Tayvan tarixi - History of Taiwan

Ushbu maqola Tayvan orolining tarixi haqida. Hozirgi vaqtda Tayvanni boshqarayotgan siyosat tarixi uchun qarang Xitoy Respublikasi tarixi.
Qismi bir qator ustida
Tarixi Tayvan
1640 yil Formosa-Tayvan xaritasi gollandiyalik 荷蘭人 所繪 福爾摩沙 - 臺灣 .jpg
Xronologik
Tarix 1624 yilgacha
Gollandiyalik Formosa 1624–1662
Ispancha Formosa 1626–1642
Tungning qirolligi 1662–1683
Qing qoidasi 1683–1895
Yaponiya hukmronligi 1895–1945
Xitoy Respublikasi hukmronlik qiladi 1945 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar
Mavzuga oid
Mahalliy
Ro'yxatlar
Xitoy Respublikasi bayrog'i.svg Tayvan portali
Tayvan tarixi
An'anaviy xitoy臺灣 歷史
To'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'noTayvan tarixi

Tarixi Tayvan oroli o'n minglab yillar davomida odamlar yashaganligi haqidagi dastlabki ma'lumotlarga asoslanadi.[1][2] Asoslangan madaniyatning to'satdan paydo bo'lishi qishloq xo'jaligi miloddan avvalgi 3000 yil atrofida hozirgi ajdodlarimizning kelishini aks ettiradi deb ishoniladi Tayvan tub aholisi.[3] Orol edi gollandlar tomonidan mustamlaka qilingan 17-asrda, shu jumladan Hoklo aholisi, shu jumladan Xakka dan kelgan muhojirlar Fujian va Guandun maydonlari materik Xitoy, bo'ylab Tayvan bo‘g‘ozi. Ispaniyaliklar a shimolda joylashish qisqa muddat uchun, lekin 1642 yilda gollandlar tomonidan quvib chiqarildi.

1662 yilda, Koxinga, ning sodiq kishisi Min sulolasi 1644 yilda materik Xitoy ustidan nazoratni yo'qotib qo'ygan, Gollandiyani mag'lub etib, a operatsiyalar bazasi orolda. Uning kuchlari Tsing sulolasi 1683 yilda va Tayvanning ayrim qismlari tobora ko'payib bormoqda Tsin imperiyasiga qo'shilgan. Keyingi Birinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi 1895 yilda Tsin orolni topshirdi, bilan birga Pengxu, uchun Yaponiya imperiyasi. Tayvan Yaponiya imperiyasiga eksport qilish uchun guruch va shakar ishlab chiqardi, shuningdek, bu uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qildi Yaponlarning Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi bosqini va Tinch okeani Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida. Yaponiya imperatorlik ta'limi yilda amalga oshirildi Tayvan va ko'plab tayvanliklar ham urush paytida Yaponiya uchun kurashdilar.

1945 yilda, oxiridan keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, millatchi hukumat ning Xitoy Respublikasi Boshchiligidagi (ROC) Gomintang (KMT), Tayvan ustidan nazoratni o'z qo'liga oldi. 1949 yilda, boshqaruvni yo'qotgandan so'ng materik Xitoy ichida Xitoy fuqarolar urushi, KMT huzuridagi ROC hukumati Tayvanga chekindi va Chiang Qay-shek e'lon qilingan harbiy holat. KMT Tayvanni (Kinmen orollari bilan birga) boshqargan. Vuqiu va qarama-qarshi tomonidagi Matsu Tayvan bo‘g‘ozi ) kabi yagona partiyali davlat qirq yil davomida, 80-yillarda demokratik islohotlarga qadar, bu birinchi marta olib keldi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri prezident saylovlari 1996 yilda. Urushdan keyingi davrda Tayvanda "" deb nomlanuvchi jadal sanoatlashtirish va iqtisodiy o'sish kuzatildi.Tayvan mo''jizasi "va" biri sifatida tanilgan "To'rtta Osiyo yo'lbarslari ".

Erta hisob-kitob

Asosiy maqola: Tayvanning tarixiy tarixi
Tayvan tarixi Tayvanda joylashgan
Liang oroli
Liang oroli
Zuojhen
Zuojhen
Changbin
Changbin
Eluanbi
Eluanbi
Dapenkeng
Dapenkeng
Dastlabki joylari bo'lgan Tayvan va kengligi 130 km (81 mil) Tayvan bo'g'ozi

In Kech pleystotsen, dengiz sathi hozirgi kungacha 140 m ga pastroq bo'lib, sayozlik polini ochib tashladi Tayvan bo‘g‘ozi materik faunasi kesib o'tgan quruqlik ko'prigi sifatida.[4] Tayvanda inson mavjudligining eng qadimgi dalili Chouqu va Gangzilindan topilgan uchta bosh suyagi bo'lagi va tish tishlaridan iborat. Zuojen tumani, Tainan. Ularning yoshi 20000 dan 30000 yilgacha ekanligi taxmin qilinmoqda.[1][5] Eng qadimiy artefaktlar toshbo'ron qilingan toshlardir paleolit ​​madaniyati to'rt g'orda topilgan Changbin, Taitung, 15000 dan 5000 yil avval tuzilgan va Fujianning zamonaviy saytlariga o'xshash. Xuddi shu madaniyat saytlarda joylashgan Eluanbi Tayvanning janubiy uchida, 5000 yil oldin saqlanib qolgan.[2][6] Boshida Golotsen 10 000 yil oldin dengiz sathlari ko'tarilib, Tayvan bo'g'ozini hosil qildi va orolni Osiyo materikidan uzib tashladi.[4]

2011 yil dekabr oyida ~ 8000 yoshli Liangdao Man skeleti topildi Liang oroli. 2014 yilda skeletning mitoxondriyal DNKga tegishli ekanligi aniqlandi Haplogroup E, E1 kichik guruhiga xos to'rtta mutatsiyadan ikkitasi bilan.[7][8]

Tayvanda topilgan yagona paleolit ​​davri orolning janubi-sharqidagi Xiaoma g'orida bo'lgan, miloddan avvalgi 4000 yilgacha, tipiga o'xshash erkak Negritoslar Filippinda topilgan. Bundan tashqari, xitoy tilidagi matnlarda va Tayvanning mahalliy og'zaki an'analarida orolda o'tmishdagi pigmentlarga oid ma'lumotlar mavjud.[9]

Miloddan avvalgi 3000 yil atrofida, neolit Dapenkeng madaniyati to'satdan paydo bo'ldi va tezda orolning qirg'oqlari bo'ylab tarqaldi. Ularning joylari arqondan yasalgan sopol idishlar, sayqallangan toshdan yasalgan adzalar va slanetsli toshlar bilan ajralib turadi. Aholisi guruch va tariq etishtirgan, ammo dengiz qobig'i va baliqlarga katta ishongan. Aksariyat olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, bu madaniyat Changbin madaniyatidan kelib chiqmagan, ammo uni hozirgi bobolarimiz boğaz orqali olib kelishgan Tayvanlik mahalliy aholi, erta gapirish Avstronesiya tillari.[3][10] Keyinchalik bu odamlarning ba'zilari Tayvandan Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi orollarga va u erdan Tinch va Hind okeanlari bo'ylab ko'chib ketishgan.Malayo-polineziya tillari hozirdan boshlab katta maydon bo'ylab gapirishmoqda Madagaskar ga Gavayi, Pasxa oroli va Yangi Zelandiya, ammo avstronesiyaliklar oilasining faqat bitta tarmog'ini tashkil qiladi, qolgan shoxlari faqat Tayvanda joylashgan.[11][12][13][14]

