Vetnam tarixi - History of Vietnam

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Vetnam tarixi"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (Iyul 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Qismi bir qator ustida
Tarixi Vetnam
Qadimgi Hồng Bàng sulolasi Miloddan avvalgi 2879 - Miloddan avvalgi 258 yil Thục sulolasi Miloddan avvalgi 257 - miloddan avvalgi 179 yil Triệu sulolasi Miloddan avvalgi 204 - Miloddan avvalgi 111 yil
Hukmron 1-xitoylik hukmronligi Miloddan avvalgi 111-milodiy 40 yil Opa-singillarning isyoni 40–43 2-xitoy hukmronligi 43–544 Dastlabki Ly sulolasi 544–602 3-chi Xitoy hukmronligi 602–938
Dinamik Ngô sulolasi 939–967 Jin sulolasi 968–980 Erta Lê sulolasi 980–1009 Keyinchalik Ly sulolasi 1009–1225 Trần sulolasi 1225–1400 Hồ sulolasi 1400–1407 4-xitoy hukmronligi 1407–1427 Keyinchalik Lê sulolasi 1428–1527 Mạc sulolasi 1527–1592 Keyinchalik Lêni tiklash 1533–1788 Tay Sin sulolasi 1788–1802 Nguyen sulolasi 1802–1945
Mustamlaka Frantsiya Cochinchina 1862–1945 / 1945–1949 Frantsuzcha Annam 1883–1945 / 1945–1948 Frantsuz tonkini 1883–1945 / 1945–1948 Frantsuz Hind-Xitoy 1887–1945 / 1945–1954 Vetnam imperiyasi 1945
Respublika Shimoliy Vetnam (Vetnam Demokratik Respublikasi) 1945–1976 Vaqtinchalik Markaziy hukumat 1948–1949 Vetnam shtati 1949–1955 Janubiy Vetnam (Vetnam Respublikasi) 1955–1975 Muvaqqat inqilobiy hukumat (Janubiy Vetnam Respublikasi) 1969–1976 Vetnam 1976–hozirgi
Mavzu bo'yicha Sulolalar Iqtisodiyot Tarixiy poytaxtlar Harbiy Monarxlar Ismlar Dengiz kuchlari
Xronologiya
Vetnam portali

Qismi bir qator ustida
Vetnam madaniyati
Tarix
Odamlar
Tillar
An'analar Qarindoshlik Kiyim Nikoh O'yinlar
Oshxona
Bayramlar
Din Vetnam xalq dini Konfutsiylik Buddizm Daosizm Nasroniylik
San'at Vetnam jang san'ati
Adabiyot
Musiqa va ijro san'ati Musiqa
OAV Televizor Kino
Sport
Yodgorliklar Jahon merosi ob'ektlari
Belgilar Bayroq Gerb
Vetnam portali

Tarixi Vetnam taxminan 4000 yil ilgari kuzatilishi mumkin.^[1] 1965 yilda olib borilgan arxeologik topilmalar, hanuzgacha izlanishda, ikkitasining qoldiqlarini ko'rsatadi homininlar bilan chambarchas bog'liq Sinantrop, sifatida uzoq Tanishuv O'rta pleystotsen davr, taxminan yarim million yil oldin.^[2] Tarixdan oldingi Vetnam dunyodagi eng qadimgi uylar bo'lgan tsivilizatsiyalar va jamiyatlar - ularni qishloq xo'jaligi bilan shug'ullanadigan dunyodagi birinchi odamlardan biriga aylantirish.^[3][4] The Qizil daryo vodiy tabiiy geografik va iqtisodiy birlikni tashkil etib, shimol va g'arbdan tog'lar va o'rmonlar bilan, sharqdan dengiz bilan va janubdan Qizil daryo deltasi.^[5] Qizil daryoning toshqinlarini oldini olish, gidrotexnik tizimlarni qurish, savdo ayirboshlash va bosqinchilarga qarshi kurashda hamkorlik qilish uchun yagona hokimiyatga ega bo'lish zarurati, birinchi mifologiyani Vetnamning yaratilishiga olib keldi. davlatlar taxminan miloddan avvalgi 2879 y. Biroq, arxeologlar buni taklif qildilar Đông Sơn madaniyati Shimoliy Vetnamda topilgan, Guansi va Laos miloddan avvalgi 700 yillarda bo'lgan.^[6][7][8]

Vetnamning o'ziga xos geografiyasi mamlakatga hujum qilishni qiyinlashtirdi, shu sababli Xing shohlari ostida Vetnam uzoq vaqt davomida mustaqil va mustaqil davlat edi. Vetnam bir marta chet el hukmronligiga bo'ysungan bo'lsa-da, undan qochib qutula olmaganligini isbotladi va 1000 yil davomida Vetnam ketma-ket bir qator davlatlar tomonidan boshqarib kelindi Xitoy sulolalari: the G'arbiy Xan, Sin, Sharqiy Xan, Sharqiy Vu, G'arbiy Jin, Sharqiy Jin, Lyu Song, Janubiy Qi, Liang, Suy, Tang, Vu Chjou va Janubiy Xan. Ushbu 1000 yil davomida Xitoy hukmronligiga qarshi ko'plab qo'zg'olonlar bo'lib o'tdi va ma'lum davrlarda Vetnam mustaqil ravishda boshqarilib turdi Triệu, Trưng opa-singillar, Erta Ly, Khúc va Dương Đình Nghệ - garchi ularning g'alabalari va hukmronliklari vaqtinchalik edi.

Vyetnamning shimoliy qismida hukmronlik qilgan davrda Vetnamning markaziy va janubiy qismida, xususan, bir nechta tsivilizatsiya rivojlandi Funan va Champa. Bular Hindlashgan madaniyatlar, ammo boshqacha edi Sinonizatsiya qilingan Vetnam. XI asrdan boshlab Vetnamliklar o'zlarining yuragida paydo bo'lmoqdalar Qizil daryo deltasi, ushbu tsivilizatsiyalarni zabt etishni boshladi va janub tomon kengaytiring.

Qachon Ngô Quyền (Vetnam qiroli, 938–944) Bax Dang daryosidagi g'alaba bilan mamlakatda suveren hokimiyatni tikladi, keyingi ming yillikda ketma-ket yutuqlar ilgarilab ketdi. mahalliy sulolalar: Ng, Jin, Erta Lê, Ly, Trần, Hồ, Keyinchalik Trần, Keyinchalik Lê, Mac, Trịnh, Nguyen, Tay Sin va yana Nguyen. Imperatorlik sulolalari davrida turli nuqtalarda Vetnam vayronaga aylandi va fuqarolararo urushlar natijasida bo'linib ketdi Qo'shiq, Yuan, Xam, Ming, Siyam, Qing, Frantsuz va Yaponiya imperatorligi.

Ming imperiyasi Qizil daryo vodiysini bir muncha vaqt bosib oldi Frantsiya imperiyasi qariyb bir asr davomida Vetnamni frantsuz qaramligiga aylantirdi, keyin esa uni bosib oldi Yaponiya imperiyasi. Siyosiy g'alayon va Kommunistik qo'zg'olon Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin monarxiyaga barham berdi va mamlakat a deb e'lon qilindi respublika.

Tarixdan oldingi davr

Etnik kelib chiqishi

The Austronesian kengaytirish
(Miloddan avvalgi 3500 yildan AD 1200 yilgacha)^[9]

Kulolchilik mevalari uchun laganda Sa Xunh odamlar.

Cham skript matni

Vetnamning zamonaviy davlatini tashkil etadigan hududga turli xil odamlar kelib tushishdi, ko'pincha ming yillar davomida ajralib turar edilar. Avstralo-melaneziyaliklar davomida raqamlarga birinchi bo'lib joylashdilar Paleolit va bundan 30000 yil muqaddam Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoning barcha mintaqalarida mavjud. Aksariyat mamlakatlarda ular oxir-oqibat qirg'oq bo'yidagi pasttekisliklardan ko'chirilib, keyingi immigrantlar tomonidan tog'li va ichki tog'larga surib qo'yilgan.^[10]Dastlab Vetnam qirolligiga tegishli bo'lmagan zamonaviy markaziy va janubiy Vetnam hududlari faqat 14 va 18 asrlar oralig'ida bosib olingan. O'sha erlarning tub aholisi Qizil daryo deltasi hududida qadimiy Vetnamliklardan ajralib turadigan madaniyatni rivojlantirdilar. Qadimgi Sa Xunh madaniyati Vyetnamning markaziy qismi agat, karnelian, tosh kristall, ametist va nefrit kabi shisha, yarim qimmatbaho va qimmatbaho toshlardan yasalgan temir buyumlar va bezak buyumlari bilan mashhur.^[11] Keng savdo tarmog'ini yuritgan Sa Xunh, ehtimol, avvalgilaridir Cham odamlar.^[12]

The Cham odamlar ming yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida joylashib olgan boshqariladigan va madaniyatli milodiy II asrdan boshlab Vetnamning markaziy va janubiy qirg'oqlari kelib chiqishi avstronesiyalikdir. Zamonaviy Vetnamning eng janubiy sektori, Mekong deltasi va uning atrofi XVIII asrga qadar ajralmas qismi bo'lgan, ammo Austroasiaticning o'zgaruvchan ahamiyati Proto-kxmer - va Kxmer kabi knyazliklar Funan, Chenla, Khmer imperiyasi va Khmer qirolligi.^[13][14][15]

Klassik asosiy populyatsiya Lạc Việt sholi etishtirish Phung Nguyen madaniyati va o'zlarini Qizil daryo havzasida topgan bo'lajak millat quruvchilari asosan Xitoyning janubiy va markaziy qismidagi Yangzi va Sariq daryo vodiysidagi qishloq xo'jaligi jamoalarining avlodlari bo'lib, miloddan avvalgi 2000 yillarda Hindistonga kelganlar.^[16][17]

Madaniy evolyutsiya

Baliq ovlash va ov qilish asosiy guruch hosilini to'ldirdi. Fillar kabi yirik hayvonlarni o'ldirish uchun o'q uchlari va nayzalar zaharga botirilgan. Betel yong'oqlari keng chaynalgan va pastki sinflar kamdan-kam kamzuldan ko'ra muhimroq kiyim kiygan. Har bahorda serhosillik festivali bo'lib o'tdi, unda ulkan ziyofatlar va jinsiy aloqadan voz kechish namoyish etildi. Miloddan avvalgi 2000 yillardan boshlab toshdan yasalgan qo'l asboblari va qurol-yaroqlar miqdori va xilma-xilligi jihatidan juda yaxshilandi. Kulolchilik texnika va bezak uslubining yuqori darajasiga ko'tarildi. Vetnam xalqi asosan qishloq xo'jaligi bilan shug'ullangan, nam guruch etishtirgan Oriza, bu ularning dietasining asosiy mahsulotiga aylandi. Miloddan avvalgi 2-ming yillikning birinchi yarmining keyingi bosqichida bronza qurollarning birinchi ko'rinishi bu qurollar hali ham kamdan-kam uchraganiga qaramay sodir bo'ldi. Miloddan avvalgi 1000 yilga kelib bronza qirrali qurol va qurollarning 40 foiziga tosh o'rnini bosdi va taxminan 60 foizgacha ko'tarildi. Bu erda nafaqat bronza qurollar, bolta va shaxsiy bezaklar, balki o'roqlar va boshqa qishloq xo'jaligi qurollari ham bo'lgan. Bronza davri yopilishida bronza qurol va qurollarning 90 foizdan ko'prog'ini tashkil qiladi va bunda musiqa asboblari, paqir kabi ba'zi yuzlab marosim va shaxsiy bronza buyumlari bo'lgan g'ayrioddiy qabrlar - kuchli boshliqlarning dafn etilgan joylari mavjud. shaklidagi kovaklar va bezak xanjarlari. Miloddan avvalgi 1000 yildan keyin qadimgi Vetnam xalqi guruch o'stirib, buffalo va cho'chqalarni boqish bilan malakali dehqonchilikka aylandi. Shuningdek, ular mohir baliqchilar va jasur dengizchilar edilar, ularning uzoq qazilgan kanolari sharqiy dengizni bosib o'tdilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Antik davr (miloddan avvalgi 2879–111)

Văn Lang sulolasi

Xangacha bo'lgan janubiy qabilalar Xitoy va Vetnamni bosib olishdi

L Longc Long Quan Sim Xilldagi ma'bad (Phú Thọ)

Xaritasi Cổ Loa qo'rg'oni, devorlar qizil rangda, suv ko'kda, o'simliklar yashil rangda.

