were paying attention to the situation and making sure to prevent the spread of the epidemic through the railway stations and trains and safeguard the health and safety of passengers. Wang Yang, the Chief Engineer of the Ministry of Transport said that the ministry would carry disinfection monitoring and protection measures out in areas with heavy passenger traffic including transport hubs, passenger stations, and cargo terminal factory stations.^[243]

On 22 January, as the coronavirus outbreak escalated, Li Bin, the deputy president of NHC warned that Chunyun might speed the transmission of the new virus up. Li repeated the government's previous advice to the people, that is, stay away from Wuhan. Jorj F. Gao, the Director of China CDC also admitted to the conference that the virus can transmit between humans and there were also cases of community-acquired infections. The Chinese health officials also promised to take strict measures to stop the virus from spreading and release information as soon as possible.^[244]

Epidemic control efforts

Tana harorati skrining ning kirish qismida Pekin metrosi

Insonlar Guanchjou wearing facemasks

The NHC with the approval of the State Council announced 2019-nCoV-associated pneumonia as Category B Infectious Diseases with control measures of Class A infectious diseases as stipulated in The Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases.^[245] From 20 January, the NHC will publish daily data on confirmed and suspected cases in all provinces of the country (Including during the Spring Festival) until no longer necessary.^[246] On 20 January, NHC set up a working group up to deal with pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection.^[247] On 28 January, NHC sent seven supervision teams to seven provinces and cities in Beijing, Hebei, Shanghai, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, and Sichuan to supervise the epidemic control measures in the areas.^[248] China normally makes 10 million yuz maskalari per day, about half of the world production. During the crisis, 2,500 factories were converted to produce 116 million daily.^[249] Yetkazib beriladigan samolyotlar, sun'iy intellekt va yuzni aniqlash tizimlari has also been used to help fight the epidemic.^[250]^[251]

In February 2020, Major General Chen Vey, virologist and medical doctor of the Chinese army, and her team were sent to the Uxan virusologiya instituti in order to develop a vaccine against COVID-19.^[252]^[253]^[254]

In late March, the government severely restricted international travel, limiting the number of flights to the country and denying entry to foreigners with previously issued visas and residence permits.^[255]^[256]^[257]^[258] The government also took steps to discourage Chinese people from returning from overseas.^[258] These restrictions were partially relaxed in September,^[259] then made stricter again in November.^[260]^[261]

The end of March saw a new Hubei-style lockdown implemented in Xenanning Jia okrugi.^[262] The lockdown was in response to a confirmed case of coronavirus by a woman who received treatment at a hospital where three doctors have now tested positive for the coronavirus, despite showing no symptoms.^[263]

In June 2020, following an outbreak in Beijing tied to Xinfadi Wholesale Market, the Chinese government suspended meat imports from specific facilities in Germany and the United States that had also seen outbreaks.^[264]

Financial supports and tax reduction

1 fevral kuni Xitoy Xalq banki and other five departments jointly issued the notice on further strengthening financial support for the prevention and control of the epidemic of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection, stating that relevant financial services will be further strengthened during the period affected by the epidemic. For those who are temporarily affected by the epidemic and facing difficulties, the document requires financial institutions to tilt their credit policies appropriately, flexibly adjust their loan repayment arrangements and reasonably postpone the repayment period. Those overdue due to inconvenient repayment during the epidemic period shall not be included in the record of credit investigation and breach of trust.^[265]

30 yanvar kuni Moliya vazirligi and NHC issued a notice on the financial guarantee policy for the prevention and control of the new type of pneumonia. The Central Government shall grant a subsidy of 300 yuan per person per day to those who are in direct contact with the cases to be investigated or confirmed who are involved in the diagnosis, treatment, nursing, hospital infection control, case specimen collection, and pathogen detection. For other medical personnel and epidemic prevention workers who take part in epidemic prevention and control, the Central Financial Department shall subsidize them at a rate of 200 yuan per person per day.^[266]

The Ministry of Finance, the General Administration of Customs and the General Administration of Taxation issued a joint announcement that from 1 January to 31 March 2020, more preferential import tax policies will be implemented for imported materials used for epidemic prevention and control.^[267]

Communist Party Politburo's leadership

Si Tszinpin (chapda) va Li Ketsyan

Meetings on coronavirus outbreak

On 20 January, the Kommunistik partiya bosh kotib Si Tszinpin ordered that great attention should be paid to prevention and control of the epidemic. The Party also vowed to guide people's opinions with intensive publicity strategies and interpretations of current policies to ensure social stability. Premer Li Ketsyan urged relevant ministries and localities to take a highly responsible attitude towards the People's health and resolutely prevent the spread of the epidemic.^[268]^[247] Premier Li Keqiang also called a meeting of the Davlat kengashi 's Executive Meeting and deployed the work of epidemic prevention and control.^[269]

On 21 January, Premier Li urged protection and encouraged the health care workers. The Milliy sog'liqni saqlash xavfsizligi ma'muriyati decided to adopt a special reimbursement policy for confirmed patients and temporarily bring relevant drugs and medical services into the reimbursement scope of medical insurance.^[270] On 22 January, Vice Premier Sun Chunlan went to Wuhan to inspect the prevention and control of the epidemic.^[271]

On 26 January, the first meeting of the Central Leading Group for the Response to the Epidemic of Pneumonia Caused by 2019-nCoV infection prioritized the provision of urgently needed medical and health forces, protective clothing and face masks for prevention and control in Hubei Province and Wuhan and attached importance to the transport of daily necessities for residents and relief supplies to Hubei. It urged the local governments to enhance epidemic control including cancelling meetings and events, strictly quarantining confirmed and suspected infection cases, extending the Chinese New Year holiday and supporting online office and teaching. The Central Government promised to crack down on hoarding and profiteering in materials for disease prevention and control. Public Finance at all levels should fully guarantee such funds as prevention and control of epidemic situations and treatment of the patients.^[272]

Xi Jinping's absence

On 27 January, Chinese Premier Li Ketsyan, entrusted by Party general secretary Xi Jinping according to Xinhua^[273] arrived in Wuhan to inspect and guide the epidemic prevention and control work.^[274]^[275] Ga binoan The Wall Street Journal, the appointment of Li who is considered a technocrat surprised some observers, given that he had been sidelined in recent years as Xi concentrated power and cultivated a populist ideological image. Some suggest that Xi was more at risk to the political fallout of the coronavirus while Li could be a convenient political scapegoat.^[276] Li's visit to Wuhan earned high popularity on Chinese social media.^[277] Xi Jinping said that he personally commanded the fight against the coronavirus outbreak when meeting with WHO director general in Beijing on 28 January, but according to a report by Guardian, he has not made any public presence since then as the social media posts mocking Xi's absence were promptly deleted by the censors.^[278]^[276]

Xi's first public appearance during the outbreak was at a turar-joy jamoasi yilda Chaoyang, Beijing on 10 February.^[279] Sinxua posted photos of Xi wearing a mask and said that the aim of Xi's visit was to learn about the situation of epidemic prevision and control at the grassroots level.^[280] It was his first time to interact with the people since the outbreak after he paid a short visit to Yunnan during 19–21 January as a tradition that China's leaders observed to visit the smaller towns and villages before the Spring Festival. He was said to chair a meeting on 3 February by the state media, but no pictures or videos were released.^[280] Xi also met Cambodian Prime Minister Xun Sen, the first foreign leader to visit China since the coronavirus outbreak on 5 February.^[281]

10 mart kuni Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi bosh kotib Si Tszinpin tashrif buyurgan Vuxan, over one month after Premier Li Keqiang's visit.^[282]^[283]

Administrative supervision

Since the outbreak of the epidemic, a number of government officials have been publicly held accountable for their dereliction of duty in the epidemic prevention in 6 provinces.^[284]

On 29 January, Director of Huanggang MHC Tang Zhihong failed to tell the capacity of the local hospitals including how many patients that they could handle, how many could be hospitalized and how many patients could be tested each day when asked about these questions despite being an administrator of the local hospitals.^[285] A day later, the Party Committee of Huanggang proposed a removal of Tang from the post. On 1 February, according to the Mayor of Huanggang named Qui Lixin, the city authority disciplined 337 of its officials and removed 6 cadres who caused disadvantages to the epidemic prevention.^[286]^[287]

On 2 February, Zhang Cong, Partiya kotibi ning Syuanxua, Hebei was admonished. Zhang Guoqing, Deputy Party Secretary of Xuanhua and Guo Xiaoyi, the political commissar of the local police were given disciplinary actions by the Party.^[288]^[289] On the same day, February, Xiangshui, Jiangsu reported three cases of misconduct. The cases were associated with illegal disclosure of Shaxsiy malumot and dereliction of duty. Party secretary, Zhang Changyue and deputy director Gu Bing of the Zhangji Health Center and the director of the Xiangshui CDC were removed or disciplined.^[290]

Tang Hu, the director of the Health Bureau of the Nanhu New District in Yueyang, Hunan Province was suspended. Cai Junfeng, the deputy director of the Lengshuijiang Municipal Committee and Yang Wen, the deputy director of the municipal government office are suspended. He Yong, the deputy secretary of the Gutang Party Committee and township chief was suspended.^[289]

On 4 February, Zhang Qin, the vice president of the Hubei Red Cross, was removed from his post while Gao Qin and Chen Bo of the Hubei Red Cross were given a warning.^[291] The deputy director of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Xia Guohua was also removed from his post. The Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Development and Reform Commission, the Secretary and Director of the Leading Party Group of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Statistics, Meng Wukang and the deputy director of the General Office of the Wuhan Municipal Government, Huang Zhitong are admonished.^[292]

Rahbarlari Shanxay shahar hokimiyati mourning in front of the government building

15 fevralda, Qiushi magazine documented a 7 January order by Xi Jinping, regarding the COVID-19 outbreak at a Siyosiy byuroning doimiy qo'mitasi uchrashuv.^[293] However, a record of that same meeting released beforehand shows that there was zero mention of the epidemic throughout.^[294]^[295]

Milliy motam

On 3 April, the Chinese government declared 4 April, the Qingming festivali of 2020, a national day of mourning for those who lost their lives in the coronavirus pandemic. At 10 a.m., people were asked to observe three minutes of silence while sirens and vehicle horns blasted out. Chinese flags were flown at yarim ustun across the country and at embassies overseas. All public entertainment were halted for the day.^[296]

Planning of other government activities

China still plans to undertake its census in November 2020, but preparations have been affected due to COVID-19 and are being reviewed.^[297]

International and regional relations

Ma'lumot almashish

China's scientists have been praised for rapidly sharing information on the virus to the international community,^[298]^[299] and leading some of the world's research on the disease.^[300] Tashqi ishlar vazirligi vakili Geng Shuang said on 21 January that the Chinese authorities would share information of the epidemic "with the WHO, relevant nations and China's Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions in a timely manner including the genome sequence of the new coronavirus."^[301] During the sidelines of the Jahon iqtisodiy forumi, Germany's health minister Jens Spahn praised China for its improved transparency since 2003.^[302] US officials and WHO also praised China for sharing data about the epidemic and keeping transparent. The US experts had been invited by China's NHC.^[303] On 23 January, WHO director-general, Tedros Adhanom and WHO regional director for the Western Pacific, Takeshi Kasai arrived in Beijing to discuss the new coronavirus outbreak with the Chinese authorities and health experts.^[304] China agreed on 28 January that WHO would send international experts to China.^[305]

John Mackenzie, a member of the World Health Organization's emergency committee criticized China for being too slow to share all of the infected cases, especially during major political meetings in Wuhan after Tedros Adhanom praised China for helping "prevent the spread of coronavirus to the other countries."^[306] AQSh prezidenti Donald Tramp said that China was "very secretive and that's unfortunate" regarding the information on the pandemic.^[307] Yanzhong Huang, a health expert at Seton Xoll universiteti, said that China could have been more forceful and "when there was a cover-up and there was inaction".^[308]

A number of other countries' governments have called for an international examination of the virus's origin and spread.^[309]^[310]

Evakuatsiya

Multiple countries evacuated or are trying to evacuate their citizens from Wuhan including South Korea, Japan, the US, the UK, Kazakhstan, Germany, Spain, Canada, Russia, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, France, Switzerland and Thailand.^[311] Korean media A kanali said that China asked the evacuation flights to arrive in the evening and leave Wuhan in the next morning so the evacuation would not be seen by the public.^[312] According to BBC, any Chinese national, even with a UK citizenship is not allowed to be evacuated by the UK.^[313]

Tayvan

After initially refusing to allow Taiwanese citizens to evacuate due to the Bitta Xitoy siyosati,^[314] the Chinese government eventually allowed Taiwan to evacuate its nationals from Wuhan with the assistance of the local Tayvan ishlari bo'yicha idorasi.^[315] There were around 500 Taiwanese trapped in Wuhan. The first flight to help them leave left Wuhan on 3 February.^[316] All of them would be quarantined for two weeks after they enter Taiwan.^[315]

The evacuation halted after the first flight was found to carry an infected case. The Taiwanese government said that the person was not in the evacuation list and the most vulnerable were not included in the first flight. It also said that it was not prepared to take these people with a high risk of viral infections home.^[317] Tsay Ing-wen criticized China's attempt to rule Taiwan out in WHO and said, "The information obtained by the WHO was obviously inaccurate ... and could cause the WHO to make mistakes in dealing with the global epidemic."^[318] Premer Su Tseng-chang called for a government-to-government negotiation for the following arrangement of chapter flights^[319] despite the fact that the cross-strait communication mechanism between governments had been suspended since 2016 when Tsai was elected president.^[320]

