Buyuk Britaniyada COVID-19 pandemiyasi - COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
 | Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)
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| Buyuk Britaniyada COVID-19 pandemiyasi | |
|---|---|
(tepadan soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha)
| |
| Kasallik | COVID-19 |
| Virus shtammi | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Manzil | Birlashgan Qirollik |
| Birinchi epidemiya | Vuxan, Xitoy |
| Indeks ishi | York, Shimoliy Yorkshir |
| Kelish sanasi | 31 yanvar 2020 yil (10 oy va 4 kun oldin)[1] |
| Tasdiqlangan holatlar |  1,557,007[2] |
| Kasalxonaga yotqizilgan holatlar | |
| Shamollatish moslamalari |  1,489 (faol)[2] |
O'limlar | |
| O'lim darajasi | 3.74% |
| Hukumat veb-sayti | |
| Buyuk Britaniya hukumati[nb 2] Shotlandiya hukumati Uels hukumati Shimoliy Irlandiya Sog'liqni saqlash vazirligi | |
The Buyuk Britaniyada COVID-19 pandemiyasi qismi butun dunyo bo'ylab pandemiya ning koronavirus kasalligi 2019 (COVID-19) sabab bo'lgan og'ir o'tkir nafas olish sindromi koronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Virus mamlakatga 2020 yil yanvar oyining oxirida etib keldi. 2020 yil 2-noyabr holatiga ko'ra[yangilash] 1 256 725 ta holat tasdiqlangan[nb 3] va 50,365 o'lim, bu dunyoda har yuz ming aholiga nisbatan o'lim ko'rsatkichlari bo'yicha sakkizinchi o'rinda turadi[4][5] va eng yuqori raqam Evropa.[6] 69.803 o'lim bor edi o'lim to'g'risidagi guvohnoma 20 noyabrgacha COVID-19 (eslang) Statistika ).[7][8] O'layotganlarning 90% dan ortig'i asosiy kasalliklarga chalingan yoki 60 yoshdan oshgan. The infektsiya darajasi dan yuqori parvarish uylari jamoatchilikka qaraganda. Epidemiya zo'ravonligida katta mintaqaviy farqlar mavjud. Buyuk Britaniyada sog'liqni saqlash a topshirildi materiya, bilan Angliya, Shimoliy Irlandiya, Shotlandiya va Uels har biri o'zlarining davlat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan sog'liqni saqlash tizimlariga ega bo'lib, ular orqali ajratilgan blok grantlari hisobidan moliyalashtiriladi Barnet formulasi kichik hukumat va ixtiyoriy ta'minot bilan birgalikda alohida hukumatlar va parlamentlar oldida hisobdor.[9][10][11]
The Sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy yordam bo'limi (DHSC) Angliya uchun a sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha axborot kampaniyasi virus tarqalishini sekinlashtirishga yordam berdi va fevral oyining boshida har kuni yangilanib turishni boshladi. Fevral oyida Sog'liqni saqlash kotibi, Mett Xenkok, tanishtirdi Sog'liqni saqlashni muhofaza qilish (Koronavirus) qoidalari 2020 yil Angliya uchun va kasalxonalar transport vositasini o'rnatdi skrining. The Angliya bosh tibbiyot xodimi, Kris Uitti, Angliya bilan bog'liq to'rt qirrali strategiyani belgilab berdi, epidemiyani bartaraf etish: o'z ichiga olish, kechiktirish, tadqiq qilish va yumshatish.
Mart oyida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati a uyda bo'lish tartibi, "Uyda turing, NHSni muhofaza qiling, hayotni saqlang" deb nomlangan, barcha zarur bo'lmagan sayohatlarni va o'z uyidan tashqaridagi odamlar bilan aloqani taqiqlovchi (shu jumladan oila va sheriklar ) va deyarli barcha maktablarni, biznesni, binolarni, qulayliklarni va ibodat joylarini yopish. Semptomlari bo'lganlarga va ularning uy xo'jaliklariga aytilgan o'zini izolyatsiya qilish, ba'zi kasalliklarga chalinganlarga aytilgan qalqon o'zlari.[12] Odamlarga aytilgan ajratib turing omma oldida. Politsiya choralarni amalga oshirish huquqiga ega edi va Koronavirus to'g'risidagi qonun-2020 hukumatga berdi favqulodda kuchlar[13] dan beri ishlatilmaydi Ikkinchi jahon urushi.[14][15] Uzoq muddatli cheklovlar zararga jiddiy zarar etkazishi mumkin edi Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiyoti,[16] yomonlashadi ruhiy salomatlik va o'z joniga qasd qilish ko'rsatkichlari,[17] izolyatsiya, kechikish va turmush darajasining pasayishi tufayli qo'shimcha o'limlarga olib keladi.
Barcha to'rtta milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlari shifoxonalar salohiyatini oshirish uchun ish olib bordilar vaqtinchalik og'ir tibbiy yordam shifoxonalari shu jumladan NHS Nightingale kasalxonalari. Aprel oyining o'rtalariga kelib ijtimoiy distantatsiya to'g'risida xabar berildi "egri chiziqni tekisladi "epidemiya.[18] Aprel oyining oxirida Bosh vazir Boris Jonson Buyuk Britaniya o'zining yuqish cho'qqisidan o'tganini aytdi.[19] Kundalik holatlar va o'limlar may va iyun oylarida asta-sekin kamaydi va iyul va avgust oylarida nisbatan past darajada davom etdi. Umumiy soni ortiqcha o'lim Buyuk Britaniyada epidemiya boshlanganidan iyun o'rtalariga qadar 65 mingdan sal ko'proq edi.[20]
Avgust oyining oxiridan boshlab holatlar sezilarli darajada oshdi (15 avgust - 15 sentyabrdan 3,2 foizgacha). Hukumat a bilan javob berdi Angliyada "darajali" mintaqaviy blokirovka va hukumatga o'xshash cheklovlar joriy etildi. Ushbu cheklovlar oktyabr oyi oxirida ko'proq rivojlandi COVID-19 ta'sirlangan Evropadagi mamlakatlar sog'liqni saqlash tizimining haqiqiy yoki potentsial bosimiga olib keladigan ularning yuqori holatlariga, mintaqaviy bloklanishlar yoki "elektron to'xtatuvchilardan" farqli o'laroq milliy deb e'lon qilish bilan munosabatda bo'lishdi.
Fon
2020 yil 12-yanvar kuni Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti (JSST) buni tasdiqladi a Yangi koronavirus odamlarning klasterida nafas olish kasalligining sababi bo'lgan Vuxan Shahar, Xubey, Xitoy, bu haqda JSSTga 2019 yil 31 dekabrda xabar berilgan.[21][22] The o'lim darajasi COVID-19 ga qaraganda ancha past bo'lgan 2003 yilgi SARS,[23][24] lekin yuqish o'lganlarning umumiy soni bilan sezilarli darajada katta bo'ldi.[25][23]
Genetik sekvensiya Buyuk Britaniyadagi COVID-19 holatlarining ko'pini Xitoydan emas, balki Italiya, Frantsiya va Ispaniyadan keltirilgan holatlarda kuzatdi.[26]
Matematik modellashtirish
Dan hisobotlar Tibbiy tadqiqotlar kengashi Global yuqumli kasalliklarni tahlil qilish markazi Imperial kolleji, London holatlarning matematik hisoblangan hisob-kitoblarini va o'lim ko'rsatkichlarini taqdim etmoqda.[27][28] Fevral oyida Imperial jamoasi, epidemiolog boshchiligida Nil Fergyuson, Xitoydan kelgan sayohatchilarning taxminan uchdan ikki qismi aniqlanmagan va ularning ba'zilari "ular kirgan mamlakatlar ichida yuqish zanjiri" boshlangan bo'lishi mumkin.[29][30][31] Ular yangi koronavirus eng yomon vaziyatda Buyuk Britaniya aholisining 60 foizigacha yuqishi mumkinligini taxmin qilishdi.[32]
16 mart kuni chop etilgan maqolada Imperator jamoasi Buyuk Britaniyada va AQShda epidemiyaning yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan ta'sirlari to'g'risida batafsil prognozlarni taqdim etdi.[33][34] Bu "farmatsevtik bo'lmagan aralashuvlar" qatorining mumkin bo'lgan natijalarini batafsil bayon qildi. Belgilangan ikkita potentsial umumiy strategiya quyidagilardan iborat edi: maqsadi epidemiyaning sog'liqqa ta'sirini kamaytirish, ammo yuqtirishni to'liq to'xtatmaslik; va bostirish, bu erda maqsad raqamlar tushadigan darajaga etkazish tezligini kamaytirishdir. Shu paytgacha hukumatning harakatlari yumshatish strategiyasiga asoslangan edi, ammo modellashtirish bu o'limni taxminan 2/3 ga kamaytirishi bilan birga, bu kasallikdan taxminan 250,000 o'limiga olib keladi va sog'liqni saqlash tizimlari zabt etilishini taxmin qilmoqda.[33] 16 mart kuni Bosh vazir hukumat maslahatiga o'zgartirishlar kiritilishini e'lon qildi, butun uy xo'jaliklarida o'zini o'zi ajratishni kengaytirdi, ayniqsa ijtimoiy himoyaga muhtoj qatlamlar uchun uzoqlashishga maslahat berdi va kelajakda qo'shimcha choralar ko'rish zarurligini ko'rsatdi.[35][34] Imperial tomonidan 30 mart kuni chop etilgan maqolada, blokirovka natijasida o'lganlar soni 510 mingdan 20 minggacha kamaydi.[36]
Aprel oyida biostatist professor Sheila qush virusdan o'lim haqida xabar berishning kechikishi, ko'tarilayotgan epidemiya tendentsiyasini past baholash xavfi mavjudligini aytdi.[37]
Xronologiya
2019–20 qish: Kelish va joylashish
2019 yil oxiri va 2020 yil boshlari: gumon qilingan holatlar
2020 yil may oyida BBC xorning bir nechta a'zolari kirib kelgani haqida xabar berishdi Yorkshir xor a'zolaridan birining sherigi ish safari bilan qaytib kelganidan ko'p o'tmay, KOVID-19 ga o'xshash alomatlarga duch kelgan Vuxan, Xitoy, 17 yoki 18 dekabrda.[41]