XIV asr kitobida birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'lgan afsonaga ko'ra Lĩnh nam chích quái, qabila boshlig'i Lộc Tục (miloddan avvalgi 2919 - 2794 yy.) o'zini Kinh Dong Vương deb e'lon qildi va miloddan avvalgi 2879 yilda Xich Quỷ davlatiga asos soldi, bu esa Hồng Bàng sulolalar davri. Biroq, zamonaviy Vetnam tarixchilari davlatchilik faqat rivojlangan deb taxmin qilishadi Qizil daryo deltasi miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillikning ikkinchi yarmiga kelib. Kinh Dương Vương o'rnini egalladi Sùng Lãm (miloddan avvalgi 2825 y. -?). Keyingi qirollik sulolasi tomonidan tanilgan 18 ta monarx paydo bo'ldi Hùng Shohlar, o'z mamlakatining nomini o'zgartirgan Văn Lang.^[18] Ma'muriy tizimga Lạc tướng, Lạc hầu va Bố chính kabi idoralar kiradi.^[19]Hindistonning shimoliy qismidagi Phung Nguyen madaniyat joylarida qazilgan ko'plab metall qurollar va asboblar Mis asri Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda.^[20] Bundan tashqari, ning boshlanishi Bronza davri miloddan avvalgi 500 yil davomida tasdiqlangan. da Đông Sơn. Mahalliy Lạc Việt Jamiyat bronza ishlab chiqarish, ishlov berish va asbob-uskunalar, qurol-yarog 'va nafis bronza barabanlarni ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha yuqori darajada rivojlangan sanoatni rivojlantirgan. Albatta ular ramziy ahamiyatga ega bo'lib, ular diniy yoki marosimlarda ishlatilishi kerak edi. Ushbu buyumlar ustalari eritish texnikasida, Yo'qotilgan mumni quyish texnikasida puxta mahoratga ega bo'lishni talab qildilar.^[21][22]

Dong Son baraban

Tarixdan oldingi va dastlabki tarix manbalari asosan afsonalar bo'lib, ular og'zaki ravishda etkaziladi va vaqt o'tishi bilan ko'pincha tarixiy faktlar bilan aralashib ketadi. Hen shohlari haqida birinchi tarixiy eslatma a Shimoliy Vey sulolaning tarixshunoslik kitobi Water Classic sharhi 5-asrda, Hùng shohlari Lạc shohi (雒 王) sifatida tanilgan. Yozilgan:

[Qadimgi] Jiaozhi Xitoyga qo'shilmaganida, Lạc maydonlari (雒 雒) bo'lgan, guruch etishtirish daryoning suv oqimiga asoslanib, odamlar ushbu dalalarga bog'liq edi Lạc odamlar (雒 民). Hukmdor Lạc qiroli (雒 王), bosh maslahatchisi Lạc h (u (雒 侯) edi, ularning erlarini kuzatib turing va boshqaring. L areasc tướng (雒 將) ko'p joylarida bronza muhrlar va yashil liboslar bo'lgan.^[23]

Xitoyning yana bir qadimiy ma'lumot beruvchi kitobi Hùng shohlari va Lạc Việt Miloddan avvalgi 200 yilgacha Taiping davrining keng yozuvlari 978 yilda nashr etilgan.

[Qadimgi] Jiaozhi urug'langan er edi. U erda ko'plab qabilalar yashagan. Va ular ekin ekishni bilishadi. Tuproqlari qora, iqlimi o'rtacha qattiq. Shunday qilib, uning dalalari chaqirildi Hùng er (雄 田) ​​va uning odamlari edi Hùng odamlar (雄 民). Ularning rahbari edi Hùng shoh (雄 王) va uning bosh maslahatchilari bo'lgan hùng hầu (雄 侯), uchun taqsimlangan erlar Hùng tướng (雄 將).^[24]

Afsonasi Thánh Gióng etakchi bo'lgan yoshlar haqida hikoya qiladi Văn Lang qirollik xitoy bosqinchilariga qarshi g'alaba qozonish uchun mamlakatni qutqaradi va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri osmonga ko'tariladi.^[25][26] U temir zirh kiyadi, zirhli otga minadi va temir qilich ko'taradi.^[27] Tasvir An Dương Vương singari metallurgiyada ma'lum bir nafosat jamiyatini nazarda tutadi Sehrli Crossbow afsonasiBir vaqtning o'zida minglab murvatlarni otib yuboradigan qurol, janglarda kamondan keng foydalanishga ishora qilmoqda. 1000 ga yaqin an'anaviy hunarmandchilik qishloqlari Hồng daryosi deltasi yaqin va atrofida Xanoy 2000 yildan ortiq Vetnam tarixi davomida milliy sanoat va iqtisodiy asosni namoyish etdi.^[28] Ko'p sonli, asosan kichik oilaviy ishlab chiqaruvchilar asrlar davomida o'zlarining axloqiy g'oyalarini juda zamonaviy mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarish, ibodatxonalar qurish va bag'ishlangan marosimlar va festivallarni ushbu afsonaviy mashhur ruhlarga bo'lgan hurmat-ehtirom madaniyatida saqlab kelmoqdalar.^[29][30][31]

Biroq, tadqiqotchi Lé Minh Khi-ning so'zlariga ko'ra, Xong Bang davri va Vang Lang shohligi to'g'risida barcha dalillarga qaramay, ular haqiqiy emas va milodning 1400 yillari sintez qilingan konfutsiylik olimlari tomonidan Vetnamliklarni xitoyliklardan ajratib ko'rsatish uchun yaratilgan. 20-asrdagi millatchilik inqiloblarining yangi to'lqinidan so'ng, ushbu xalq ertaklari va hikoyalari zamonaviy Vetnam tarixida mustahkamlandi.^[32]

Au Lạc sulolasi (miloddan avvalgi 257–179)

Nam Việt eng katta darajada

Miloddan avvalgi III asrga kelib yana bir Vetnam guruhi A Việt, hozirgi janubiy Xitoydan Xen daryosi deltasiga ko'chib ketgan va mahalliy Văn Lang aholisi bilan aralashgan. Miloddan avvalgi 257 yilda yangi qirollik, Ạu Lạc Thu Phh o'zini e'lon qilgani bilan, Au Việt va L Vc Vít ittifoqi sifatida paydo bo'ldi "Dương Vương "(" King An Dương "). Ba'zi zamonaviy Vetnamliklar Th Phc Phan ustiga kelgan deb o'ylashadi A Việt hududi (zamonaviy shimoliy Vetnam, g'arbiy Guandun va janubiy Guansi provinsiyasi, uning poytaxti bugungi kunda Cao Bong viloyati ).^[33]

Qo'shin yig'gandan so'ng, u o'n sakkizinchi sulolasini mag'lubiyatga uchratdi Hùng shohlar Miloddan avvalgi 258 y. Keyin u yangi sotib olgan davlatining nomini Văn Lang Au Lạc ga va yangi poytaxtni tashkil qildi Phong Khê hozirgi kunda Phú Thọ Vyetnamning shimolidagi shahar, u erda u qurishga harakat qilgan Cổ Loa qo'rg'oni (Cổ Loa Thành), bu yangi poytaxtdan taxminan o'n mil shimolda joylashgan spiral qal'a. Biroq, yozuvlar shpioning An Dương Vương ning qulashiga olib kelganligini ko'rsatdi. Uning poytaxti Cổ Loa shahrida u mudofaa maqsadida shahar atrofida ko'plab kontsentrik devorlar qurgan. Ushbu devorlar, mohir Au Lak kamonchilari bilan birgalikda, poytaxtni bosqinchilardan himoya qildi.

Triu sulolasi (miloddan avvalgi 207–111)

Nanyue (Miloddan avvalgi 204 - Miloddan avvalgi 111)

Chjao Vendi imperator muhri

Qirol maqbarasi Chjao Mo

Bronza baraban Nanyue

Nanyue saroyi kiyimi haqida devoriy rasmlardan iborat bronza quti

Miloddan avvalgi 207 yilda xitoyliklar Qin urush boshlig'i Triệu Đà (pinyin: Chjao Tuo ) hozirgi kunda mustaqil qirollikni tashkil etdi Guandun /Guansi Xitoyning janubiy sohilidagi hudud.^[34] U o'zining yangi qirolligini e'lon qildi Nam Việt (pinyin: Triu sulolasi tomonidan boshqarilishi kerak.^[34] Keyinchalik Triệu Dà o'zini Guangdong markaziga komendant etib tayinladi, chegaralarni yopdi va qo'shni tumanlarni zabt etdi va o'zini "Nam Vietnam qiroli" deb atadi.^[34] Miloddan avvalgi 179 yilda u shoh An Dong Vươngni mag'lub etdi va Au Lcni qo'shib oldi.^[35]

Ba'zilar o'ylaganidek, bu davrga Vetnam tarixchilari tomonidan bahsli xulosalar berilgan Triệu Xitoy hukmronligining boshlang'ich nuqtasi sifatida qoida, chunki Triệu àà ilgari bo'lgan Qin umumiy; boshqalar esa buni Vetnam mustaqilligi davri deb bilishadi, chunki Nam Vitdagi Triu oilasi mahalliy madaniyatga singib ketgan.^[36] Ular keyinchalik tashkil etilgan narsalardan mustaqil ravishda hukmronlik qildilar Xan imperiyasi. Bir vaqtning o'zida Triệu àà hatto o'zini shimolda Xan imperatoriga teng imperator deb e'lon qildi.^[34]

Xitoy hukmronligi (miloddan avvalgi 111 - milodiy 938 yillar)

Birinchi Xitoy hukmronligi (miloddan avvalgi 111 - mil. 40)

Xitoy G'arbiy Xan imperiyasi miloddan avvalgi 111 yilda Nanyue qirolligini zabt etdi va uning terroryalariga qo'shildi

Miloddan avvalgi 111 yilda, Xan Xitoy Nam Vitga bostirib kirdi va Vetnamni bo'linib, yangi hududlarni tashkil etdi Giao Chỉ (pinyin: Jiaozhi), endi Qizil daryo deltasi; Zamonaviy C Chu Chan Thanh Hoa ga Hà Tĩnh; va Nhật Nam (pinyin: Rinan), zamonaviylardan Quảng Bính ga Xuế. Gubernatorlar va yuqori lavozimli amaldorlar xitoylar bo'lganida, Hồng Bàng davridagi asl Vetnam zodagonlari (Lạc Hầu, Lạc Tướng) hali ham ba'zi tog'li hududlarda boshqargan. Ushbu davr mobaynida, Buddizm orqali Vetnamga Hindistondan kirib kelgan Dengiz ipak yo'li, esa Daosizm va Konfutsiylik Xitoy qoidalari orqali Vetnamga tarqaldi.^[37]

Trưng opa-singillar (40-43)

Xitoylik emas Yue va Li odamlar milodiy 2 yilda janubiy Xitoy va Shimoliy Vetnamda.