The Davlat kengashi "s Tayvan ishlari bo'yicha idorasi urged the Taiwanese government to stop impeding the evacuation.^[321] The office said that before the flight, all of the passengers signed a personal declaration claiming that they have no contact with any confirmed or suspected cases and promising to comply with quarantine measures after returning to the island. All of the passengers are checked for their temperature three times before the flight and showed no abnormality. The office said critically that the Taiwanese government first expressed appreciation before the flight, but changed its attitude after the flight.^[322] Wuhan's Taiwan Affairs Office asked Taiwan for more details about the infected case as the basic descriptions of the patient including age and gender were not given as previously 17 cases in Taiwan. The office also said that the patient's close relatives were not at all informed of the viral infection.^[323]

Immigratsiya nazorati

Since 25 January 2020, all passengers entering or exiting mainland China in Beijing, Shanghai and Guandun must write a health declaration where the individual must answer whether they have been to Hubei Province. This declaration form can also be filled by using WeChat.^[324]

The State Administration of Immigration promised that the border inspection agencies at all ports of entry and exit in China would continue to provide necessary facilities and services for Chinese citizens returning home.^[325] 25 yanvar kuni Bojxona bosh boshqarmasi reactivated the health declaration system where people entering or exiting mainland China are asked to write a health declaration. Border control staff shall also cooperate in health and quarantine work such as body temperature monitoring, medical inspection, and medical check-up.^[326] On 31 January, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it was arranging charter flights to take the Chinese citizens from Hubei and Wuhan back to Wuhan 124, given the practical difficulties that they faced overseas.^[327]

Hubei suspended the processing of applications from mainland Chinese residents for entry and exit of mainland China. For those with a valid visa to enter Hong Kong and Macao, but fail to enter the areas due to the coronavirus outbreak, the Chinese Immigration Administration will issue a new visa for free on request of the visa holder after the outbreak is lifted. Ba'zi automated border clearance systems will be shut down according to the needs of the epidemic prevention. After Wuhan declared lockdown on 23 January, the Tianhe aeroporti va Xankou River ports have been without passengers for several days.^[325]

Since 25 January,^[328] Taiwan's government banned anyone from mainland China entering the country with^[316] the ban extended to mainland Chinese overseas.^[329] Although the global health officials advised not to apply travel restrictions on China, the US and Australia restricted all Chinese citizens from China from entering their borders.^[330] Travel restrictions were announced by Russia, Japan, Pakistan and Italy and other countries despite China's criticism of border control.^[331]^[332]

Since 28 January, the Hong Kong government began to cut traffic down connecting mainland China.^[305]^[333] On the same day, China's Milliy immigratsiya ma'muriyati announced that with immediate effect, the application of mainland residents' visa to Hong Kong and Macau would be suspended.^[334] On 3 February, Hong Kong closed most of its border to mainland China.^[335]^[336] However, Hong Kong nurses still held a strike, demanding a complete closure.^[337]

Xalqaro yordam

China received funds and equipment in donations from a number of other countries to help fight the pandemic.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[338] The Birlashgan front ish bo'limi (UFWD) also coordinated diplomatic channels, state-owned businesses and Chinese diaspora community associations in urging overseas Chinese to buy masks and send them to China. Xorxe Guaxardo, Mexico's former ambassador to China, suggested that "China was evidently hiding the extent of a pandemic...while covertly securing PPE at low prices", according to Global yangiliklar. Guajardo called it a "surreptitious" operation that left "the world naked with no supply of PPE."^[339]

China has also sent tests, equipment, and experts to other countries to help fight the pandemic.^[340]^[36] Inqirozlarni boshqarish bo'yicha Evropa komissari Janez Lenarčic expressed gratitude and praised collaboration between the EU and China.^[341] Chinese aid has also been well received in parts of Latin America and Africa.^[342]^[343] Chinese-Americans also marshalled networks in China to obtain medical supplies.^[344]

On 13 March, China sent medical supplies, including masks and respirators to Italy, together with a team of Chinese medical staff.^[345]^[346] While the head of the Italian Red Cross, Francesco Rocca said these medical supplies were donated by the Chinese Red Cross,^[347] there were other sources that said that these were paid products and services.^[348]^[349] Chinese billionaire and Alibaba hammuassisi Jek Ma also donated 500,000 masks and other medical supplies, which landed at Liege Airport in Belgium on 13 March and then sent to Italy.^[346]^[350] Italian Prime Minister Conte thanked China for its support and assistance.^[351] A former Mexican ambassador Jorge Guajardo said that masks sent to China in January and February were being sold back to Mexico at 20 to 30 times the price.^[339]

A U.S. congressional report released in April concluded that "the Chinese government may selectively release some medical supplies for overseas delivery, with designated countries selected, according to political calculations."^[339]

On 18 May 2020, the Chinese government pledged US$2 billion to help other countries with fighting COVID-19 and other development.^[309]

Problems with equipment

Officials in Spain, kurka, va Gollandiya have rejected Chinese-made equipment for being defective.^[352] Gollandiyaliklar Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligi announced it had recalled 600,000 face masks which were made in China.^[353]^[352] The Spanish government said they bought thousands of test kits to combat the virus, but later revealed that almost 60,000 did not produce accurate results. The Chinese embassy in Spain said that the company that made the kits was unlicensed, and that these kits were separate from the ones donated by the Chinese government.^[352] The government of the United Kingdom paid two companies in China at least $20 million for test kits later found to be faulty.^[354]^[355]

Kamsitish

Qo'rquv, regional discrimination in China va racial discrimination within and beyond China increased with the growing number of reported cases of infections despite calls for stopping the discrimination by many governments.^[30]^[356] Some rumors circulated across Chinese social media, along with endorsements and counter-rumor efforts by media and governments.^[357]^[358] The Chinese government has worked to censor and counter reporting and criticism about the crisis and portray the official response to the outbreak in a positive light. They have also provided humanitarian assistance to other countries dealing with the virus.^[34]^[359]^[36] News outlets have reported concerns that the Chinese government has deliberately under-reported the extent of infections and deaths.^[37]^[38]^[39]

Hubei residents

Although there has been support from Chinese online towards those in virus-stricken areas,^[360] instances of regional discrimination have also arisen.^[30] Ga binoan Jahon jurnali, there have been instances of Wuhan natives in other provinces being turned away from hotels, having their ID numbers, home addresses and telephone numbers deliberately leaked online or dealing with harassing phone calls from strangers. Some places also reportedly had signs saying "people from Wuhan and cars from Hubei are not welcomed here."^[361] Numerous hotels, and guest houses refused entry to residents of Wuhan or kicked out residents of Hubei.^[362] Multiple hotels purportedly refused a Wuhan tour guide to check in after she returned to Hangzhou from Singapore with one of them calling the police to give her a health check and asking the police to quarantine her. Amidst these incidents, various cities and prefectures outside of Hubei adopted resettlement measures for Hubei people in their region such as designated hotel accommodation for visitors from the province.^[363] Yilda Zhengding, Jingxing va Luquan ning Shijiazhuang City, the local governments rewarded anyone who reported those who had been to Wuhan, but not recorded in official documents at least 1,000 yuan RMB. Yilda Meizhou, residents reporting people entering from Hunan were awarded with 30 face masks.^[364]

It was reported that on a scheduled 27 January China Southern Airlines dan parvoz Nagoya to Shanghai, some Shanxayliklar travellers refused to board with 16 others from Wuhan. Two of the Wuhan travellers were unable to board due to a fever while the Shanghainese on the spot alleged that the others had taken medicine to bypass the temperature check.^[361] One of the Wuhan tourists protested on Weibo, "are they really my countrymen?", to which a Shanghai tourist who was purportedly at the scene replied that they did it to protect Shanghai from the virus.^[363] Many netizens criticized the Wuhan tourists for travelling with a fever, although some also called for understanding and for Shanghainese not to regionally discriminate.^[365]^[366]

Outside mainland China

Mainland Chinese overseas have experienced discrimination and anti-Chinese sentiment during the coronavirus outbreak.^[367] In Hong Kong, a Japanese noodle restaurant said it would refuse mainland Chinese customers and said on Facebook, "We want to live longer. We want to safeguard local customers. Please excuse us."^[368] In Japan, a sweet shop in Hakone and a ramen restaurant in Sapporo posted "no Chinese" signs outside.^[369] Similar events were reported in South Korea.^[367] Frantsiya gazetasi Courrier Picard published two articles titled "Yellow Alert" and "New Sariq xavf ?" which may allude to historical racist tropes about the Chinese.^[369]

Beyond only Chinese, Asians in general are affected by anti-Chinese sentiment. Disinformation about Asian food and Asian communities have circulated, and videos showing Asian people eating bats have gone viral along with dehumanizing comments and implications of the cause of the virus outbreak.^[370]

Targeting of Africans

The City of Guangzhou issued an open letter after cases of discrimination of African nationals appeared, mentioning zero tolerance on racism and sexism.

Guanchjou bor sizeable community of black Africans including migrants, who were allegedly singled out by local authories during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Chinese state media, five Nigerian men who had tested positive for COVID-19 broke quarantine and infected others, which triggered suspicion and anti-foreigner sentiment. Africans were forced to undergo coronavirus testing and quarantine, regardless of their travel history, symptoms, or contact with known patients.^[371] Some restaurants – including a branch of McDonald's^[372] - afrikaliklarga xizmat ko'rsatishdan bosh tortganligi, uy egalari va mehmonxonalar afrikaliklarni ko'chirish uchun nishonga olishgan, natijada ba'zilari uysiz qolishgan.^[373]^[374] Sinxua agentligi xabar qilishicha, Guanchjouda o'tkazilgan 4553 ta tekshiruvdan 111 nafar afrikalikda koronavirus aniqlangan, shuningdek, ushbu holatlarning 19 tasi aniqlanmagan davlatlardan olib kelingan.^[375]^[376]^[377]

Ta'kidlanishicha, Xitoyda jamoatchilikning irqchilikka, xususan afrikaliklarga nisbatan sezgirligi past bo'lib, irqchilikka qarshi siyosiy ma'lumot va siyosiy to'g'rilikdan foydalangan holda, hukumat tsenzurasi esa onlayn ravishda irqchilikka toqat qilmoqda. Oldingi bir necha yil ichida ko'pgina xitoyliklar chet elliklarga qo'shimcha imtiyozlar berilib, adolatsizlik va tengsizlik haqida xavotirga tushishdi.^[376] Tez orada ko'plab xitoylik internet foydalanuvchilari irqchilik fikrlarini, shu jumladan barcha afrikaliklarni deportatsiya qilishga chaqiriqlarini joylashtirdilar, shu bilan birga chet elliklarni turli xil axlat turlari sifatida ajratib turadigan multfilm ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda tarqaldi.^[378]

Afrika mamlakatlari mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalari birinchi bo'lib bu haqda xabar berishdi, Pekin esa dastlab G'arb ommaviy axborot vositalari tarqatgan mish-mishlar va tushunmovchiliklar kabi xabarlarni rad etishga urindi. Afrikaliklarning nishonga olinishi bilan bog'liq keyingi voqealar ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda tarqatilgach, AQShning Guanchjou shahridagi bosh konsulligi afroamerikaliklarni Guanchjouga sayohat qilmaslik haqida ogohlantirdi. Nigeriya, Gana, Janubiy Afrika, Keniya, Uganda va Afrika Ittifoqi hukumatlari voqealar yuzasidan Pekinga diplomatik bosim o'tkazdi va Afrikaning Pekindagi elchilari guruhi Xitoy hukumatiga yuz bergan stigmatizatsiya va kamsitishlar to'g'risida shikoyat xati yozdilar. Afrikaliklar.^[376] The Uyning Nigeriya spikeri Femi Gbajabiamila ijtimoiy tarmoqdagi videolardan birini Xitoy elchisiga namoyish qildi Gana tashqi ishlar vaziri Shirli Ayorkor Botchvey voqealarni g'ayriinsoniy munosabat deb ta'rifladi.^[378]

Diplomatik bosim va ommaviy axborot vositalarining yoritilishiga javoban, Xitoy Tashqi ishlar vazirligi 2020 yil 12 aprelda Xitoy hukumati Xitoydagi chet el fuqarolarining hayoti va sog'lig'iga katta ahamiyat bergani, kamsitishga toqat qilmaydiganligi va barcha chet elliklarga teng munosabatda bo'lganligi to'g'risida rasmiy bayonot berdi.^[379]^[380] Ertasi kuni bo'lib o'tgan navbatdagi matbuot anjumanida Tashqi ishlar vazirligi vakili Chjao Lijian Qo'shma Shtatlar "kelishmovchiliklarni ekish va muammolarni keltirib chiqarishga urinishda asossiz ayblovlarni ilgari surayotganini" aytib, ba'zi afrikalik fuqarolarning muammolarini hal qilish va irqchilik va kamsitish muammolaridan qochish uchun Guanchjouda bir qator yangi choralar qabul qilinganligini qo'shimcha qildi.^[381]^[382] Keyinchalik Xitoy davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari bu voqealarni "kichik yoriqlar" deb ta'riflagan, rasmiylar karantinada bo'lgan afrikaliklarga gullar va televidenie kameralari hamrohligida oziq-ovqat bilan PR tashriflarini amalga oshirgan va Xitoy elchilari afrikalik hamkasblarini tushunmovchiliklarni to'g'irlashlari va samarali natijalarni o'rnatishlariga ishontirishda davom etishgan. Guanchjou shahridagi Afrika bosh konsulliklari bilan aloqa mexanizmi.^[383]^[384]^[385]