Avvalroq, 2020 yil mart oyida, 50 yoshli erkakning Sharqiy Sasseks qaytib kelganidan keyin 20 yanvar kuni KOVID-19 belgilari bilan kasal bo'lib qoldi Ischgl yilda Avstriya, fevral oyida dastlabki holatlar haqida xabar berolmagani uchun tergov qilinmoqda. Shuningdek, uning oilasining yana uchta a'zosi xuddi shunday alomatlarga duch kelishgan.[42][43]
2020 yil iyun oyida Bi-bi-si Buyuk Britaniyada koronavirus kamida 1356 kelib chiqishi, asosan kelib chiqishi aniqlanganligini xabar qildi Italiya (fevralning oxiri), Ispaniya (mart oyining boshidan o'rtalariga qadar) va Frantsiya (mart oyining o'rtalaridan oxirigacha).[44]
2020 yil avgust oyida Kent sud tekshiruvchisi xabarlarga ko'ra, Piter Attvudning (84 yoshda) 30 yanvarda vafoti COVID-19 ('COVID-19 infektsiyasi va bronxopnevmoniya') bilan bog'liq bo'lganligi haqida 3 sentyabr kuni elektron pochta xabarida, o'pka to'qimasida COVID-19 aniqlangandan so'ng. ), uni kasallikning birinchi tasdiqlangan qurboniga aylantirdi. U birinchi bo'lib 2019 yil 15-dekabrda alomatlarini ko'rsatdi.[45] Attvud chet elga sayohat qilmagan edi.[46]
Yanvar 2020: Birinchi tasdiqlangan holatlar
22 yanvar kuni tasdiqlanganidan keyin Qo'shma Shtatlarda COVID-19 kasalligi oldingi kun, Xitoyning Uxan shahridan Vashingtonga qaytib kelayotgan odamda, o'sha paytda tasdiqlangan 440 holat bo'lgan, DHSC va Sog'liqni saqlash Angliya (PHE) xavf darajasini "juda past" dan "past" ga ko'targan. Natijada, Xitrou aeroporti qo'shimcha klinik ko'mak oldi va har hafta Vuxan shahridan uchta to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reysni qattiq nazorat ostiga oldi; ularning har birini Port Sog'liqni saqlash jamoasi tomonidan Mandarin va Kanton tillari ko'magi bilan kutib olish kerak edi. Bundan tashqari, Buyuk Britaniyadagi barcha aeroportlar yomon sayohatchilar uchun yozma ko'rsatma berishlari kerak edi.[47][48] Shu bilan bir qatorda, o'tgan 14 kun ichida Uxan shahridan Buyuk Britaniyaga uchib kelgan 2000 kishining izini topish ishlari amalga oshirildi.[49][50]
31 yanvarda Yorkda Buyuk Britaniyaning birinchi kasalliklari tasdiqlandi.[51][52] Xuddi shu kuni Buyuk Britaniya fuqarolari edi evakuatsiya qilingan Vuxandan karantingacha Arrowe Park kasalxonasi.[53] Biroq, talablarga javob berishda chalkashliklar tufayli ba'zi odamlar parvozni o'tkazib yuborishdi.[53]
Fevral 2020: erta tarqaldi
6 fevral kuni uchinchi tasdiqlangan holat haqida xabar berildi Brayton - 28 yanvarda Singapur va Frantsiyadan Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytib kelgan odam.[54][55][56] Uning natijasi tasdiqlangandan so'ng, Buyuk Britaniyaning CMOlari avvalgi 14 kun ichida grippga o'xshash alomatlar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan sayohat tarixi, masalan, isitma, yo'tal va nafas olish qiyinlishuvi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan mamlakatlar sonini kengaytirdi. NHS 111. Ushbu mamlakatlar tarkibiga Xitoy, Gonkong, Yaponiya, Makao, Malayziya, Koreya Respublikasi, Singapur, Tayvan va Tailand kirdi.[57]
23 fevralda DHSC tomonidan to'rtta yangi holat tasdiqlandi Olmos malikasi kruiz kemasi.[58]
A Nike 26-27 fevral kunlari bo'lib o'tgan konferentsiya Edinburg kamida 25 ta holatga olib keldi, shu jumladan Shotlandiyaning 8 fuqarosi. Sog'liqni saqlashni himoya qilish Shotlandiya o'sha paytda voqealarni boshqarish guruhini tuzgan va delegatlar bilan aloqalarni kuzatgan.[59] Glasgow Universitetining hisoboti genomik epidemiologiya va konferentsiya bu virusning yanada tarqalishiga olib kelmagan degan xulosaga keldi.[60][61]
27 fevralda Shimoliy Irlandiyada birinchi holatlar tasdiqlandi.[62][63]
28 fevralda Uelsda birinchi holat tasdiqlandi va Diamond Princess-da bo'lgan yo'lovchi virusdan o'lgan birinchi britaniyalik bo'ldi.[64]
2020 yil bahor: Birinchi to'lqin
Mart 2020: Yopish va cheklashlar
Mart oyining boshidan o'rtalariga qadar: yopilish va bekor qilish
1 mart kuni yana 13 ta holat, shu jumladan yangi holatlar qayd etildi Buyuk Manchester; jami 36 ga etdi, ulardan uchtasi ishning kontaktlari deb ishonilgan Surrey chet elga sayohat qilish tarixi bo'lmagan.[65][66] Shotlandiyada virusning birinchi kasalligi qayd etildi.[67]
3 mart kuni Buyuk Britaniya hukumati ularni namoyish qildi Koronavirusga qarshi harakatlar rejasi, unda Buyuk Britaniya nima qilganligi va kelgusida nima qilishni rejalashtirganligi ko'rsatilgan.[3] Pol Kosford, Angliya jamoat salomatligi tibbiyot direktori, Buyuk Britaniyada COVID-19 ning keng tarqalishi "katta ehtimol" bilan bog'liqligini aytdi.[68]
5 mart kuni COVID-19 (Buyuk Britaniyada), 70 yoshdan oshgan ayolning birinchi o'limi O'qish,[69] ikkinchisi, 80 yoshdan oshgan erkak Milton Keyns, shu kuni kechroq vafot etganligi xabar qilingan.[70][71]
12 mart kuni Buyuk Britaniyada ushbu holatlarning umumiy soni 590 tani tashkil etgani xabar qilindi.[3] Xuddi shu kuni Buyuk Britaniyaning CMOlari Buyuk Britaniya uchun xavfni o'rtacha darajadan yuqori darajaga ko'tarishdi.[72] Hukumat yangi uzluksiz yo'tal yoki isitmasi bo'lgan har bir kishi etti kun davomida o'zini ajratib turishi kerakligini maslahat berdi. Maktablardan chet elga safarlarini bekor qilish so'ralgan, 70 yoshdan oshganlar va tibbiy holatlari oldindan mavjud bo'lganlarga kruizlardan qochish tavsiya qilingan.[73][74]
13 mart kuni 2020 yil Buyuk Britaniyadagi mahalliy saylovlar bir yilga qoldirildi.[75]
16 mart kuni Bosh vazir Boris Jonson Buyuk Britaniyadagi har kimga "muhim bo'lmagan" sayohatlardan va boshqalar bilan aloqada bo'lmaslikni maslahat berdi, shuningdek odamlarga pablar, klublar va teatrlardan qochish, iloji bo'lsa, uyda ishlashni tavsiya qildi. Homilador ayollar, 70 yoshdan oshganlar va sog'lig'i muayyan ahvolga ega bo'lganlar, ushbu maslahatni "ayniqsa muhim" deb o'ylashga chaqirilgan va bir necha kun ichida o'zlarini ajratib turishlari talab qilinadi.[35] Xuddi shu kuni ikkinchi deputat, Keyt Osborne, o'zini izolyatsiya qilish davridan keyin ijobiy natija berdi.[76][77][78][79]
17 mart kuni NHS Angliya Angliyada barcha shoshilinch bo'lmagan operatsiyalar 30 aprel yotoqlarini bo'shatish uchun 15 apreldan keyinga qoldirilishini e'lon qildi.[80] Umumiy amaliyot uzoqdan ishlashga tez o'tdi. 2020 yil mart oyida telefon orqali yozilishlar nisbati 600% dan oshdi.[81] Shuningdek, hukumat qo'pol shpallarga turar joyni joylashtirishga yordam berish uchun 3,2 million funt sterlingni tashkil etdi.[82][83] Umuman olganda, murakkab jismoniy va ruhiy salomatlik ehtiyojlari bilan, uysiz odamlar virusni yuqtirish xavfi katta.[82]
18 mart kuni Uelsning Ta'lim vaziri Kirsty Uilyams juma kunidan boshlab maktablar yopilishini e'lon qildi, shundan keyin Nikola Sturgeonning xuddi shunday e'lonlari e'lon qilindi.[84] Kechqurun Arlen Foster va Mishel O'Nil tomonidan o'tkazilgan qo'shma matbuot konferentsiyasiga ergashdi va kunning ikkinchi yarmida Boris Jonson Angliyadagi maktablar ham 20 martdan boshlab barcha o'quvchilarga yaqinlashishini e'lon qildi. Shuningdek, u buni e'lon qildi jamoat imtihonlari natijada sodir bo'lmaydi.[85][86]
19 mart kuni Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Buyuk Britaniyaning HCID guruhi tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgandan so'ng COVID-19 maqomini "yuqumli kasallik" (HCID) darajasidan tushirdi. Xavfli patogenlar bo'yicha maslahat qo'mitasi.[87][88]
20 mart kuni hukumat, masalan, jamoat joylari yopilishini e'lon qildi pablar, restoranlar, sport zallari, dam olish markazlari, tungi klublar, teatrlar va kinoteatrlar.[89] Kantsler, Rishi Sunak shuningdek, cheklovlar tugamaguncha hukumat saqlanib qolgan ishchilarning ish haqining 80 foizini qoplashini e'lon qildi.[90]
Mart oxiri: cheklovlar boshlanadi
23 mart kuni, ilgari jamoatchilikka pablar va restoranlardan qochishni maslahat bergan, Boris Jonson a televizion eshittirish virusni yumshatish choralari NHSni himoya qilish uchun kuchaytirilishi kerak edi, bu harakat erkinligini keng qamrovli cheklashlar bilan, qonunda belgilangan.[13] ostida uyda bo'lish tartibi kamida uch hafta davom etadi.[91] "Uyda bo'ling, NHSni muhofaza qiling, hayotni saqlang" shiori kiritilgan, ko'pincha katta harflar bilan, sariq fonda, qizil chegara bilan.