Milodiy 40 yilda Trưng opa-singillar Xan gubernatori Su Dungga qarshi muvaffaqiyatli qo'zg'olonga rahbarlik qildi (Vetnamliklar: Tô Định) va 65 davlatni qaytarib oldi (shu jumladan zamonaviy Guansi). Trưng Trắc qirolicha bo'ldi (Trưng Nữ Vương ). Milodiy 43 yilda, Xan imperatori Guangvu taniqli generalini yubordi Ma Yuan (Vetnamliklar: Mo Viện) qo'zg'olonni bostirish uchun katta qo'shin bilan. Uzoq va qiyin kampaniyadan so'ng, Ma Yuan qo'zg'olonni bostirdi va Trung Sisters qo'lga tushmaslik uchun o'z joniga qasd qildilar. Bugungi kunga qadar Trưng opa-singillar Vetnamda milliy ramz sifatida hurmatga sazovor Vetnam ayollari.^[38]

Ikkinchi Xitoy hukmronligi (43-544)

Trun qo'zg'olonidan saboq olgan Xan va boshqa muvaffaqiyatli Xitoy sulolalari Vetnam zodagonlarining hokimiyatini yo'q qilish choralarini ko'rdilar.^[39] Vetnam elitalari Xitoy madaniyati va siyosatida ta'lim olgan. Giao Chỉ prefekti, Shi Sie, qirq yil davomida Vetnamni avtonom urush boshlig'i sifatida boshqargan va keyinchalik Vetnam monarxlari tomonidan vafotidan keyin xudo sifatida tan olingan.^[40][41] Shi Sie sadoqatini va'da qildi Sharqiy Vu ning Uch qirollik Xitoy davri. Sharqiy Vu shakllanish davri bo'lgan Vetnam tarixi. Stiven O'Harrouning so'zlariga ko'ra, Shi Sie aslida "birinchi vetnamlik" bo'lgan.^[42] Vetnamliklar yana bir qo'zg'olon qilishdan 200 yil oldin o'tdi. 248 a Yue ayol, Triệu Thị Trinh akasi bilan Triệu Quốc Đạt, xalq orasida Lady Triệu (Bà Triệu) nomi bilan tanilgan, Vu sulolasiga qarshi qo'zg'olonni boshlagan. Yana bir bor qo'zg'olon muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Sharqiy Vu yubordi Lu Yin va isyonchilarni bostirish uchun 8000 elita askarlari.^[43] U tahdid va ishontirish kombinatsiyasi bilan isyonchilarni tinchlantirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Ga ko'ra Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Dhi Việtning to'liq yilnomasi), Lady Triu uzun ko'kraklari bilan yelkasiga etib borgan va fil ustiga jangga otlangan. Bir necha oylik urushlardan so'ng u mag'lub bo'ldi va o'z joniga qasd qildi.^[44]

Shu bilan birga, bugungi kunda Markaziy Vetnam, muvaffaqiyatli isyon bo'lgan Xam Xitoy sulolalari uni Lin-Yi (Lin qishlog'i; Vetnam: Lâm Ấp). Keyinchalik u kuchli shohlikka aylandi, Champa, dan cho'zilgan Quảng Bính Pan Thitga (Bhn Thuận ).

Vu Syan qirolligi (544–602)

Xitoylarning boshlanishi o'rtasidagi davrda Parchalanish davri va oxiri Tang sulolasi, Xitoy hukmronligiga qarshi bir nechta qo'zg'olonlar bo'lib o'tdi, masalan Lay Bôn va uning boshlig'i va merosxo'ri Triệu Quang Phục. Ularning barchasi oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan, ammo eng taniqli bo'lganlari - Lon Bon va Triu Kvang Phuk boshchiligidagi shaxslar, ular deyarli mustaqil bo'lmagan Van Xuan shohligini deyarli yarim asr davomida 544 yildan 602 yilgacha boshqargan. Sui China shohlikni qayta qo'lga kiritdi.^[45]

Uchinchi Xitoy hukmronligi (milodiy 602-905)

Cham haykali Ganesha tosh bilan yasalgan, 9-10 asr

Xudoning rahbari Shiva Milodiy 800 yilda Champa shahridan

Tan sulolasi davrida Vetnam chaqirilgan Annam milodiy 866 yilgacha Zamonaviy atrofida o'z poytaxti bilan Bắc Ninh, Annam janubiy dengizlardan tovarlarni qabul qilib, gullab-yashnagan savdo forpostiga aylandi. The Keyingi Xanlarning kitobi 166 yilda birinchi elchi Rim imperiyasi Xitoyga ushbu yo'l orqali etib kelishdi va savdogarlar tez orada ergashishdi. 3-asr Veyning ertaklari (Vaylue ) Annamdan hozirgi janubga "suv yo'li" (Qizil daryo) haqida eslatib o'tdi Yunnan. U erdan tovarlarni zamonaviy mintaqalar orqali Xitoyning qolgan qismiga olib ketishgan Kunming va Chengdu. Annamning poytaxti Tống Bình yoki Qo'shiq kuylash (bugungi kunda Xanoy) Tan imperiyasining janubi-g'arbiy mintaqasida shaharlashgan yirik aholi punkti edi. 858 dan 864 gacha, Nanzhao armiya Yunnan mahalliy vetnamlik isyonchilarga yordam bergan Tang Annanga hujum qilib, 150 ming kishilik Xitoy armiyasini yo'q qildi. 866 yilda xitoylik jiyedushi Gao Pian shaharni qaytarib oldi va Nanzhao qo'shinini quvib chiqardi. U shaharni Daluocheng (to 大, Da La thnh).

866 yilda Annanning nomi o'zgartirildi Tĩnh Hi quan. 10-asrning boshlarida, Xitoy siyosiy jihatdan parchalanib ketganligi sababli, dan keyingi lordlar Khúc klani, dan so'ng Dương Đình Nghệ, Thhhải quan ostida avtonom ravishda hukmronlik qildi Tang nomi Jiedushi (Vetnam: Tiết Độ Sứ), (gubernator), lekin o'zlarini shoh deb e'lon qilishdan to'xtadi.

Avtonom davr (905–938)

905 yildan beri, Tĩnh Hải davri mahalliy tomonidan boshqarilgan edi Vetnam avtonom davlat kabi hokimlar.^[46] Tĩnh Hải davri uchun o'lpon to'lash kerak edi Keyinchalik Liang sulolasi siyosiy himoyani almashish.^[47] 923 yilda yaqin Janubiy Xan Jingxayga bostirib kirdi, ammo Vetnam rahbari tomonidan bostirildi Dương Đình Nghệ.^[48] 938 yilda Xitoyning Janubiy Xan davlati yana Vetnamliklarni bo'ysundirish uchun flot yubordi. Umumiy Ngô Quyền (939–944 yy.), Dyang Níng Nghệning kuyovi, Janubiy Xan flotini mag'lub etdi. Bạch Dằng jangi (938). Keyin u o'zini Ngo shoh deb e'lon qildi va monarxiya hukumatini o'rnatdi Cổ Loa va Vetnam uchun mustaqillik davri samarali boshlandi.

Monarxiya davri (938–1858)

Vyetnam jamiyatining asosiy tabiati X asrda Xitoydan mustaqillik va XIX asrda frantsuzlar istilosi orasida bo'lgan qariyb 1000 yil davomida ozgina o'zgardi. Qirol siyosiy hokimiyatning yakuniy manbai, adolatni, qonunni yakuniy tarqatuvchisi va qurolli kuchlarning oliy bosh qo'mondoni hamda diniy marosimlarni nazoratchisi bo'lgan. Ma'muriyat xitoylik hamkasblari singari o'qitilgan mandarinlar tomonidan amalga oshirildi (ya'ni Konfutsiy matnlarini sinchkovlik bilan o'rganish orqali). Umuman olganda, Vetnam urush va sulolalar qulashi davrlarini hisobga olmaganda juda samarali va barqaror boshqarilardi va uning ma'muriy tizimi boshqa Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo davlatlariga qaraganda ancha rivojlangan va Osiyo davlatlari orasida ancha markazlashgan va barqaror boshqarilardi. Qirol hokimiyatiga jiddiy ziddiyat hech qachon yuzaga kelmagan, chunki zodagonlar unvonlari faqat sharaf sifatida berilgan va irsiy bo'lmagan. Vaqti-vaqti bilan olib borilayotgan er islohotlari yirik mulklarni barbod qildi va qudratli er egalarining paydo bo'lishini ta'minladi. Mandarinlardan tashqarida hech qanday diniy / ruhoniylar sinfi paydo bo'lmagan. Ushbu turg'un absolutizm barqaror, yaxshi tartibli jamiyatni, shuningdek, ijtimoiy, madaniy yoki texnologik yangiliklarga qarshilik ko'rsatishni ta'minladi. Islohotchilar faqat o'tmishga ilhom izladilar.

Savodxonlik yuqori sinflarning viloyati bo'lib qoldi. Dastlab xitoy tili yozuv maqsadida ishlatilgan, ammo XI asrga kelib lotin belgilarining to'plami sifatida tanilgan Chữ Nom vetnamcha so'zlarni yozishga imkon beradigan paydo bo'ldi. Biroq, u she'riyat, adabiyot va tibbiyot kabi amaliy matnlar bilan cheklanib qolindi, ammo barcha davlat va rasmiy hujjatlar yozilgan edi Klassik xitoy. Ba'zi tog'-kon sanoati va baliq ovlashdan tashqari, ko'pchilik Vetnamliklarning asosiy faoliyati qishloq xo'jaligi bo'lib, iqtisodiy rivojlanish va savdo davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagan yoki rag'batlantirilmagan.^[49]

Mustaqil davr (938–1407)

Ngô, Dhinh va Lening dastlabki sulolalari (938–1009)

Bir buddist avliyoning rasmlari Arhat Lien Hoa g'orida, Hoa Lư, Ninh Bính

Ngô Quyonning qisqa hukmronlikdan so'ng bevaqt o'limi natijasida taxt uchun hokimiyat uchun kurash boshlanib, natijada mamlakatda birinchi yirik fuqarolar urushi - o'n ikki sarkardaning g'alayonlari (Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân). Urush 944 yildan 968 yilgacha klan boshchiligidagi klangacha davom etdi Đinh Bộ Lĩnh mamlakatni birlashtirgan boshqa sarkardalarni mag'lub etdi.^[50] Đinh Bộ Lĩh asos solgan Jin sulolasi va o'zini Dinh Tiên Hoàng (Djin Majest) deb e'lon qildi Imperator ) dan mamlakat nomini o'zgartirdi Tĩnh Hi quan ga Đại Cồ Việt (so'zma-so'z "Buyuk Vetnam"), poytaxti shahrida joylashgan Hoa Lư (zamonaviy Ninh Binh viloyati ). Yangi imperator betartiblikning takrorlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun qat'iy jazo kodekslarini joriy qildi. Keyin u eng ta'sirli beshta oiladan beshta ayolga qirolicha unvonini berish orqali ittifoqlarni tuzishga harakat qildi. Da La ga aylandi

979 yilda imperator Sin Tin Xon va uning valiahd shahzodasi Dinh Liễn yolg'iz tirik qolgan 6 yoshli bolasini qoldirib, suiqasd qilishdi Đinh Toàn, taxtni egallash. Vaziyatdan foydalanib, Song China Annamga bostirib kirdi. Qurolli kuchlar qo'mondoni milliy mustaqillikka tahdid soladigan bunday katta tahdid bilan yuz o'girgan (Thập Dạo Tướng Quan) Lê Xon taxtga o'tirdi, Jin uyini almashtirdi va o'rnatdi Lé uyi. Qobiliyatli harbiy taktik Lê Hoan qudratli Song qo'shinlarini boshi bilan jalb qilish xavfini angladi; Shunday qilib u bosqinchi qo'shinni Chi Long dovoniga aldab, so'ngra pistirmada va ularning qo'mondonini o'ldirdi va 981 yilda yosh millatiga bo'lgan tahdidni tezda tugatdi. Song sulolasi o'z qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketdi va Ly Xon o'z shohligida imperator Tszi Xan (Tszi) deb nomlandi. Hành Hoàng Đế).^[51] Imperator Lê Dhi Xan, shuningdek, qirollikka qarshi janubga kengayish jarayonini boshlagan birinchi Vetnam monarxi edi. Champa.

1005 yilda imperator Lie Di Xanning o'limi uning o'g'illari orasida taxt uchun kurash olib bordi. Yakunda g'olib, Lê Long Đĩnh, Vetnam tarixidagi eng taniqli zolimga aylandi. U o'z o'yin-kulgi uchun mahbuslarni sadistik jazolarni ishlab chiqdi va deviant jinsiy ishlarga aralashdi. Qisqa umrining oxirlarida - u 24 yoshida vafot etdi. Lê Long Dhnh shu qadar kasal bo'lib qoldiki, sudda rasmiylari bilan uchrashganda yotishga majbur bo'ldi.^[52]

Ly sulolasi, Trun sulolasi va Xồ sulolasi (1009–1407)

Hindiston x. Milodiy 1010 yil. Đại Việt sariq rangda, Champa yashil va Khmer imperiyasi binafsha rangda.