Qarama-qarshiliklar va tanqidlar

Tsenzura va politsiyaning javoblari

26 dekabr kuni noma'lum sabab bo'lgan pnevmoniya klasteri kuzatildi va uni Xubey viloyat kasalxonasida vrach Chjan Tszian tomonidan davolanib, 27 dekabr kuni Vuxan Tszixan CDCga xabar berishdi.^[386] Shahar ma'muriyatining dastlabki javobi epidemiya haqidagi ma'lumotlarni nazorat qilishni birinchi o'ringa qo'yishda ayblangan. Sakkiz kishidan iborat tibbiy xodimlar guruhi, shu jumladan Li Venliang Dekabr oyi oxirida SARSga o'xshash yangi koronavirus shtammiga oid ogohlantirishlarni e'lon qilgan Vuxan markaziy kasalxonasining oftalmologi, Uxan politsiyasi tomonidan uni SARSga o'xshatgani uchun "mish-mishlar tarqatgani" uchun ogohlantirildi.^[387]^[388]

O'sha paytda Xitoy bu haqda xabar bergan edi Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti 2019 yil 31 dekabrda yangi koronavirusni, Nikolas Kristof chop etilgan fikricha hukumat o'z fuqarolarini hali ham qorong'ida ushlab turishini izohladi The New York Times.^[389] Bir qator choralar bilan Xitoyning inqirozga qarshi dastlabki muomalasi 2003 yilda SARSga qarshi vaziyatni yaxshilagan bo'lsa-da, Vuxandagi mahalliy rasmiylar ushbu yuqumli kasallikning dastlabki kashfiyoti va zo'ravonligini yashirishdi. Bunga mamlakat matbuoti va Internetidagi tsenzuraning institutsional tuzilishi sabab bo'lgan, deb yozadi Jude Blanchette. Strategik va xalqaro tadqiqotlar markazi "Si Tszinpin davrida bostirishga moyillik endemik bo'lib qoldi va bu holda virusning tarqalishiga imkon beradigan uzoq vaqt davomida harakatsizlikka olib keldi".^[390]^[391]^[392] Uilyam Summers, a Yel universiteti tibbiyot professori, dedi Undark jurnali bu kabi ovozni o'chirish va pasaytirish taktikasi Xitoyga xos emasligiga qaramay, butun dunyoda odatdagi operatsion protsedura bo'lib ko'rinadi.^[393]

20-yanvar kuni Si Tszinpin epidemiya to'g'risida birinchi jamoatchilik so'zlarini aytdi va ma'lumotni o'z vaqtida e'lon qilish zarurligi to'g'risida gapirdi.^[394] Xitoy premerasi Li Ketsyan shuningdek, epidemiyani oldini olish va nazorat qilish bo'yicha harakatlarni talab qildi.^[395] Bir kundan keyin CPC Markaziy siyosiy va huquqiy ishlar bo'yicha komissiya, Xitoyda huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari va politsiyani nazorat qiluvchi eng qudratli siyosiy organ, "o'z-o'zini aldash epidemiyani yanada kuchaytiradi va boshqarilishi mumkin bo'lgan tabiiy ofatni katta xarajat evaziga texnogen falokatga aylantiradi" va "faqat ochiqlik mumkin vahimani maksimal darajada kamaytirish. " Keyin komissiya qo'shimcha qildi: "o'z manfaatlarini ko'zlab ishlarni ko'rib chiqishni ataylab kechiktirgan va yashirgan kishi abadiy sharmandalik ustuniga mixlanib qo'yiladi".^[396]^[397] Shu kuni Si Tszinpin hukumatga epidemiya sababli hukumatga nisbatan keskin tanqidiy va g'azabli bo'lib chiqqandan so'ng, ba'zi odamlar tsenzurani chaqirish deb biladigan jamoat fikriga rahbarlikni kuchaytirishni buyurdi. Ba'zilar buni markaziy hukumat allaqachon e'lon qilgan ochiqlik talablariga zid deb hisoblashadi.^[398]

Targ'ibot vositalari "Si Tszinpinning obro'sini himoya qilish uchun" haddan ziyod ko'payib ketayotgan paytda, markaziy hukumatning ikki tomonlama noroziligiga bo'lgan yondashuvining bir qismi sifatida, fuqarolar mahalliy amaldorlarni tanqid qilishlari mumkin edi, chunki ular asosiy qonuniylikka shubha qilmaganlar. partiyaning.^[399] The Kiber kosmik ma'muriyat (CAC) yaxshi onlayn muhitni yaratish niyatini e'lon qildi, video platformalarga yuborilgan CAC xabarnomalari ularni har qanday salbiy voqeani qo'zg'amaslikka va virusga qarshi norasmiy jonli efir o'tkazmaslikka undaydi.^[400] Koronavirus va hukumatning munosabati to'g'risida salbiy fikrlar bildirilgan yangiliklar va ijtimoiy tarmoqlardagi postlarda tsenzuraning qo'llanilishi kuzatilmoqda, shu jumladan Si Tszinpinni epidemiya bo'lgan joylarga bormaganligi uchun masxara qilgan postlar,^[278] epidemiyaning iqtisodiyotga salbiy ta'sirini bashorat qilgan va mahalliy hukumat amaldorlarini ishdan bo'shatishga chaqiruvchi maqola.^[390]^[401]^[402]^[403] Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, xitoylik fuqarolar tsenzuradan qochish uchun hukumat amaldorlari birinchi hujumga qanday munosabatda bo'lganligi to'g'risida g'azablanishlarini bildirish uchun innovatsion usullardan foydalanganlar, masalan, Si Tszinpinga murojaat qilish uchun "Tramp" so'zini ishlatish yoki "Chernobil" epidemiyasini umuman olganda .^[404] Yoshlar, shuningdek, epidemiyaga oid ommaviy axborot vositalarining raqamli arxivlarini yaratmoqdalar, bu esa tsenzura tomonidan o'chirilishi mumkin - va tashqi veb-saytga joylashtirildi.^[405] Tsenzurani "xitoylik jurnalistlar amaldorlar tomonidan koronavirus romaniga noto'g'ri munosabatda bo'lishini fosh qilgan juda qattiq hikoyalarni nashr etishlari mumkin bo'lgan" ikki haftalik oynani "berib, biroz yumshatilgan bo'lsa-da, o'sha vaqtdan beri xususiy yangiliklar nashrlari" rejalashtirilgan va hokimiyatning roziligi bilan boshqariladigan oshkoralik ".^[406]^[404]^[403]

30-yanvar kuni Xitoy Oliy sudi, mamlakat politsiya kuchlariga nisbatan kamdan-kam tanbeh berib, "Internetdagi mish-mishlarga asossiz ravishda qattiq tazyiq" ni jamoatchilik ishonchiga putur etkazdi. Kuzatuvchilar tomonidan "o'ta g'ayrioddiy tanqid" deb nomlangan narsada, Oliy sud sudyasi Tang Sinxua, agar politsiya mish-mishlarga nisbatan yumshoq munosabatda bo'lib, jamoatchilik ularga e'tibor berishiga yo'l qo'ygan bo'lsa, "niqob kiyish kabi choralarni" ilgari qabul qilish, qat'iyan. dezinfektsiya qilish va yovvoyi tabiat bozorlarini chetlab o'tish "epidemiya tarqalishiga qarshi kurashishda foydali bo'lishi mumkin.^[407] The Human Rights Watch tashkiloti "Xitoyning ijtimoiy tarmoqlarida juda ko'p noto'g'ri ma'lumotlar mavjud va jamoat vahimasini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin bo'lgan yolg'on ma'lumotlarga qarshi kurashish uchun qonuniy sabablar bor", deb aytgan, shuningdek, yordam so'rab murojaat qilishlari mumkin bo'lgan yuqtirgan odamlarning oilalari tomonidan joylashtirilgan ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda rasmiylar tomonidan tsenzurani qayd etishgan. qamalda bo'lgan shaharlarda yashovchi odamlar kabi, kundalik hayotlarini hujjatlashtirgan.^[408]

Xitoydagi jurnalistlar yuqumli kasallik haqida ma'lumot nashr etish ustida ishladilar. Hukumat dastlab inqirozni tergov qilayotgan jurnalistlarga odatdagidan kattaroq bo'shashishga yo'l qo'ydi, ammo keyin odatdagidan kattaroq tsenzurani oldi.^[34] 12 mart kuni o'nta tibetlik virus tarqalishining oldini olishga qaratilgan nazorat choralarini buzgani uchun hibsga olingan. Dolma Kyab, - deydi Tibet yozuvchisi va o'qituvchisi Ozod Osiyo radiosi "Xitoy hukumati koronavirusdan faqat tibetliklarning inson huquqlarini buzish uchun qulay bahona sifatida foydalanmoqda".^[409]

2020 yil 19-fevralda Xitoy Pekindagi "Wall Street Journal" ning uchta muxbirining matbuot vakolatlarini bekor qilganligini e'lon qildi. Xitoy "Wall Street Journal" ni Xitoyning COVID-19 pandemiyasiga qarshi kurash harakatlarini tuhmat qilgan maqolalarni nashr etgani uchun uzr so'ramaganlikda va aybdorlarni tergov qilmaganlikda va jazolamaganlikda aybladi.^[410]

Shikoyat beruvchilarga javob

Uxan politsiyasining buyrug'i bilan chiqarilgan hujjat Li Venliang 3-yanvardagi "SARS virusi" haqida "mish-mish tarqatishni" to'xtatish.

2019 yil 18-dekabr kuni, Ai Fen, favqulodda vaziyatlar departamenti direktori Vuxan markaziy kasalxonasi etkazib beruvchidan noodatiy o'pka infektsiyasi bilan aloqa qildi Xuanan dengiz mahsulotlari ulgurji bozori. 27 dekabrda u xuddi shunday alomatlari bo'lgan, ammo nam bozor bilan aloqasi bo'lmagan ikkinchi bemorni qabul qildi. 30 dekabr kuni tushdan keyin Ai "SARS koronavirus, pseudomonas aeruginosa" so'zlarini ko'rgach, darhol kasalxonaning sog'liqni saqlash bo'limiga va infektsiya bo'limiga xabar berdi. U "SARS" so'zini aylanib chiqdi va uning tasvirini oldi va Vuxandagi boshqa shifokorga yubordi. U erdan u Vuxandagi tibbiyot doiralariga tarqaldi va etib bordi Li Venliang, kasalxonada oftalmolog.^[411] Shu kuni tushdan keyin Li sobiq sinfdoshlariga ogohlantirish yubordi WeChat bu keng tarqalgan.^[412] Bilan intervyuda Renvu jurnalining yozishicha, Ai dekabr oyida SARSga o'xshash virus haqida o'z rahbarlari va hamkasblarini ogohlantirgandan so'ng unga tanbeh berilganini aytdi. Keyinchalik Li Venliang Internetda qahramonona hushtakboz sifatida tan olinishi mumkin edi va Ai hushtakni bergan kishi sifatida maqtovga sazovor bo'ladi.^[411]

1 yanvar kuni Uxan shahrida SARS kasalligi bo'lganligi haqidagi da'volari uchun sakkiz kishi Uxan politsiyasi tomonidan muzokaraga chaqirildi.^[8] Li Venliang ularning biri yoki yo'qligini bilmasligini aytdi. Ga binoan Vang Gaofey, Vaybo Bosh direktor, sakkiz kishining barchasi "hali ham frontda jang qilayotgan" Uxan kasalxonalarining shifokorlari.^[84] The Oliy sud ushbu shifokorlarni himoya qildi va a-ga ishora qildi WeChat 28 yanvar kuni maqola,^[84] ommaviy axborotning kechikishi va xiralashishi soxta yangiliklarning ildizi bo'lib, asosan faktlarga asoslangan va sub'ektiv zararli bo'lmagan va ob'ektiv og'ir oqibatlarga olib kelmaydigan ma'lumotlarga yo'l qo'ymaslik kerak.^[413] 29 yanvarda sakkizta shifokor ham maqtovga sazovor bo'lishdi Zeng Guang, Bosh olim Xitoy CDC.^[414]^[415] Xu Xijin, muharriri Global Times, mahalliy hukumatlarning turli xil onlayn fikrlarga nisbatan past darajadagi bag'rikengligidan shikoyat qildi va yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalari orqali hukumat vakolatlarini nazorat qilish va muvozanatlashuvi susayganiga ishondi.^[8]

Li Venliangning o'limi

Li Venliang Vuxan politsiyasi tomonidan ogohlantirilgandan so'ng, shifokorga koronavirus infektsiyasi tashxisi qo'yilgan va u 2020 yil 7 fevralda vafot etgan. 6 fevral kuni kechqurun vafot etgani aytilgan, ammo kasalxonada u hali ham shoshilinch davolanishda . Odamlar rasmiylar ushbu yangilikni tsenzuraga solmoqchi bo'lgan deb taxmin qilishdi. Uning o'limidan keyin odamlar uning o'limi uchun motam tutishdi va hukumatni tanqid qilishdi.^[416] ba'zi trendli hashtaglar Vaybo "Vuxan hukumati doktor Li Venliangga uzr so'rashi kerak" va "Biz so'z erkinligini istaymiz" kabi postlar tsenzuradan o'chirilguncha Weibo-da ommabop mavzularga aylandi.^[417]^[418]^[419]^[403]^{[haddan tashqari iqtiboslar ]} Ommaviy axborot vositalarida uning o'limi haqida xabar berishga ruxsat berilgan bo'lsa-da, shifokorning tsenzurasi xususiyati, keyinchalik "ko'p yillar davomida hukumatni tanqid qilishning eng katta tarqalishlaridan biri" deb ta'riflangan jamoatchilikning g'azabini keltirib chiqardi. yoritishga ruxsat berilgan mavzu.^[420]