Hukumat ushbu davr mobaynida odamlarni uyda bo'lishga yo'naltirdi, faqat muhim xaridlar, ish uchun zarur bo'lgan sayohat (agar masofadan turib ishlash imkoni bo'lmasa), tibbiy ehtiyojlar, kuniga bitta mashq (yakka o'zi yoki uy a'zolari bilan) va boshqalarga g'amxo'rlik qilish.[92] Ko'pgina boshqa muhim bo'lmagan tadbirlar, shu jumladan dafn marosimlaridan tashqari barcha ommaviy yig'ilishlar va ijtimoiy tadbirlar taqiqlandi, ko'plab toifadagi chakana savdo korxonalarini yopish to'g'risida buyruq berildi.[13][93]
E'longa qaramay, Sog'liqni saqlashni muhofaza qilish (Koronavirus, cheklovlar) (Angliya) qoidalari 2020 yil, bu keng qamrovli cheklovlarni qonuniy kuchga kirishiga olib keldi, uch kundan keyin 26 martda kuchga kirdi.[94]
Operatsion nusxasi va Broadshare operatsiyasi ning joylashishini ko'rdim COVIDni qo'llab-quvvatlash kuchlari, Buyuk Britaniya va chet eldagi epidemiyaga qarshi kurashda davlat xizmatlari va fuqarolik hokimiyatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun harbiy ishchi guruh.[95]
26 mart kuni Buyuk Britaniyada koronavirusdan o'lganlar soni birinchi marta bir kunda 100 dan oshdi va 578 ga ko'tarildi, shu bilan birga jami 11568 kishi virusga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[96] 8:00 da O'sha kuni soat 23.00 da, Buyuk Britaniyaning turli joylaridan odamlar sog'liqni saqlash xodimlarini minnatdorchilik bilan qarsaklar bilan qatnashishdi, keyinroq o'zlarini shunday deb atashdi Bizning xizmatchilarimiz uchun qarsak.[97][98] Ushbu imo-ishora keyingi to'qqiz payshanba kuni, 28 maygacha takrorlandi.[99]
27 mart kuni Boris Jonson va Mett Xenkok virusni aniqlaganligini e'lon qilishdi.[100][101] Xuddi shu kuni, Mehnat partiyasi Deputat Angela Rayner, Ta'lim bo'yicha soya davlat kotibi, alomatlar bilan og'riganligini va o'zini o'zi izolyatsiya qilganligini tasdiqladi.[102]
Tibbiyot bo'yicha bosh maslahatchisi Kris Uitti ham Buyuk Britaniya hukumatiga maslahat berishda davom etib, alomatlardan aziyat chekayotgani va o'zini o'zi ajratib turishi haqida xabar berdi.[103] O'sha kuni, shuningdek, o'lim sonining eng katta o'sishi kuzatildi, bu ko'rsatkich o'tgan kundan 181 taga ko'payib, 759 kishini tashkil etdi, 14.579 holat tasdiqlandi.[104]
29 mart kuni hukumat 30 million xonadonga "yaxshilanishidan oldin yomonlashishini" ogohlantiruvchi xat yuborishi va agar kerak bo'lsa qattiqroq cheklovlar joriy etilishi mumkinligi haqida xabar berildi. Xatga, shuningdek, sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar bilan bir qatorda hukumatni blokirovka qilish qoidalarini belgilaydigan varaqa ilova qilinadi.[105] Doktor Jenni Xarris, Angliya bosh vrach muovinining ta'kidlashicha, hayot "normal" holatga qaytishidan olti oy oldin bo'lishi mumkin, chunki ijtimoiy uzoqlashish choralari "bosqichma-bosqich" kamaytirilishi kerak.[106] Birinchi NHS hamshirasi COVID-19 kasalligidan vafot etdi.[107]
30 mart kuni Bosh vazirning katta maslahatchisi Dominik Kammings koronavirus simptomlarini boshdan kechirgandan so'ng o'zini o'zi ajratib turishi haqida xabar berilgan. U Dauning-stritda 27 martda bo'lgan va 28 va 29 mart kunlari alomatlari rivojlangani aytilgan.[108]
Shuningdek, jamoa ichidagi yuqish kamayib bormoqda va kasalxonaga yotqizilgan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, holatlar sekinroq o'sib bormoqda.[109] The Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi koronavirus epidemiyasi tufayli chet elda qolib ketgan o'n minglab Britaniya fuqarolarini vataniga qaytarishdi.[110]
Aprel 2020: qulflash davom etmoqda
1 aprelda hukumat epidemiya boshlanganidan beri jami 2000 nafar NHS xodimlari koronavirusga tekshirilganligini tasdiqladi, ammo Vazirlar Mahkamasi Vazir Maykl Gove dedi kimyoviy moddalarning etishmasligi reaktivlar uchun kerak COVID-19 sinovi NHSning 1,2 million ishchi kuchini ekranga chiqarishning iloji yo'qligini anglatardi.[111] Govening bayonoti Kimyo sanoati assotsiatsiyasi, tegishli kimyoviy moddalar etishmasligi va biznes vaziri bilan uchrashuvda hukumat bir hafta oldin bo'lgan uchrashuvda hukumat potentsial ta'minot muammolari to'g'risida bilishga urinmaganligini aytdi.[112]
2 aprel kuni sog'liqni saqlash vaziri Mett Xenkok, etti kunlik muddatidan keyin izolyatsiya, aprel oyining oxiriga qadar kuniga 100000 ta sinov o'tkazishni maqsad qilib, odamlarni virusga qarshi sinovdan o'tkazish uchun "beshta ustun" rejasini e'lon qildi.[113] Rejada ambitsiyalar haqida so'z yuritilgan:
- Tibbiy ehtiyojga ega bo'lganlar va eng muhim ishchilar uchun PHE laboratoriyalari va NHS shifoxonalarida tampon sinovlarini Angliyada aprel oyining o'rtalaridan oxirigacha kuniga 25000 ga qadar oshirish, PHE bilan hamkorligidan foydalangan holda Devidlangan ma'muriyatdagi NHSning sinov strategiyalari. Roche markaziy Buyuk Britaniyani ajratish mexanizmi orqali;
- Buyuk Britaniyaning NHS-dagi muhim muhim ishchilari uchun tijorat tamponlarini ko'paytirish sinovlarini o'tkazish, bundan oldin boshqa sohalardagi asosiy ishchilarga kengayish;
- Buyuk Britaniyadagi odamlarda to'g'ri antikorlar mavjudligini va shuning uchun koronavirusga qarshi yuqori darajadagi immunitetga ega ekanligini bilishga yordam beradigan qon testini ishlab chiqish;
- kasallik tarqalishi haqida ko'proq bilish va yangi testlar va davolash usullarini ishlab chiqishda yordam berish uchun Buyuk Britaniyada kuzatuv testlarini o'tkazish; va
- butunlay yangi miqyosda Buyuk Britaniya uchun ommaviy sinov imkoniyatlarini yaratish.[114]
4 kuni Aprel oyida Boris Jonson kasalxonaga bir haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida hech qanday yaxshilanishsiz alomatlar bilan og'riganidan keyin "ehtiyot chorasi" sifatida yotqizilgan.[115] Ketrin Kaldervud, Shotlandiya uchun bosh tibbiyot xodimi, qulflash paytida ikkinchi uyiga tashrif buyurgani uchun politsiya unga murojaat qilgani ma'lum bo'lgandan keyin o'z lavozimidan ketdi.[116] 6 aprelda Jonson ko'chib o'tdi intensiv terapiya bo'limi da Sent-Tomas kasalxonasi Londonda uning alomatlari kuchayganligi sababli. Birinchi davlat kotibi Dominik Raab Jonsonning vazifalarini o'z zimmasiga oldi.[117]
7 aprel kuni Buyuk Britaniya Hukumat bosh ilmiy maslahatchisi, Janob Patrik Vallans, o'lim ko'rsatkichlari bashorat qilinganidek tezlashmayapti, ammo epidemiya avjiga chiqqanligini aytish uchun hali erta.[118][119] 9 aprelda kunlik qayd etilgan o'limlar soni 881 kishini tashkil etdi va ularning soni 7978 kishini tashkil etdi. Dominik Raabning ta'kidlashicha, Buyuk Britaniya cheklovlarning "ta'sirini ko'rishni boshlagan", ammo ularni bekor qilish "juda erta" va odamlarni Pasxa dam olish kunlari uyda qolmaslikka chaqirdi.[120]
10 aprelda Buyuk Britaniyada yana 980 o'lim qayd etildi, ularning soni 8958 kishini tashkil etdi. Jonathan Van-Tam, Angliya bosh tibbiyot muovinining so'zlariga ko'ra, Buyuk Britaniya hukumatining kundalik brifingida bu qulash "o'z samarasini bera boshladi", ammo Buyuk Britaniya hanuzgacha "xavfli vaziyatda" edi va Londondagi ishlar tushishni boshlaganlar, ular Yorkshir va Shimoliy-Sharqda ko'tarilishmoqda.[121] Jonson 12 aprel kuni kasalxonani tark etdi.[122]
14 aprel kuni Milliy statistika boshqarmasi koronavirus 3-dan tugagan hafta davomida har beshinchi o'lim bilan bog'liqligini ko'rsatdi Aprel. O'sha hafta davomida Buyuk Britaniyada 16000 dan ortiq o'lim qayd etildi, bu yilning shu vaqtidagi o'rtacha ko'rsatkichdan 6000 ga yuqori.[123] Buyuk Britaniyaning bir nechta xayriya tashkilotlari, shu jumladan Yoshi Buyuk Britaniya va Altsgeymer jamiyati, keksa odamlarni rasmiy ma'lumotlarga ko'ra "havodan tozalash" xavotirlarini bildirishdi, chunki ular kasalxonadagi o'limga e'tibor berishdi, shu bilan birga parvarish uylarida yoki odamning uyida bo'lganlarni hisobga olmadilar.[124]
Mett Xenkok yaqin oila a'zolari o'layotgan qarindoshlarini ular bilan xayrlashish uchun ko'rishlariga imkon beradigan yangi ko'rsatmalarni e'lon qildi. Xenkok, shuningdek, ta'minlash uchun yangi tarmoqni ishga tushirdi shaxsiy himoya vositalari uy xodimlariga g'amxo'rlik qilish.[125] O'sha kuni NHS Angliya va Xizmat sifati bo'yicha komissiya parvarish uylarida vafot etganlar soni ortib borayotgani haqida xabar berilganligi sababli, parvarishlash uylari xodimlari va aholisi uchun testlarni topshirishni boshladi, ammo o'lim haqidagi guvohnomalarga asoslangan rasmiy raqamlar muammoning to'liq hajmini aks ettirmadi.[126] Shuningdek, 15 aprel kuni Arlene Foster, Shimoliy Irlandiyaning birinchi vaziri, Shimoliy Irlandiyada qulflanish muddatini 9 ga uzaytirdi May.[127]
16 aprelda Dominik Raab blokirovka cheklovlari "kamida" yana uch hafta davom etishi va ularni juda erta yumshatish "barcha qurbonliklar va erishilgan barcha yutuqlarni behuda sarflash xavfi" borligini aytdi. U qulflanishni engillashtiradigan beshta shartni belgilab qo'ydi.[128] O'sha kuni qayd etilgan o'limlar soni 861 taga ko'payib, 13 729 taga etdi, virus bilan kasallanganlar soni esa 100 000 taga yetdi va 103 093 ga etdi.[129]
18 aprel kuni shifokorlar va hamshiralar vakili bo'lgan kasaba uyushmalari hukumat ko'rsatmalaridagi o'zgarishlardan tibbiyot xodimlariga xalatlar kam bo'lsa, xalatlarni qayta ishlatishni yoki boshqa to'plamlarni kiyishni maslahat berganidan xavotir bildirdi.[130] Robert Jenrik, Mahalliy boshqaruv bo'yicha davlat kotibi, epidemiya boshida ularga berilgan 1,6 milliard funt sterlingdan tashqari, mahalliy hokimiyatni 1,6 milliard funt sterling miqdorida qo'llab-quvvatlashini e'lon qildi.[131]
29 aprelda Buyuk Britaniyada koronavirus bilan vafot etganlar soni 26000 kishidan oshdi, chunki rasmiy ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, jamoatdagi o'lim, masalan, parvarishlash uylarida birinchi marta.[132] 30 aprelda Boris Jonson mamlakat "ushbu kasallik avjiga chiqqanini" aytdi.[19]
May 2020: Qulfni yumshatish boshlanadi
5 may kuni Buyuk Britaniyada qurbonlar soni Evropada eng yuqori va dunyoda ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi.[133]
7-may kuni Uels hukumati Uels hukumati tomonidan biroz bo'shashgan holda uzaytirildi.[134][135]
10-may kuni Bosh vazir Jonson uyida ishlay olmaydiganlardan, agar iloji bo'lsa, jamoat transportidan qochib, ishga borishni iltimos qildi; va "cheksiz miqdordagi" ochiq havoda mashqlarni bajarishga va Angliya ichidagi ochiq joylarga haydashga imkon berishga da'vat etdi. O'zining bayonotida u "Uyda bo'ling" shiorini "Ogoh bo'ling" deb o'zgartirdi.[136] Shotlandiya, Shimoliy Irlandiya va Uelsda boshqarib borilgan ma'muriyatlar yangi shiorni qabul qilmadilar, chunki uni o'zgartirish to'g'risida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati bilan kelishuv bo'lmagan va e'lon jamoatchilikka turli xil xabarlarni yuborgan.[137][138]
11-may kuni Jonson "Qayta qurish rejamiz: Buyuk Britaniya hukumatining COVID-19ni tiklash strategiyasi" deb nomlangan 60-betlik hujjatni nashr etdi, unda Buyuk Britaniyani COVID-19ni tiklash strategiyasi batafsil bayon etilgan. Hisobotda yangi COVID-19 ogohlantirish darajasi tizimi e'lon qilindi.[139] Shu bilan birga, Vazirlar Mahkamasi "barchamiz" iloji boricha "qabul qilishimiz kerak bo'lgan" o'n bitta printsipni o'z ichiga olgan "o'z uyingizdan tashqarida xavfsizlikni saqlash" bo'yicha ko'rsatma nashr etdi.[140]
May oyida yangi qo'shma bioxavfsizlik markazi tomonidan boshqariladigan COVID-19 ogohlantirish tizimi e'lon qilindi. Birinchi marta e'lon qilinganida, Jonson Buyuk Britaniyaning 4-bosqichda, 3-darajaga o'tishini aytdi.[141][139][142]
The Sog'liqni saqlash va xavfsizlik bo'yicha ijroiya 9 martdan 7 maygacha ular bilan 4813 marta bog'lanishganini ta'kidladi. Shotlandiya bilan bog'liq shikoyatlarning taxminan 8%. Xavfsizlik choralari ko'rilayotganda, ba'zi ish joylari to'xtatib qo'yilgan holda, ijroiya organlari ularning 60 foizini hal qilishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, yana 40 foizi qo'shimcha tekshirishga muhtoj edi. 17-may holatiga ko'ra ijroiya hokimiyati tomonidan COVID-19 ga nisbatan hech qanday ijro etuvchi bildirishnoma berilmagan.[143]
25 may kuni bosh vazirning maslahatchisi Dominik Kammings qulflash qoidalarini buzgani uchun tanqid qilindi.[144][145] Kammings ayblovlarni rad etib, uning noqonuniy harakatlarini rad etdi.[146] 28 may kuni Durham politsiyasi Kammings Londondan Darxemga borganida hech qanday qonunbuzarlik sodir etilmaganligini va Barnard qasrida mayda qonunbuzarlik sodir bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi, ammo ijtimoiy distant qoidalari aniq buzilmaganligi sababli, boshqa choralar ko'rilmaydi olinishi kerak.[147]
28 may oqshomi finalni ko'rdi Bizning xizmatchilarimiz uchun qarsak tadbir.[99] Shotlandiyaning birinchi vaziri Nikola Sturgeon keyingi kundan boshlab Shotlandiyadagi blokirovkaning yumshatilishini e'lon qildi, odamlar do'stlari va oila a'zolari bilan sakkiz kishidan ko'p bo'lmagan guruhlarda tashqarida uchrashishlari mumkin, ammo bir-biridan ikki metr uzoqlikda.[148]
2020 yil yoz: davom etadigan cheklovlar va mahalliy blokirovkalar
Iyun 2020
![[belgi]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png){kind=small} | Ushbu bo'lim kengayishga muhtoj. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (Iyun 2020) |
1 iyun kuni Boshlang'ich maktablar Angliyada ba'zi bir qabulxonalar (4-5 yosh), 1 yosh (5-6 yosh) va 6 yosh (10-11 yosh) o'quvchilari ijtimoiy distant choralari bilan qayta ochildi.