Bitta ustunli pagoda tomonidan qurilgan Ly Thai Tông 1049 yilda

1009 yilda qirol Lê Long Dhnh vafot etganida, saroy qo'riqchisi qo'mondoni nomlangan Ly Công Uẩn taxtni egallash uchun sud tomonidan tayinlangan va asos solgan Ly sulolasi.^[53] Ushbu voqea Vyetnam tarixidagi yana bir oltin davrning boshlanishi deb hisoblanadi, quyidagi sulolalar Ly sulolasining farovonligini meros qilib olib, uni saqlab qolish va kengaytirish uchun ko'p ishlarni amalga oshirmoqdalar. Ly Chon Unning taxtga o'tirishi Vetnam tarixida juda kam uchraydi. Poytaxtda yashovchi yuqori martabali harbiy qo'mondon sifatida u imperator Ly Xon vafotidan keyingi notinch yillarda hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritish uchun barcha imkoniyatlarga ega edi, ammo buni o'z vazifasi tuyg'usi tufayli qilmaslikni afzal ko'rdi. U bir ma'noda kelishuvga erishilishidan oldin munozaralardan so'ng sud tomonidan "saylangan" edi.^[54]

Ly monarxlari Vetnam millati uchun aniq poydevor yaratgani uchun munosib. Ho Chonu, tog'lar va daryolar bilan o'ralgan tabiiy istehkomdan chiqib, Ly Chon Uon o'z sudini hozirgi yangi poytaxtga ko'chirdi. Xanoy va uni chaqirdi Uzoq (Ko'tarilayotgan ajdar).^[55][56] Ly Chon Un shu tariqa o'tmishdoshlarining harbiy mudofaa mentalitetidan chiqib, kuchli iqtisodiyotni milliy omon qolish uchun kalit sifatida tasavvur qildi. Sulolaning uchinchi imperatori Ly Than Thon mamlakatning nomini "DĐi Vi "t" (大 越, Buyuk Vetnam) deb o'zgartirdi.^[57] Lay imperatorlari ketma-ket ulkan yutuqlarni qo'lga kiritishda davom etishdi: guruch xo'jaliklarini himoya qilish uchun dike tizimini qurish; tashkil etish Quốc Tử Giám^[58] birinchi olijanob universitet; va tashkil etish sud ekspertizasi har uch yilda bir marta davlat lavozimlariga munosib oddiy odamlarni tanlash uchun tizim; soliq solishning yangi tizimini tashkil etish;^[59] mahbuslarga insonparvarlik munosabatini o'rnatish. Ayollar Ly jamiyatida muhim rol o'ynagan, chunki sud xonimlari soliq yig'ish uchun mas'ul bo'lganlar. Qo'shni Dali qirolligi "s Vajrayana Buddizm an'analari o'sha paytda Vetnam e'tiqodiga ham ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Ly podshohlari ikkalasini ham asrab olishgan Buddizm va Daosizm davlat dinlari sifatida.^[60]

Ly sulolasi davrida Vetnamliklar bilan bitta katta urush bo'lgan Qo'shiq Xitoy va qo'shnilarga qarshi bir nechta invaziv kampaniyalar Champa janubda.^[61][62] Eng ko'zga ko'ringan mojaro Xitoy hududida sodir bo'ldi Guansi 1075 yil oxirida. Qo'shiq hujumi yaqinlashib kelayotganini bilib, Vetnam armiyasi qo'mondonligi ostida Ly Thường Kiệt va Thon Đản ishlatilgan amfibiya uchta Song qo'shinlarini oldindan yo'q qilish bo'yicha operatsiyalar Yongchjou, Tsinchjou va Lianzhou Guandun va Guansi va 100000 xitoylikni o'ldirgan.^[63][64] Song sulolasi qasos oldi va 1076 yilda Dzi Vitga bostirib kirdi, ammo Song qo'shinlari Nxu Nguyt daryosidagi jang odatda Cầu daryosi sifatida tanilgan, hozirda Bắc Ninh hozirgi poytaxt Xanoydan taxminan 40 km uzoqlikda joylashgan viloyat. Ikkala tomon ham g'alabani majburlay olmadi, shuning uchun Vetnam sudi sulh taklif qildi va uni Song imperatori qabul qildi.^[65] Champa va qudratli Kxmerlar imperiyasi Di Vitning Song bilan chalg'itganidan foydalanib, Dzi Vitning janubiy viloyatlarini o'ldirdi. Ular birgalikda 1128 va 1132 yillarda Dji Vitga bostirib kirishdi.^[66] Keyingi o'n yilliklarda keyingi bosqinlar kuzatildi.^[67]

Trần qirollik jang standarti

Janubiy darvozasi qoladi Tây Đô, 1397 yildan 1407 yilgacha Vetnam poytaxti. YuNESKO Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati.

14-asr Trần sulolasi davrida ishlab chiqarilgan, 57 mm o'lchamdagi to'p to'pi.

Banknota nusxasi Hội Sao Thông Bảo 1393 yilda

XII asr oxirlarida tanazzulga uchragan Ly monarxiyasi kuchiga qarab Tron klani Nam Dhnh oxir-oqibat hokimiyatga ko'tarilish.^[68] 1224 yilda qudratli sud vaziri Trần Thủ Độ imperator Ly Xu Tongni Buddist rohib bo'lishga majbur qildi va Ly Chiêu Hoàng, Xu Tongning 8 yoshli kichkina qizi, mamlakat hukmdori bo'lish uchun.^[69] Trần Thủ DĐ Chiêu Hoangning jiyaniga uylanishini tashkil qildi Trần Chh va oxir-oqibat taxt Trun Chonhga o'tkazilib, shunday boshlandi Trần sulolasi.^[70]

Trần Thủ Độ Ly dvoryanlarining a'zolarini shafqatsizlarcha tozalashdi; ba'zi knyazlar Koreyaga qochib ketishdi, shu jumladan Ly Long Tường. Tozalashdan so'ng Trun imperatorlari mamlakatni Ly podshohlariga o'xshab boshqarganlar. Trần monarxining qayd etgan yutuqlari orasida qishloqlar darajasida aholi sonini qayd etish tizimini yaratish, rasmiy 30 jildlik Dji Việt (Đại Việt Sử Ký) tarixini tuzish kiradi. Lê Văn Hưu va holatining ko'tarilishi Yo'q skript, Vetnam tili uchun yozuv tizimi. Trunlar sulolasi yangi imperatorlarni tayyorlashning o'ziga xos usulini ham qo'llagan: valiahd shahzoda 18 yoshga to'lganida, salafi taxtdan voz kechib, taxtni unga topshirgan, ammo iste'fodagi imperator unvoniga ega bo'lgan (Thái Thượng Hoàng). yangi imperatorning ustozi.

Trun sulolasi davrida Mo'g'ul imperiyasi ostida Monk Xan va Xubilay Xon 1258, 1285 va 1287-88 yillarda Annamga bostirib kirdi. Annam Yuan mo'g'ullarining hukmronligi davrida yuz bergan barcha hujumlarni qaytarib berdi Xubilay Xon. 300 mingdan 500 minggacha bo'lgan mo'g'ul qo'shinlari mag'lubiyatga uchradi.^{[bahsli – muhokama qilish]} Annamning muvaffaqiyatlari kaliti mo'g'ullarning ochiq maydonlardagi janglarda va shahar qamallarida kuchini oldini olish edi - Trun sudi tashlab qo'yilgan poytaxt va shaharlar. So'ngra mo'g'ullar zaif joylarida qat'iyatli kurash olib borishdi, bular Chong Dương, Hàm Tử, Vạn Kiếp kabi botqoqli hududlarda va Van Dồn va Bạch Đằng kabi daryolardagi janglar edi. Mo'g'ullar, shuningdek, tropik kasalliklardan aziyat chekishgan va Trun armiyasining reydlarini etkazib berishdan mahrum bo'lishgan. Yuan-Trun urushi avjiga chiqdi, chunki orqaga chekinayotgan Yuan floti yo'q qilindi Bạch Dằng jangi (1288). Annamning g'alabalari ortidagi harbiy me'mor qo'mondon Trun Quac Tấun edi, u ko'proq mashhur Trần Hưng Đạo. Keyinchalik halokatli kampaniyalarni oldini olish uchun Tran va Champa mo'g'ullar ustunligini tan oldilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1288 yilda, Venetsiyalik tadqiqotchi Marko Polo Champa va Dji Vitga tashrif buyurdi.

Aynan shu davrda Vetnamliklar janubiy qirolligiga qarshi urush olib borishgan Champa, Vetnamning janubiy kengayishining uzoq tarixini davom ettirish (nomi bilan tanilgan Nam tiến ) X asrda mustaqillikka erishgandan ko'p o'tmay boshlangan. Ko'pincha ular Chams tomonidan kuchli qarshilikka duch kelishdi. Mo'g'ullar bosqini paytida Champa bilan muvaffaqiyatli ittifoqdan so'ng, Dji Vítt qiroli Trun Nhân Tong hozirgi kunda joylashgan ikkita Champa viloyatiga ega bo'ldi. Xuế, malika siyosiy nikohining tinch yo'llari orqali Huyn Tran Cham qiroliga Jaya Simhavarman III. Nikoh marosimidan ko'p vaqt o'tmay, qirol vafot etdi va malika uning o'limida eri bilan birga bo'lishini talab qiladigan Cham odatidan qochish uchun shimoliy uyiga qaytdi.^[71] 1312 yilda Champa Vetnamning irmoqli davlatiga aylantirildi, ammo o'n yil o'tgach, ular mustaqillikni tikladilar va oxir-oqibat Vetnamga qarshi 30 yillik urush olib bordilar va bu erlarni qaytarib olish uchun Dji Vietning pasayishi bilan rag'batlandilar. 14-asr. Qirol boshchiligidagi Cham qo'shinlari Chế Bồng Nga (Cham: Po Binasuor yoki Che Bonguar, av. 1360 - 1390) qirolni o'ldirgan Trần Duệ Tông jang orqali Vijaya (1377).^[72] 1371 yildan 1390 yilgacha bo'lgan bir nechta Cham shimolga bostirib kirishlari Vetnam poytaxti Thong Long va Vetnam iqtisodiyotini vayronaga aylantirdi.^[73] Biroq 1390 yilda Xamoyga qarshi Cham dengiz hujumi Vetnam generali tomonidan to'xtatildi Trần Khát Chan askarlari to'plardan foydalangan.^[74]

Champa va mo'g'ullar bilan bo'lgan urushlar Dji Vitni charchagan va bankrot qilgan. O'z navbatida, Trun oilasini o'z sud xodimlaridan biri ag'darib tashlagan, Hồ Quy Ly. Hồ Quý Ly so'nggi Tron imperatorini taxtdan voz kechishga majbur qildi va 1400 yilda taxtga o'tirdi. U mamlakat nomini o'zgartirdi Đại Ngu va poytaxtga ko'chib o'tdi Tây Đô, G'arbiy poytaxt, hozirgi Thanh Hoa. Thăng Long Đông Đô, Sharqiy poytaxt deb o'zgartirildi. Garchi milliy tarqoqlikni keltirib chiqargan va keyinchalik mamlakatni yo'qotganlikda ayblansa ham Ming imperiyasi, Hồ Quy Ly hukmronligi haqiqatan ham ko'plab ilg'or, shiddatli islohotlarni amalga oshirdi, shu jumladan milliy imtihonlarga matematikani qo'shish, ochiq tanqid qilish Konfutsiy falsafa, tangalar o'rniga qog'oz pullardan foydalanish, katta harbiy kemalar va zambaraklarni qurishga sarmoyalar va er islohoti. U 1401 yilda o'z taxtini o'g'li Xan Txanga berdi va Trun shohlariga o'xshash tarzda Thai Thượng Hoàng unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi.^[75]

To'rtinchi Xitoy hukmronligi (1407–1427)

Vetnamning Xitoy tomonidan ishg'ol qilinishi (1407 - 1427)

1407 yilda Trun monarxlarini qayta tiklashga yordam berish bahonasida xitoyliklar Ming qo'shinlar Dji Nguga bostirib kirdi va qo'lga olindi Hồ Quy Ly va Hồ Hán Thng.^[76] The Hồ oilasi atigi 7 yillik hokimiyatdan so'ng nihoyasiga yetdi. Min ishg'ol etuvchi kuchi Trun taxtining merosxo'ri yo'q deb da'vo qilgandan keyin Tszi Nguni Min imperiyasiga qo'shib oldi. Vetnam, sulolaviy janjallar va Champa bilan urushlar tufayli kuchsizlanib, tezda taslim bo'ldi. Minni bosib olish juda qattiq edi. Vetnam to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Xitoyning bir viloyati sifatida qo'shib olindi, eski madaniy assimilyatsiya siyosati yana majburan tatbiq etildi va mamlakat shafqatsiz ekspluatatsiya qilindi.^[77] Biroq, bu vaqtga kelib, Vetnam millatchiligi ularni sinikizatsiya qilishga urinishlar yanada qarshilikni kuchaytirishi mumkin bo'lgan darajaga yetdi. Deyarli darhol, Trần sodiqlari qarshilik urushini boshladilar. Boshchiligidagi qarshilik Trần Quý Khoáng Dastlab bir oz yutuqlarga erishdi, ammo Trun Kuy Xong shubhalanib ikkita eng yaxshi qo'mondonni qatl etganida, uning safida ixtilof kengayib, 1413 yilda mag'lubiyatga uchradi.^[78]

Qayta tiklangan davr (1428–1527)

Keyinchalik Lê sulolasi - ibtidoiy davr (1427–1527)

Fujian tili kommunal uy Hội An. Originally a Vietnamese Buddhism temple, it remains Lê's architectures.