Dapenkeng madaniyatiga orol bo'ylab turli xil madaniyatlar, shu jumladan Tahu va Yingpu madaniyatlar.Iron hozirgi davrning boshlarida kabi madaniyatlarda paydo bo'ldi Niaosung madaniyati.[15]Dastlabki metall buyumlar savdo mollari bo'lgan, ammo milodiy 400 yillarga kelib temir yordamida mahalliy ishlab chiqarilayotgan edi gullar, ehtimol kiritilgan texnologiya Filippinlar.[16]

Dastlabki Xitoy tarixlari ba'zi tarixchilar Tayvan bilan aniqlaydigan sharqiy orollarga tashriflarni nazarda tutadi. Qo'shinlari Uch qirollik holati Vu Yizhou deb nomlanuvchi orolga tashrif buyurish sifatida qayd etilgan (夷 洲) 3-asrda. The Sui kitobi bu bilan bog'liq Imperator Yang ning Sui sulolasi deb nomlangan joyga uchta ekspeditsiyani yubordi.Liuqiu "VII asr boshlarida.[17] Keyinchalik Liuqiu (uning belgilarini yapon tilida "deb o'qiydi)Ryukyu ") Tayvanning shimoli-sharqidagi orol zanjiriga ishora qildi, ammo ba'zi olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, bu Sui davrida Tayvanga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin. Okinava oroli xitoyliklar tomonidan "Buyuk Liuqiu", Tayvanda esa "Kichik Liuqiu" deb nomlangan.[18]

1544 yilda Tayvandan o'tib ketayotgan portugaliyalik dengizchilar dastlab kema jurnalida orolning nomini yozib qo'yishdi Ilha Formosa, "go'zal orol" degan ma'noni anglatadi. 1582 yilda portugaliyaliklar halokatga uchragan kemada omon qolganlar o'n hafta davomida kurash olib borishdi bezgak va mahalliy aholiga qaytishdan oldin Makao salda[19]

XVI asrga kelib, orolning janubi-g'arbiy qismida xitoylik baliqchilar, savdogarlar va qaroqchilar ko'payib bormoqda. Gollandiyaliklar 1623 yilda kelganlarida 1500 ga yaqin xitoylik mehmon va aholini topdilar.[20]

Golland va Ispaniya hukmronligi

Asosiy maqolalar: Gollandiyalik Formosa va Ispancha Formosa
17-asrda Tayvan, Gollandiyalik (magenta) va ispan (yashil) mulklarini namoyish etgan va Middag qirolligi (apelsin)
An nusxasi Sharqiy Indiaman ning Dutch East India kompaniyasi /United East India kompaniyasi (VOC).

The Dutch East India kompaniyasi (VOC) Osiyo savdo va harbiy bazasini izlash uchun ushbu hududga kelgan. Portugaliyaliklar tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchragan Makao jangi 1622 yilda ular egallashga urinishgan Pengxu, lekin edi Ming hukumati tomonidan haydab chiqarilgan. Keyin ular qurishdi Zelandiya Fort Tayvanning janubi-g'arbiy qirg'og'idagi Tayovan orolida. (Sayt hozirgi zamonda asosiy orolning bir qismidir Anping, Taynan.) Qo'shni materikda ular kichikroq g'ishtdan qal'a qurishdi, Provintiya Fort.[21] Mahalliy aborigentslar bu joyni Pakan deb atashgan[22] va ba'zi eski xaritalarda Tayvan oroli Pakan deb nomlangan.[23]

1626 yilda Ispaniya imperiyasi, Gollandiyaning Tayvanda mavjudligini tahdid sifatida ko'rish ularning Filippindagi mustamlakasi, da aholi punktini tashkil etdi Santisima Trinidad Tayvanning shimoliy-sharqiy sohilida (zamonaviy Keelung ), San-Salvador Fortini qurish. Ular ham qurdilar Santo-Domingo Fort shimoli-g'arbda (zamonaviy Tamsui 1629 yilda, ammo 1638 yilga qadar uni tark etgan. Kichik mustamlaka kasallik va dushman mahalliy aholi tomonidan azoblangan va ozgina qo'llab-quvvatlangan Manila.[24] Gollandiya gubernatori Piter Nuyts yapon Hamada Yahei bilan mojaroga aralashib qoldi.

Gollandiyaliklar mag'lubiyatga uchradi Liaoluo ko'rfazidagi jang xitoyliklar tomonidan Zheng Zhilong 1633 yilda.

Gollandlar Tayvanni Gollandiyaning mustamlakasiga aylantirishga kirishdilar.[11] Biznesning birinchi tartibi Gollandlarga zo'ravonlik bilan qarshilik ko'rsatgan qishloqlarni jazolash va mahalliy aholini VOCga sodiqlik bilan birlashtirish edi. Birinchi jazo ekspeditsiyasi shimolda joylashgan Bakloan va Mattauw qishloqlariga qarshi edi Saccam Tayovan yaqinida. Mattauw kampaniyasi kutilganidan osonroq edi va qabilalar o'z qishloqlarini o't o'chirgandan keyin topshirdilar. Aksiya Tirossendan (zamonaviy) boshqa qishloqlarga ham tahdid bo'lib xizmat qildi Chiayi ) Lonkjiaowga (Xenchun ). The 1636 ta jazo hujumi kuni Lamay oroli kemaning halokatga uchragan ekipajlari o'ldirilishiga javoban Bevervijk va Oltin sher o'n yil o'tgach, oroldan 1100 kishilik butun tub aholini olib chiqib ketishdi, shu jumladan g'orda o'ldirilgan 327 Lamayanlar, u erda Gollandiyaliklar qamalib oldilar va Gollandiyaliklar va ularning ittifoqdosh aborigenlari Sakkamdan g'orga quyib yuborishgan. , Soulang va Pangsoya.[25] Erkaklar qullikka majbur qilingan Bataviya (Java ) va ayollar va bolalar gollandiyalik ofitserlarning xizmatkorlari va xotinlari bo'lishdi. Lamaydagi voqealar Gollandiya boshqaruvining yo'nalishini ittifoqdosh aborigenlar bilan yaqinroq ishlashga o'zgartirdi, ammo chekka orollarni aholini yo'q qilish rejalari saqlanib qoldi.[26]

1642 yilda gollandlar orolning shimolidan ispanlarni chiqarib yuborishdi.[27][28] Keyinchalik ular yangi egaliklar va ularning bazasi o'rtasida g'arbiy tekisliklarni boshqarishni o'rnatishga intildilar Tayouan. 1645 yildagi qisqa, ammo halokatli kampaniyadan so'ng Pieter Boon ushbu hududdagi qabilalarni, shu jumladan Middag qirolligi.[29][30]