6 iyun kuni, Parlament maydoni Londonda minglab odamlar ishtirok etishgan Qora hayot masalasi norozilik irqchilikka qarshi va politsiya zo'ravonligi vafotidan keyin Buyuk Britaniyada Jorj Floyd aftidan AQSh politsiyasi sabab bo'lgan Minneapolis, Minnesota. 7 iyun kuni Sog'liqni saqlash vaziri Mett Xenkok ta'kidlashicha, u namoyishlarning argumentini qo'llab-quvvatlasa-da, "shubhasiz" KOVID-19 kasalligi sonining ko'payishi va virus tarqalishi xavfi mavjud.[149] Ushbu oy davomida Buyuk Britaniyada muhim bo'lmagan do'konlar qayta ochildi.[150][151][152][153]
8 iyun kuni hukumat Buyuk Britaniyaga kelgan har bir kishidan yangi karantin qoidalarini joriy qildi, koronavirusning tarqalishini sekinlashtirishga yordam berish uchun shaxslar kelganidan keyin 14 kun davomida o'zini izolyatsiya qilishni talab qildi.
15 iyun kuni Angliya barcha jamoat transportlarida yuz maskalarini majburiy qildi. Transport kotibi Grant Shapps hanuzgacha odamlarga jamoat transportidan foydalanmaslikni maslahat berar edi, lekin ba'zi odamlar uchun bu imkoniyat emasligini tan oldilar, ayniqsa jamoat transportidan foydalanish may oyi oxiri va iyun oyi boshlarida ko'payib bordi, bu esa koronavirusning jamoat transportida yuqishidan qo'rqishini keltirib chiqardi. .
Iyul 2020
2 iyulda hukumat ishlarning umumiy sonini 30302 ga kamaytirdi, chunki ba'zi odamlar oldingi ko'rsatkichlarda ikki marta sanab chiqilgan. 2 iyul holatida kasallik sonining haqiqiy o'sishi 576 yoki 0,18% ni tashkil etdi.[3]
Shuningdek, 2 iyul kuni hukumat 75 mamlakatni karantin ro'yxatidan chiqarib tashladi, chunki endi ular "past xavfli" deb nomlangan. Buyuk Britaniyaga kiradigan sayohatchilar endi o'zlarini ajratib olishlari shart emas.
17-iyul kuni Sog'liqni saqlash vaziri Mett Xenkok Angliyada koronavirus o'limi qanday qayd etilganligini tezkor ko'rib chiqishga chaqirdi. Angliya jamoat salomatligi o'lim ko'rsatkichlari orasida o'limidan bir necha oy oldin virusni aniqlagan odamlarni o'z ichiga olganligini aytdi.[155]
24 iyul kuni Angliyada, yangi qoidalar aksariyat yopiq do'konlarda va jamoat joylarida yuz pardozlarini kiyishni majbur qildi. Qoidalarni buzganlar 100 funtgacha jarimaga tortilishi mumkin. Niqob kiyish "amaliy bo'lmagan" bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ba'zi yopiq joylarda, masalan restoran va sport zallarida yuzni yopish ixtiyoriy bo'lib qoldi. 11 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar, jismoniy yoki ruhiy kasalligi bo'lgan yoki nogironligi bo'lgan shaxslar va bu qayg'uga duchor bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday kishiga imtiyozlar berildi.[156]
25 iyulda hukumat qo'shib qo'ydi Ispaniya hollarda karantin ro'yxatiga qaytganligi sababli holatlar ko'payib ketganligi sababli. Bu tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi Ispaniya Bosh vaziri, Pedro Sanches, epidemiya asosan faqatgina sodir bo'lganligi sababli Kataloniya.
27-iyul kuni Buyuk Britaniyada hayvonlarga SARS-CoV-2 yuqtirganligi haqidagi birinchi tasdiqlangan holat uy hayvonlari mushukida aniqlandi.[157] Buyuk Britaniyaning sog'liqni saqlash mutasaddilarining aytishicha, mushuk koronavirusni egalaridan yuqtirgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo uy hayvonlari yoki boshqa uy hayvonlari odamlarga kasallik yuqtirishi mumkinligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q.[157]
30-iyul kuni Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Buyuk Manchester shahridagi odamlar sharqda ekanligini e'lon qildi Lankashir va qismlari G'arbiy Yorkshir yangi cheklovlarga duch keldi, COVID-19 holatlarida tezlashgandan keyin alohida uy xo'jaliklarining bir-birlari bilan uyda uchrashishini taqiqladi. The new lockdown rules, which came into force at midnight, meant people from different households were not allowed to meet in homes or private gardens.[158]
On 31 July, the UK government announced they were delaying a further ease of lockdown restrictions in England until at least 15 August due to recent increases in cases. This ease of lockdown restrictions would have allowed "higher risk settings", including bowling alleys, skating rinks and casinos, to open on 1 August.[159]
By the end of the month, levels of travel and commerce had started to recover across the UK, but not yet returned to pre-pandemic levels.[160]
Avgust 2020
| Ushbu bo'lim kengayishga muhtoj. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (Avgust 2020) |
On 2 August, a major incident was declared in Greater Manchester after rises in coronavirus infection rates.[161][162]
On 12 August, the death count for England was reduced by more than 5,000[163] to 41,329. Previously, people in England who died at any point following a positive test, regardless of cause, were counted in the figures. However, the other UK nations had a cut-off period of 28 days.[164]
On 14 August, thousands of UK holidaymakers in Frantsiya were rushing to the borders to the UK, following the announcement of anyone returning from France after 4 am on 15 August to self-isolate for fourteen days, causing massive ques and traffic jams at the harbours and eurotunnel.[165]
On 28 August, shortly before the reopening of schools at full capacity in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Yangi olim examined the three-month history of the test and trace tizim. The magazine noted that the system had not met its targets and had been affected by an internet outage in Southampton in the second week of August, affecting contact tracing for several thousand people. It criticised both the lack of a backup for such a vital system and the lack of transparency.[166]
Autumn 2020: Resurgence
2020 yil sentyabr
On 6 September, concerns were raised over an increased number of cases in the preceding few days, a trend that continued into the following week.[167]
On 8 September, the government published new social distancing rules to come into effect in England from 14 September, wherein all gatherings of separate households would be restricted to groups of six or few people (the so-called "rule of six"), excluding work or educational settings.[168] Similar rules were also later announced (to begin on the same date) in Scotland and Wales, although – unlike in England – with exemptions for young children.[169]
On 9 September, these rules were further elaborated in a government press conference, alongside details of new legal requirements for data gathering on behalf of venues, social distancing "marshals" to enforce restrictions, and the outline of a "moonshot" plan to further control the virus with greatly expanded mass virus testing.[170] The £100bn "moonshot" plan was derided as lacking expert input by Professor Jon Deeks of the Birmingem universiteti va Kokran, speculating on the consequences of yolg'on ijobiy that might go along with testing such a large number of people.[171]
From 14 September onwards, the BBC reduced their daily coverage of the Uels hukumati 's announcements to two to three times a week 'due to cuts'. In Scotland, more than 25,000 signed a petition calling on the BBC to reverse its decision.[172]
On 18 September, the government tightened restrictions further in parts of the north-east of England. Pubs were told to close every day from 10pm to 5am, and households were not allowed to mix. Later, new restrictions were announced for parts of the North West of England, Midlands and West Yorkshire.[174] By now 13.5 million people, around 1 in every 5 UK residents, were living under some degree of extra local restrictions, including much of Northern England and Central Scotland, several council areas in the Midlands and South Wales, along with parts of Belfast and other areas in Northern Ireland.[174]
On 21 September, the UK's coronavirus alert level was upgraded from 3 to 4, indicated the disease's transmission is "high or rising exponentially".[175] This decision followed a warning from the UK government's Chief Scientific Advisor earlier that day, that the UK could be seeing 50,000 cases a day by October unless further action was taken to slow the virus's spread.[176] Fears of a "second lockdown" caused a drop in UK stocks,[177] although the following day the Prime Minister stated that potential additional restrictions would be "by no means a return to the full lockdown of March".[178]
On 22 September, tightening of coronavirus restrictions were announced by the UK government for England and the devolved administrations in the rest of the UK. Including 10pm closing times for pubs across the UK and a ban on households meeting in other households in Scotland.[179][180][181][182] In a televised address to the nation, Prime Minister Boris Johnson stated that additional rules to combat the case rise could last for a further 6 months.[178]
On 29 September, the UK reported the highest daily rise in new infections with a total of 7,143 new cases.[183]
October 2020: Circuit breakers
On 1 October, restrictions were tightened further in the North-East, now banning all indoor gatherings within households. The government also advised people in the regions not to meet outside, although they did not ban people from meeting outside.