Qadimgi shahar Hội An, YuNESKO Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati, founded in 1470 during Later Lê period.

Cannons of Vietnam during the Later Lê dynasty

1418 yilda, Lê Lợi was the son of a wealthy aristocrat in Thanh Hoa, olib keldi Lam Son qo'zg'oloni against the Ming from his base of Lam Sơn (Thanh Hóa province). Overcoming many early setbacks and with strategic advice from Nguyan Tray, Lê Lợi's movement finally gathered momentum. In September 1426, the Lam Sơn rebellion marched northward, ultimately defeated the Ming army in the Tốt DĐng jangi - Chúc Động in south of Hanoi by using cannons.^[79] Then Lê Lợi's forces launched a siege at Đông Quan (now Hanoi), the capital of the Ming occupation. The Syuande imperatori of Ming China responded by sent two reinforcement forces of 122,000 men, but Lê Lợi staged an ambush and killed the Ming commander Lyu Shan yilda Chi Lăng.^[80] Ming troops at Đông Quan surrendered. The Lam Sơn rebels defeated 200,000 Ming soldiers.^[81]

In 1428, Lê Lợi reestablished the independent of Vietnam under his Lé uyi. Lê Lợi renamed the country back to Đại Việt and moved the capital back to Uzoq, uni qayta nomladi Dong Kin. In 1429, he introduced the Thuận Thiên code, asosan Tang kodi, with severe charges for gambling, bribery and corruption.^[82][83] Lê Lợi granted a land reform in 1429 that took lands from people who collaborated with the Chinese and distributed them among landless peasants and soldiers. With his reform, national economy, commerce, trade and private industries were well-revived. Vietnamese merchants were actively in the Janubiy Xitoy dengizi maritime trading networks with their bases in Chu Đậu va Vân Đồn. Modern archaeological evidence of 14th-17th century Vietnamese goods in the Southeast Asian countries of Filippinlar, Tailand, Malayziya va Indoneziya, even in Japan and Turkey, proven the presences of these trading networks as Vietnam was a regional and international ceramic and silk manufacturer at the time.^[84][85][86] From 1428, Vietnam entered the Early modern Era.^[87]

Hududi Đại Việt (Vetnam ) davrida Lê Thánh Tong (1460–1497), including conquests in Muang Phuan va Champa. The light red represents the territory conquered briefly during the Đại Việt -LAN Xang war (1478–1480). The light blue is the territory of the three kingdoms of Champa.

The Lê emperors carried out land reforms to revitalize the economy after the war. Unlike the Lý and Trần kings, who were more influenced by Buddhism, the Lê emperors leaned toward Konfutsiylik. A comprehensive set of laws, the Hồng Đức code was introduced in 1483 with some strong Confucian elements, yet also included some progressive rules, such as the rights of women. Art and architecture during the Lê dynasty also became more influenced by Chinese styles than during previous Lý and Trần dynasties. The Lê dynasty commissioned the drawing of national maps and had Ngô Sĩ Liên continue the task of writing Đại Việt's history up to the time of Lê Lợi. Imperator Lê Thánh Tong opened hospitals and had officials distribute medicines to areas affected with epidemics.

Overpopulation and land shortages stimulated a Vietnamese expansion south. In 1471, Le troops led by Emperor Lê Thánh Tông invaded Champa va qo'lga olindi uning poytaxti Vijaya. This event effectively ended Champa as a powerful kingdom, although some smaller surviving Cham states lasted for a few centuries more. It initiated the dispersal of the Cham odamlar across Southeast Asia. With the kingdom of Champa mostly destroyed and the Cham people exiled or suppressed, Vietnamese colonization of what is now central Vietnam proceeded without substantial resistance. However, despite becoming greatly outnumbered by Vietnamese settlers and the integration of formerly Cham territory into the Vietnamese nation, the majority of Cham people nevertheless remained in Vietnam and they are now considered one of the key minorities in modern Vietnam. Vietnamese armies also raided the Mekong Delta, which the decaying Khmer Empire could no longer defend. Shahar Xuế, founded in 1600 lies close to where the Champa capital of Indrapura once stood. In 1479, Lê Thánh Tông also campaigned against Laos ichida Vietnamese–Lao War and captured its capital Luang Prabang, in which later the city was totally ransacked and destroyed by the Vietnamese. He made further incursions westwards into the Irravaddi daryosi region in modern-day Burma before withdrawing. After the death of Lê Thánh Tông, Vietnam fell into a swift decline (1497–1527), with 6 rulers in within 30 years of failing economy, natural disasters and rebellions raged through the country. European traders and missionaries, reaching Vietnam in the midst of the Kashfiyot yoshi, were at first Portugal, and started spreading Nasroniylik since 1533.^[88]

Decentralized period (1527–1802)

Mạc & Later Lê dynasties – restored period (1527–1788)

From 1533 until 1592, Vietnam is divided between the northern Mac dynasty va janubiy Le dynasty.

The Lê dynasty was overthrown by its general named Mạc Đăng Dung in 1527. He killed the Lê emperor and proclaimed himself emperor, starting the Mạc sulolasi. After defeating many revolutions for two years, Mạc Đăng Dung adopted the Trần dynasty's practice and ceded the throne to his son, Mạc Đăng Doanh, and he became Thái Thượng Hoàng.

Ayni paytda, Nguyn Kim, a former official in the Lê court, revolted against the Mạc and helped king Lê Trang Tông restore the Lê court in the Thanh Hoa maydon. Thus a civil war began between the Northern Court (Mạc) and the Southern Court (Restored Lê). Nguyễn Kim's side controlled the southern part of Annam (from Thanhhoa to the south), leaving the north (including Đông Kinh-Hanoi) under Mạc control.^[89] When Nguyễn Kim was assassinated in 1545, military power fell into the hands of his son-in-law, Trịnh Kiểm. In 1558, Nguyễn Kim's son, Nguyon Hoan, suspecting that Trịnh Kiểm might kill him as he had done to his brother to secure power, asked to be governor of the far south provinces around present-day Quảng Bính ga Bình Định. Hoàng pretended to be insane, so Kiểm was fooled into thinking that sending Hoàng south was a good move as Hoàng would be quickly killed in the lawless border regions.^[90] However, Hoàng governed the south effectively while Trịnh Kiểm, and then his son Trịnh Tùng, carried on the war against the Mạc. Nguyễn Hoàng sent money and soldiers north to help the war but gradually he became more and more independent, transforming their realm's economic fortunes by turning it into an international trading post.^[90]

The civil war between the Lê-Trịnh and Mạc dynasties ended in 1592, when the army of Trịnh Tùng zabt etilgan Xanoy and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp. Survivors of the Mạc royal family fled to the northern mountains in the province of Cao Bằng and continued to rule there until 1677 when Trịnh Tạc conquered this last Mạc territory. The Lê monarchs, ever since Nguyễn Kim's restoration, only acted as figureheads. After the fall of the Mạc dynasty, all real power in the north belonged to the Trịnh lordlar. Meanwhile, the Ming court reluctantly decided on a military intervention into the Vietnamese civil war, but Mạc Đăng Dung offered ritual submission to the Ming Empire, which was accepted. Since late 16th century, trades and contacts between Japan and Vietnam increased as they established relationship in 1591.^[91] The Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan and governor Nguyon Hoan of Quảng Nam exchanged total 34 letters from 1589 to 1612, and a Japanese town was established in the city of Hội An in 1604.^[91]

Trịnh & Nguyễn lords

Vietnam's capital Đông Kinh or Xanoy in 1688 (viewing from the Qizil daryo

Yapon Qizil muhr kemasi head to Annam (Vietnam)

Trịnh lord's palace in Đông Kinh (Hanoi)

Five tigers tomonidan Hàng Trống rasm, Hanoi, 17th century

Map of Vietnam showing (roughly) the areas controlled by the Trịnh, Nguyễn, Mạc, and Champa around 1650. Violet: Trịnh Territory. Yellow: Nguyễn Territory. Green: Champa-Panduranga (under Nguyễn overlordship). Pink (Cao Bang): Mạc Territory. Orange: Vũ Lordship.

In the year 1600, Nguyễn Hoàng also declared himself Lord (officially "Vương", popularly "Chúa") and refused to send more money or soldiers to help the Trịnh. He also moved his capital to Phú Xuân, modern-day Xuế. Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613 after having ruled the south for 55 years. He was succeeded by his 6th son, Nguyn Phúc Nguyen, who likewise refused to acknowledge the power of the Trịnh, yet still pledged allegiance to the Lê monarch.^[92]

Trịnh Tráng succeeded Trịnh Tùng, his father, upon his death in 1623. Tráng ordered Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to submit to his authority. The order was refused twice. In 1627, Trịnh Tráng sent 150,000 troops southward in an unsuccessful military campaign. The Trịnh were much stronger, with a larger population, economy and army, but they were unable to vanquish the Nguyễn, who had built two defensive stone walls and invested in Portuguese artillery.

The Trnh-Nguyen urushi lasted from 1627 until 1672. The Trịnh army staged at least seven offensives, all of which failed to capture Phú Xuân. For a time, starting in 1651, the Nguyễn themselves went on the offensive and attacked parts of Trịnh territory. However, the Trịnh, under a new leader, Trịnh Tạc, forced the Nguyễn back by 1655. After one last offensive in 1672, Trịnh Tạc agreed to a truce with the Nguyễn Lord Nguyon Phúc Tần. The country was effectively divided in two.

Advent of Europeans & southward expansion

One of the earliest Western maps of Annam, published in 1651 by Aleksandr de Rodos (north is oriented to the right).

Aleksandr de Rodos, ta'sirchan Jizvit missionary in Vietnam.

18-asr Vetnam katolik kesib o'tish

Dutch narration about North Vietnamese officals

Thousand-arms-and-eyes Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva wooden statue in Bút Tháp temple, Bắc Ninh viloyat

Buddhanandi haykali Tây Phương temple, Xanoy. Both are examples of highly-defined style of Vietnamese wood carving.

The G'arb 's exposure to Annam and Annamese exposure to Westerners dated back to 166 AD^[93] with the arrival of merchants from the Rim imperiyasi, to 1292 with the visit of Marko Polo, and the early 16th century with the arrival of Portuguese in 1516 and other European traders and missionaries.^[93] Aleksandr de Rodos, a Jesuit priest from the Papal States, improved on earlier work by Portuguese missionaries and developed the Vietnamese romanized alphabet chữ Quốc ngữ yilda Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 1651 yilda.^[94] Iezuitlar in the 17th century established a firm foundation of Christianity in both domains of Đàng Ngoài (Tonkin ) va Đàng Trong (Cochinchina ).^[95] Various European efforts to establish trading posts in Vietnam failed, but missionaries were allowed to operate for some time until the mandarins began concluding that Nasroniylik (which had succeeded in converting up to a tenth of the population by 1700) was a threat to the Confucian social order since it condemned ancestor worship as idolatry. Vietnamese authorities' attitudes to Europeans and Christianity hardened as they began to increasingly see it as a way of undermining society.

Between 1627 and 1775, two powerful families had partitioned the country: the Nguyen lordlari ruled the South and the Trịnh lordlar ruled the North. The Trnh-Nguyen urushi gave European traders the opportunities to support each side with weapons and technology: the Portuguese assisted the Nguyễn in the South while the Dutch helped the Trịnh in the North. The Trịnh and the Nguyễn maintained a relative peace for the next hundred years, during which both sides made significant accomplishments. The Trịnh created centralized government offices in charge of state budget and producing currency, unified the weight units into a decimal system, established printing shops to reduce the need to import printed materials from China, opened a military academy, and compiled history books.