Qushlarning ko'zlari Zelandiya Fort yilda Gollandiyalik Formosa 17-asrda

VOC 1662 yilgacha orolni va asosan mahalliy aholini boshqargan, soliq tizimini, o'qitish maktablarini tashkil etgan. romanlashtirilgan skript mahalliy tillar va nasroniylikni va'z qilish.[31][25] Garchi uning nazorati asosan orolning g'arbiy tekisligi bilan cheklangan bo'lsa-da, Golland tizimlari keyingi bosqinchilar tomonidan qabul qilingan.[32] Migrantlarning birinchi oqimi Gollandiya davrida kelgan Hakkas va Xokkienlar bo'lib, ularda materik Xitoy qirg'og'idan kelgan savdogarlar va savdogarlar Gollandiyadan ov litsenziyasini sotib olishga yoki Qing hokimiyatidan qochish uchun mahalliy qishloqlarda yashirinishga intildilar. Muhojirlarning aksariyati orolda qolishdan ko'ngli qolgan yosh yolg'iz erkaklar edi, ular Xan tomonidan tez-tez "Jahannam darvozasi"dengizchilar va kashfiyotchilarning hayotini olib ketishdagi obro'si uchun.[33]

Dastlab gollandlar Taylovdagi Zeelandia qasridan Yaponiya va Xitoy o'rtasidagi savdo bazasi sifatida foydalanishga intilgan, ammo tez orada bu erlarda minglab podalar ichida yurgan ulkan kiyik populyatsiyasining imkoniyatlarini angladilar. allyuvial tekisliklar Tayvanning g'arbiy mintaqalari.[34] Yaponlarga kiyiklar katta talabga ega edilar, ular teridan foydalanganliklari uchun juda katta narxlar to'lashga tayyor edilar samuray zirhi. Kiyiklarning boshqa qismlari Xan savdogarlariga go'sht va tibbiy maqsadlarda sotilgan. Gollandlar ularga olib kelingan kiyik uchun aborigenlarga pul to'lashdi va talabni qondirish uchun kiyik zaxiralarini boshqarishga harakat qilishdi. Gollandlar Xanni dehqonchilik qilish uchun ham ishlatishgan shakarqamish eksport uchun guruch. Ushbu guruch va shakarqamish mahsulotlarining bir qismi bozorlarga qadar etib bordi Fors. Afsuski, mahalliy aholi yashashga tayanadigan kiyiklar yo'q bo'lib keta boshladi, bu esa tub aholini yangi yashash usullarini qo'llashga majbur qildi.

Tungning qirolligi

Asosiy maqola: Tungning qirolligi
Tayvan Konfutsiy ibodatxonasi hukmronligi davrida qurilgan Zheng Jing

Materikda, Manchu kuchlar yorib o'tdi Shanxay dovoni 1644 yilda va tezda haddan tashqari ko'tarildi The Min sulolasi. 1661 yilda Ming loyalisti boshchiligidagi dengiz floti Koxinga Gollandiyani siqib chiqarish uchun Tayvanga keldi Zelandiya va Tayvanda Minni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi bazani tashkil etish.[35] Koxinga tug'ilgan Zheng Zhilong, xitoylik savdogar va qaroqchi va Tagava Matsu, yapon ayol, 1624 yilda Xirado, Nagasaki prefekturasi, Yaponiya. U etti yoshgacha u erda o'stirildi va ko'chib o'tdi Quanzhou, ichida Fujian Xitoy viloyati. Yuk tashish va qaroqchilikdan boy bo'lgan oilada Koxinga otasining savdo tarmoqlarini meros qilib oldi Nagasaki Makaoga. Fujianga manjurlar hujumidan so'ng, Koxinga o'zining Amoydagi qal'asidan chekindi (Xiamen shahar) va qamalda Tayvan Amoyadagi bazasini qaytarib olish uchun o'z qo'shinlarini marshal qilish uchun strategik baza yaratishga umid qilmoqda. 1662 yilda to'qqiz oylik qamaldan so'ng Koxinga Gollandiya qal'asini egallab oldi Zelandiya va Tayvan uning asosiga aylandi (qarang Tungning qirolligi ).[36]

The Tayvanlik mahalliy aholi davomida xitoyliklarga qarshi ilgari gollandlar bilan ittifoqlashgan qabilalar Guo Xuaiyi isyoni 1652 yilda Zelandiya Fortini qamal qilish paytida gollandlarga qarshi o'girilib, tomon yo'l oldi Koxinga Xitoy kuchlari.[37] Sinkanlik aboriginallar (formosanlar) Koxinga ularni taklif qilgandan keyin tomonga o'tdilar amnistiya. Sinan aboriginallari xitoyliklar uchun ishlashga va qatl etishda gollandiyaliklarning boshini kesishga kirishdilar. Chet ellik tog 'va tekisliklarda ham 1661 yil 17 mayda xitoyliklarga taslim bo'lib, o'zlarining ozodliklarini nishonlashdi. majburiy ta'lim gollandlar hukmronligi ostida Gollandiyaliklarni ov qilish va ularning boshlarini kesish va nasroniy maktablari darsliklarini yo'q qilish.[38] Koxinga qamal tugaganidan to'rt oy o'tgach vafot etdi, uning zobitlari uning o'g'lini qatl etish to'g'risidagi buyrug'ini bajarishdan bosh tortganida, u to'satdan jinnilikda vafot etgan degan taxminlar bor edi. Zheng Jing. Chjen Jing u bilan ishqiy munosabatda bo'lgan ho'l hamshira va u bilan bolani homilador qildi.[39] Boshqa hisoblar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bo'lib, Koxinga o'limini ish bilan bog'liq bezgak.[40][41]

Koxinga vafotidan so'ng, uning o'g'li Zheng Jing Zheng rejimini egallab oldi va qolgan 7000 Ming sodiq qo'shinlarini Tayvanga olib bordi. Zheng Jingning reydlariga javoban va Tayvandagi kuchlarni ochlikdan mahrum qilish maqsadida, Tsin Zheng flotining reydlari nishoniga aylangan janubiy qirg'oqdagi barcha shahar va portlarni ko'chirishga qaror qildi va shu tariqa qarshilik ko'rsatishni ta'minladi. . Ushbu chora katta natija berdi va 1662 va 1664 yillar orasida Tsinni ko'chirish siyosatidan kelib chiqadigan og'ir qiyinchiliklardan kelib chiqqan holda, ushbu qirg'oq shaharlaridan Tayvanga ko'chib o'tishning oltita katta to'lqinlari sodir bo'ldi. Ushbu Tsing xatolaridan foydalanib, Zheng Jing Tayvanga immigratsiyani targ'ib qildi va evaziga dehqonlar uchun sharqiy erlarni bepul etishtirish va egalik qilishni va'da qildi. majburiy harbiy xizmat agar orol Qingni bosib olish xavfi ostida bo'lsa, barcha erkaklar tomonidan.

Qing qoidasi

Asosiy maqola: Tayvan Qing hukmronligi ostida
Asosiy darvoza Lukang Longshan ibodatxonasi, 1786 yilda qurilgan

Immigratsiyani dastlabki cheklash

1683 yilda Admiral bilan dengiz kelishuvidan so'ng Shi Lang, Koxinga otasining ishonchli do'stlaridan biri, Koxinga nabirasi Zheng Keshuang, taslim bo'ldi Tsing sulolasi.