2 oktyabr kuni Margaret Ferrier, MP uchun Rezerglen va Xemilton Uest received calls from other politicians, including the Shotlandiyaning birinchi vaziri, Nikola Sturgeon to resign from her seat. She had been suspended from the SNP for travelling from Scotland to London to attend a coronavirus debate in the Jamiyat palatasi while awaiting a coronavirus test result, and then travelling back to Scotland after testing positive for COVID-19. Police also began an investigation.[184][185][186][187]
On 3 October, Public Health England announced that a 'technical error' had caused under-reporting of new cases for recent dates, and that the missing positive results would be declared over the forthcoming days. The number of new cases declared on 3 October was approximately double the rate prevailing over the preceding few days.[188]
On 4 October, Public Health England made a further announcement that 15,841 cases had been left out of the daily case figures between 25 September and 2 October and that these would be added to the figures for 3 and 4 October. The error was caused by a limit on the number of columns in an Excel spreadsheet.[189][190][191] Xyu Pim, the BBC's health editor, said that daily figures for the end of the week were "actually nearer 11,000"; around 7,000 had been reported. Referring to the glitch, Labour used the term "shambolic".[192] A smoothed curve of estimates from the COVID simptomini o'rganish suggested that new cases might be estimated to be running just below 8,000 per day.[193] After the corrections, total infections in the UK surpassed 500,000 – the fourth country in Europe to pass that milestone.
On 12 October, a three-tier legal framework was introduced in England to help curb the spread of coronavirus in local and regional lockdowns, coming into effect on 14 October. "Liverpul" became the first region under a Tier 3, which ordered the closure of pubs. Households were also banned from mixing with each other in parts of the North-East of England and Manchester.[194][195] The Harrogate, "Manchester" va Sanderlend Nightingale Hospitals were also told to reopen as hospital admissions had risen above the peak in March.[196]
On 13 October, daily deaths increased by more than 100 for the first time since 27 July with 143 deaths recorded in the 24-hour period.
On 14 October, the Northern Irish government announced that from 16 October, Pubs, Restaurants and school closures as well as a ban on mixing in households would come into force, essentially putting Northern Ireland in lockdown. Pubs and Restaurants would be closed for 4 weeks whereas schools would only be shut for 2 weeks.[197]
On 15 October, the government announced that London would move to Tier 2 lockdown following a spike in cases,[198] banning people from mixing indoors privately, while Greater Manchester would move to Tier 3, two months after a Major Incident was declared. The Tier 3 restrictions on Greater Manchester were delayed as Johnson was in a dispute with the mayor, Endi Bernxem, who wanted additional financial support for the area.[199][200]
On 19 October, Labour MP Yasmin Qureshi ga qabul qilindi Bolton Royal kasalxonasi and was being treated for zotiljam, after testing positive for COVID-19. She had been feeling unwell for nearly two weeks, and was also self-isolating before being admitted to the hospital.[201][202] On the same day, Welsh first minister Mark Drakeford announced that Wales would go into a two week "time-limited firebreak" lockdown from the 23 October to 9 November. Leisure businesses, community centres, libraries, recycling centres and places of worship (apart from weddings and funerals) would shut whilst gatherings and the sale of non-essential goods would be banned. Schools and colleges would initially shut for the scheduled half term and only reopen in the second week for pupils in year 8 (12-13 years old) and below.[203][204]
30 oktyabr kuni Milliy statistika boshqarmasi weekly infection survey in England showed that secondary school children ages 11 to 16 had the fastest rate of increase in COVID-19 incidence of any measured age range, giving them the second highest average incidence of 2.0% of any age range, fifty times higher than when children returned to school after the summer holiday, and slightly behind the 16 to 24 years old age range at 2.3% incidence.[205][206][207]
Wales entered a 3-week firebreak period on 21 October, which was described by James Forsyth of the Tomoshabin as "the most dramatic divergence between the UK nations yet".[208]
On 31 October, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that England would enter a four-week national lockdown on 5 November, when pubs, restaurants, leisure centres and non-essential shops would close. Unlike in March, schools, colleges and universities would remain open. In addition, the furlough scheme was extended to the end of November.[209] This came as the UK became the ninth country to exceed 1 million cases of COVID-19 nationwide.[210]
November 2020: New Lockdowns
On 2 November, a five-level tier system came into force in Scotland to help curb the spread of COVID-19 in regional and local areas. Shotlandiyada, Edinburg, Glazgo and all towns in the central belt were placed on level 3.
A three-tier system was implemented in England.[211] whereby:
- Level 0 (Lowest) - A maximum of 8 people from three different households would be allowed to meet indoors.
- Level 1 - A maximum of 6 people from two different households would be allowed to meet indoors. Pubs and restaurants would remain open, but still face a curfew at 10:30pm. Funerals and weddings would face a 20 person limit.
- Level 2 - Households would be banned from mixing but a maximum of 6 people from different households can meet outside. Pubs and restaurants still face a curfew. Non-essential shops and hairdressers would remain open under these restrictions.
- Level 3 - Rule of 6 applies to people meeting outside. Non-essential travel out of level three strictions was banned. Non-essential shops, hairdressers, pubs and restaurants would remain open, but alcohol sales would be banned.
- Level 4 (Highest) - Rule of 6 still applies to people meeting outside. Travel limits and a 'Stay at Home' message would be enforced. All non-essential shops, hairdressers, pubs and restaurants would close. Schools would remain open.
No regions of Scotland were immediately placed under level 4 restrictions.
On 9 November, Wales ended its firebreak lockdown and returned to national measures. Two household bubbles could be formed now, 15 people could meet indoors while up to 30 people could now meet outdoors. Schools also reopened as well as non-essential businesses. While travel restirictions within Wales were lifted, people couldn't travel to and from England unless there was an essential reason and the Welsh government still advised working from home.[212]
Total deaths in the UK passed 50,000 on 11 November, the first European nation to do so.[213] It came as the governments of the various countries of the UK announced an evakuatsiya -style plan to get university students home for Christmas and to continue studying from home.[214] By this time, the total number of cases reported was 1,256,725 and the death toll was 50,365.
The following day, 12 November, a new daily high of 33,470 COVID-19 cases which had tested positive were reported for the United Kingdom as a whole, making a new record for the daily figures since mass testing commenced.[215]
On 13 November, Vaughan Gething, Health Minister, announced that initial positive test by Lighthouse Labs (Uk based) have been overturned by Public Health Wales and confirmed that all contact tracing in Wales is organised by the Welsh Government: and that they have contacted 9 out of 10 contacts received from people who have been infected."[216]
Also, the UK Government shortened quarantines for travellers arriving in England to seven days with a 'Test and Release' programme requiring those self-isolating to test negative before leaving quarantine. Xitrou aeroporti also introduced rapid testing before travellers would board their flights.[217]
On 23 November, trials showed that the Covid-19 vaksinasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Oksford /AstraZeneca was 70% effective, which could be as high as 90% by tweaking the dose. While hailed as a success, it was 25% less effective than the vaccines developed by Pfizer va Moderna.[218] On the same day, the UK government published some details of a proposed new three-tier legal framework which would apply in England from 2 December.[219]
On 25 November, a total of 696 new deaths due to COVID-19 were announced for the UK, the highest daily figure of coronavirus-related fatalities reported since 5 May 2020.[220]
29-noyabr kuni Nodim Zahaviy Parlament davlat kotibining o'rinbosari uchun Business, Energy and Industry sifatida tayinlandi COVID vaccine deployment minister.[221]
Winter 2020–21: Immunisation
2019 yil dekabr
2 dekabr kuni Pfizer emlash BNT162b2 tomonidan tasdiqlangan MHRA making the UK the first country in the world to approve a COVID–19 vaccination.[222] The first consignment of the Pfizer/BioNTech coronavirus vaccine arrived in the UK on the 3rd December.[223]
UK and devolved government responses
Sababli topshirish, the responses by each of the four nations have differed from one another; The Shotlandiya hukumati, Uels hukumati, va Shimoliy Irlandiya Ijroiya have produced different policies to those produced by Buyuk Britaniya hukumati (many of which apply only to England). The Milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmati bo'ladi publicly funded healthcare system in the UK; each nation has its own Milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmati and public health bodies, moliyalashtiriladi by devolved block grants via the Barnett formula and accountable to their devolved governments.