Meanwhile, the Nguyễn lords continued the southward expansion by the conquest of the remaining Xam er. Việt settlers also arrived in the sparsely populated area known as "Water Chenla", which was the lower Mekong deltasi portion of the former Khmer imperiyasi. Between the mid-17th century to mid-18th century, as the former Khmer Empire was weakened by internal strife and Siamese invasions, the Nguyễn Lords used various means, political marriage, diplomatic pressure, political and military favors, to gain the area around present-day Saygon and the Mekong Delta. The Nguyễn army at times also clashed with the Siyam army to establish influence over the former Khmer Empire.

Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)

Battle of Thọ Xương river between Tây Sơn and Qing army in December, 1788

1771 yilda Tay Sin revolution broke out in Quy Nhơn, which was under the control of the Nguyễn lord.^[96] The leaders of this revolution were three brothers named Nguyon Nhạc, Nguyễn Lữ va Nguyn Xu, not related to the Nguyễn lord's family. In 1773, Tây Sơn rebels took Quy Nhơn as the capital of the revolution. Tây Sơn brothers' forces attracted many poor peasants, workers, Christians, ethnic minorities in the Markaziy tog'liklar va Cham odamlar who had been oppressed by the Nguyễn Lord for a long time,^[97] and also attracted to etnik xitoylar merchant class, who hope the Tây Sơn revolt will spare down the heavy tax policy of the Nguyễn Lord, however their contributions later were limited due to Tây Sơn's nationalist xitoylarga qarshi tuyg'u.^[96] By 1776, the Tây Sơn had occupied all of the Nguyễn Lord's land and killed almost the entire royal family. The surviving prince Nguyn Phúk Anh (often called Nguyễn Ánh) fled to Siam, and obtained military support from the Siamese king. Nguyễn Ánh came back with 50,000 Siamese troops to regain power, but was defeated at the Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút jangi and almost killed. Nguyễn Ánh fled Vietnam, but he did not give up.^[98]

The Tây Sơn army commanded by Nguyễn Huệ marched north in 1786 to fight the Trịnh Lord, Trịnh Khải. The Trịnh army failed and Trịnh Khải committed suicide. The Tây Sơn army captured the capital in less than two months. The last Lê emperor, Lê Chiêu Thống, qochib ketdi Tsin Xitoy va murojaat qildi The Qianlong imperatori in 1788 for help. The Qianlong Emperor supplied Lê Chiêu Thống with a massive army of around 200,000 troops to regain his throne from the usurper. In December 1788, Nguyễn Huệ–the third Tây Sơn brother–proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung and defeated the Qing troops with 100,000 men in a surprise 7 day campaign during the lunar new year (Tết ). There was even a rumor saying that Quang Trung had also planned to conquer China, although it was unclear. During his reign, Quang Trung envisioned many reforms but died by unknown reason on the way march south in 1792, at the age of 40. During the reign of Emperor Quang Trung, Đại Việt was in fact divided into three political entities.^[99] The Tây Sơn leader, Nguyon Nhạc, ruled the centre of the country from his capital Qui Nhơn. Emperor Quang Trung ruled the north from the capital Phú Xuân Xuế. In the South. He officially funded and trained the Janubiy Xitoy sohilidagi qaroqchilar – one of the most strongest and feared pirate army in the world late 18th century–early 19th century.^[100] Nguyễn Ánh, assisted by many talented recruits from the South, captured Gia Dhnh (Bugungi kun Saygon ) in 1788 and established a strong base for his force.^[101]

Many Catholic martyrs (believers and priests) were slain in Tonkin va Cochinchina during persecutions. 64 Martyrs were declared blessed in 1900 of whom 54 were natives; 26 of the martyrs were members of the Dominikan ordeni.^[102]

In 1784, during the conflict between Nguyen Anh, the surviving heir of the Nguyễn lords, and the Tay Sin sulolasi, a French Roman Catholic prelate, Pigneaux de Behaine, sailed to France to seek military backing for Nguyễn Ánh. Da Lyudovik XVI 's court, Pigneaux brokered the Little Treaty of Versailles which promised French military aid in exchange for Vietnamese concessions. Ammo, chunki Frantsiya inqilobi, Pigneaux's plan failed to materialize. He went to the French territory of Pondicheri (India), and secured two ships, a regiment of Indian troops, and a handful of volunteers and returned to Vietnam in 1788. One of Pigneaux's volunteers, Jan-Mari Dayot, reorganized Nguyễn Ánh's navy along European lines and defeated the Tây Sơn at Qui Nhơn in 1792. A few years later, Nguyễn Ánh's forces captured Saygon, where Pigneaux died in 1799. Another volunteer, Viktor Olivier de Puymanel would later build the Gia Dhnh fort in central Saigon.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

After Quang Trung's death in September 1792, the Tây Sơn court became unstable as the remaining brothers fought against each other and against the people who were loyal to Nguyn Xu yosh o'g'li. Quang Trung's 10-years-old son Nguyen Quang Toon succeeded the throne, became Cảnh Thịnh Emperor, the third ruler of the Tây Sơn dynasty. In the South, lord Nguyen Anh and the Nguyễn royalists were assisted with French, Chinese, Siamese and Christian supports, sailed north in 1799, capturing Tây Sơn's stronghold Qui Nhơn.^[103] In 1801, his force took Phu Xuan, the Tây Sơn capital. Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802, when he sieged Thăng Long (Hanoi) and executed Nguyen Quang Toon, along with many Tây Sơn royals, generals and officials. Nguyễn Ánh ascended the throne and called himself Emperor Gia Long. Gia is for Gia Dhnh, the old name of Saigon; Long is for Thăng Long, the old name of Xanoy. Hence Gia Long implied the unification of the country. The Nguyen sulolasi gacha davom etdi Bảo Đại 's abdication in 1945. As China for centuries had referred to Đại Việt as Annam, Gia Long asked the Manchu Qing emperor to rename the country, from Annam to Nam Việt. To prevent any confusion of Gia Long's kingdom with Triệu Đà 's ancient kingdom, the Manchu emperor reversed the order of the two words to Việt Nam. The name Vietnam is thus known to be used since Emperor Gia Long's reign. Recently historians have found that this name had existed in older books in which Vietnamese referred to their country as Vietnam.^{[iqtibos kerak ][qachon? ]}

The Period of Division with its many tragedies and dramatic historical developments inspired many poets and gave rise to some Vietnamese masterpieces in verse, including the epic poem Kiều haqidagi ertak (Truyn Kiều) tomonidan Nguyen Du, Song of a Soldier's Wife (Chinh Phụ Ngâm) by Đặng Trần Côn and Đoàn Thị Điểm, and a collection of satirical, erotically charged poems by a female poet, Hồ Xuân Xương.

Unified era (1802–1858)

Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945)

Nguyễn dynasty (1802 – 1945)

1838 map of Vietnam published by Jean L. Taberd

Meridian Gate of Xu imperatorlik shahri, YuNESKO Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati.

Imperator Gia Long (r. 1802–1820)

Seal of Emperor Gia Long

Qabr Minh Mạng

Qabr Khải Dhnh

Bayroq minorasi Xanoy

Painting about the Enthronement of Nguyễn Emperor

Keyin Nguyen Anh established the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802, he tolerated Catholicism and employed some Europeans in his court as advisors. His successors were more conservative Confucians and resisted Westernization. The next Nguyễn emperors, Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị va Tự Đức brutally suppressed Catholicism and pursued a 'closed door' policy, perceiving the Westerners as a threat, following events such as the Lê Văn Khôi qo'zg'oloni when a French missionary, Fr. Jozef Marchand, was accused of encouraging local Catholics to revolt in an attempt to install a Catholic emperor. Catholics, both Vietnamese and foreign-born, were persecuted in retaliation. Trade with the West slowed during this period. There were frequent uprisings against the Nguyễns, with hundreds of such events being recorded in the annals. These acts were soon being used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam. Erta Nguyen sulolasi had engaged in many of the constructive activities of its predecessors, building roads, digging canals, issuing a legal code, holding examinations, sponsoring care facilities for the sick, compiling maps and history books, and exerting influence over Cambodia and Laos.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Buyrug'i bilan Frantsuz Napoleon III, Rigault de Genouilly 's gunships attacked the port of Đà Nẵng in 1858, causing significant damage, yet failed to gain any foothold, in the process being afflicted by the humidity and tropical diseases. De Genouilly decided to sail south and captured the poorly defended city of Gia Dhnh (Bugungi kun Xoshimin shahri ). From 1859 to 1867, French troops expanded their control over all six provinces on the Mekong delta and formed a colony known as Cochinchina.

French army attacking Nam Dhnh, 1883.

A few years later, French troops landed in northern Vietnam (which they called Tonkin ) va qo'lga olingan Hà Nội twice in 1873 and 1882. The French managed to keep their grip on Tonkin although, twice, their top commanders Frensis Garnier va Anri Riviere, were ambushed and killed fighting pirates of the Qora bayroq armiyasi hired by the mandarins. France assumed control over the whole of Vietnam after the Tonkin aksiyasi (1883–1886). Frantsuz Hind-Xitoy 1887 yil oktyabrda tashkil topgan Annam (Trung Kỳ, central Vietnam), Tonkin (Bắc Kỳ, northern Vietnam), Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ, southern Vietnam, and Cambodia, with Laos added in 1893). Within French Indochina, Cochinchina had the status of a colony, Annam was nominally a protektorat where the Nguyễn dynasty still ruled, and Tonkin had a French governor with local governments run by Vietnamese officials.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Modern period (1858–present)

French colonial era (1858–1945)

French officers and Tonkinese riflemen, 1884.