Bir qator xitoylik akademiklar Xu Zhangrun ning Tsinghua universiteti markaziy hukumatni doktor Li dan kechirim so'rashga va so'z erkinligini himoya qilishga chaqirgan ochiq xatga imzo chekdi.^[421] Professor Chjou Lian Renmin universiteti epidemiya "ko'proq odamlarga epidemiya ortida turgan institutsional omillarni va so'z erkinligining ahamiyatini ko'rishga imkon berganini" kuzatdi.^[422] Doktor Lining o'limi haqidagi munozarani to'xtatishga urinishdan so'ng, Internetdagi g'azab yanada oshdi, markaziy hukumat ushbu hodisani birgalikda "xalqning qurbonligi sifatida" doktor Li o'limini "rad etish" bilan xitayda ayblanmoqda - bu xitoyliklar Kommunistik partiyaning o'zi ".^[423] The Financial Times Lining hikoyasi imperatorga haqiqatni gapiradigan, ammo ta'qib qilinadigan va oxir-oqibat halolligi uchun o'ladigan Konfutsiyning buzilmaydigan olimi bo'lgan Xitoydagi tarixiy arxetiplarga mos keladi.^[94]

Keyinchalik mart oyida Uxan politsiyasi Li Venliangning oilasidan keyin kechirim so'radi Milliy nazorat komissiyasi mahalliy mansabdor shaxslarning xatti-harakatlari etarli emasligini tan oldi va fosh qiluvchi tomonidan jamoatchilik xabardorligini oshirishga qaratilgan harakatlarni yuqori baholadi.^[424]^[425]

Chjan Ouyaning tanqidlari

Yanvar oyida Jang Ouya, ning bosh jurnalisti Hubei Daily Veybodagi Xubey va Uxanning amaldagi rahbarlarini olib tashlashga chaqirdi. Ammo, u o'z lavozimini olib tashlashni so'radi va u ishlagan gazetani Vuhan hukumatidan kechirim so'radi va bundan buyon faqat ijobiy tarkibni nashr etishlarini va'da qildi.^[8] Vuxan shahri meri Chjou davlat ommaviy axborot vositalariga "Men mahalliy hukumat sifatida o'sha paytda tushunilmagan ma'lumot va avtorizatsiyani olmagunimcha, ma'lumotni oshkor qila olmadim" dedi.^[426] Uning ishora qilgan argumenti Markaziy hukumat javobgarlik,^[426] tomonidan rad etildi Xitoy CDC. Bu haqda bosh olim Zeng Guang Xitoy tabloidiga aytdi Global Times olimlarning aytganlari "ko'pincha qarorlarni qabul qilishning bir qismi" bo'lgan va epidemiya boshlanishidan oldin Vuxan hukumati tomonidan ogohlantirilgan sakkizta hushtakdoshlarni maqtagan.^[414]

Holatlar va o'limlarni sanash

1 aprel kuni Qo'shma Shtatlarning ikki rasmiysi, hisobotga ko'ra, Xitoy o'z ishlarini va o'limini ataylab yashirganligini aytdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari razvedka hamjamiyati. Rasmiylar hisobot sir ekanligi sababli shaxsini oshkor qilmaslikni so'radi va uning mazmuni haqida batafsil ma'lumot berishdan bosh tortdi.^[427]^[428] Manbalarda ta'kidlanishicha, Xitoy markaziy hukumati yuqtirish darajasini bilmaydi, chunki quyi darajadagi amaldorlar o'z pozitsiyalarini yo'qotmaslik uchun soxta statistika haqida xabar berishgan. Ayni paytda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Xitoyda koronavirusning umumiy miqdorini aniqlash bo'yicha tekshiruv olib bormoqda.^[429]

Pandemiya paytida Shinjon qamoqxonalarida koronavirus holatlari yoki bu erdagi holatlar to'g'risida hech qanday xabar yo'q. Shinjonni qayta tarbiyalash lagerlari paydo bo'lgan. Shinjonning sobiq fuqarosi qayta tarbiyalash lagerlarida koronavirus tarqalishi ehtimoli haqida tashvish bildirdi.^[218]

Mart oyi oxiridan boshlab, ijtimoiy media-sayt foydalanuvchilari Sina Veybo Uxan shahridagi Xankou dafn marosimida uzoq vaqt ketma-ketligini ko'rsatadigan sanasi aniq bo'lmagan fotosuratni keng tarqatdi.^[430]Ga binoan Caixin Global, Hankou dafn marosimi uyi kuniga 19 soat ishlagan.^[431] Caixin, shuningdek, COVID-19 alomatlari bilan vafot etgan, ammo sinovdan o'tmagan va shu sababli rasmiy ishlardan chetlatilgan bir qator odamlar borligini xabar qildi. Kasalxonalar koronavirus bilan kasallanganlar bilan muomala qilganda, ba'zi bemorlar to'g'ri davolanmaganligi sababli boshqa kasalliklardan vafot etdilar.^[432] Ba'zi ijtimoiy tarmoq foydalanuvchilari Uxan shahrida viruslarga duchor bo'lgan 2548 kishining rasmiy soniga nisbatan Uxanda o'lganlar sonini taxminan 42000 yoki 46.800 kishini taxmin qilish uchun oilalarga qaytarilgan urnlar va Uxanda o'tkazilgan kuyishlar sonidan foydalanganlar. 27 mart kuni.^[431] Bloomberg hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, 2019 yil to'rtinchi choragida Uxan shahrida 13 856 ta kuydirilgan. Bu 2018 yilning to'rtinchi choragiga nisbatan 2419 ga past bo'ldi.^[432]

Sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha mutaxassislar, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari razvedkasining rasmiylari, Britaniyalik olimlar va Buyuk Britaniya hukumati rasmiylari Xitoy hukumati tomonidan epidemiya bilan bog'liq raqamlarning to'g'riligiga shubha bildirishdi va Pekin hukumati yuqtirish darajasi va ataylab kam xabar bergani haqida xavotir bildirishdi. o'limlar.^[433]^[37]^[38]^[39] Xitoy Bosh vaziri Li Ketsyan 2020 yil 24 martda mahalliy yuqumli epidemiyaning tarqalishi deyarli to'xtaganligi va kasallik Xitoyda nazorat qilinganligi haqida xabar berdi.^[434]^{[kaltakesak so'zlar ]}^[435]^[436]^[437]

Asemptomatik holatlar (testni ijobiy o'tkazgan, ammo alomatlari rivojlanmagan odamlar) 1 martgacha tasdiqlangan holatlar hisoblanmagan.^[438]^[439]

2020 yil 17 aprelda Vuxan hukumati COVID-19 o'limining sonini qayta ko'rib chiqdi, bu uyda sodir bo'lgan o'limlarni hisobga olib, ilgari xabar berilmagan va bundan oldin ikki marta hisoblangan o'limlarni olib tashlagan.^[440]turli kasalxonalar tomonidan, natijada shaharda o'lim holatlari aniqlangan 1290 kishiga ko'paygan.^[4]

Virusning kelib chiqishini o'rganish

Markaziy hukumat koronavirus kelib chiqishi bilan bog'liq ilmiy tadqiqotlarni nashr etishga cheklovlar qo'ydi.^[441] Ta'lim vazirligi Fan va texnologiyalar bo'limi tomonidan chiqarilgan yo'riqnomada "virusning kelib chiqishini aniqlash bo'yicha akademik hujjatlar qat'iy va qat'iy boshqarilishi kerak" deb yozilgan bo'lib, bunday hujjatlar Davlat kengashi ishchi guruhi tomonidan tekshirilishi kerak. Qasos olishdan qo'rqib, ismini oshkor qilmaslik sharti bilan gapirgan xitoylik tadqiqotchi "Menimcha (bu) Xitoy hukumatining bu voqeani nazorat qilish va uni xuruj Xitoyda paydo bo'lmagandek bo'yash uchun kelishilgan harakatdir. Va O'ylaymanki, ular ushbu kasallikning kelib chiqishini tekshirish bo'yicha har qanday ob'ektiv tadqiqotlarga chindan ham toqat qilmaydilar. " Tadqiqotchining ta'kidlashicha, bunday harakat muhim ilmiy tadqiqotlarga xalaqit beradi. Vashingtonda joylashgan Xalqaro aloqalar kengashining global sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha katta xodimi Yanzhong Xuangning aytishicha, "topilmalar virusning kelib chiqishi haqidagi o'z bayonotiga qarshi chiqmasligi uchun hukumat tegishli ilmiy tadqiqotlarni nazorat qilishga intilishi ajablanarli emas". va hukumatning inqirozga munosabati ".^[442]^[443]^[444]^[445]

Suhbatdan so'ng virusolog Shi Zhengli bat koronaviruslarini, shu jumladan so'nggi turini tekshirgan jurnalist Gao Yu "Biz keyinchalik uning instituti gen sekvensiyasini va shunga o'xshash testlarni tugatganini 2 yanvardayoq bilganmiz, ammo og'zi ochilib qolgan", dedi. Shining aytishicha, Uxan Virusologiya Instituti direktori Yanyi Vang xodimlarga "noo'rin va noaniq ma'lumotlar" umumiy vahima "keltirib chiqarayotgani" ni ta'kidlab, kasallik haqida ma'lumot bermaslikni buyurgan. Bundan tashqari, Vang "Milliy sog'liqni saqlash komissiyasining" shubhasiz, epidemiya bilan bog'liq har qanday testlar, klinik ma'lumotlar, test natijalari, xulosalar ijtimoiy media platformalarida joylashtirilmasligini va hech qanday ommaviy axborot vositalariga, shu jumladan hukumatga oshkor qilinmasligini talab qiladi. rasmiy ommaviy axborot vositalari, shuningdek, sheriklik tashkilotlariga oshkor qilinmasligi kerak. "^[446]

Keng ilmiy konsensusga ko'ra SARS-CoV-2 yarasalardan kelib chiqqan.^[447] A'zosi Vazirlar Mahkamasining brifing xonalari (COBRA) Buyuk Britaniyada inqiroz bilan shug'ullanish vazifasini bajarmoqda, ammo Britaniya hukumati razvedkasi ushbu virusga ega ekanligi haqida bahslashmaydi. zoonoz kelib chiqishi, shuningdek, Uxan laboratoriyasidan sizib chiqishi haqidagi fikrni kamaytirmaydi, "Ehtimol, Uxan shahrida bu laboratoriya borligi bejiz emas" ( Uxan virusologiya instituti ).^[448] 2020 yil 15 aprelda AQSh Prezidenti Donald Tramp AQSh hukumati virusning laboratoriyadan tarqalishini tekshirayotganini e'lon qildi.^[447]

Targ'ibot

Si Tszinpinning 3 fevraldagi bayonotlarida, davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan "oldingi qatorda odamlar qanday qilib virusni oldini olish va unga qarshi kurashayotgani to'g'risida ta'sirchan voqealarni aytib berish" ga e'tibor qaratish zarurligi e'lon qilingan bo'lsa, yuqori lavozimli rasmiy Chjan Syaoguo uning bo'limi "virusni nazorat qilish va oldini olish choralarini targ'ibot qilishni eng muhim vazifa deb bilishini" aytdi.^[404]^[403] Masalan, davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari tashkilotlari People Daily va Global TimesTashqi ishlar vazirligidan Axborot direktori o'rinbosari Chjao Litszyan bilan birga Pekinning epidemiyaga qarshi munosabati to'g'risida maqtovli maqolalar e'lon qilgani kuzatildi,^[449] kabi tezlashtirilgan qurilishni keng qamrab olish kabi yangi kasalxonalar Vuxanda (Chjao aytganidek, 16 soat ichida qurilgan)^[8]^[450] 11 million aholisi bo'lgan Uxanni qulflash va Xubey viloyatining "misli ko'rilmagan" karantini. Garchi bunday harakatlar epidemiyaga shubhali ta'sir ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, yotoqxonalar va tibbiy resurslarning etishmasligi sababli yangi kasalxonalar yarim quvvat bilan ishlaydi^[451]^[452] Wuhan-ni qulflash juda kech bo'lib, millionlab odamlar ketganligi sababli samarali bo'lishi mumkin edi Financial Times va boshqalar ta'kidlashlaricha, bunday keng miqyosda e'lon qilingan harakatlar "PR to'ntarishi" bo'lib, Xitoyning "haddan tashqari, markazlashgan hukumati" epidemiya bilan kurashish uchun juda mos bo'lgan.^[453]^[391]^[454] xuddi Pekin Si Tszinpinning iltimosiga binoan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aralashgandek taassurot qoldirdi.^[455]^[456]^[457]^[390]^{[haddan tashqari iqtiboslar ]}

Kuzatuvchilar "oldingi tibbiyot xodimlariga qoyil qolish keng va samimiy" bo'lsa-da, davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari ushbu ishchilarning ko'pchiligida "himoya vositalari yo'qligi" va vujudga kelganidan beri 3000 dan ortiq odam yuqtirganligi to'g'risida haqiqatni ta'kidlashi kerak. ommaviy axborot vositalarining e'tiborini jalb qilish, ularga kerakli asbob-uskunalarni olish uchun jamoat ko'magini jalb qilishi mumkin. The New York Times ushbu hukumatning ushbu rivoyatni nazorat qilishga qaratilgan tashviqot harakatlariga yoshi kattaroq odamlardan farqli o'laroq davlat ommaviy axborot vositalariga kam bog'liq bo'lgan va aksincha "Internetdagi epidemiya bilan bog'liq ma'lumot va ommaviy axborot vositalarining chuqur tadqiqotlarini" izlagan yosh odamlar orasida ishonchsizlik bilan qarashganini ta'kidladi. , markaziy hukumat yosh aholi bilan aloqada emasligini ko'rsatdi.^[405]