Tayvanning mish-mishlar tarqalgan "Itlar oroli", "Ayollar oroli" va boshqalar bilan birlashishi to'g'risida juda ko'p chalkashliklar mavjud edi, ular Han savodxonlari dengizdan tashqarida yotadi deb o'ylashgan. Tayvan rasmiy ravishda tan olingan Kansi imperatori "tsivilizatsiya rangparligidan tashqaridagi loy to'pi" sifatida va 1683 yilgacha imperator domenining biron bir xaritasida ko'rinmagan.[42] Imperatorga xaritani taqdim etish harakati imperiya erlarini taqdim etishga teng edi. Tsing sudi Tayvanni Tsin shohligining bir qismi sifatida tan olishidan oldin yana bir necha yil o'tdi. Tsin sulolasidan oldin Xitoy er sifatida tasavvur qilingan tog'lar, daryolar va dengizlar bilan bog'langan. Xitoyning bir qismi bo'lgan orol g'oyasi XV asrning Tsin chegarasini kengaytirish harakatidan oldin Xan uchun tushunarsiz edi.[43]

Tayvanni imperiya hududiga olib kelgan harbiy va diplomatik kampaniya xarajatlariga qaramay, umumiy fikr Pekin ikkilangan edi. Kampaniyaning maqsadi orolni zabt etish uchun emas, balki Zheng oilaviy rejimini yo'q qilish edi.[iqtibos kerak ] Kansi imperatori Tayvanni "granulaning kattaligi; uni olish foyda emas; uni olmaslik zarar bo'lmaydi" degan fikrni bildirgan (yu。ng xi得ng). Uning vazirlari orol "dengizning narigi tomonida joylashgan balchiq bo'lib, Xitoyning kengligiga hech narsa qo'shmaydilar" deb maslahat berishdi (xa xu xu xu xu xu xu xu xu) xitoylarni materik Xitoyga olib chiqib, orolni tark etishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Bu faqat admiralning tashviqoti edi Shi Lang va imperatorni Tayvandan voz kechmaslikka ishontirgan boshqa tarafdorlari.[44][ishonchli manba? ] Koxinga izdoshlari Tayvandan yoqimsiz qismlarga ketishga majbur bo'ldilar[qaysi? ] Qing nazorati ostidagi erlarning.[iqtibos kerak ] 1682 yilga kelib Tayvanda atigi 7000 xitoy qoldi, chunki ular mahalliy ayollarga uylanib, Tayvanda mulkka ega edilar. Koxinga hukmronligi Gollandlarning soliq tizimini davom ettirgan, maktablar va diniy ibodatxonalarni tashkil etgan.

1683 yildan boshlab Tsing sulolasi sifatida orolni boshqargan Tayvan prefekturasi va 1875 yilda orolni ikkita prefekturaga, ya'ni shimol va janubga ajratdi. 1887 yilda orol alohida deb e'lon qilindi Fokien-Tayvan viloyati.

Qing hukumati Tayvanga immigratsiyani cheklashga urindi va muhojirlarning o'z oilalari va ajdodlari qabrlariga qaytishini ta'minlash uchun oilalarga Tayvanga sayohat qilishni taqiqladi. Noqonuniy immigratsiya davom etdi, ammo ko'pchilik erkaklar urushdan charchagan Fujianda istiqbollari kam bo'lgan va shu tariqa mahalliy uylanishgan, natijada bu idioma " Tangshan[a] otasi, Tangshan onasi yo'q "(Xitoy : 有 唐山公 ， 無 唐山 媽; Pehh-le-jī : Ū Tn̂g-soaⁿ kong, bô Tn̂g-soaⁿ má).[45][46] Tsin mahalliy aholiga oid da'volarni himoya qilishga harakat qildi, ammo ularni soliq to'lash sub'ektlariga aylantirishga harakat qildi. Soliq to'lamaydiganlar, tog'li aborigenlarning g'azabini ko'tarishdan qo'rqib, orolning katta qismini qamrab olgan cho'lga xitoyliklar va soliq to'laydigan aborigenlarga kirish taqiqlandi. isyon. G'arbiy tekislik bo'ylab chegara qurilib, erning chuqurlari va tepaliklaridan foydalanib qurilgan, "tuproq sigirlari" deb nomlangan cho'ktirish.

Dastlabki xanliklar

1683 yildan 1760 yilgacha Tsin hukumati Tayvanga immigratsiyani cheklab qo'ydi. Bunday cheklov 1760-yillardan keyin yumshatildi va 1811 yilga kelib Tayvanda ikki milliondan ortiq xitoylik muhojirlar bor edi. 1875 yilda Taipe prefekturasi Fujian provinsiyasi yurisdiksiyasida tashkil etilgan. Shuningdek, xitoylik muhojirlar o'rtasida turli xil mojarolar bo'lgan. Aksariyat to'qnashuvlar Fujianlik Xan va Xan o'rtasida bo'lgan Guandun, Fujianning turli hududlaridan kelgan odamlar o'rtasida, Xan va Xakka ko'chmanchilar, yoki oddiygina urug 'janjallari bilan shug'ullanadigan turli xil familiyalardagi odamlar o'rtasida. Ushbu immigrantlar tomonidan saqlanib qolgan viloyatlarning sodiqligi tufayli Qing hukumati Tayvanni boshqarish biroz qiyin deb hisoblar edi. Tayvanda ham chet el bosqini boshidan kechirildi.[kim tomonidan? ]

Tayvanning strategik va tijorat qiymatini hisobga olgan holda, 1840 va 1841 yillarda orolni egallab olish bo'yicha inglizlarning takliflari bo'lgan.[47][48] 1841 yil sentyabrda, davomida Birinchi afyun urushi, Britaniya transport kemasi Nerbudda tayfun tufayli Keelung Makoni yaqinida kema halokatga uchradi. Brig Ann 1842 yil mart oyida kema halokatga uchradi. Ekipajning aksariyati hindistonlik edi laskarlar. Ikkala kemadan omon qolganlarni rasmiylar poytaxtga ko'chirishdi Taynan. Tayvan Tsing qo'mondonlari Ta-Xan-ah va Yao Yinglar Keelung qal'asidan qilingan hujumdan himoya qilganliklarini aytib, imperatorga turli xil hisobotlarni topshirdilar. 1841 yil oktyabrda, HMS Nimrod ni qidirish uchun Keelungga suzib ketdi Nerbudda tirik qolganlar, ammo kapitan Jozef Pirs ularni janubga qamoqqa yuborishganini bilgach, u portni bombardimon qilishga buyruq berdi va Gonkongga qaytishdan oldin 27 ta to'p to'plamini yo'q qildi. Tirik qolganlarning aksariyati - 130 dan oshiq Nerbudda va 54 dan Ann- edi Taynan shahrida qatl etilgan 1842 yil avgustda.[47]

Aboriginallar ko'pincha g'arbiy kemalarning halokatga uchragan ekipajlarini qirg'in qildilar. 1867 yilda butun Amerika ekipaji Rover mahalliy aholisi tomonidan qirg'in qilingan Rover voqea. Amerikaliklar jazoni boshlaganlarida Formosa ekspeditsiyasi qasos sifatida, aboriginallar amerikaliklarni mag'lubiyatga uchratib, ularni orqaga chekinishga majbur qilishdi va o'zlari hech qanday zarar ko'rmagan holda amerikalik dengiz piyodasini o'ldirishdi.