National health services response
Healthcare in the UK is a devolved matter, with Angliya, Shimoliy Irlandiya, Shotlandiya va Uels each having their own systems of publicly funded healthcare, funded by and accountable to separate governments and parliaments. As a result of each country having different policies, laws and priorities, a variety of differences now exist between these systems.[225][226]
Uskunalar
 | Ushbu bo'lim balki juda uzoq qulay o'qish va navigatsiya qilish. (Iyun 2020) |
Shaxsiy himoya vositalari
As early as February 2020 frontline healthcare workers began to raise their concern regarding the UK's preparedness to cope with a large-scale outbreak.[227] On 2 March a poll conducted by the Doctors' Association UK found that just 8 out of 1600 doctors though the NHS was well prepared to deal with Coronavirus.[228]
On 16 March, birlamchi tibbiy yordam jurnal Nabz reported doctors were receiving out-of-date PPE that had had its 2016 use-by date covered with a sticker saying "2021".[229] In response, the government offered reassurance that this was safe.[230] Earlier in the month, in response to a survey of Pulse's readership, two of five GPs reported they still did not have PPE to protect them from coronavirus.[229] Some of these concerns were raised with Johnson during Bosh vazirning savollari, to which the Prime Minister replied the UK had "stockpiles" of PPE.[231] Xuddi shu kuni Doctors' Association UK (DAUK) reported NHS staff felt they were being put at risk due to lack of PPE.[232]
On 22 March, in a letter with 3,963 signatures co-ordinated by the Doctors' Association UK yilda nashr etilgan The Times, NHS staff asked Johnson to "protect the lives of the life-savers" and resolve the what they saw as the "unacceptable" shortage of protective equipment.[233][234] On 23 March, in an effort to meet demand and due to concerns about the rising number of medics becoming ill after exposure to the virus, the NHS asked DIY stores to donate PPE for use by NHS staff.[235] Frontline healthcare workers raised concerns that they had been forced to source their own PPE from Screwfix.[236] Hancock said there were "challenges" with supplying PPE to NHS staff and said a million masks had been bought that weekend.[237] The following day, the government said there was enough PPE for everyone in the NHS who needed it; this was contradicted by the Qirollik hamshiralik kolleji,[238] The Britaniya tibbiyot birlashmasi (BMA), and the Doctors' Association UK which warned that without enough PPE, doctors would die.[239][240]
1 kuni April, the government said 390 million pieces of PPE had been distributed to the health service in the past fortnight. The Qirollik akusherlar kolleji (RCM),[241] BMA and DAUK said the supplies had yet to reach medical staff.[242][243] The RCM, in a joint statement with unions, including Birlashtir, Unison va GMB, said the lack of PPE was now 'a crisis within a crisis'.[241]
On 9 April it was reported that protective gowns were set to run out by that weekend in London.[244]
On 10 April the UK Government sent out a document to PPE suppliers informing them that suppliers of certain medical equipment, including protective masks, gloves and aprons, must be registered with the Care Quality Commission, which regulates all health and social care services in England only. There was not a similar agreement in place between suppliers and Care Inspectorate Wales or the Xizmat inspektsiyasi Shotlandiya.[245][246] The Welsh Government advised care home providers that they should order through their local council, while Plaid Cymru rahbar Adam Prays lodged a formal complaint with the European Union over the issue.[246] The manager of two care homes in Gvinedd, Wales, was told by two suppliers that they would only sell to care homes in England.[247] The chief executive of the care home umbrella group Scottish Care said that the UK's four largest PPE suppliers had said they were not distributing to Scotland because their priority was going to be "England, the English NHS and then English social care providers".[248] The UK government reported that it had not instructed any company to prioritise PPE for any nation.[248] Healthcare supplier Gompels' website said at the time that "These restrictions are not something we have decided, they are a criteria[sic] given to us by Public Health England".[249]
After collating data from over 1500 frontline NHS doctors on ongoing shortages the Doctors' Association UK demanded a public inquiry into the government's failure to adequately procure and supply PPE and healthcare worker deaths.[250] As of August 2020 over 120,000 people had signed a petition for a public inquiry into healthcare worker deaths and PPE and DAUK launched a legal challenge for a judicial review.[251]
A BBC Panorama qism, Has the government failed the NHS ?, broadcast on 27 April, said the government had been counting PPE items in a way that artificially inflated the total. Gloves were counted individually, rather than as pairs, for instance, and non-PPE items, such as paper towels and detergent, were included in the figure.[252] The programme also said the government was changing the guidance on what PPE was appropriate for medical staff to wear when treating COVID-19 patients, not according to best protective procedure, but according to the stock available.[253] The programme also said that, in the years before the pandemic, the government had ignored expert advice and failed to stockpile essential items.[253] Due to lack of stock, in May an NHS trust prioritised anti-bacterial ventilator filters for coronavirus patients over others. .[254]
Ventilyatorlar
On 16 March, Boris Johnson held a conference call with business leaders and set them the target of delivering 30,000 ventilyatorlar in a fortnight; the government also declined to join an emergency Yevropa Ittifoqi scheme to procure ventilators and other emergency equipment like personal protective equipment (PPE) for hospital staff, saying the UK was no longer part of the EU and that this was area in which it was making its own efforts.[255] Existing ventilator stocks stood at 5,900 at the beginning of the outbreak.[256]
On 29 March, the government issued a specification for the "minimally clinically acceptable" manufacture and use of doimiy havo yo'li bosimi (CPAP) machines.[257]
Kadrlar bilan ta'minlash
On 1 March, Hancock said retired NHS staff might be asked to return to work to help with the crisis.[258] The request was issued on 19 March and included final year medical students.[259] On 29 March, Boris Johnson announced that more than 20,000 former NHS staff were returning to work in response to the pandemic.[260]
Whilst ventilators were procured frontline NHS staff raised concerns about a lack of trained staff to operate them. On 15 March both the BMA and the Doctors' Association UK both raised the alarm that the NHS was short of nearly 43,000 nurses and 10,000 doctors prior to the pandemic.[261] Concerns were also raised that staff were being pressured to return from self-isolation early due to severe short staffing.[262]
On 21 March, the NHS had agreed to use, at cost price, almost the entire private health system, bringing 20,000 medical staff into the national effort.[263]
On 24 March, Matt Hancock launched a scheme to recruit 250,000 volunteers to support the NHS through the pandemic.[264] The volunteers would carry out jobs like collecting and deliver shopping, medication or "other essential supplies" for people in isolation; transporting equipment and medication between NHS services; transporting medically fit patients and providing telephone support to people at risk of loneliness because of self-isolation.[265] The target was surpassed in 24 hours and was raised to 750,000.[266] The scheme was paused on 29 March after the new target was reached.[265]
Military personnel from the newly-formed COVID Support Force helped staff NHS Nightinghale hospitals, mobile test centres and some ambulance services.[267]
Temporary critical care hospitals
In Northern Ireland capacity was upgraded at Belfast shahar kasalxonasi, while in Scotland, NHS Louisa Jordan was established in Glasgow by NHS Scotland.[268]
NHS England established temporary "Nightingale" hospitals in London, Birmingham, Manchester and Harrogate. The Dragonning yurak kasalxonasi was set up at the Knyazlik stadioni yilda Kardiff, Uels.[269] Military personnel from the COVID Support Force assisted with the construction and subsequent staffing.[267]
Testing and monitoring
Shortly after confirming that the cause of the cluster of pneumonia in Wuhan was a new coronavirus, Chinese authorities had shared its genetik ketma-ketlik for international developments of diagnostic kits.[47] By 10 January,[270] the UK had developed a prototype specific laboratory test for the new disease, performed on a sample from the nose, throat, and nafas olish yo'llari and tested at PHE's public health laboratory da Kolindeyl Londonda.[27] Testing of patients began within days,[271] and by 3 February 326 tests had been performed in the UK.[272] Over the following few weeks, PHE made the test available to 12 other laboratories in the UK, making it possible to test 1,000 people a day.[27][273]
By 12/13 March 2020, 29,764 tests had been conducted in the UK, corresponding to 450.8 tests per million people.[274] On 24 March, Matt Hancock said the government had bought 3.5m kits that would test if a person has already had COVID-19; no date was given for their arrival. These tests would allow people to know if they were immune and therefore able to "go back to work".[275] It was later found when the kits, which had cost at least £16 million, were tested, they did not meet the required specifications.[276] Hancock announced on 28 March that 10,000 tests a day were now being processed; the actual figure was 5,000.[277][278] As of 31 March 143,186 people had been tested.[3]
The UK government and Public Health England were criticised for what some[JSSV? ] saw as a failure to organise mass testing. On 28 March the editor-in-chief of Lanset published a condemnation of what he saw as government inaction and ignoring of WHO advice.[279] On 31 March, former WHO director Entoni Kostello, following WHO advice that countries should "test, test, test", said the key to the UK's transitioning out of lockdown was mass testing, and that the UK had the capacity to reach the level of testing being carried out by Germany (70,000 tests a day, compared to the UK's 5,000) but the government and Public Health England (PHE) had been too slow and controlling to organise.[280] The day after, Conservative MP Jeremi Xant, kafedra Health and Social Care Select Committee and former Health Secretary, said it was "very worrying" that the government had not introduced mass testing because doing so had been "internationally proven as the most effective way of breaking the chain of transmission".[281] 2 kuni Aprel, Telegraf reported that one of the Government's science advisers, Graham Medley, said "mass public testing has never been our strategy for any pandemic". Medley also said the Government "didn't want to invest millions of pounds into something that is about preparedness".[282]
The UK Government launched a booking portal for people to be tested for COVID-19. The governments of Scotland and Northern Ireland governments signed up to use the portal that England were using. The Welsh Government went on to partner with Amazon to create a portal. Later this was scrapped with the Welsh Government citing issues around collecting of data having been resolved with the UK government's portal and now wanted to use it, having only released their version across south east Wales.[283]
In May, the Department of Health and Social Care and Public Health England confirmed that two samples taken from single subjects, such as in the common saliva and nasal swab test, are processed as two separate tests. This, along with other repeated tests such as checking a negative result, led to the daily diagnostic test numbers being over 20% higher than the number of people being tested.[284]
On 18 May, testing was extended to anyone over the age of five after the governments of all four nations agreed to the change.[285]
On 29 September, a letter in Lancet highlighted the increasing likelihood of overestimating of COVID-19 incidence as more asymptomatic people are included in RT-PCR testing with consequent "misdirection of policies regarding lockdowns and school closures," noting that the false-positive rate in the UK is currently unknown, with "preliminary estimates ... somewhere between 0·8% and 4·0%".[286][287] The letter called for "stricter standards ... in laboratory testing, ... and pretest probability assessments ... [including] symptoms, previous medical history of COVID-19 or presence of antibodies, any potential exposure to COVID-19, and likelihood of an alternative diagnosis."[288]
Special arrangements were made with Royal Mail for the delivery of testing kits and their collection from designated "Priority Postboxes", which were identified by the attachment of special stickers.[289]
Angliya
Following 300 staff being asked to work from home on 26 February in London, while a person was awaiting a test result for the virus, PHE expanded testing around the UK to include people with grippga o'xshash alomatlar at 100 GP surgeries and eight hospitals: the Qirollik Brompton va Xarefild, Guy's and St Thomas' va Addenbrooks kasalxonasi, as well as hospitals at Brighton and Sussex, Nottingem, Janubiy Manchester, Sheffild, "Lester".[290][291]