Kabi savdo shoxobchalari Politico va Tashqi siyosat Xitoyning virusga chalingan mamlakatlarga yordam yuborish bo'yicha harakatlari a tashviqot global ta'sirga intilish.^[458]^[459] The Yevropa Ittifoqi diplomatik xizmat Evropa tashqi harakatlar xizmati (EEAS) Frantsiyani va Germaniyani birlashtirgan holda Italiyaga tibbiyot vositalarini etkazib berishda Xitoyning rolini ta'kidlaydigan tashviqotga qarshi kurash olib bordi, bu Xitoyga qaraganda ko'proq niqob bilan ta'minlangan. EEAS, shuningdek, Xitoyning "davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari va hukumat amaldorlari Kovid-19 ning kelib chiqishi to'g'risida tasdiqlanmagan nazariyalarni targ'ib qilishlarini" ta'kidladilar, Xitoy davlat ommaviy axborot vositalarida esa "ba'zi Evropa rahbarlarining Xitoy yordamiga javoban minnatdorchiliklarini" ta'kidladilar.^[460] Pandemiya paytida Xitoy xayriya ishlari va virusni eng ko'p yuqtirgan Evropa Ittifoqi davlatlariga nosoz tibbiy asbob-uskunalarni eksport qilish bilan bir qatorda Xitoyni fursatparastlikda ayblashmoqda, chunki ularning dezinformatsiya kampaniyasi "taniqli ravishda Evropaning o'z javobini yanada qulay nuqtai nazardan tanqid qilish taklifi bilan", Masalan, 2020 yil 12 aprelda Parijdagi Xitoy elchixonasi "Buzilgan faktlarni tiklash - Xitoy diplomatining kuzatuvlari Parijga yuborilgan" deb nomlangan maqolani e'lon qilganida, G'arb qariyalar uylaridagi ishchilar o'z ishlarini tashlab, aholini o'limga mahkum etishgan.^[461] EEAS o'zlarining hisobotlarini Xitoyning davlat homiyligidagi dezinformatsiya kampaniyasining tafsilotlarini qoldirib yubordi, bu esa o'z navbatida EEASning Xitoy bosimiga bo'ysunganligi haqidagi da'volarni keltirib chiqardi, chunki agar Xitoy xabarning asl nusxasi chiqarilsa tibbiy buyumlarni etkazib berishni to'xtatish bilan tahdid qilgan. .^[462]

Xubey va Uxan hukumatlari

Qulflashdan oldin Vuxandan chiqib ketish g'azablangan javoblarga olib keldi Sina Veybo bu yangi koronavirusning o'z shaharlariga tarqalishiga olib kelishi mumkinligidan xavotirda bo'lgan boshqa shaharlarning aholisidan. Vuxan shahridagi ayrimlar, yopilish vaqtida oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari va ayniqsa tibbiy buyumlarning mavjudligi bilan bog'liq.^[84]^[463]

The Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti Vuhanni blokirovkasini misli ko'rilmagan deb atadi va bu hukumatning virusli hujumni to'xtatishga qanchalik sodiqligini ko'rsatdi. Keyinchalik JSSTning ta'kidlashicha, bu harakat JSST tomonidan berilgan tavsiyanoma emas va rasmiylar uning qanchalik samarali ekanligini kutishlari kerak.^[464] JSST alohida ta'kidlaganidek, butun shaharni qulflash imkoniyati ilm-fan uchun yangi.^[465]

The CSI 300 indeksi, eng yaxshi 300 ta aktsiyalarning yig'indisi Shanxay va Shenchjen fond birjalari, 2020 yil 23-yanvarda deyarli 3 foizga pasayib ketdi, bu Wuhan blokirovkasi e'lon qilinganidan so'ng deyarli 9 oy ichida eng katta bir kunlik yo'qotish bo'lib, keskin choralar ko'rgan investorlar o'zlarining investitsiyalari uchun xavfsiz joy qidirdilar.^[466]

Misrda ko'rilmagan ushbu qamalish miqyosi ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi va hech bo'lmaganda bitta mutaxassis bu chorani "xavfli biznes" sifatida tanqid qildi, chunki Uxan shahridagi boshqa sog'lom odamlarni yuqtirgan odamlar bilan yaqin sharoitda bo'lishga majbur qilish orqali "juda osonlikcha teskari ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin". Chizma a kordon sanatoriyasi 11 million kishilik shahar atrofida muqarrar axloqiy tashvishlarni ko'taradi. Shuningdek, u kambag'allarning qulflanishi bilan taqqoslashlarni keltirib chiqardi G'arbiy nuqta davomida Liberiyada mahalla 2014 yil ebola epidemiyasi o'n kundan keyin ko'tarilgan.^[467]^[468]

O'chirilish Uxan shahrida vahima qo'zg'atdi va ko'pchilik shaharning epidemiya bilan kurashish qobiliyatidan xavotir bildirdi. Ushbu choraning moliyaviy va shaxsiy erkinligi nuqtai nazaridan katta xarajatlar infektsiyani samarali nazorat qilishga o'tadimi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum bo'lib qolmoqda.^[465] Ismli tibbiyot tarixchisi Xovard Markel Xitoy hukumati "endi haddan tashqari reaksiya ko'rsatib, aholiga asossiz yukni yuklashi mumkin" degan fikrni ilgari surdi va "barqaror va shaffof ravishda tatbiq etilayotgan o'sib boruvchi cheklovlar keskin choralarga qaraganda ancha yaxshi ishlashga moyil" dedi.^[469] Kabi boshqalar Entoni Fausi, Milliy Allergiya va Yuqumli kasalliklar instituti direktori, qulflashlar dunyoni "aslida yaxshiroq tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun kechikish" sotib olganini ta'kidlab, qulflanish niyatini himoya qildi. Nomli matematik epidemiolog Jerardo Chouell Jorjiya shtati universiteti matematik modellashtirish asosida "Xitoyda tatbiq etilayotgan strategiyalar translyatsiyani muvaffaqiyatli qisqartirmoqda" deb ta'kidladi.^[470]

Shunga qaramay, Italiyaning shimolida fevral oyining oxirida yangi avj olish nuqtasi bo'lganidan so'ng, Italiya hukumati Lombardiya va Veneto viloyatlaridagi 50 ming kishidan iborat o'nga yaqin shaharni karantin orqali "Uxan uslubidagi qulflash" deb nomlangan qonunni qabul qildi.^[471] Eron, 25-fevral holatiga ko'ra, koronavirus uchun rivojlanayotgan yana bir faol nuqta, Xitoy va Italiya singari qulflash tartib-qoidalarini amalga oshirishni talab qilmoqda. Vashingtondagi Global Xavfsizlikni Tahlil qilish Instituti xodimi Gal Luft kabi xavfsizlik bo'yicha mutaxassislarning ta'kidlashicha, "Eronga kasallik bilan kurashishning eng yaxshi usuli bu Xitoy qilgan ishni bajarish - karantin." va "Agar 11 million aholisi bo'lgan Vuxan karantin ostida qolishi mumkin bo'lsa, 8 million aholisi bilan Tehron ham shunday bo'lishi mumkin"^[472]

Muzlatilgan ish raqami

Hayvonlar bozori atrofidagi dastlabki holatlar hayvondan odamga yuqishini taklif qilishi mumkin, virusning odamdan odamga yuqishini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ko'proq dalillar paydo bo'ldi.^[58] Biroq, mutaxassislar olib borgan tekshiruvlarga va odamdan odamga yuqishining dastlabki belgilariga qaramay, a kasalxonada yuqtirilgan infektsiya (nozokomial) holati bo'yicha 10 yanvar kuni tasdiqlangan Kayxin,^[473] Vuxan mahalliy hukumati kasalxonaga yuqtirish holatlarini rad etdi va 15 yanvarga qadar Uxan shahar sog'liqni saqlash komissiyasi (MHK) o'z veb-saytida "hozirgi natijalar tergov odamdan-odamga yuqishining aniq dalillarini ko'rsatmayapti, ammo bu bunday yuqish ehtimolini istisno etmaydi. Odamdan odamga uzluksiz yuqish xavfi kam. "^[474]

Xabar qilingan voqea soni 41 paytida muzlab qoldi Xubey Liangxu va Vuhan Liangxu, 6-17 yanvar kunlari bo'lib o'tgan mahalliy parlament majlislari, Hubei va Vuxan mahalliy hokimiyatlarining aytishicha, ular yo'qligi sababli PCR yangi virus uchun test to'plamlari. Ammo, Caixin, boshqa sekvensiya usullarini diagnostika qilish uchun ishlatish mumkin, bu odatda PCR to'plamlariga ehtiyoj sezmasdan ikki kun davom etadi.^[475] Ayni paytda, an Imperial kolleji guruh^[476]^[477] va a Gonkong universiteti guruh^[478] Uxan shahrida eksport qilinayotgani va tasdiqlangani sababli ikkalasi ham Vuxanda 1000 dan ortiq holatni taxmin qilishdi. Xitoylik rasmiy ma'lumotlarning bir nechta holatlar bo'yicha farqlari sezilib, ko'plab internet foydalanuvchilarini shubha ostiga qo'ydi,^[479] virusni "vatanparvarlik" deb nomlash bilan, ba'zilari xitoyliklar mamlakatni tark etgandan keyin yuqtirishadi.^[480]^[481]^[482]

"Boshqariladigan va oldini olish mumkin"

20 yanvar kuni Xitoy milliy sog'liqni saqlash komissiyasi koronavirusning odamdan odamga yuqishi allaqachon sodir bo'lganligini e'lon qildi.^[483]

Shuningdek, 20-yanvar kuni qayd etilgan yangi holatlar soni 136 taga etdi, bu yirik materik shaharlari, jumladan, Pekin va Shenchjen birinchi holatlari haqida xabar berishdi.^[484]^[485] Faqat Vuxan hokimiyati virusning odamlar orasida yuqish qobiliyati cheklanganligini aytishdan to'xtadi.^[486] Xuddi shu kuni shahar epidemiyaga qarshi kurash bo'yicha ixtisoslashtirilgan qo'mondonlikni (MSK) tuzib, epidemiyaga qarshi kurashni takomillashtirishni, shu jumladan tibbiyot xodimlarini himoya qilishni kuchaytirdi.^[487] va isitma klinikalarida barcha bemorlar uchun bepul davolanish.^[488] O'sha kuni kechqurun, Zhong Nanshan, UHANga qarshi kurashish bilan tanilgan NHC mutaxassislaridan biri yuborilgan SARS 2003 yilda Vuxanda kasalxonadan olingan 14 ta yuqumli kasalliklar klasteri va ikkita oilaviy klaster bilan yangi virusni odamdan odamga yuqtirishni misol qilib keltirdi. Guandun.^[486]

Biroq, Milliy sog'liqni saqlash komissiyasi hali ham epidemiya "boshqariladigan va oldini olish mumkin" bo'lishini talab qildi. O'sha paytda, BBC Virus tarqalishiga jamoatchilik e'tiborini ko'p jalb qilmaganligini aytdi.^[473] 19 yanvar kuni, virus tarqalishiga qaramay, 4000 dan ortiq Vuxan oilalari har yili o'tkaziladigan ziyofatga qo'shilishdi^[489] bu bayramni nishonlash uchun yigirma yil davomida kuzatilgan jamoat an'anasi edi Oshxona Xudosi festivali. Jamiyat rahbari aytdi Pekin yangiliklari virusning tarqalishi haqida so'ralganda "hozir hamma narsa normal".^[490] 4-fevral holatiga ko'ra ziyofat o'tkazilgan Baibuting jamoatchilik qo'mitasining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, jamoat blokida kamida 10 ta koronavirus infektsiyasi holatlari, shuningdek, 30 dan ortiq o'ta shubhali holatlar bo'lgan, ammo jamoat shifoxonasi ham koronavirus boshqa jamoalarga qaraganda past edi.^[491]

Sekin javoblar tufayli jamoatchilik va ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan keng tanqidga uchragan Uxan meri Chjou Sianvang^[492] dedi davlat ommaviy axborot vositalariga Videokamera ziyofat uzoq vaqt o'zini o'zi boshqarish tarixiga ega bo'lgan mahalliy hamjamiyat tomonidan tashkil etilganligi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, hukumat uni to'xtatish uchun etarlicha ehtiyotkor emas, chunki bu virus faqatgina odamlar orasida yuqish qobiliyatiga ega.^[493]

Munozarali sharh

20-yanvar kuni Guan Yi, dedi SARS epidemiologiyasi bo'yicha Gonkonglik mutaxassis Kayxin mahalliy hukumat o'tkazuvchanlik to'g'risida so'zlarni o'ynamasligi kerak va u biz bundan saboq olamiz deb umid qildi 2003 yilda SARS yuqishi. U davom etdi "o'tkazuvchanlik, moslashuvchanlik, insidans va zaharlanish Virusning dastlabki bosqichida SARS virusiga juda o'xshaydi [2003 yilgi epidemiya] ".^[494] Guan jamoasi 21 yanvar kuni Uxanga yo'l oldi va ertasi kuni Gonkongga qaytib keldi. U "epidemiologiya bo'yicha mutaxassislar va olimlarni shaharda kutib olishmaydi" deb kuzatgan.^[495] 22 yanvar kuni Uxan hali ham "an." ochiq shahar "virus tarqalishiga, aksariyat odamlar niqob kiymagan bo'lishiga qaramay NHC koronavirus bilan bog'liq pnevmoniyani a deb e'lon qildi xabar beriladigan kasallik. U pandemiyani oldini olish mumkin emas deb hisoblar edi, chunki virus bilan tarqaldi bahor bayramining yillik ommaviy ko'chishi.^[496]^[497]

Guanning aksariyat xitoylik ommaviy axborot vositalaridan farqli o'laroq bayonotlari, davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari jurnalistlari uning 15-yanvardagi bayonotini takrorlab, kasallikni boshqarish mumkin degan fikrni takrorlaganlarida juda ziddiyatli bo'lib qoldi, shu bilan birga uning laboratoriyasi jarimaga tortilganligi haqidagi eski xabarlarni tarqatdi. Xitoy hukumati tomonidan 2005 yilda. Van Duan, Kayxin intervyu bergan jurnalist bunday xatti-harakatni "shaxsiy hujumlar "va Guanning hozirgacha aytgan so'zlarini rad etish uchun biron bir mutaxassis chiqmaganidan shikoyat qildi.^[498]