National Flag of Vietnam, 1890-1920

After Gia Định fell to French troops, many resistance movements broke out in occupied areas, some led by former court officers, such as Trương Định, some by peasants, such as Nguyen Trung Trực, who sank the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics. In the north, most movements were led by former court officers and lasted decades, with Phan Đìhh Phùng fighting in central Vietnam until 1895. In the northern mountains, former bandit leader Hoàng Hoa Thám fought until 1911. Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor Xam Nxi left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 with regent Tôt Thất Thuyết va boshladi Cần Vương ("Save the King") movement, trying to rally the people to resist the French. He was captured in 1888 and exiled to Frantsiya Jazoir. Guerrillas of the Cần Vương movement murdered around a third of Vietnam's Christian population during the rebellion.^[104] Decades later, two more Nguyễn kings, Thh Thay va Duy Tan were also exiled to Africa for having anti-French tendencies. The former was deposed on the pretext of insanity and Duy Tân was caught in a conspiracy with the mandarin Trần Cao Van trying to start an uprising. However, lack of modern weapons and equipment prevented these resistance movements from being able to engage the French in open combat. The various anti-French started by mandarins were carried out with the primary goal of restoring the old feudal society. However, by 1900 a new generation of Vietnamese were coming of age who had never lived in precolonial Vietnam. Bu yosh faollar bobolari kabi mustaqillikning tiklanishini istashgan, ammo ular feodal tuzumiga qaytish mumkin emasligini va zamonaviy texnologiyalar va hukumat tizimlari zarurligini angladilar. G'arb falsafasiga duchor bo'lgach, ular mustaqillik bilan Cnn Vương harakatlarining qirollik tuyg'ularidan chiqib, respublika tuzishni maqsad qildilar. Ularning ba'zilari Yaponiyada Vetnam mustaqillik jamiyatlarini tuzdilar, ular ko'pchilikni namunali jamiyat deb hisoblashdi (ya'ni zamonaviylashgan, ammo o'z madaniyati va institutlarini saqlab qolgan Osiyo millati).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Modernizatsiyaning ikkita parallel harakati paydo bo'ldi. Birinchisi Đông Du ("Sharqqa boring") harakati 1905 yilda boshlangan Phan Bi Chau. Chau, kelajakda frantsuzlarga qarshi muvaffaqiyatli qurolli qo'zg'olonni boshlashi uchun, Vetnamlik talabalarni Yaponiyaga zamonaviy ko'nikmalarni o'rganish uchun yuborishni rejalashtirgan. Shahzoda bilan Cường Để, u Yaponiyada ikkita tashkilot ochdi: Duy Tan Hội va Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội. Frantsiyaning diplomatik tazyiqi tufayli Yaponiya keyinchalik Chauni deportatsiya qildi. Phan Chau Trinh mustaqillikni qo'lga kiritish uchun tinchlik va zo'ravonliksiz kurashni qo'llab-quvvatlagan, ikkinchi harakatga rahbarlik qilgan, Duy Tan (Modernizatsiya), bu omma uchun ta'limni, mamlakatni modernizatsiyalashni, frantsuzlar va vetnamliklar o'rtasida tushuncha va bag'rikenglikni va hokimiyatni tinch yo'l bilan almashtirishni ta'kidladi. 20-asrning boshlarida rimliklar maqomining o'sishi kuzatildi Quốc Ngữ Vetnam tili uchun alifbo. Vetnam vatanparvarlari imkoniyatlarini angladilar Quốc Ngữ savodsizlikni tezda kamaytirish va ommani tarbiyalash uchun foydali vosita sifatida. An'anaviy xitoy yozuvlari yoki Yo'q ssenariy juda noqulay va uni o'rganish juda qiyin bo'lgan. Adabiyotda nasrdan foydalanish ko'plab romanlarning paydo bo'lishi bilan ham mashhur bo'ldi; eng taniqli bo'lganlar Tự Lực Văn Đoàn adabiy to'garak.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Frantsuzlar ikkala harakatni ham bostirganda va Xitoy va Rossiyada inqilobchilarning harakatlarini ko'rgandan so'ng, Vetnam inqilobchilari yanada radikal yo'llarga o'tishni boshladilar. Phan Bi Chau yaratgan Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội yilda Guanchjou, frantsuzlarga qarshi qurolli qarshilikni rejalashtirish. 1925 yilda frantsuz agentlari uni Shanxayda qo'lga olishdi va Vetnamga ruhlantirdilar. Ommabopligi tufayli Chau qatl qilinishdan qutuldi va 1940 yilda vafotigacha uy qamog'ida saqlandi. 1927 yilda Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Vetnam millatchi partiyasi) Gomintang Xitoyda asos solingan va partiya qurollangan boshlangan Yên Bái isyoni 1930 yilda Tonkin shahrida uning raisi bo'lgan, Nguyun Thai Học va gilyotin tomonidan qo'lga olingan va qatl qilingan boshqa ko'plab rahbarlar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Marksizm uchta alohida paydo bo'lishi bilan Vetnamga ham kiritilgan Kommunistik partiyalar; Hindiston Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi, Annam Kommunistik partiyasi va Hindiston Xitoy Kommunistik Ittifoqi, keyinchalik a Trotskiychi boshchiligidagi harakat Tu Thu Thu. 1930 yilda Kommunistik Xalqaro (Komintern) yubordi Nguyen Ái Quốc tomonlarning birlashishini muvofiqlashtirish uchun Gonkongga Vetnam Kommunistik partiyasi (CPV) Trun Phu birinchi Bosh kotib sifatida. Keyinchalik partiya o'z nomini Komintern nomi ostida Hindiston Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi deb o'zgartirdi Stalin, millatchilik tuyg'ularini yoqtirmadi. 1911 yildan buyon Frantsiyada yashagan chapchi inqilobchi sifatida Nguyen Ay Kuk tashkil topishda ishtirok etdi Frantsiya Kommunistik partiyasi va 1924 yilda Kominternga qo'shilish uchun Sovet Ittifoqiga sayohat qildi. 1920-yillarning oxirlarida u Komintern agenti sifatida Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda kommunistik harakatlarni qurishda yordam berdi. 1930-yillar davomida CPV Phu, Lê Hồng Phong va Nguyon Văn Cừ kabi yuqori darajadagi rahbarlarni qatl etish bilan frantsuz tazyiqlari ostida deyarli yo'q qilindi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ikkinchi jahon urushi paytida, Yaponiya Hindistonni bosib oldi 1940 yilda Vichi frantsuzcha qo'g'irchoq kabi joyda mustamlaka ma'muriyati. 1941 yilda Nguyen Ai Quốc, hozirda tanilgan Hồ Chí Minh, tashkil etish uchun shimoliy Vetnamga keldi Việt Minh Front va bu Vetnam mustaqilligi uchun kurashayotgan barcha partiyalar uchun soyabon guruhi bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo Kommunistik partiya hukmron edi. Việt Minh oddiy qurolli kuchga ega edi va urush paytida amerikalik bilan ishladi Strategik xizmatlar idorasi yaponlar haqida razvedka ma'lumotlarini to'plash. Ochlik chiqib ketdi 1944–45 yillarda.^[105] Yaponiyaning mag'lubiyati Ikkinchi jahon urushi ittifoqchilari yaratilgan quvvat vakuum barcha tomonlarning Vetnam millatchilari uchun 1945 yil avgustda hokimiyatni egallab olish, imperatorni majburlash Bảo Đại Nguyen sulolasidan voz kechish va tugatish. 1945 yil sentyabrgacha qo'zg'olonlarni uyushtirishda va mamlakatning aksariyat qismini o'z nazoratiga olishda ularning dastlabki muvaffaqiyati qisman bekor qilindi, ammo bir necha oydan keyin frantsuzlar qaytib kelishdi.

Xitoy bilan aloqalar

2018 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlarga ko'ra Nizolarni hal qilish jurnali 1365 yildan 1841 yilgacha bo'lgan Vetnam-Xitoy munosabatlarini qamrab olgan holda, bu munosabatlar "ierarxik irmoq tizimi" sifatida tavsiflanishi mumkin.^[106] Tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, "Vetnam sudi bir qator institutlar va me'yorlar orqali Xitoy bilan munosabatlardagi tengsiz maqomini aniq tan oldi. Vetnam hukmdorlari, shuningdek, Xitoy bilan munosabatlarga juda kam harbiy e'tibor berishdi. Aksincha, Vetnam rahbarlari bostirish bilan ko'proq shug'ullanishgan. surunkali ichki beqarorlik va ularning janubiy va g'arbiy qirolliklari bilan munosabatlarni boshqarish. "^[106]

Respublika davri (1945 yildan hozirgi kungacha)

Urush davri (1945–76)

Vetkong mahbuslar vertolyot bilan orqa maydonga olib borilishini kutmoqdalar Starlite operatsiyasi. 1965 yil 18–24 avgust.

1945 yil sentyabr oyida X Chí Minh e'lon qildi Vetnam Demokratik Respublikasi (DRV) va rais lavozimini egallagan (Chủ Tịch). Kommunistik boshqaruvni, shu bilan birga, Kommunistik partiyaning siyosiy raqiblarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga moyil bo'lgan millatchi Xitoy va Buyuk Britaniyaning ishg'ol kuchlari tomonidan qisqartirildi. 1946 yilda Vetnamda birinchi milliy assambleyadagi saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi (Vetnamning markaziy va shimoliy qismida Vetnam g'alaba qozondi^[107]), bu birinchi konstitutsiyani ishlab chiqqan, ammo vaziyat hali ham xavfli edi: frantsuzlar hokimiyatni kuch bilan tiklashga harakat qilishdi; biroz Cochinchinese siyosatchilar ajralib chiqadigan hukumatni tuzdilar Cochinchina Respublikasi (Cộng hòa Nam Kỳ) kommunistik bo'lmagan va kommunistik kuchlar bir-birlarini vaqti-vaqti bilan jangga jalb qilayotgan paytda. Stalinistlar tozalangan Trotskiychilar. Diniy firqalar va qarshilik guruhlari o'zlarining qurolli kuchlarini tuzdilar. Kommunistlar oxir-oqibat barcha kommunistik bo'lmagan partiyalarni bostirdilar, ammo Frantsiya bilan tinchlik bitimini tuza olmadilar.

1946 yil oxirlarida va Min Min va Frantsiya o'rtasida keng miqyosli urush boshlandi Birinchi Hindiston urushi rasman boshlandi. Dunyo bo'ylab mustamlakachilik tugashini anglagan Frantsiya sobiq imperatorni olib kelishga qaror qildi Bảo Đại orqaga qaytish, Xoshiminga siyosiy alternativ sifatida. A Vaqtinchalik Markaziy hukumat 1948 yilda Annam va Tonkinni birlashtirgan, ammo Vetnamning to'liq birlashishi bir yilga kechiktirildi, chunki muammolar yuzaga keldi. Cochinchina huquqiy maqomi. 1949 yil iyulda Vetnam shtati ichida yarim mustaqil mamlakat sifatida rasman e'lon qilindi Frantsiya ittifoqi, Bảo Dại davlat rahbari sifatida. 1954 yilda Vetnam Minh qo'shinlari bo'lganida Frantsiya Hindistonda o'z mustamlakalaridan voz kechishga ishontirildi frantsuzlarni mag'lub etdi da Dien Bien Phu. The 1954 yil Jeneva konferentsiyasi Vetnamni tark etdi bo'lingan millat, bilan Hồ Chí Minh kommunistik DRV hukumatining qarori shimol Xanoydan va Ngô Dính Diệm AQSh tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Vetnam Respublikasi hukmronlik qilmoqda janub dan Saygon. 1953-1956 yillarda Shimoliy Vetnam hukumati turli xil agrar islohotlarni, jumladan, "ijara haqini pasaytirish" va "er islohotlarini" amalga oshirdi, bu esa siyosiy zulmga olib keldi. Yer islohoti davomida Shimoliy Vetnamlik guvohlarning ko'rsatmalari har 160 qishloq aholisi uchun bittadan qatl qilinishini taklif qildi, bu mamlakat miqyosida ekstrapolyatsiya qilingan 100 mingga yaqin ijro etilganligini ko'rsatib beradi. Kampaniya asosan Qizil daryo deltasi hududida to'planganligi sababli, 50,000 qatl qilinganligi haqidagi eng past baho, o'sha paytda olimlar tomonidan keng qabul qilingan.^{[108][109][110][111]} Biroq, Vetnam va Vengriya arxivlaridagi maxfiy hujjatlardan olingan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, qatllarning soni o'sha paytdagi ma'lumotlarga qaraganda ancha past bo'lgan, ammo ehtimol 13,500 dan oshgan.^[112] Janubda Diem siyosiy va diniy muxolifatni tor-mor etish, minglab odamlarni qamoqqa olish yoki o'ldirish bilan shug'ullangan.^[113]

Shimoliy va janubiy Vyetnamning bo'linishi bilan bir qatorda geografik hududda institutsional siyosiy tuzilishga xos tanlovlarida farqlar paydo bo'ldi. Shimoliy Vetnam (Dai Vet) markazlashtirilgan byurokratik rejimni tanladi, janub esa shaxsiylashtirilgan boshqaruvga tayanib, homiy-mijoz mexanizmiga asoslangan. Ushbu davrda, ushbu tarkibiy farq tufayli, shimol va janub o'zlarining iqtisodiy faoliyatida turli xil qonuniyatlarni ochib berishdi, ularning uzoq muddatli ta'siri bugungi kungacha davom etmoqda. Ilgari byurokratik davlatda yashovchi fuqarolar uy xo'jaliklarida ko'proq iste'mol qilishadi va fuqarolik faoliyati bilan ko'proq shug'ullanishadi; davlatning o'zi avvalgi institutdan meros bo'lib qolgan soliqqa tortish uchun yanada kuchli soliq salohiyatiga ega bo'lishga intiladi.