Davomida Xitoy-Frantsiya urushi, davomida frantsuzlar Tayvanga bostirib kirishga uringanlar Keelung kampaniyasi 1884 yilda. Lyu Mingchuan Tayvan mudofaasiga rahbarlik qilgan, frantsuzlarga qarshi kurashda xitoylik askarlar bilan birga xizmat qilish uchun aboriginallarni jalb qildi. Frantsuzlar mag'lubiyatga uchradi Tamsui jangi va Qing kuchlari frantsuzlar chekinishidan oldin sakkiz oylik kampaniyada frantsuzlarni Keelungga mahkamladilar. Ushbu bosqinlar tufayli Qing hukumati bir qator qirg'oq mudofaasini qurishni boshladi va 1885 yilda Tayvanni viloyatga aylantirish ishlari boshlandi, Lyu Mingchuan birinchi gubernator bo'lib xizmat qildi. U Tayvanni o'n bir okrugga ajratdi va mahalliy aholi bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga harakat qildi. Shuningdek, u temir yo'lni ishlab chiqdi Taypey ga Xsinchu, Keelungda minani tashkil qildi va Tayvanning chet elliklarga qarshi mudofaa qobiliyatini yaxshilash uchun arsenal qurdi.

Kema halokatga uchraganidan so'ng Ryukyuan 1871 yil qishida Tayvanning janubi-sharqiy qismida joylashgan kemada, unda ekipajning 54 a'zosi boshlig'i Tayvan aholisi tomonidan olingan Payvan aholisi ichida Mudan voqeasi, yaponlar ushbu hodisadan Tsinning Yaponiya suverenitetini rasmiy ravishda tan olishiga bahona sifatida foydalanmoqchi bo'ldi Ryukyu orollari Yaponiya hududi sifatida va Tayvanda kengayishi mumkin bo'lgan reaktsiyalarni sinab ko'rish uchun. Yaponiya hujjatlaridagi yozuvlarga ko'ra, Mao Changxi [zh ] va Dong Xun [zh ], Qing vazirlar Zongli Yamen kim Yaponiya elchisining shikoyatlarini ko'rib chiqdi Yanagihara Sakimitsu [ja ], birinchi navbatda ular yaponiyaliklarni emas, faqat Ryukyuanlarning qirg'inini eshitganliklarini aytishdi va tezda Ryukyu ostida bo'lganligini ta'kidladilar. Xitoy suzerainty va shuning uchun bu masala Yaponiyaning ishi emas edi. Bundan tashqari, Tsin provinsiyasining general-gubernatori Fujian qirg'indan omon qolganlarni qutqarib, Ryukyuga xavfsiz tarzda qaytarib bergan edi. Qing ma'murlari Tayvanda ikki xil aborigenlar borligini tushuntirishdi: ular Tsing tomonidan boshqariladi va tabiiy bo'lmagan "xom barbarlar ... Tsin hukumati va urf-odatlaridan tashqarida". Ular bilvosita mahalliy aholi tomonidan joylashtirilgan ushbu hududlarda sayohat qilayotgan chet elliklar ehtiyot bo'lishlari kerakligiga ishora qildilar.

Yanagihara-Yamen intervyusidan so'ng, yaponlar o'zlarining tushuntirishlarini Qing hukumati Yaponiyaning Ryukyu orollari ustidan suverenitet to'g'risidagi da'volariga qarshi chiqmaganligini, Tayvanning tub aholisi ustidan yurisdiksiyani rad etganligini va haqiqatan ham Yaponiyaning Tayvanga ekspeditsiyasiga rozilik berganligini anglatadi.[49] Tsing sulolasi yaponlarga Tayvan, albatta, Tsinning yurisdiksiyasida ekanligini aniq ko'rsatib berdi, garchi orolning tub aholisining bir qismi hali Xitoy madaniyati ta'sirida bo'lmagan bo'lsa ham. Qing shuningdek, butun dunyoda mahalliy chegaradagi mahalliy aholi to'liq bo'lmagan shunga o'xshash holatlarga ishora qildi bo'ysundirilgan tomonidan hukmron madaniyat o'sha mamlakat.

Yaponlar baribir ishga tushirishdi ekspeditsiya 1874 yilda 3600 askar kuchi bilan Mutan qishlog'iga. O'lganlar soni Payvan taxminan o'ttiz yoshda edi va bu yaponlar uchun oltita edi. Oxir-oqibat, yaponlar katta maosh olgandan keyin chekinishdi tovon puli Qing tomonidan. Ushbu voqea Tsinga dengizni mudofaa qilish strategiyasida Tayvanning ahamiyati haqida qayta o'ylashga olib keldi va sahro mintaqalari ustidan nazoratni olishga katta ahamiyat berildi.

Arafasida Birinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi, Orolning taxminan 45 foizini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Qing ma'muriyati boshqargan, qolganlari esa ozgina aholi tomonidan yashagan Mahalliy aholi.[50] 2,5 million atrofida aholida taxminan 2,3 million kishi edi Xan xitoylari qolgan ikki yuz ming kishi esa turli mahalliy qabilalarning a'zolari deb tasniflangan.

Qing qoidasining oxiri

Revosa tomonidan qayta ko'rib chiqilgan 1896 yilgi Formosa xaritasi. Uilyam Kempbell

Xitoy-Yaponiya urushida mag'lubiyatga uchraganligi sababli, Tsing imperiyasi Tayvan orollarini va Pengxu shartlariga muvofiq 1895 yil 17 aprelda Yaponiyaga Shimonoseki shartnomasi. Tayvanning yo'qolishi keyingi yillarda Xitoy millatchi harakati uchun asosiy nuqtaga aylanadi.[51]

Yaponiya hukmronligi

Asosiy maqola: Tayvan Yaponiya hukmronligi ostida
Shuningdek qarang: Tayvanning siyosiy bo'linishlari (1895–1945), Tayvan general-gubernatorlari ro'yxati va Yaponiya Tayvan armiyasi
Tomonidan boshqarilgan Yaponiyaning Tayvan bilan 1912 yil xaritasi Yaponiya imperiyasi 1895 yildan 1945 yilgacha.

Yaponiya Tayvan ustidan suverenitetni qo'lga kiritishga intildi (ular ma'lum bo'lgan Takasago Koku (高 砂 國)) 1592 yildan beri, qachon Toyotomi Hideyoshi chet elda kengaytirish va Yaponiya ta'sirini janubga kengaytirish siyosatini olib bordi[52] va g'arbga qarab. G'arbda, Yaponiya Koreyani bosib oldi o'sha davrda, oxir-oqibat Xitoyni bosib olish haqida o'ylardi. Janubda Tayvanga bostirib kirish uchun dastlabki urinish va uch asrni qamrab olgan vaqti-vaqti bilan bosib olish urinishlari, asosan orolda mahalliy aholi tomonidan kasallik va hujumlar tufayli muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.

1609 yilda Tokugawa shogunate yuborildi Harunobu Arima orolning kashfiyot missiyasida.[53] Boshchiligidagi 1616 yilda bosib olishga urinish Murayama Tōan, Filo a tomonidan tarqatib yuborilganda muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi tayfun va orolga etib kelgan yagona kema daf qilindi.[54]

In 1871 yilgi Mudan hodisasi, an Okinava kema Tayvanning janubiy uchida halokatga uchragan va 54 ekipajning boshi kesilgan Payvan aholisi. Qing hukumati, aborigentslar uning nazorati ostida emasligini aytib, tovon puli to'lashdan bosh tortgandan so'ng, Yaponiya jazo ekspeditsiyasini boshladi 1874 yilda Qing tovon puli to'lashga va'da berganidan keyin chiqib ketdi.[55][56][57][58]

Kasb

Davomida Xitoy dengiz floti mag'lubiyatga uchraguniga qadar emas edi Birinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi 1894–95 yillarda Yaponiya nihoyat Tayvanni egallab olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va shu bilan Osiyo hukmronligining Xitoydan Yaponiyaga o'tishini ko'rdi. The Shimonoseki shartnomasi Tayvanni tark etib, 1895 yil 17 aprelda imzolangan Pengxu orollari Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi mag'lubiyatigacha orolni 50 yil davomida boshqaradigan Yaponiyaga.