26 yanvar matbuot anjumani

Xubey hukumatining 26 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan matbuot anjumani tomonidan "katta avtohalokat sahnasi" sifatida ta'rif berilgan BBC bu keng norozilikka olib keldi. Majburiy yuz maskalari to'g'risidagi qonunga qaramay, Hokim Vang Xiaodong boshqa ikki rasmiy mezbon, shu qatorda Uxan meri bilan birga niqob kiymagan Chjou Xianwang va viloyat partiyasi kotibi Bie Bixiong niqoblarni noto'g'ri taqib yurishgan. Hokim dedi Siantao, Xubey shahri birovning yozuvlari bilan ishora qilingan raqamga ikkita tuzatish kiritgandan so'ng, yiliga 10,8 milliard niqob ishlab chiqarishga qodir edi. Gubernator Xubeyda tibbiyot buyumlarining qattiq tanqisligini tan oldi, Uxan meri Chjou esa bu tanqislik to'liq bartaraf etilganini aytdi.^[499]

Ilmiy hamjamiyat

29 yanvar kuni Fan va texnologiyalar vazirligi olimlarni "o'z maqolalarini Vatan tuprog'ida yozishga, natijalaridan epidemiyaga qarshi kurashda foydalanishga" da'vat etgan va olimlar epidemiyani oldini olish va nazorat qilish vazifasi bajarilguniga qadar o'z ishlarini nashr etishga e'tibor qaratmasliklari kerak.^[500] Duowei yangiliklari believed this was aimed to respond to the academic conflict between Zhang Yongzhen's group from Fudan universiteti which published the first genomic sequence of 2019-nCoV and the Gao Shan group from Nankai universiteti which published an analysis^[501] on the sequence without authorization from Zhang. Before the notice, Nankai and Fudan, two of China's top universities had a fight over the alleged academic misconduct related to the analysis published by the Gao Shan group.^[502]

On 30 January, Wang Liming, a neuroscientist from Chjetszyan universiteti expressed anger on a Weibo post about Jorj F. Gao eng so'nggi NEJM maqola.^[503] Wang believed that the article indicated that the Chinese CDC had clear evidence of human-to-human transmission in early January and kept it secret until three weeks later. Although the post was soon deleted, China CDC came under the spotlight. China CDC had to respond on the next day that the research was a retrospective analysis of the 425 cases reported to CDC on 23 January.^[504] Jennifer Zeis of NEJM's media Relations Department told Qog'oz, a Chinese newspaper that it took only two days to publish the article, but she refused to give further details.^[505]

Jurnal Tabiat reported at least 54 English-language papers about the new coronavirus in China were published by 30 January.^[506] Zuofeng Zhang, a public health expert from UCLA interviewed by the mainland China-based magazine Intellektual, asked why the published data were not used in epidemic control even before their publication.^[507]

Noto'g'ri ma'lumotlar va fitna nazariyalari

There were conspiracy theories about COVID-19 being the CIA's creation to keep China down on China's Internet, according to London-based Iqtisodchi.^[508]

Multiple conspiracy articles in Chinese from the SARS era resurfaced during the outbreak with altered details, claiming that SARS is biological warfare conducted by the US against China. Some of these articles claim that BGI guruhi from China sold genetic information of the Chinese people to the US, with the US then being able to deploy the virus specifically targeting the genom of Chinese individuals.^[509]

On 26 January, Chinese military news site Xilu published an article detailing how the virus was artificially combined by the US to "precisely target Chinese people".^[510]

Some articles on popular sites in China have also cast suspicion on US military athletes participating in the Wuhan 2019 Harbiy Jahon O'yinlari, which lasted until the end of October 2019, and have suggested that they deployed the virus. They claim the inattentive attitude and disproportionately below-average results of American athletes in the games indicate they might have been there for other purposes and they might actually be bio-warfare operatives. Such posts stated that their place of residence during their stay in Wuhan was also close to the Xuanan dengiz mahsulotlari ulgurji bozori, where the first known cluster of cases occurred.^[511]^[512]

In March 2020, this conspiracy theory was endorsed by Chjao Lijian, a spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.^[513]^[514]^[515] On 13 March, the US government summoned Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai to Washington DC over this conspiracy theory,^[516] when he had called this theory "crazy" on Xalq bilan yuzlash on 9 February, and re-affirmed this belief after Zhao's tweets.^[517]

The United States Presidential administration, including President Donald Trump, Mike Pompeo and others also pushed a conspiracy theory repeatedly asserting that the virus had originated from a laboratory leak in Wuhan, despite widespread rejection from the scientific community and by allied intelligence.^[518]

On 5 March 2020, in response to the American Fox News host's announcement that the Chinese should "formally apologize" for the novel coronavirus pandemic, Chjao Lijian, a spokesperson from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs spoke of a "groundless and unreasonable" request. U shunday dedi 2009 yil H1N1 grippi pandemiyasi broke out in the United States and spread to 214 countries and regions and caused at least 18,449 deaths that year, and the United States had not been asked to apologize.^[519]

Statistika

The case count in mainland China only includes symptomatic cases. It excludes patients who test positive but do not have symptoms, of which there were 889 as of 11 February 2020.^[520] It's also reported that there were more than 43,000 by the end of February 2020.^[521]^[522]^[523] On 17 April, following the Wuhan government's issuance of a report on accounting for COVID-19 deaths that occurred at home that went previously unreported, as well as the subtraction of deaths that were previously double-counted by different hospitals, the NHC retrospectively revised their cumulative totals dating to 16 April, adding 325 cumulative cases and 1,290 deaths.^[4]

Ushbu quti: ko'rinish gapirish tahrirlash COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China by provinces Data released by Chinese provinces as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 14 October 2020^[524]^[525]
Xitoy viloyatlari	Pop. (mil.) (2019)	Ishlar	O'limlar	O'lim	Recov.	Faol	Ishlar /1M pop	O'limlar /1M pop	Ref.
Xitoy (materik)	1,400.0500	86,338	4,634	5.37	81,319	385	61.67	3.31	^[526]^[525]
Xubey	59.2700	68,148	4,512	6.62	63,627	9	1,149.8	76.13	^[527]^[525]
——Vuxan, Xubey	11.2120	50,340	3,869	7.69	46,471	0	4,489.8	345.08	^[527]
Guandun	115.2100	1,963	8	0.41	1,922	33	17.0	0.07	^[528] ^[525]
Chjetszyan	58.5000	1,291	1	0.08	1,279	11	22.1	0.02	^[529] ^[525]
Xenan	96.4000	1,288	22	1.71	1,259	7	13.4	0.23	^[525]
Shanxay	24.2814	1,277	7	0.55	1,174	96	52.6	0.29	^[525]
Xunan	69.1838	1,020	4	0.39	1,015	1	14.7	0.06	^[525]
Anxuiy	63.6590	992	6	0.60	985	1	15.6	0.09	^[525]
Shinjon	25.2322	980	3	0.31	952	25	38.8	0.12	^[525]
Heilongjiang	37.5130	949	13	1.37	936	0	25.3	0.35	^[525]
Tszansi	46.6610	935	1	0.11	934	0	20.0	0.02	^[525]
Pekin	21.5360	947	9	0.95	932	6	44.0	0.42	^[530] ^[525]
Shandun	100.7021	848	7	0.83	841	0	8.4	0.07	^[525]
Sichuan	83.7500	783	3	0.38	735	45	9.3	0.04	^[525]
Tszansu	80.7000	676	0	0	666	10	8.4	0	^[525]
Chonging	31.2432	589	6	1.02	582	1	18.9	0.19	^[525]
Shensi	38.7621	484	3	0.62	438	43	12.5	0.08	^[525]
Fujian	39.7300	461	1	0.22	423	37	11.6	0.03	^[525]
Xebey	75.9197	373	6	1.61	362	5	4.9	0.08	^[525]
Ichki Mo'g'uliston	25.3960	307	1	0.33	282	24	12.1	0.04	^[525]
Tyantszin	15.6183	289	3	1.04	266	20	18.5	0.19	^[525]
Liaoning	43.5170	288	2	0.69	280	6	6.6	0.05	^[525]
Guansi	49.6000	260	2	0.77	258	0	5.2	0.04	^[525]
Shanxi	37.2922	218	0	0	213	5	5.8	0	^[525]
Yunnan	48.5830	217	2	0.92	209	6	4.5	0.04	^[525]
Xaynan	9.4472	171	6	3.51	165	0	18.1	0.64	^[525]
Gansu	26.4743	181	2	1.10	177	2	6.8	0.08	^[525]
Jilin	26.9073	157	2	1.27	155	0	5.8	0.07	^[525]
Guychjou	36.2295	147	2	1.36	145	0	4.1	0.06	^[525]
Ningxia	6.9466	75	0	0	75	0	10.8	0	^[525]
Tsinxay	6.0782	18	0	0	18	0	2.96	0	^[525]
Tibet	3.5056	1	0	0	1	0	0.29	0	^[525]

Izohlar

^ Excluding 613 asemptomatik cases under medical observation as of 14 November 2020^[yangilash].^[3] Asymptomatic cases were not reported prior to 31 March 2020.