Drive-through screening centres were set up by Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust at Parsons Green Health Centre on 24 February 2020,[292] A further drive-through testing station was set up by the Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust at a site just off the A57 Sheffield Parkway dual-carriageway on 10 March; in this case, patients ringing NHS 111 with coronavirus-like symptoms in the Sheffild area will be told to drive, if possible, to the testing centre at an allotted time.[293]
On 11 March, NHS England announced that testing in NHS laboratories would increase from testing 1,500 to 10,000 per day.[294] The test consists of taking a sample from the nose, throat, deeper lung samples, blood or stool, and transporting the packed samples to the listed PHE regional laboratory designated for the referring laboratory region.[295][296] On 14 May PHE approved an antibody test by Swiss company Roche.[297] Abbott Laboratories said that they also had an antibody test approved by the public health boards of England, Scotland and Wales.[298]
The Britaniya tibbiyot birlashmasi (BMA) asked 8,190 doctors and medical students in England about their concerns about COVID-19; the results were published on 14 September 2020. 86% of respondents expected a second peak, and it was the main concern for 30%. 89% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the failure of test and trace risked causing a second wave.[299][300]
Shotlandiya
On 29 February drive-through testing was set-up by NHS Lotian da G'arbiy umumiy kasalxonasi Edinburgda.[301]On 1 March 2020 it was reported that surveillance was shortly to be extended to some hospitals and GP surgeries in Scotland.[302]
Scotland were developing their own contact tracing system, with contact tracing being done by telephone rather than an app.[303][304]
Uels
On 21 March, Welsh Government Health Minister Vaughan Gething said that the target was 9,000 tests by the end of April. Jamiyat sog'lig'i Uels Chief Executive Tracey Cooper confirmed on 7 May that Wales was to receive an extra 5,000 COVID-19 test kits per day, before the UK Government stepped in and stopped them. The Swiss pharmaceutical company Roche diagnostikasi and the Welsh Government had a gentleman's agreement, verbally and through emails. Dr Cooper blamed the UK government "for gazumping Wales's Covid-19 testing deal" with Roche; this left Wales only able to carry out 800 tests a day. Public Health England said that it had not interfered with any contract but said "The UK Government recently asked us to establish a partnership with Roche to support increased diagnostic testing in the UK for Covid-19."[305][306]
On 21 May 2020 the Welsh Government announced that one of the new antibody blood tests for the SARS-CoV-2 virus is being produced by Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (OCD) at Pencoed, Wales, in partnership with Public Health Wales. The test will be rolled out, prioritised and managed and will also be available in care homes. According to Health Minister Vaughan Gething, this test is an important part of the "Test, Trace, Protect" strategy which will help Wales come out of lockdown.[307]
Mobile phone apps
On 4 May, a test version of the NHS's contact tracing app was released.[308][309] The app is being trialled on the Vayt oroli.[308][309]
Matthew Gould, Bosh direktor NHSX, the government department responsible for the app, said the data would be accessible to other organisations for legitimate public health reasons, but could not list which.[310] Fakultet, a company linked to Cambridge Analytica va Palantir, also linked to Cambridge Analytica,[311] worked on the app.[312] The data collected would be handled according to the data access regulations and would be held in a centralised repository.[313][311][314] Over 150 of the UK's security and privacy experts warned the app's data could be used by 'a bad actor (state, private sector, or hacker)' to spy on citizens.[315][316] Fears were discussed by the House of Commons' Human Rights Qo'mitani tanlang about plans for the app to record user location data.[308] Parlamentning Inson huquqlari bo'yicha qo'shma qo'mita said the app should not be released without proper privacy protections.[317]
The Scottish government said they would not recommend the app until they could be confident it would work and would be secure.[318] The functionality of the app was also questioned as the software's use of Bluetooth required the app to be constantly running, meaning users could not use other apps or lock their device if the app was to function efficiently.[309]
Digital inclusion advocates told the Madaniyat, ommaviy axborot vositalari va sport qo'mitasi in May that there was a raqamli bo'linish with the app, with many people missing out due to not having access to the Internet or having poor IT skills. The advocates said that 64% of the population who had not used the Internet were over the age of 65, and that 63% of the population who did not know how to open an app were under the age of 65.[319] Bu haqda Financial Times that a second app was in development using technology from Apple and Google.[320][321] The digital skills advocacy group FutureDotNow is running a campaign to provide connectivity to excluded households.[322]
On 18 June, Health Secretary Mett Xenkok announced development would switch to the Apple/Google system after admitting that Apple's restrictions on usage of Bluetooth prevented the app from working effectively.[323]
On 30 July 2020, the Northern Ireland Executive launched the StopCOVID NI app based on the Irlandiya Respublikasi app developed by Nearform which uses the Apple/Google Exposure Notification system. The app interoperates with the southern Ireland version of the app.[324]
The COVID Symptom Study app is an independent initiative led by Professor Tim Spector ning King's College, London and endorsed by the Scottish, Irish and Northern Ireland governments but not the UK government. Kuni chiqarildi Uskunalar Do'koni va Google Play on 24 March, and as of 18 September had 4,214,516 contributors who had downloaded the app.[325] It shows the estimated current active infections by local council areas updated daily.[326]
Research and innovation
Biologik tadqiqotlar
Buyuk Britaniyaning tadqiqotlari va innovatsiyasi, shuningdek, a ishlab chiqarish uchun 20 million funtni e'lon qildi Covid-19 vaksinasi va virusni davolash uchun mavjud dorilarning hayotiyligini tekshirish.[327] COVID-19 Genomics UK konsortsiumi keng miqyosda tezkor ishlaydi butun genom ketma-ketligi kasallikni keltirib chiqaradigan virus va bu uchun 260 million funt Epidemik tayyorgarlikka oid yangiliklar uchun koalitsiya emlash rivojlanishini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun.[328][329] Aprel oyida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati koronavirusga qarshi vaksinani ishlab chiqish va ishlab chiqarishga yordam berish uchun maxsus guruhni ishga tushirdi.[330][331] A Edinburg universiteti maxsus genlar COVID-19 ning odamlarga ta'siriga moyillikni keltirib chiqaradimi yoki yo'qligini may oyida boshlagan.[332][333] London Gigiena va Tropik Tibbiyot maktabi, buni o'rganib chiqdi hidlovchi itlar odamlarda koronavirusni aniqlay oladi.[334] Tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlardan so'ng London qirollik kolleji 1,5 million gumon qilingan holatlarning alomatlari, "ta'm yoki hidning yo'qolishi" NHS belgilari ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.[335]
Dizayn va innovatsiyalar
2020 yil mart oyida hukumat Buyuk Britaniyadagi ishlab chiqaruvchilardan COVID-19 bilan kurashishda yordam beradigan nafas olish moslamalarini ishlab chiqarishda yordam berishni so'radi.[336] Innovate UK innovatsion biznes uchun 20 million funt miqdorida mablag 'ajratilishini e'lon qildi.[337] Formula-1 guruhlari va Buyuk Britaniyada ishlab chiqaruvchilar "Project Pitlane" ni shakllantirishga bog'lanishdi.[338]
Dan bir guruh muhandislar Mercedes va London universiteti kolleji, dan kelgan xodimlar bilan birga Universitet kolleji kasalxonasi, UCL-Ventura nafas olish vositasi sifatida tanilgan mahsulotni ishlab chiqardi va ishlab chiqardi, bu doimiy ravishda ijobiy havo bosimi bosimi (CPAP) qurilmasi. The Dori vositalari va sog'liqni saqlash mahsulotlarini tartibga solish agentligi (MHRA) qurilmaning ikkinchi modelini tasdiqladi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati 10 000 ta qurilmaga buyurtma berdi. Mercedes boshqa mamlakatlarga COVID-19 bilan kurashishda yordam berish uchun ushbu qurilmaning rasmlarini bepul taqdim etdi.[339][340] 16 aprelda MHRA VentilatorChallengeUK deb nomlanuvchi oqimning bir qismi bo'lgan Penlon Prima ESO2 dizaynini ma'qulladi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati ushbu qurilmalarning 15 mingtasini buyurtma qildi.[341][342] Aerokosmik kompaniyalar konsortsiumi, shu jumladan Airbus, Meggitt va GKN mavjud dizaynni ishlab chiqarishni kengaytirish bo'yicha ish olib bordi.[343][344] Aprel oyida ushbu dizayn MHRA tomonidan ma'qullandi va 15000 dona buyurtma berildi.[345] Boshqa dizaynlar JCB, Dyson va BlueSky oldinga olib ketilmadi.[346] Sakkizta boshqa dizayn Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi.[346][347][348][340]
Kovid shoshilinch ventilyatori sifatida tanilgan CPAP moslamasi, Dr. Riz Tomas, da maslahatchi anestezist Glangvili umumiy kasalxonasi yilda Karmarten, Uels hukumati tomonidan ruxsat berildi.[349] Bir necha kun ichida ishlab chiqarilgan ushbu mashina mart oyining o'rtalarida bemorga ishlatilgan va keyinchalik Uels hukumati tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan. Aprel oyining boshlarida u MHRA tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Ishlab chiqarish CR Clarke & Co tomonidan amalga oshiriladi Betvs, Karmartenshir.[350][351]
Yaguar Land Rover (JLR) Pasxadan oldin birinchi etkazib berish bilan qayta ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan visor ishlab chiqardi va kengroq ishlab chiqarishga imkon berish uchun dizaynlarini o'rtoqlashdi.[352][353] The Royal Mint pandemiya paytida ishlaydigan tibbiy xodimlar uchun ishlab chiqarilgan tibbiy visorlar.[354][355]
Ta'sir
Iqtisodiy
Pandemiya Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiyotiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi, aksariyat tarmoqlar va ishchi kuchlari salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ba'zi vaqtinchalik to'xtashlar doimiy bo'lib qoldi; g'azablangan ba'zi odamlar keyinchalik ishdan bo'shatilgan.[356][357] Iqtisodiy buzilish odamlarning ruhiy salomatligiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ayniqsa ish vaqti qisqartirilgan / yo'q qilingan chet elda tug'ilgan erkaklarning ruhiy salomatligiga zarar etkazdi.[358]
Ijtimoiy
Pandemiya mamlakatda kasallikning o'zi tarqalishidan va uni karantin ostiga olish harakatlaridan, shu jumladan siyosiy, madaniy va ijtimoiy ta'sirlardan tashqarida bo'lgan juda katta oqibatlarga olib keldi.
Boshqa mamlakatlar va hududlarga tarqaladi
Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, Kanada bosh vazirining rafiqasi Jastin Tryudo, qaytib kelganida COVID-19 uchun ijobiy sinov WE Day Buyuk Britaniyadagi tadbirlar; 2020 yil 12 martda Trudeau oilasi ikki hafta o'zini o'zi izolyatsiya qilishga kirishdi.[359] Birinchi bemor Mavrikiy 7-kuni Buyuk Britaniyadan qaytib kelgan 59 yoshli erkak edi Mart 2020. Mavrikiyga kelganida, Mavritaniyada hech qanday alomat yo'q edi.[360] Keyinchalik Koronavirusning Buyuk Britaniyaga sayohati natijasida kelib chiqqan boshqa holatlar haqida Hindistonda xabar berilgan[361][362] va Nigeriya.[363]
16 iyun kuni bu haqda keng tarqalgan Britaniya ommaviy axborot vositalari bu Yangi Zelandiyaniki 24 kun ichida birinchi COVID-19 kasalligi Ikkala britaniyalik ayolga tashxis qo'yilgan, ularning ikkalasi ham Buyuk Britaniyadan sayohat qilgan va o'layotgan ota-onaga tashrif buyurish uchun maxsus ruxsat berilgan. Ayollar mamlakatga birinchi marta uchib kirgandan keyin 7 iyun kuni kirib kelishgan Doha va Brisben.[364]
Qulfga qarshi namoyishlar
2020 yil 29 avgustda minglab namoyishchilar yig'ilishdi Trafalgar maydoni COVID-19 cheklovlarini davom ettirish va uzaytirishga qarshi.[365] Tadbirda fitna nazariyotchisi kabi ma'ruzachilar ishtirok etdi Devid Ike va Pirs Korbin.[366] Politsiya namoyishchilarni tarqatilgan varaqada ularga jinoyat sodir etishi mumkinligi to'g'risida maslahat beradigan ijtimoiy distansiya qonunlariga binoan tarqalishga chaqirdi.[365]
Statistika
Hisobot kuni bo'yicha jami holatlar
Hisobot sanasi bo'yicha jami ishlar. Manba: raqamlar coronavirus.data.gov.uk.[367] 2 iyul kuni test sinovlari dasturining 1 va 2-ustunlaridan olingan ma'lumotlar (Angliyaning sog'liqni saqlash (PHE) laboratoriyalari va NHS shifoxonalarida klinik ehtiyojga ega bo'lganlar va sog'liqni saqlash va parvarishlash ishchilari uchun tampon sinovi; va keng aholi uchun tampon sinovlari, hukumat yo'riqnomasida ko'rsatilganidek) birlashtirilib, nusxa ko'chirildi, natijada xabar qilingan holatlar sonining kamayishiga olib keldi.
Hisobot sanasi bo'yicha kunlik ishlar
Hisobot sanasi bo'yicha har kuni, etti kunlik ishlar harakatlanuvchi o'rtacha. Manba: raqamlar coronavirus.data.gov.uk.[367]
Hisobot sanasi bo'yicha ijobiy sinovdan keyin 28 kun ichida jami o'lim
Hisobot sanasi bo'yicha, etti kunlik ijobiy sinovdan keyin 28 kun ichida jami o'lim harakatlanuvchi o'rtacha. Manba: raqamlar coronavirus.data.gov.uk.[368]
Hisobot sanasi bo'yicha kuniga ijobiy testdan 28 kun ichida o'lim
Ijobiy testdan so'ng 28 kun ichida o'lim, kuniga, hisobot sanasiga ko'ra, etti kunga harakatlanuvchi o'rtacha. Manba: raqamlar coronavirus.data.gov.uk.[368]
Kundan kunga yangi holatlar qayd etildi
Manba: raqamlar har kuni xabar qilinganidek coronavirus.data.gov.uk.[369]
'*' Ushbu sanalar uchun qiymatlar 3 oktyabr kuni e'lon qilinganligi sababli shubhali.