Tayvondagi 1874 yilgi ekspeditsiya askarlari

Tayvan suverenitetini olgandan keyin yaponlar harbiylardan qo'rqishdi qarshilik qisqa muddatli mahalliy elita tomonidan tashkil etilgan ergashgan tayvanliklardan Formosa Respublikasi. Tayvan elitasi o'zlarini respublika deb e'lon qilish bilan dunyo yonida turmaydi va yo'l qo'ymaydi deb umid qilishdi suveren davlat Yaponlar tomonidan bosib olinishi va shuning uchun Tsin bilan ittifoqdosh bo'lish. Reja tezda standart Yashil qo'shinlar sifatida tartibsizlikka aylandi[tushuntirish kerak ] va etnik Yue askarlar Tayvanni talon-taroj qilish va talon-taroj qilishga kirishdilar. Xitoyliklar qo'lidagi tartibsizlik yoki yaponlarga bo'ysunish o'rtasidagi tanlovni hisobga olgan holda Taypey elitasi yubordi Koo Syen-jung ga Keelung kelayotgan Yaponiya kuchlarini Taypeyga borishga va tartibni tiklashga taklif qilish.[59]

1901 yil xaritasi qizil chiziq bilan Yaponiyaning ma'muriyati huzuridagi hududni "Savage District" dan ajratib turadigan taxminiy chegarani belgilaydi.

Qurolli qarshilik vaqti-vaqti bilan bo'lgan, ammo ba'zida shafqatsiz edi, lekin asosan 1902 yilga qadar tor-mor etildi, ammo keyingi yillarda nisbatan kichik isyonlar, shu jumladan, Ta-pa-ni voqeasi 1915 yilda Tainan okrugi.[60] Zo'ravonliksiz qarshilik ko'rsatadigan vosita qurolli qo'zg'olonlar boshlandi va eng ko'zga ko'ringan tashkilot bu edi Tayvan madaniy assotsiatsiyasi, 1921 yilda tashkil etilgan. Tayvanning qarshilik ko'rsatishiga bir necha xil omillar sabab bo'lgan (masalan, Taishō Demokratiya ). Ba'zilar qo'lga kiritdilar Xitoy millatchiligi Boshqalar esa yangi paydo bo'layotgan Tayvanning o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilashni o'z ichiga olgan.[51] Qo'zg'olonlarga ko'pincha tengsiz mustamlakachilik siyosatining mahalliy elita va hozirgi zamon elitalariga ta'sirining kombinatsiyasi sabab bo'lgan ming yillik mahalliy Tayvan va tekislikdagi aborigenlarning e'tiqodlari. Yaponlarning akkulturatsiya va tinchlantirish siyosatiga tuban qarshilik 30-yillarning boshlariga qadar davom etdi.[60] Aborigenlarning so'nggi yirik qo'zg'oloni Musha (Wushe) qo'zg'oloni tomonidan 1930 yil oxirida Atayal odamlar og'ir ishda ishlash paytida ularning davolanishidan g'azablangan kofur qazib olish, so'nggi xantlar partiyasini boshladi, unda maktabning ochilish marosimlarida 150 dan ortiq yapon rasmiylari o'ldirildi va boshlari kesildi. Boshchiligidagi qo'zg'olon Mona Rudao, yordamida 2000–3000 yapon qo'shinlari va aborigen yordamchilari tor-mor etildi zaharli gaz.[61]

Yapon mustamlakasi Orolning uch bosqichi tushib ketdi. Bu bosimning zulmkor davri bilan boshlandi va paternalistik qoida. Ikkinchi sahifa a dōka (同化) Tayvan millatchilari tomonidan ilhomlanib e'lon qilingan barcha odamlarga (irqlarga) bir xil munosabatda bo'lishning maqsadi Millatlarning o'zini o'zi belgilashi (民族 自決) tomonidan taklif qilingan Vudro Uilson keyin Birinchi jahon urushi. Va nihoyat, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida kōminka (皇 民 化), Tayvanliklarni sodiq sub'ektlarga aylantirishga qaratilgan siyosat Yaponiya imperatori.

Tayvan aholisi orasida Yaponiya hukmronligiga munosabat har xil edi. Ba'zilar shaxsiy hayoti va mol-mulki xavfsizligi o'ta muhim ahamiyatga ega deb hisoblar edilar va Yaponiya mustamlakachilari bilan birlashdilar. Tayvanliklarning ikkinchi guruhi bunday harakatlar Yaponiya fuqarolari bilan teng mavqega ega bo'lishiga olib keladi deb ishonib, imperatorlik sub'ektlariga aylanishni juda xohlashdi. Uchinchi guruh ta'sir ko'rsatdi Tayvan mustaqilligi va Tayvanning mahalliy hukmronligini o'rnatish uchun yapon mustamlakachilaridan xalos bo'lishga harakat qildi. Boshqa tomondan, to'rtinchi guruh ta'sir ko'rsatdi Xitoy millatchiligi va Tayvanning Xitoy hukmronligiga qaytishi uchun kurashdi. 1897 yildan boshlab, ushbu so'nggi guruh ko'plab isyonlarni uyushtirdi, eng taniqli boshchiligida Luo Fuxing [zh ], kim hibsga olingan va 1913 yilda ikki yuz o'rtoqlari bilan birga qatl etilgan. Luoning o'zi ham a'zo bo'lgan Tongmenxui tomonidan tashkil etilgan tashkilot Sun Yatsen va uchun kashshof bo'lgan Gomintang.[62] Qarshilikning bir qancha strategiyalari amalga oshirildi.[63]

Zamonaviy rivojlanish

Tayvan banki 1897 yilda bosh qarorgohi Tayxokuda (Taypey) joylashgan.

Dastlabki infratuzilma rivojlanishi tezda amalga oshirildi. The Tayvan banki yaponlarni rag'batlantirish uchun 1899 yilda tashkil etilgan xususiy sektorlar, shu jumladan Mitsubishi va Mitsui Group, Tayvanda sarmoya kiritish uchun. 1900 yilda, uchinchisi Tayvan general-gubernatori qurilishini boshlagan byudjetni qabul qildi Tayvanning temir yo'l tizimi Kirundan (Keelung ) Takaoga (Kaosyun ). 1905 yilga kelib orol Nichigetsu ko'lida suv bilan ta'minlangan elektr energiyasiga ega bo'ldi (Quyosh Oy ko'li ) va keyingi yillarda Tayvan Sharqiy Osiyoning (Yaponiyadan keyin) eng rivojlangan ikkinchi mintaqasi deb hisoblandi. 1905 yilga kelib, Tayvan moliyaviy jihatdan o'zini o'zi ta'minladi va Yaponiya markaziy hukumati tomonidan beriladigan subsidiyalardan mahrum bo'ldi.