Adabiyotlar

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^ 肺炎》六朝古都淪陷！南京宣布封城. Liberty Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 5 fevralda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.
^ 深夜突发！南京、宁波、、哈尔滨… 所有小区封闭管理！最这座城: 每户 5 天 1 人外出采购 1 次.. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 5 fevralda. Olingan 5 fevral 2020.
^ "Karantin, byurokratik va yuz niqoblari: Xitoyning koronavirus bilan zararlangan shamol sanoatida". Zaryadlash | Qayta tiklanadigan energetikaning so'nggi yangiliklari. 19 fevral 2020 yil.
^ Alvares, Simon (17 mart 2020). "Tesla China Giga Shanxayda COVID-19 virusiga qarshi xavfsizlik choralarini baham ko'rmoqda". TESLARATI.
^ ^a ^b Ostin Ramzi (2020 yil 30 mart). "Shinjon ishiga qaytdi, ammo Koronavirus Xavotirga tushmoqda Xitoyda". The New York Times. Olingan 3 aprel 2020. Kasallik boshlanganidan beri muassasalardagi sharoitlar haqida hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q. Ammo ilgari hibsga olingan mahbuslar ilgari oziq-ovqat va sanitariya sharoitlari yomonligi va kasal bo'lib qolganlarga ozgina yordam berishlari haqida gapirib berishgan. {...} "Kontsentratsion lagerdagi shaxsiy tajribamga ko'ra, ular hech qachon hech kimga yordam bermagan yoki har qanday kasallik uchun tibbiy yordam ko'rsatmagan. sog'lig'ining ahvoli ", - dedi ikki yil oldin Qozog'istonga qochib ketgan Sauytbay xonim shu oy telefon orqali bergan intervyusida. "Agar koronavirus lagerlar ichida tarqalib ketsa, ular yordam bermas, hech qanday tibbiy yordam ko'rsatmas edilar." {...} Endi mintaqa ish joyiga qaytarilayapti. So'nggi haftalarda ko'p sonli uyg'urlar va boshqa asosan musulmon ozchiliklar Shinjonning boshqa joylariga va Xitoyning qolgan qismiga ishlashga yuborilgan mehnatni uzatish dasturlari qayta tiklandi.
^ Mamatjan Juma; Alim Seytoff; Joshua Lipes (2020 yil 27-fevral). "Shinjon hukumati koronavirus xavfiga qaramay, uyg'urlarni Xitoy fabrikalarida ishlashga jo'natmoqda". Ozod Osiyo radiosi. Tarjima qilingan Mamatjan Juma, Alim Seytoff. Olingan 2 fevral 2020. Rasmiy Shinjon Daily va Chinanews.com nashrlarining so'nggi xabarlariga ko'ra, 22-23 fevral kunlari "400 yosh Xunan, Chjetszyan va Tszansi provinsiyalariga ko'chirilgan". Ulardan XUARning Oqsu (Akesu) prefekturasidagi Avat (xitoycha, Avati) tumanidan 114 nafari 23 fevral kuni Tszansining Tszujiang shahriga jo'natilgan, 100 kishi Aksu shahridan 22 fevralda Tszujianga jo'natilgan. Xo'tan (Xetian) prefekturasi Xunan provintsiyasining Changsha shahriga jo'natildi, deyiladi xabarlarda, so'nggi transfer sanasini ko'rsatmasdan.
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^ "Koronavirus qayta tiklanganidan keyin Xitoy okrugi blokirovka ostida". Bloomberg L.P.. Olingan 3 aprel 2020.
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^ "Shinjon aholisi onlayn tarzda COVID-19 bloklanishiga qarshi norozilik bildirmoqda". Channel News Asia. 24 avgust 2020. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 8 sentyabrda. Olingan 11 sentyabr 2020.
^ Xaver C. Ernandes (25 avgust 2020). "Xitoy Shinjonni" Covid-19 "ga qarshi kurash uchun qulflab qo'ydi, bu aholini g'azablantirmoqda". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 11 sentyabrda. Olingan 11 sentyabr 2020.
^ Myllyvirta, Lauri (2020 yil 19-fevral). "Tahlil: Koronavirus Xitoyning CO2 chiqindilarini vaqtincha to'rtdan biriga qisqartirdi". Uglerod haqida qisqacha ma'lumot. Olingan 7 mart 2020.
^ Liu, Tszintao; Xuang, Tszakuan; Syan, Dandan (2020). "Katta SARS-CoV-2 epidemiyasi asemptomatik sayohatchiga sabab bo'ldi, Xitoy". Rivojlanayotgan yuqumli kasalliklar. 26 (9): 2260–2263. doi:10.3201 / eid2609.201798. PMC 7454089. PMID 32603652. S2CID 220282338. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 19-avgustda. Olingan 11 sentyabr 2020.
^ 王东升, tahrir. (11 aprel 2020 yil). 4 月 10 kun 新疆（含）无新增新增新冠肺炎确诊病例病例. Tianshannet (xitoy tilida). Olingan 11 aprel 2020.
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^ "Pekin" urush paytida favqulodda vaziyat rejimida "yangi koronavirus kasalliklari klasterida". NPR.org.
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^ "Xitoy yakshanba kuni 61 ta yangi COVID-19 holati haqida xabar beradi, 6 martdan beri eng yuqori kundalik ichki yuqumli kasalliklar". AQSh yangiliklari. 26 iyul 2020 yil. Huizhong Vu, Dudi Xua va Rayan Vu hisobotlari; Himani Sarkar va Kennet Maksvell tahriri
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^ Devidson, Xelen (26 oktyabr 2020). "Xitoy: Shinjonda Qashqarda yangi koronavirus yuqishi aniqlandi". Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Olingan 6 noyabr 2020.
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^ "Xitoyda Chunyun: insoniyatning dunyodagi eng katta migratsiyasi". Biznes standarti. 10 yanvar 2020 yil. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.
^ 30！出行！！ 2020 年春运大幕开启. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 10 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 3 fevralda. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.
^ 来临如何防控武汉传播？民航铁路部门回应. 第一财经. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 21 yanvarda. Olingan 20 yanvar 2020.
^ 官方警告春运或新型冠状病毒扩散风险. 纽约时报中文网 (xitoy tilida). 22 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 4 fevralda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.
^ 疾病预防控制局 (2020 yil 20-yanvar). 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会公告. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2020 yil 20-yanvarda. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.
^ 杨丹旭. 武汉肺炎确诊病例升至 440 例国家卫健委: 坚持日发布制度.联合早报. Olingan 22 yanvar 2020.
^ ^a ^b 对新型冠状病毒的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 中国政府网. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 20 yanvarda.
^ 衛健委 7 個組分別前往京滬粵等 7 省市. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 28 yanvar 2020.
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^ Kretschmer, Fabian (2020 yil 4 mart). "Impfstoff gegen Corona: Chinas Wunderwaffe" - taz.de.
^ "Xitoy Uxan shahrida" Ebola Terminatori "ni tayinladi - general-mayor Chen Vey, Xitoyning bio-urush bo'yicha yetakchi mutaxassisi". www.timesnownews.com.
^ "Xitoy armiyasi koronavirusga qarshi vositani qidirib topdi". RFI. 17 fevral 2020 yil.
^ "Epidemiya profilaktikasi va nazorati davrida yo'lovchilarning xalqaro qatnovlarini yanada qisqartirish to'g'risida eslatma". Xitoyning fuqaro aviatsiyasi ma'muriyati. 26 mart 2020 yil. Olingan 27 mart 2020.
^ "Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Tashqi ishlar vazirligi, Milliy immigratsiya ma'muriyati amaldagi Xitoy vizalari yoki yashash uchun ruxsatnomalari bo'lgan chet el fuqarolari tomonidan vaqtincha to'xtatilishi to'g'risida e'lon". Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Tashqi ishlar vazirligi. 26 mart 2020 yil.
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^ ^a ^b "Xitoy Pekinga yo'naltirilgan xalqaro reyslarni boshqa aeroportlarga yo'naltiradi". Reuters. 22 mart 2020 yil. Olingan 27 mart 2020.
^ "Savol-javob: Xitoyning sayohat qilishni taqiqlash siyosati va chet elliklar uchun viza masalalari". China brifing yangiliklari. 23 sentyabr 2020 yil. Olingan 8-noyabr 2020.
^ "COVID-ning yopilishida Xitoy Buyuk Britaniya, Frantsiya, Hindistondan kelgan sayohatchilarni taqiqlaydi". Reuters. 5 Noyabr 2020.
^ Tulli, Tracey (2020 yil 5-noyabr). "AQSh birinchi kuni bir kunda 100000 ta ishni qayd etdi". The New York Times. Olingan 8-noyabr 2020.
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^ "Koronavirus qayta tiklanganidan keyin Xitoy okrugi blokirovka ostida". Bloomberg yangiliklari. Olingan 3 aprel 2020.
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^ 人民银行副行长潘功胜就关于进一步强化金融支持防控防控新型冠状病毒感染感染肺炎疫情的通知通知》接受媒体采访. 央行网站 (xitoy tilida). 1 fevral 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 1 fevralda. Olingan 1 fevral 2020.
^ 两部委：疫情防控医护人员每天补助 300 或或 200 元. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 30 yanvarda. Olingan 30 yanvar 2020.
^ 三部门：用于疫情防控的进口物资可享税收优惠. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.
^ 对新型冠状病毒的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 央视网. Olingan 20 yanvar 2020.
^ 李克強召開國務院會議要求有效遏制新型肺炎疫情. RTHK. Olingan 20 yanvar 2020.
^ 国家医保局：对确诊为新型肺炎患者采取特殊报销政策.澎湃新聞.国家医保局微信公号. Olingan 21 yanvar 2020.
^ 孙春兰在武汉考察新型冠状感染的肺炎疫情防控工作工作时强调压实责任责任严格落实坚决遏制疫情扩散蔓延. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 22 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 27 yanvarda. Olingan 27 yanvar 2020.
^ 李克强主持召开中央应对新型冠状感染肺炎肺炎疫情工作领导小组会议. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 26 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 26 yanvarda. Olingan 26 yanvar 2020.
^ 习近平总书记委托，总理来到武汉考察指导疫情防控工作. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 27 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.
^ 李克强来到武汉. 中国政府网 (xitoy tilida). 27 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 27 yanvarda. Olingan 27 yanvar 2020.
^ 武漢肺炎】國務院李克強到達武漢考察指導疫情防控工作. HK01 (xitoy tilida). 27 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 27 yanvarda. Olingan 27 yanvar 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Koronavirus avj olganida, Xitoy rahbarlari Chernobil ani oldini olish uchun kurashmoqda". Washington Post. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 4 fevralda. Olingan 5 fevral 2020.
^ Sahifa, Jeremi (2020 yil 27-yanvar). "Xitoylik Xi o'zining 2-raqamiga koronavirusga qarshi kurashda porlash uchun kamdan-kam imkoniyat beradi, ikkalasiga ham xavf tug'diradi". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 30 yanvarda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.
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^ Shteger, Izabella. "Si Tszinpin Xitoyda koronavirus virusi bilan birinchi marta uchrashish uchun paydo bo'ldi". Kvarts. Olingan 11 fevral 2020.
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^ "'Muhtoj do'st - bu haqiqatan ham do'stdir, - dedi Xi Xen Senga tashrif buyurganida. Nikkei Asian Review. Olingan 11 fevral 2020.
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^ 沙雪良 (2020 yil 29-yanvar). 副厅到村官六省市多名干部防疫失职被问责. 新京报. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
^ 唐主任被问责，为谁敲响警钟？. 参考消息. 31 yanvar 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020 - 新浪军事 orqali.
^ 黄冈问责党员干部 337 ，， 3 名县级免职，黄冈市长感到 "感到内疚和自责". 上观新闻. 2 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
^ 每 bugun 防控黄冈 | 防控问责疫情不力党员干部干部 337 人. 中央纪委国家监委网站. 2 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020 - 新浪 orqali.
^ 省纪委监委通报一起防控排查工作不力问题. 河北省纪委监委网站. 1 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
^ ^a ^b 【武汉疫情】多地遭处理武汉市长陷名表疑云 [图] 【武汉】多多地官员遭处理市长陷名表疑云 [图].
^ 袁杰 (2020 yil 2-fevral). 江苏响水多人因疫情防控被问责问责，含当地疾控中心主任. 澎湃新闻. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
^ 红十字会专职副会长失责被免职 (xitoy tilida). Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 4 fevral 2020 yil.
^ 发放口罩，武汉三名职能部门领导被问责. 湖北日报. 4 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.
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^ "習近平「月月 7 日日対策策指示」は虚偽虚偽「 ".. Yahoo! Yaponiya yangiliklari. 16 fevral 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 16 fevralda. Olingan 28 fevral 2020. Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi Markaziy jurnali soniga ko'ra ".Qiushi "15 fevralda chop etilgan Si Tszinpin yozishicha, 3 fevraldagi uchrashuvda u 7-yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan koronavirus pnevmoniyasi haqida ogohlantirganini da'vo qilgan. Ammo, 3 fevraldagi uchrashuv daqiqalarida ham, 7 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuv daqiqalari. Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu retrospektiv ravishda bahona va Si Tszinpin yolg'on gapirdi.
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^ ^a ^b ^v ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^men ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^siz ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ak ^reklama ^ae ^af ^ag 冠状病毒肺炎疫情实时大数据报告. baidu.com (xitoy tilida). Olingan 15 noyabr 2020.
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^ ^a ^b 2020 yil 6-22-iyun kunlari. hubei.gov.cn (xitoy tilida). Olingan 27 iyul 2020.
^ 2020 yil 7-27-iyun kunlari 新肺炎肺炎疫情情况 (xitoy tilida). Olingan 27 iyul 2020.
^ 2020 yil 7-iyun, 16-iyun kunlari (xitoy tilida). Olingan 27 iyul 2020.
^ 2020 yil 7-iyun, 16-iyun kunlari (xitoy tilida). Olingan 27 iyul 2020.

Tashqi havolalar

Koronavirus COVID-19 global holatlari va tarixiy ma'lumotlar tomonidan Jons Xopkins universiteti
Xitoyda COVID-19 pandemiyasi haqida hisobotlar, tomonidan XXR Milliy sog'liqni saqlash komissiyasi
Coronavirus China yangilanishlari va yangiliklari. Xitoy Coronavirus Global xalqaro portalida. Ingliz, frantsuz, ispan, rus va boshqa tillarda mavjud.

[data02-10-02-11-44] 02-10 va 02-11 klinik tashxis qo'yilgan ma'lumotlar ushbu ilovaga asoslangan 02-11 Hubei WJW ma'lumotlari, yangi CD sonini ajratib olish natijasida olingan 02-10 ma'lumotlari bilan. jami o'sha kuni bo'lgan ishlar.

[data02-12-45] 02-13 ma'lumotlar 02-13 NHC ayirboshlash ma'lumotlari va shunga mos ravishda tuzatilgan 02-13 Hubei ma'lumotlari.

[data02-18-46] Sinov holatlarining 02-18 soni quyidagilar asosida hisoblanadi 02-19 olib tashlash ma'lumotlari.

[data02-19-47] 02-19 ma'lumotlari klinik tashxislarni istisno qiladi, shuning uchun vaziyat vaziyatning rivojlanishini tushunish uchun hisoblash vaqtincha amalga oshiriladi.

[4] Excluding 613 asemptomatik cases under medical observation as of 14 November 2020^[yangilash].^[3] Asymptomatic cases were not reported prior to 31 March 2020.

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[207] 苏宁易购：口罩等健康类商品禁涨价，并开展百亿补贴. Pekin yangiliklari. 22 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 22 yanvarda. Olingan 22 yanvar 2020.

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[219] 肺炎》六朝古都淪陷！南京宣布封城. Liberty Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 5 fevralda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.

[220] 深夜突发！南京、宁波、、哈尔滨… 所有小区封闭管理！最这座城: 每户 5 天 1 人外出采购 1 次.. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 5 fevralda. Olingan 5 fevral 2020.

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[containvirus3-222] Alvares, Simon (17 mart 2020). "Tesla China Giga Shanxayda COVID-19 virusiga qarshi xavfsizlik choralarini baham ko'rmoqda". TESLARATI.

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[224] Mamatjan Juma; Alim Seytoff; Joshua Lipes (2020 yil 27-fevral). "Shinjon hukumati koronavirus xavfiga qaramay, uyg'urlarni Xitoy fabrikalarida ishlashga jo'natmoqda". Ozod Osiyo radiosi. Tarjima qilingan Mamatjan Juma, Alim Seytoff. Olingan 2 fevral 2020. Rasmiy Shinjon Daily va Chinanews.com nashrlarining so'nggi xabarlariga ko'ra, 22-23 fevral kunlari "400 yosh Xunan, Chjetszyan va Tszansi provinsiyalariga ko'chirilgan". Ulardan XUARning Oqsu (Akesu) prefekturasidagi Avat (xitoycha, Avati) tumanidan 114 nafari 23 fevral kuni Tszansining Tszujiang shahriga jo'natilgan, 100 kishi Aksu shahridan 22 fevralda Tszujianga jo'natilgan. Xo'tan (Xetian) prefekturasi Xunan provintsiyasining Changsha shahriga jo'natildi, deyiladi xabarlarda, so'nggi transfer sanasini ko'rsatmasdan.

[225] "Koronavirus to'lovi kuchayganligi sababli, Xitoy qishloqlari begonalarga qarshi devor bilan o'ralgan". Los Anjeles Tayms. 1 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 21 oktyabr 2020.

[226] "Xitoyning Uxan shahridagi koronavirus epitsentri o'quvchilari uchun maktabga qaytish qanday ko'rinishga ega". www.cbsnews.com. Olingan 21 oktyabr 2020.

[227] Ankel, Sofiya. "Xitoy koronavirus blokirovkasini bekor qilar ekan, rasmiylar fuqarolarning qayerga borishi mumkinligini belgilash uchun rang-barang sog'liqni saqlash tizimidan foydalanmoqdalar. Mana bu qanday ishlaydi". Business Insider. Olingan 15 aprel 2020.

[228] "Koronavirus qayta tiklanganidan keyin Xitoy okrugi blokirovka ostida". Bloomberg L.P.. Olingan 3 aprel 2020.