Ogohlantirish: yuqoridagi grafadagi qiymatlar har xil vaqt oralig'ida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri taqqoslanmaydi, chunki ular har xil sinov stavkalari ostida o'lchangan. Shuning uchun maslahatlashish juda muhimdir Sinovning ijobiy darajasi va Yangi kunlik testlar va test uchun predmetlarni tanlash strategiyasini tushunish.
3 oktyabr kuni Buyuk Britaniyaning "GOV.UKCoronavirus (COVID-19) Buyuk Britaniyadagi" boshqaruv paneli quyidagi eslatmani chiqardi:
Hozirda hal qilingan texnik muammo tufayli Angliyada bir qator COVID-19 holatlarini asboblar panelida nashr etishda kechikish yuz berdi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, kelgusi kunlarda xabar qilinganlarning umumiy soni 24 sentyabrdan 1 oktyabrgacha bo'lgan davrda ba'zi qo'shimcha ishlarni o'z ichiga oladi va xabar berilganlar sonini ko'paytiradi.
4 oktyabr kuni Buyuk Britaniyaning "GOV.UKCoronavirus (COVID-19) Buyuk Britaniyadagi" boshqaruv paneli quyidagi eslatmani chiqardi:
2 oktyabr juma kuni tunda ijobiy holatlar haqidagi ma'lumotlarni PHE ga o'tkazadigan avtomatlashtirilgan jarayonda muammo aniqlandi. 3 va 4 oktabr kunlari e'lon qilingan sana bo'yicha 15,841 ta qo'shimcha ishlarni 25 sentyabrdan 2 oktyabrgacha bo'lgan sanalar bilan o'z ichiga oladi, shuning uchun ular Angliya va Buyuk Britaniya uchun sun'iy ravishda yuqori.
BBC tomonidan hisoblab chiqilgan tuzatishdan so'ng,[370] ish raqamlari quyidagi tendentsiyani ko'rsatib, 25 sentyabrdan boshlab quyidagi tarzda o'qilishi kerak (28 sentyabr va 4 oktyabr raqamlaridan tashqari):
| Sana | 25-sentabr | 26-sentabr | 27-sentabr | 28-sentabr | 29-sentabr | 30-sentabr | 1-oktabr | 2-oktabr | 3-oktabr | 4-oktabr | 5-oktabr | 6-oktabr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asl | 6874 | 6042 | 5693 | 4044 | 7143 | 7108 | 6914 | 6968 | 12872 | 22961 | 12594 | 14542 |
| Moslashish | 957 | 744 | 757 | 0 | 1415 | 3049 | 4133 | 4786 | 0 | -15841 | 0 | 0 |
| Jami tuzatilgan | 7831 | 6786 | 6450 | 4044 | 8558 | 10157 | 11047 | 11754 | 12872 | 7120 | 12594 | 14542 |
Demografiya
Statistika shuni ko'rsatadiki, Britaniya jamiyatidagi ayrim guruhlar qisman pandemiya natijasida ham tibbiy, ham qulflanish ta'siri ostida bo'lgan.[371]
2020 yil aprel oyida Britaniya tibbiyot assotsiatsiyasi hukumatni odamlarning nima uchun va nima uchun kelganini tekshirishga chaqirdi qora, osiyolik va ozchilik etnik (BAME) guruhlari COVID-19ga nisbatan ko'proq zaif edi, chunki o'lgan birinchi 10 ta shifokor hammasi guruhdan edi.[372] Leyboristlar partiyasi a ommaviy so'rov sog'liqni saqlash xizmatida birinchi 10 o'limidan keyin BAME kelib chiqishi.[373] London meri Sodiq Xon ga yozgan Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya koronavirusning BAME guruhlariga ta'sirini oldini olish yoki yumshatish mumkinligini tekshirishlarini so'rab.[374] 70 kishidan iborat BAME guruhi koronavirusning qora, osiyolik va ozchilik etnik kelib chiqishi bo'lgan odamlarga nomutanosib ta'sirini mustaqil ravishda ommaviy tekshirishni talab qilib, Boris Jonsonga xat yubordi.[375]
Reanimatsiya bo'yicha Milliy Audit va Tadqiqot Markazining tadqiqotlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, BAME kelib chiqishi bo'lgan odamlar tanqidiy bemorlarning 34 foizini tashkil qiladi.[376] NHS England va Public Health England jamoalari qora va ozchilik etnik kelib chiqishi bo'lgan odamlar nega nomutanosib koronavirus ta'siriga uchraganligi haqidagi so'rovni o'tkazish uchun tayinlandi.[377] 18 aprel kuni Angliya Xalq Sog'liqni Saqlash koronavirus qurbonlari millatini qayd qilishni boshlashlarini aytdi.[378]
Tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar The Guardian gazetasi Angliyadagi etnik ozchiliklar oq tanli odamlar bilan taqqoslaganda nomutanosib ravishda ko'p sonda o'lmoqda degan xulosaga keldi. Ularning aytishicha, 19 aprelgacha kasalxonalarda o'lim 19% Angliya aholisining atigi 15 foizini tashkil etadigan BAME kelib chiqishi bilan bog'liq.[379]
Ayni paytda, Milliy statistika idorasi (ONS) Angliya va Uelsda qora tanli erkaklar koronavirusdan o'lish ehtimoli oq tanli erkaklarga qaraganda to'rt baravar ko'p, 2 martdan 10 aprelgacha to'plangan raqamlardan.[380][381] Ular "COVID-19 o'limidagi etnik guruhlar o'rtasidagi farq qisman ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy noqulaylik va boshqa holatlar natijasidir, ammo farqning qolgan qismi hali tushuntirilmagan" degan xulosaga kelishdi. Doktor Jon Kempbell, shu jumladan ba'zi sharhlovchilar ta'kidladilar D vitamini etishmasligi nomuvofiqlikning mumkin bo'lgan sababi sifatida, ammo nazariya isbotlanmagan bo'lib qolmoqda.[382]
NXS England nomidan Oksford universiteti va London gigiena va tropik tibbiyot maktabi tomonidan o'tkazilgan yana bir tadqiqot va Fiskal tadqiqotlar instituti ONS xulosalarini tasdiqladi.[383][384][385] Oksford universiteti tomonidan o'tkazilgan COVID-19 ning homiladorlikka ta'sirini o'rganish bo'yicha o'tkazilgan tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, 1 martdan 14 aprelgacha koronavirus bilan kasalxonaga yotqizilgan homilador ayollarning 55 foizi BAME fonida bo'lgan. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, BAME ayollari kasalxonaga yotqizilish ehtimoli oq tanli ayollarga qaraganda to'rt baravar ko'p.[386][387]
Tomonidan o'rganish Xalq salomatligi Shotlandiya BAME guruhlari va COVID-19 o'rtasida hech qanday aloqani topmadi.[388] Angliyada o'tkazilgan ikkinchi Xalq Sog'liqni saqlash tadqiqotlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, Bangladesh merosiga ega bo'lganlar oq tanli inglizlardan ikki baravar ko'p o'lmoqda. Boshqa BAME guruhlarida COVID-19 tomonidan o'lim xavfi 10% dan 50% gacha bo'lgan.[389][390][391]
Jarimalar va millat
Metropoliten politsiyasining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, BAME odamlari KOVID bilan bog'liq cheklovlarni buzganligi uchun oq tanlilarga nisbatan mutanosib ravishda ko'proq jarimalar olishgan.[392]
ONS tadqiqotida Angliya va Uels bo'ylab 2020 yil 17 aprelgacha to'plangan ma'lumotlardan foydalangan holda, past malakali ish joyidagi erkaklar virusdan o'lish ehtimoli kasbiy ish joylariga qaraganda to'rt baravar ko'p degan xulosaga kelishdi. Qarovchi bo'lib ishlagan ayollar o'lish ehtimoli texnik yoki kasbiy ishlarda ishlaganlarnikiga qaraganda ikki baravar ko'p bo'lgan. GMB kasaba uyushmasi vazirlar "odamlarning xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun tegishli ko'rsatmalar, tavsiyalar va majburiy choralar ko'rilmaguncha" ish joyiga qaytishni to'xtatishi kerak degan xulosalarga izoh berdi. Tomonidan raqamlar tahlili The Guardian jismoniy masofani bosib o'tish qiyinroq bo'lgan kasblarda o'lim yuqori bo'lgan degan xulosaga kelishdi.[393] Tahlil tomonidan Mustaqil va Financial Times koronavirusdan o'lim darajasi Angliya va Uels bo'ylab farovon va qishloq joylarga qaraganda mahrum va shaharlarda yuqori bo'lgan degan xulosaga kelishdi.[394][395] Tomonidan ONS ma'lumotlarini tahlil qilish Guardian Shuningdek, 13 mayga kelib Angliya va Uelsda virusdan vafot etganlarning atigi 12 foizigina 65 yoshgacha bo'lganlar, 59 foizi esa 80 yoshdan oshgan.[396] A Sog'liqni saqlash Angliya 2020 yil iyun oyida e'lon qilingan xabarga ko'ra, qo'riqchilar, taksi va avtobus haydovchilari, qurilish ishchilari va ijtimoiy ta'minot xodimlari boshqa kasblarga nisbatan COVID-19 xavfi yuqori bo'lgan.[391]
Yoshi bo'yicha ishsizlik
Pandemiya paytida ishsizlikning ko'payishi natijasida eng jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatgan demografik ko'rsatkichlardan biri mehnatga layoqatli aholining eng yosh vakillari edi. Milliy statistika idorasining raqamlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, 2020 yil iyulidan sentyabrigacha o'tgan uch oyga nisbatan 174000 nafar 16 yoshdan 24 yoshgacha bo'lgan yoshlar ish bilan ta'minlangan. Shuningdek, ularning statistik ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, yoshlar orasida ishsizlik darajasi 2020 yil noyabr oyiga kelib aholi soniga nisbatan keskin o'sib, 14,6 foizga etgan.[397] Pandemiya eng keksa ishchilarning ko'pchiligini ishdan bo'shatishga shoshilgandek tuyuldi, institut tomonidan fiskal tadqiqotlar bo'yicha 2020 yil iyun va iyul oylarida to'plangan ma'lumotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, 66-70 yoshdagi 6% va 71 yoshdan katta bo'lganlarning 11%. inqirozdan oldin darhol ishlagan, hozirda ularning yarmi nafaqaga chiqqan, ilgari buni rejalashtirmagan.[398]
Shuningdek qarang
- Londonda COVID-19 pandemiyasi
- Buyuk Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlarida COVID-19 pandemiyasi
- Gernsidagi COVID-19 pandemiyasi
- Jersidagi COVID-19 pandemiyasi
- Man orolidagi COVID-19 pandemiyasi
Izohlar
- ^ O'lim ko'rsatkichlari ijobiy sinovdan so'ng vafot etganlardir. Bortda britaniyalik bir fuqaroning o'limi o'z ichiga olmaydi Olmos malikasi kruiz kemasi (qarang Kruiz kemalarida COVID-19 pandemiyasi ), yoki 84 ta o'lim qayd etilgan Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlari va Tojga bog'liqlik.
- ^ Kundalik yangilanishlar UTC soat 14:00 atrofida sodir bo'ladi.
- ^ Belgilangan holatlarni hisobga olmaganda Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlari va Tojga bog'liqliklar, ularning barchasi mustaqil ravishda sinovlarni va hisobotlarni taqdim etadi.
Adabiyotlar
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Tashqi havolalar
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