Hokim boshqaruvi ostida Shimpei Goto qoida bo'yicha ko'plab yirik jamoat ishlari loyihalari yakunlandi. The Tayvan temir yo'l tizimi xomashyo va qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini tashish va jo'natishni osonlashtirish uchun janub va shimolni bog'lab, Kurun va Takao portlarini modernizatsiya qilish ishlari yakunlandi.[64] Eksport to'rt baravar oshdi. Qishloq xo'jaligi erlarining 55% suv omborlari bilan qoplangan sug'orish tizimlar. Oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarish to'rt baravar ko'paygan va shakarqamish 1895-1925 yillarda ishlab chiqarish 15 baravar ko'paygan va Tayvan Yaponiya sanoat iqtisodiyotiga xizmat qiluvchi asosiy oziq-ovqat savatiga aylangan. Sog'liqni saqlash tizimi keng tashkil topgan va yuqumli kasalliklar deyarli butunlay yo'q qilindi. Tayvanlik aholining o'rtacha umri 1945 yilga kelib 60 yoshni tashkil etadi.[65]

Kagi ibodatxonasi, Tayvanda qurilgan ko'plab sinto ibodatxonalaridan biri.

1935 yil oktyabrda Tayvan general-gubernatorligi "Tayvanda Boshqaruv Boshlanishining 40 yilligini nishonlashga bag'ishlangan ekspozitsiya Yaponiya hukmronligi ostida Tayvanni modernizatsiya qilish jarayonida erishilgan yutuqlar uchun vitrin bo'lib xizmat qildi. Bu butun dunyo e'tiborini, shu jumladan Xitoy Respublikasi "s Gomintang (KMT) rejimi Chen Yi ishda qatnashish. U Tayvanni rivojlantirishda Yaponiya hukumatining samaradorligi haqida hayratini bildirdi va tayvanliklar bunday samarali boshqaruv ostida yashash baxtiga muyassar bo'lganliklari haqida fikr bildirdi. Biroz kinoya bilan, Chen Chen keyinchalik ROCning Tayvanning birinchi ijrochi direktoriga aylanadi, u uning qo'li ostida sodir bo'lgan korruptsiya uchun sharmanda bo'ladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Yapon hukmronligining keyingi davri mahalliy elitani o'qimishli va uyushgan holda ko'rdi. 1930-yillarda butun dunyo bo'ylab mustamlakachilikni tugatishga intilayotgan bir paytda bir nechta uy boshqaruvi guruhlari tuzildi. 1935 yilda tayvanliklar birinchi marta mahalliy qonun chiqaruvchilar guruhini sayladilar. 1945 yil martga kelib, Yaponiya qonunchilik bo'limi saylov qonunchiligini shoshilinch ravishda o'zgartirib, Tayvanning vakolatxonada qatnashishiga imkon berdi Yapon dietasi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

The Takasago ko'ngillilari Yaponiya armiyasining Tayvanning tub aholisiga qarashli qabilalaridan yollangan birligi edi.

Yaponiya yo'lga chiqqanda Xitoyda keng ko'lamli urush 1937 yilda Tayvanning urush materiallarini ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha sanoat salohiyatini kengaytirdi. 1939 yilga kelib Tayvanda sanoat mahsuloti qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotidan oshib ketdi. Shu bilan birga, "kōminka "imperializatsiya loyihasi Tayvan aholisiga" yapon ruhini "singdirish va tayvanliklarning urush davrida qurbonlik qilishga tayyor bo'lgan Yaponiya imperatorining sodiq sub'ekti bo'lib qolishini ta'minlash uchun amalga oshirildi. Tadbirlar, shu jumladan yapon tilidagi ta'lim, yaponcha ismlarni qabul qilish va yapon diniga sig'inish yo'lga qo'yildi.1943 yilda bolalarning 94% 6 yillik majburiy ta'lim olishdi.1937-1945 yillarda 126,750 tayvanliklar qo'shildi va xizmat qildi. Yaponiya imperiyasining harbiy 1942 yildan 1945 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda yana 80 433 nafar harbiy xizmatga chaqirilgan. Ulardan 30 304 nafari yoki 15% vafot etgan Yaponiyaning Osiyodagi urushi.

The Yaponiya imperatorlik floti Tayvandan tashqarida og'ir operatsiya qildi. "South Strike Group "tashqarida asoslangan edi Taihoku Imperial universiteti (hozirgi Tayvan milliy universiteti) Tayvanda. Yaponiyaning ko'plab kuchlari Tayvan-Okinavadagi havo jangi Tayvanda joylashgan edi. Tayvan bo'ylab Yaponiyaning muhim harbiy bazalari va sanoat markazlari kabi Takao (hozirgi Kaosyun), Amerikaning og'ir bombardimonlari bo'lgan.

1942 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar Yaponiyaga va Xitoy tomoniga qarshi urush boshlaganidan so'ng, Xitoy hukumati KMT shu kungacha Yaponiya bilan imzolangan barcha shartnomalardan voz kechdi va Tayvanning Xitoyga qaytishini amalga oshirdi Manchuriya, yaponlar kabi hukmronlik qilgan urush davridagi qo'g'irchoq davlat ning "Manchukuo ") urush davridagi maqsadlardan biri Qohira deklaratsiyasi 1943 yil, Ittifoqdosh kuchlar ning qaytishini e'lon qildi Tayvan (shu jumladan Peskadorlar ) ittifoqchilarning bir nechta talablaridan biri sifatida Xitoy Respublikasiga. 1945 yilda Yaponiya so'zsiz imzolanishi bilan taslim bo'ldi taslim bo'lish vositasi 1945 yilda Xitoy Respublikasi hukumati tomonidan ma'muriy nazoratga olinganligi sababli Tayvanda hukmronligini tugatdi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining yordam va reabilitatsiya ma'muriyati.[66][67] 2-moddasi qoidalariga muvofiq San-Fransisko tinchlik shartnomasi, yaponlar Tayvan va Pengxu orollarining hududiy suverenitetidan rasman voz kechgan va bu shartnoma 1951 yilda imzolangan va 1952 yilda kuchga kirgan. San-Frantsisko tinchlik shartnomasi kuchga kirgan sanada Tayvan va Pengxu orollarining siyosiy maqomi hali ham noaniq.[66] Xitoy Respublikasi va Yaponiya imzoladilar Taypey shartnomasi 1952 yil 28 aprelda va shartnoma 5 avgustda kuchga kirdi.[68] Yozish Amerika xalqaro huquq jurnali, professorlar Jonathan I. Charney va J. R. V. Preskott "Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyingi tinchlik shartnomalarining hech biri yopiq hududlar ustidan suverenitetni aniq biron bir davlatga yoki hukumatga bermagan" deb ta'kidladilar.[69]

Xitoy Respublikasi hukmronlik qiladi

Asosiy maqola: Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin Tayvan
Shuningdek qarang: Xitoy Respublikasi tarixi va Tayvanning siyosiy maqomi

Tayvan harbiy holatga muvofiq

Shuningdek qarang: 28 fevral voqeasi va Oq terror (Tayvan)
28 fevral voqeasi paytida yuz bergan ommaviy qotilliklar
Prezident Chiang Kay-shekning yonida AQSh prezidenti Duayt D. Eyzenxauer tashrifi chog'ida olomonga qo'l siltadi Taypey 1960 yil iyun oyida.