Natijada Vetnam (Ikkinchi Hindiston) urushi (1954–75), Vietnam Kong va muntazam ravishda Vetnam xalq armiyasi (PAVN) DRV kuchlari mamlakatni birlashtirdi kommunistik qoida^[114] Ushbu to'qnashuvda Shimoliy va Vet Kong - Sovet Ittifoqining moddiy-texnik ko'magi bilan - mag'lubiyatga uchradi Vetnam Respublikasi armiyasi AQSh harbiylari ko'magi bilan Janubiy Vetnam mustaqilligini saqlab qolishga intilgan, kommunistlar boshchiligida qo'shin kuchi 540 mingga yetgan. Tet Offensive 1968 yilda. Shimol shartlariga rioya qilmadi 1973 yil Parij shartnomasi Rasmiy ravishda janubdagi tinch va tinch saylovlarni chaqirib urushni tugatdi birlashish. 1973 yilda AQShning so'nggi kuchlari chiqarilgandan ikki yil o'tgach, Janubiy Vetnam poytaxti Saygon, kommunistlarning qo'liga tushdi 1975 yilda Janubiy Vetnam armiyasi taslim bo'ldi. 1976 yilda birlashgan Vetnam hukumati Saygon nomini o'zgartirdi Hồ Chí Minh shahri 1969 yilda vafot etgan Hồ sharafiga. Urush Vetnamni vayronaga aylantirdi, qurbonlarning umumiy soni 966000 dan 3.8 milliongacha bo'lgan,^{[115][116][117]} kabi minglab qurollar va boshqa moddalar bilan nogironlar napalm va Agent to'q sariq. Vetnam hukumati uning 4 million fuqarosi Agent Orange ta'siriga duchor bo'lganligini va shu sababli 3 millionga yaqin odam kasallikka chalinganligini aytmoqda; bu raqamlarga fosh bo'lgan odamlarning farzandlari kiradi.^[118] The Vetnam Qizil Xoch ifloslangan agent Orange tufayli 1 milliongacha odam nogiron yoki sog'lig'ida muammolarga duch kelishini taxmin qilmoqda.^[119] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati bu raqamlarni ishonchsiz deb tan oldi.^[120]

Birlashtirilgan davr (1976–1986)

1975 yildan keyingi davrda samaradorligi darhol aniq bo'ldi Kommunistik partiya (CPV) siyosat, albatta, partiyaning tinchlik davrida davlat qurish rejalariga taalluqli emas edi. Shimoliy va Janubni siyosiy jihatdan birlashtirgan CPV ularni ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy jihatdan birlashtirishi kerak edi. Ushbu vazifada CPV siyosatchilari Janubning kommunistik o'zgarishlarga qarshi turishlariga, shuningdek, Shimoliy va Janub o'rtasidagi madaniy va tarixiy farqlardan kelib chiqadigan an'anaviy dushmanliklarga duch kelishdi. Urushdan keyin, ostida Lê Duẩn ma'muriyati, G'arb qo'rquvini aralashtirib, AQSh yoki Saygon hukumati bilan hamkorlik qilgan Janubiy Vetnamliklarning qatl etilishi yo'q edi.^[121] Biroq, 300 minggacha Janubiy Vetnamga yuborilgan qayta tarbiyalash lagerlari, bu erda ko'pchilik qiynoqqa, ochlikka va kasallikka chalingan holda, og'ir ishlarni bajarishga majbur bo'lishgan.^[122] The Yangi iqtisodiy zonalar dasturi dan keyin Vetnam kommunistik hukumati tomonidan amalga oshirildi Saygonning qulashi. 1975-1980 yillarda 1 milliondan ortiq shimolliklar ilgari janubga va markaziy mintaqalarga ko'chib ketishdi Vetnam Respublikasi.^[123] Ushbu dastur, o'z navbatida, 750,000 atrofida 1 milliondan ortiq janubiy aholini uylaridan ko'chirgan va ularni majburiy ravishda yashamaydigan tog'li o'rmonli hududlarga ko'chirgan.^[123]

Murakkab iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar yangi harbiy muammolar edi. 1970-yillarning oxirlarida Kxmer Ruj rejimi ostidagi Kambodja umumiy chegaradagi Vetnam qishloqlarini ta'qib qilishni va reyd qilishni boshladi. Tahdidni zararsizlantirish uchun, PAVN 1978 yilda Kambodjani bosib oldi va uning poytaxtidan ustun keldi Pnompen, amaldagi prezidentni haydab chiqarish Kxmer-ruj tartib. Bunga javoban, Pekinparast Khmer Rouge rejimini qo'llab-quvvatlash harakati sifatida, Xitoy Vetnamga bosimini oshirdi va 1979 yilda Shimoliy Vetnamga qo'shin yubordi Vetnamni "jazolash" uchun. Ma'lum vaqtdan beri ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi munosabatlar yomonlashayotgan edi. Chegara bo'ylab hududiy kelishmovchiliklar va Janubiy Xitoy dengizida davomida uxlab yotgan edi Vetnam urushi urush oxirida qayta tiklandi va Xanoy tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan urushdan keyingi etnik xitoylarga qarshi kampaniya Hoa hamjamiyati Pekindan qattiq norozilikni keltirib chiqardi. Vetnamning Sovet Ittifoqi bilan ittifoqi Xitoyga yoqmadi.^[124] 1979-89 yillarda Kambodjani uzoq muddatli harbiy ishg'ol qilish paytida Vetnamning xalqaro yakkalanishi Qo'shma Shtatlar bilan aloqalarni qamrab oldi. Qo'shma Shtatlar, Vetnamning amerikaliklarni hisobga olish bo'yicha minimal hamkorligini aytib berishdan tashqari amalda yo'qolgan (IIV) normal munosabatlarga to'siq bo'lib, Vetnam qo'shinlari Kambodjani bosib olgan ekan, normal aloqalarni taqiqlab qo'ydi. Vashington 1975 yilda urush yakunlanganda Xanoyga qo'yilgan savdo embargosini bajarishni davom ettirdi.

Urushdan keyingi Janubdagi kapitalizm qoldiqlariga qarshi qattiq tazyiqlar 1980 yillar davomida iqtisodiyotning qulashiga olib keldi. Iqtisodiyot tanazzulga uchragan kommunistik hukumat o'z yo'nalishini o'zgartirdi va pragmatistlar va kommunistik an'anachilarning xilma-xil qarashlarini bartaraf etgan konsensus siyosatini qabul qildi. 80-yillar davomida Vetnam Sovet Ittifoqidan yiliga qariyb 3 milliard dollarlik iqtisodiy va harbiy yordam oldi va o'z savdosining katta qismini SSSR va boshqa mamlakatlar bilan olib bordi. Komekon mamlakatlar. 1986 yilda, Nguyen Văn Linh Keyingi yili CPV bosh kotibi lavozimiga ko'tarilgan, siyosiy va iqtisodiy yangilanish kampaniyasini boshladi (Đổi Mới ). Uning siyosati Sovet Ittifoqida bir vaqtning o'zida amalga oshirilgan islohot dasturiga o'xshash siyosiy va iqtisodiy tajribalar bilan ajralib turardi. Siyosiy murosaga kelish ruhini aks ettirgan Vetnam qayta tarbiyalash ishlarini to'xtatdi. Kommunistik hukumat qishloq xo'jaligi va sanoat kooperativlarini targ'ib qilishni to'xtatdi. Fermerlarga davlatga qarashli erlar bilan bir qatorda shaxsiy uchastkalarni haydashga ruxsat berildi va 1990 yilda kommunistik hukumat xususiy biznesni tashkil qilishni rag'batlantiruvchi qonun qabul qildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Yangilangan davr (1986 yildan hozirgi kungacha)

Keyin Prezident Bill Klinton 2000 yilda Vetnamga tashrif buyurdi, bu deyarli Vetnamning yangi davrini belgilab berdi. Vetnam tobora jozibali iqtisodiy rivojlanish manziliga aylandi. O'sha vaqt davomida Vetnam dunyo sahnasida muhim rol o'ynadi. Uning iqtisodiy islohotlari Vetnamni muvaffaqiyatli o'zgartirdi va Vyetnamni yanada dolzarb qildi ASEAN va xalqaro bosqich. Shuningdek, Vetnamning ahamiyati tufayli ko'plab davlatlar o'z sharoitlariga qarab Vetnamni qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar.

Biroq, Vetnam, asosan, bilan tortishuvlarga duch keladi Kambodja chegara orqali va ayniqsa, Xitoy, ustidan Janubiy Xitoy dengizi. 2016 yilda Prezident Barak Obama Vetnamga halokatli qurollar embargosini bekor qilib, Vetnamga halokatli qurollarni sotib olishga va o'z harbiylarini modernizatsiya qilishga imkon berib, munosabatlarni yanada yuqori darajaga ko'tarishda yordam bergan Vetnamga tashrif buyurgan 3-davlat rahbari bo'ldi.

Vetnam yangi sanoatlashgan mamlakat, shuningdek kelajakda mintaqaviy kuchga aylanishi kutilmoqda. Vetnam biri Keyingi o‘n bir mamlakatlar.

Ismlarni o'zgartirish

O'z tarixining aksariyat qismida hozirgi Vetnamning geografik chegarasi etnik jihatdan ajralib turadigan uchta davlatni qamrab oldi: Vetnam davlati, a Xam davlat va uning bir qismi Khmer imperiyasi. Vetnam millati Qizil daryo deltasi hozirgi kunda Shimoliy Vetnam va o'z tarixida hozirgi chegaraga qadar kengaytirildi. Văn Lang eng uzoq vaqt davomida ishlatilgan holda, u juda ko'p ismlarni o'zgartirdi. Quyida ismlarning qisqacha mazmuni keltirilgan:

Xong Bang va Tay Sinlar sulolalaridan tashqari, barcha Vetnam sulolalari qirolning familiyasi bilan atalgan, xitoylik sulolalardan farqli o'laroq, ularning nomlari sulola asoschilari tomonidan belgilanadi va ko'pincha mamlakat nomi sifatida ishlatiladi. Nguyon Xuning "Tay Sin" sulolasi - bu tarixchilar tomonidan Nguyon Anhning Nguyon sulolasi bilan chalkashmaslik uchun yaratilgan nom.

Shuningdek qarang

• Vetnamning iqtisodiy tarixi
• Sharqiy Osiyo tarixi
• Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo tarixi
• Vetnam sulolalari ro'yxati
• Vetnam siyosati

Iqtiboslar

Bibliografiya

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• Ngô Sĩ Liên (2009), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (vetnam tilida) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Xanoy: Madaniyat nashriyoti, ISBN  978-6041690134
• Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (vetnam tilida), Saygon: Maktab materiallari markazi
• Phạm Văn S .n (1960), Việt Sử Toàn Thư (vetnam tilida), Saygon
• Teylor, K. V. (1983), Vetnamning tug'ilishi, Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti, ISBN  978-0-520-07417-0
• Teylor, K.V. (2013), Vetnamliklar tarixi, Kembrij universiteti matbuoti, ISBN  978-0521699150
• Juzheng, Syu (1995), Besh sulolaning qadimgi tarixi, Zhonghua Book Company, ISBN  7101003214
• Twitchett, Denis (2008), Xitoyning Kembrij tarixi, Kembrij universiteti matbuoti, ISBN  9781139054737
• Uoker, Xyu Dayson (2012), Sharqiy Osiyo: yangi tarix, ISBN  978-1477265161
• Dutton, Jorj Edson (2008), Tay Sơn qo'zg'oloni: XVIII asrdagi Vetnamdagi jamiyat va isyon, Ipak qurti kitoblari, ISBN  978-9749511541
• Choi, Byung Vuk (2004), Min Myun hukmronligi ostida bo'lgan Janubiy Vetnam (1820-1841): Markaziy siyosat va mahalliy javob, SEAP nashrlari, ISBN  0877271380
• Maspero, Jorj (2002), Champa qirolligi, White Lotus Co., Ltd, ISBN  9789747534993

Birlamchi manbalar

• Jorj Dutton, Jeyn Verner, Jon K. Uitmor, nashr. (2012). Vetnam an'analarining manbalari. Kolumbiya universiteti matbuoti.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Goscha, Kristofer (2016). Vetnam: yangi tarix. Asosiy kitoblar. ISBN  978-0465094363.
• Kiernan, Ben (2017). Vetnam: eng qadimgi zamonlardan to hozirgi kungacha bo'lgan tarix. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0190627300.
• Nguyen Thế Anh & Filipp Papin (2008). Parcours d'un historien du Viêt Nam: Recueil des Articles écrits par Nguyên Thê Anh. Parij. Les Indes savantes.
• Tran, Nxung Tuyet; Reyd, Entoni, eds. (2006). Vetnam: Chegarasiz tarixlar. Medison, VI: Viskonsin universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0299217747.
• Wilcox, Wynn, ed. (2010). Vetnam va G'arb: yangi yondashuvlar. Itaka, Nyu-York: SEAP nashrlari, Kornell universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0877277828.
• Sakkiz tomlik seriya Hindchinadan Vetnamgacha: Inqilob va urush global istiqbolda Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti tomonidan.

Tashqi havolalar

• Vetnamning virtual arxivi Vetnamga tegishli hujjatlarning to'liq to'plami (Texas texnika universiteti )
• Thư viện Sử - Viện Việt Học (Vetnam tadqiqotlari instituti) Vetnam tarixiy kitoblarining Pdfs