[229] "Harbin shahri ovqatlanish joylarini yopadi, koronavirus chekkalari Xitoyning boshqa joylarida ham osonlashadi". Reuters. 2 may 2020 yil. Olingan 3 may 2020.

[230] "Shinjon aholisi onlayn tarzda COVID-19 bloklanishiga qarshi norozilik bildirmoqda". Channel News Asia. 24 avgust 2020. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 8 sentyabrda. Olingan 11 sentyabr 2020.

[231] Xaver C. Ernandes (25 avgust 2020). "Xitoy Shinjonni" Covid-19 "ga qarshi kurash uchun qulflab qo'ydi, bu aholini g'azablantirmoqda". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 11 sentyabrda. Olingan 11 sentyabr 2020.

[232] Myllyvirta, Lauri (2020 yil 19-fevral). "Tahlil: Koronavirus Xitoyning CO2 chiqindilarini vaqtincha to'rtdan biriga qisqartirdi". Uglerod haqida qisqacha ma'lumot. Olingan 7 mart 2020.

[233] Liu, Tszintao; Xuang, Tszakuan; Syan, Dandan (2020). "Katta SARS-CoV-2 epidemiyasi asemptomatik sayohatchiga sabab bo'ldi, Xitoy". Rivojlanayotgan yuqumli kasalliklar. 26 (9): 2260–2263. doi:10.3201 / eid2609.201798. PMC 7454089. PMID 32603652. S2CID 220282338. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 19-avgustda. Olingan 11 sentyabr 2020.

[234] 王东升, tahrir. (11 aprel 2020 yil). 4 月 10 kun 新疆（含）无新增新增新冠肺炎确诊病例病例. Tianshannet (xitoy tilida). Olingan 11 aprel 2020.

[235] Stivenson, Aleksandra; Li, Cao (2020 yil 12-may). "Xitoyning Koronavirusga" Ishga qaytish darslari: niqoblar va hushyorlik ". The New York Times. Olingan 15 may 2020.

[236] "Pekin okrugi yirik oziq-ovqat bozorida viruslar klasteridan keyin" urush paytida favqulodda vaziyatda ". Reuters. 13 iyun 2020. Olingan 18 iyun 2020.

[237] "Pekin" urush paytida favqulodda vaziyat rejimida "yangi koronavirus kasalliklari klasterida". NPR.org.

[dt19j-238] "Xitoy Pekin epidemiyasini keltirib chiqargan genom virusini chiqarib yubordi va bu Evropa bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin". qarang: Karlos Garsiya Ravlin, Reuters: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Reuters. 19 iyun 2020 yil.

[239] "Xitoy yakshanba kuni 61 ta yangi COVID-19 holati haqida xabar beradi, 6 martdan beri eng yuqori kundalik ichki yuqumli kasalliklar". AQSh yangiliklari. 26 iyul 2020 yil. Huizhong Vu, Dudi Xua va Rayan Vu hisobotlari; Himani Sarkar va Kennet Maksvell tahriri

[240] "Xitoy 127 ta yangi koronavirus holatini qayd etdi, bu 5 martdan beri eng yuqori ko'rsatkich". Reuters. 30 iyul 2020 yil. Devid Stenvey va Vang Tszinning hisobotlari; Muralikumar Anantharaman tomonidan tahrirlangan

[241] Jing Vang va Devid Stenveyning hisobotlari; Se Young Lee tomonidan yozilgan; Himani Sarkar tomonidan tahrirlangan (2020 yil 23-avgust). "Xitoyda COVID-19 kasalligi haqida sakkizinchi kun, mahalliy yuqumli kasalliklarsiz 16 ta xabar". Reuters.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)

[242] "Xitoy 9 million aholisi bo'lgan shaharni kasalxonaga aloqador 12 holatni aniqlagandan so'ng COVID-19 uchun sinovdan o'tkazmoqda". Buiness Insider. Olingan 26 oktyabr 2020.

[243] Devidson, Xelen (26 oktyabr 2020). "Xitoy: Shinjonda Qashqarda yangi koronavirus yuqishi aniqlandi". Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Olingan 6 noyabr 2020.

[244] Dou, Eva (26 oktyabr 2020). "Xitoyning Qashqarida koronavirus yuqdi. Ikki kun ichida 4,5 million odam sinovdan o'tkazildi". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Olingan 6 noyabr 2020.

[245] Makkarti, Niall. "Xitoy Yangi Yili: Dunyodagi eng katta odam migratsiyasi boshlanish arafasida". Forbes.

[246] "Xitoyda Chunyun: insoniyatning dunyodagi eng katta migratsiyasi". Biznes standarti. 10 yanvar 2020 yil. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.

[247] 30！出行！！ 2020 年春运大幕开启. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 10 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 3 fevralda. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.

[248] 来临如何防控武汉传播？民航铁路部门回应. 第一财经. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 21 yanvarda. Olingan 20 yanvar 2020.

[249] 官方警告春运或新型冠状病毒扩散风险. 纽约时报中文网 (xitoy tilida). 22 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 4 fevralda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.

[:03-250] 疾病预防控制局 (2020 yil 20-yanvar). 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会公告. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2020 yil 20-yanvarda. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.

[251] 杨丹旭. 武汉肺炎确诊病例升至 440 例国家卫健委: 坚持日发布制度.联合早报. Olingan 22 yanvar 2020.

[200120NewAdd-252] 对新型冠状病毒的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 中国政府网. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 20 yanvarda.

[253] 衛健委 7 個組分別前往京滬粵等 7 省市. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 28 yanvar 2020.

[254] Xie, Jon (19 mart 2020). "Dunyo yuz maskalari uchun Xitoyga bog'liq, ammo mamlakat etkazib bera oladimi?". Amerika Ovozi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 21 martda.

[255] Jaxar, Pratik (3 mart 2020). "Tech koronavirusga qarshi kurashga qo'shildi". BBC yangiliklari. Olingan 7 aprel 2020.

[256] Dikson, Ben (21 mart 2020). "Nima uchun biz sun'iy intellekt COVID-19 bilan kurashishda eng samarali qurol bo'lishi mumkin". Asabiy | Keyingi veb. Olingan 7 aprel 2020.

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[258] "Xitoy Uxan shahrida" Ebola Terminatori "ni tayinladi - general-mayor Chen Vey, Xitoyning bio-urush bo'yicha yetakchi mutaxassisi". www.timesnownews.com.

[259] "Xitoy armiyasi koronavirusga qarshi vositani qidirib topdi". RFI. 17 fevral 2020 yil.

[260] "Epidemiya profilaktikasi va nazorati davrida yo'lovchilarning xalqaro qatnovlarini yanada qisqartirish to'g'risida eslatma". Xitoyning fuqaro aviatsiyasi ma'muriyati. 26 mart 2020 yil. Olingan 27 mart 2020.

[261] "Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Tashqi ishlar vazirligi, Milliy immigratsiya ma'muriyati amaldagi Xitoy vizalari yoki yashash uchun ruxsatnomalari bo'lgan chet el fuqarolari tomonidan vaqtincha to'xtatilishi to'g'risida e'lon". Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Tashqi ishlar vazirligi. 26 mart 2020 yil.

[262] Bradsher, Keyt (26 mart 2020). "Virusni sekinlashtirish uchun, Xitoy deyarli barcha chet elliklarning kirishiga to'sqinlik qiladi". The New York Times. Olingan 27 mart 2020.

[China_to_divert-263] "Xitoy Pekinga yo'naltirilgan xalqaro reyslarni boshqa aeroportlarga yo'naltiradi". Reuters. 22 mart 2020 yil. Olingan 27 mart 2020.

[264] "Savol-javob: Xitoyning sayohat qilishni taqiqlash siyosati va chet elliklar uchun viza masalalari". China brifing yangiliklari. 23 sentyabr 2020 yil. Olingan 8-noyabr 2020.

[265] "COVID-ning yopilishida Xitoy Buyuk Britaniya, Frantsiya, Hindistondan kelgan sayohatchilarni taqiqlaydi". Reuters. 5 Noyabr 2020.

[266] Tulli, Tracey (2020 yil 5-noyabr). "AQSh birinchi kuni bir kunda 100000 ta ishni qayd etdi". The New York Times. Olingan 8-noyabr 2020.

[267] "Xitoy okrugi ikkinchi to'lqin paydo bo'lishidan qo'rqib, koronavirusni blokirovka qilmoqda". Politico. Olingan 2 aprel 2020.

[268] "Koronavirus qayta tiklanganidan keyin Xitoy okrugi blokirovka ostida". Bloomberg yangiliklari. Olingan 3 aprel 2020.

[269] "Xitoy koronavirus xavfi tufayli Arizona Tayson zavodidan parrandalar importini to'xtatdi". CNBC. 21 iyun 2020 yil. Olingan 22 iyun 2020.

[270] 人民银行副行长潘功胜就关于进一步强化金融支持防控防控新型冠状病毒感染感染肺炎疫情的通知通知》接受媒体采访. 央行网站 (xitoy tilida). 1 fevral 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 1 fevralda. Olingan 1 fevral 2020.

[271] 两部委：疫情防控医护人员每天补助 300 或或 200 元. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 30 yanvarda. Olingan 30 yanvar 2020.

[272] 三部门：用于疫情防控的进口物资可享税收优惠. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 3 fevral 2020.

[习李指示2-273] 对新型冠状病毒的肺炎疫情作出重要指示. 央视网. Olingan 20 yanvar 2020.

[李克强部署-274] 李克強召開國務院會議要求有效遏制新型肺炎疫情. RTHK. Olingan 20 yanvar 2020.

[275] 国家医保局：对确诊为新型肺炎患者采取特殊报销政策.澎湃新聞.国家医保局微信公号. Olingan 21 yanvar 2020.

[276] 孙春兰在武汉考察新型冠状感染的肺炎疫情防控工作工作时强调压实责任责任严格落实坚决遏制疫情扩散蔓延. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 22 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 27 yanvarda. Olingan 27 yanvar 2020.

[277] 李克强主持召开中央应对新型冠状感染肺炎肺炎疫情工作领导小组会议. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 26 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 26 yanvarda. Olingan 26 yanvar 2020.

[278] 习近平总书记委托，总理来到武汉考察指导疫情防控工作. Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 27 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 28 yanvarda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.

[279] 李克强来到武汉. 中国政府网 (xitoy tilida). 27 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 27 yanvarda. Olingan 27 yanvar 2020.

[280] 武漢肺炎】國務院李克強到達武漢考察指導疫情防控工作. HK01 (xitoy tilida). 27 yanvar 2020 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 27 yanvarda. Olingan 27 yanvar 2020.

[washingtonpost.com-281] "Koronavirus avj olganida, Xitoy rahbarlari Chernobil ani oldini olish uchun kurashmoqda". Washington Post. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 4 fevralda. Olingan 5 fevral 2020.

[282] Sahifa, Jeremi (2020 yil 27-yanvar). "Xitoylik Xi o'zining 2-raqamiga koronavirusga qarshi kurashda porlash uchun kamdan-kam imkoniyat beradi, ikkalasiga ham xavf tug'diradi". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 30 yanvarda. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.

[theguardianxi-283] Kuo, Lily (2020 yil 4-fevral). "Kredit olish, aybdan qochish kerakmi? Si Tszinpinning koronavirus frontida yo'qligi". Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 4 fevralda. Olingan 5 fevral 2020.

[284] Shteger, Izabella. "Si Tszinpin Xitoyda koronavirus virusi bilan birinchi marta uchrashish uchun paydo bo'ldi". Kvarts. Olingan 11 fevral 2020.

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[286] "'Muhtoj do'st - bu haqiqatan ham do'stdir, - dedi Xi Xen Senga tashrif buyurganida. Nikkei Asian Review. Olingan 11 fevral 2020.

[287] Yew Lun Tian, Se Young Li (10 mart 2020). "Si Tsxan Uxanga tashrif buyurdi, bu Xitoyning koronavirusga qarshi kurashida to'lqin o'zgarganligini ko'rsatmoqda". Reuters. Olingan 10 mart 2020.

[288] 赵承 (2020 yil 11 mart).顾天成 (tahrir). 习近平总书记武汉之行传递战 "疫" 新信号 (xitoy tilida). Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. Olingan 11 mart 2020.

[289] 沙雪良 (2020 yil 29-yanvar). 副厅到村官六省市多名干部防疫失职被问责. 新京报. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.

[290] 唐主任被问责，为谁敲响警钟？. 参考消息. 31 yanvar 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020 - 新浪军事 orqali.

[上观337人-291] 黄冈问责党员干部 337 ，， 3 名县级免职，黄冈市长感到 "感到内疚和自责". 上观新闻. 2 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.

[292] 每 bugun 防控黄冈 | 防控问责疫情不力党员干部干部 337 人. 中央纪委国家监委网站. 2 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020 - 新浪 orqali.

[293] 省纪委监委通报一起防控排查工作不力问题. 河北省纪委监委网站. 1 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.

[duo2-294] 【武汉疫情】多地遭处理武汉市长陷名表疑云 [图] 【武汉】多多地官员遭处理市长陷名表疑云 [图].

[295] 袁杰 (2020 yil 2-fevral). 江苏响水多人因疫情防控被问责问责，含当地疾控中心主任. 澎湃新闻. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.

[296] 红十字会专职副会长失责被免职 (xitoy tilida). Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. 4 fevral 2020 yil.

[297] 发放口罩，武汉三名职能部门领导被问责. 湖北日报. 4 fevral 2020 yil. Olingan 4 fevral 2020.

[298] "AQSh amerikaliklarni kruiz kemasidan evakuatsiya qilishini aytmoqda". The New York Times. 6 mart 2020 yil.

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[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[men]

[ii]

[iii]

[iv]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]