The Qohira konferentsiyasi 1943 yil 22-26 noyabr kunlari Qohira, Misr hal qilish uchun o'tkazildi Ittifoqdosh Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Yaponiyaga qarshi pozitsiya va urushdan keyingi Osiyo to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish. Ning uchta asosiy bandlaridan biri Qohira deklaratsiyasi was that "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuriya, Formosa, and The Peskadorlar, shall be restored to the Republic of China". However, many challenged that the document was merely a statement of intent or non-binding declaration, for possible reference used for those who would draft the post-war peace treaty and that as a press release it was without force of law to transfer sovereignty from Taiwan to the Republic of China. Additional rationale to support this claim is that the Act of Surrender, and SCAP General Order no. 1, authorised the surrender of Japanese forces, not Japanese territories.[70]

The Republic of China established Tayvan viloyati hukumati in September 1945[71] and proclaimed on October 25, 1945 as "Taiwan Retroession kuni." This is the day in which the Japanese troops surrendered. The validity of the proclamation is subject to some debate, with some supporters of Tayvan mustaqilligi arguing that it is invalid, and that the date only marks the beginning of harbiy ishg'ol that persists to the present.[72][73] By 1938 about 309,000 Japanese lived in Tayvan.[74] Between the Japanese surrender of Taiwan in 1945 and April 25, 1946, the Republic of China forces repatriated 90% of the Japanese living in Taiwan to Japan.[75] During the immediate postwar period, the Kuomintang (KMT) administration on Taiwan was repressive and extremely corrupt compared with the previous Japanese rule, leading to local discontent. Anti-mainlander violence flared on February 28, 1947, prompted by an incident in which a cigarette seller was injured and a passerby was indiscriminately shot dead by Nationalist authorities.[76] During the ensuing crackdown by the KMT administration in what became known as the 28 fevral voqeasi, tens of thousands of people were killed or arrested, and the incident became a tabu topic of discussion for the entire harbiy holat davr.

From the 1930s onward the Xitoy fuqarolar urushi was underway in mainland China between Chiang Qay-shek 's ROC government and the Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi boshchiligidagi Mao Szedun. When the Communists gained complete control of Mainland China in 1949, two million refugees, predominantly from the Nationalist government, military, and business community, fled to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949 the Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi (P.R.C.) was founded in mainland China by the victorious communists; several months before, Chiang Kai-shek had established a provisional ROC capital in Taypey and moved his government there from Nankin. Under Nationalist rule, the mainlanders dominated the government and civil services.[77]

Shuningdek qarang: Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan

Iqtisodiy rivojlanish

The Xitoy fuqarolar urushi led to severe inflation. Currency was issued in denominations of 1 million Old Taiwan dollars.

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, post-war economic conditions compounded with the then-ongoing Xitoy fuqarolar urushi caused severe inflyatsiya across mainland China and in Taiwan, made worse by disastrous currency reforms and corruption. This gave way to the reconstruction process and new reforms.

The KMT took control of Taiwan's monopolies that had been owned by the Japanese prior to World War II. They nationalized approximately 17% of Taiwan's YaMM and voided Japanese bond certificates held by Taiwanese investors.[78] These real estate holdings as well as American aid such as the China Aid Act va Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction helped to ensure that Taiwan would recover quickly from war. The Kuomintang government also moved the entire gold reserve from the Chinese mainland to Taiwan,[79] and used this reserve to back the newly issued Yangi Tayvan dollari to stabilize the new currency and put a stop to giperinflyatsiya.[80]

The KMT authorities implemented a far-reaching and highly successful er islohoti program on Taiwan during the 1950s. The 375 Rent Reduction Act alleviated tax burden on peasants and another act redistributed land among small farmers and compensated large landowners with commodities certificates and stock in state-owned industries. Although this left some large landowners impoverished, others turned their compensation into capital and started commercial and industrial enterprises. These entrepreneurs were to become Taiwan's first industrial capitalists. Together with businessmen who fled from mainland China, they once again revived Taiwan's prosperity previously ceased along with Japanese withdrawal and managed Taiwan's transition from an agricultural to a commercial, industrial economy.

From 1950 to 1965, Taiwan received a total of $1.5 billion in economic aid and $2.4 billion in military aid from the United States. In 1965 all American aid ceased when Taiwan had established a solid financial base.[81] Having accomplished that, ROC president Chiang Ching-kuo[82] (o'g'li Chiang Qay-shek ) started state projects such as the O'nta yirik qurilish loyihalari that provided the infrastructure for building a strong export-driven economy. Taiwan has developed steadily into a major international trading power with more than $218 billion in two-way trade and one of the highest valyuta zaxiralari dunyoda. Tremendous prosperity on the island was accompanied by economic and social stability. Taiwan's phenomenal economic development earned it a spot as one of the To'rtta Osiyo yo'lbarslari.

Democratic reforms

Until the early 1970s, the Republic of China was recognized as the sole legitimate government of China by the United Nations and most Western nations; who refused to recognize the Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi on account of the Sovuq urush. The KMT ruled Taiwan under harbiy holat until the late 1980s, with the stated goal of being vigilant against Communist infiltration and preparing to retake mainland China. Therefore, political dissent was not tolerated.

The late 1970s and early 1980s were a turbulent time for Chinese people born in Taiwan, as many of the people who had originally been oppressed and left behind by economic changes became members of the Taiwan's new middle class. Free enterprise had allowed native Taiwanese to gain a powerful bargaining chip in their demands for respect for their basic human rights. The Kaohsiun voqeasi would be a major turning point for democracy in Taiwan.

Taiwan also faced setbacks in the international sphere. In 1971, the ROC government walked out of the United Nations shortly before it recognized the PRC government in Beijing as the legitimate holder of China's seat in the United Nations. The ROC had been offered dual representation,[iqtibos kerak ] but Chiang Kai-shek demanded to retain a seat on the BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi, which was not acceptable to the PRC.[iqtibos kerak ] Chiang expressed his decision in his famous "the sky is not big enough for two suns "nutq.[iqtibos kerak ] In October 1971, Qaror 2758 was passed by the UN General Assembly and "the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" (and thus the ROC) were expelled from the UN and replaced as "China" by the PRC. In 1979, the United States switched recognition from Taipei to Beijing.

Chiang Kai-shek died in April 1975, and was succeeded to the presidency by Yen Chia-kan uning o'g'li esa Chiang Ching-kuo succeeded to the leadership of the Kuomintang (opting to take the title "Chairman" rather than the elder Chiang's title of "Director-General"). Formerly the head of the feared maxfiy politsiya, Chiang Ching-kuo recognized gaining foreign support to securing the ROC's future security required reform. His administration saw a gradual loosening of political controls, a transition towards democracy, and moves toward Tayvanlashtirish of the regime.[83] Opponents of the Nationalists were no longer forbidden to hold meetings or publish papers. Though opposition political parties were still illegal, when the Demokratik taraqqiyot partiyasi was established as the first opposition party in 1986, President Chiang decided against dissolving the group or persecuting its leaders. Its candidates officially ran in elections as independents in the Tangvay harakati. In the following year, Chiang ended martial law and allowed family visits to materik Xitoy.[84] Chiang selected Li Teng Xu, a Taiwan born technocrat to be his vice president; the first in the line of succession to the presidency. The move followed other reforms giving more power to native born citizens and calmed anti-KMT sentiments.[85]

After Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988, his successor, President Li Teng Xu, continued to democratize the government. Lee transferred more government authority to Taiwanese born citizens, and Taiwan underwent a process of Tayvanlashtirish. In this localization process, local culture and history was promoted over a pan-China viewpoint. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank instead of the usual Provincial Bank of Taiwan. He also largely suspended the operation of the Tayvan viloyati hukumati. 1991 yilda Qonunchilik yuan va Milliy assambleya elected in 1947 were forced to resign. These groups were originally created to represent mainland China constituencies. The restrictions on the use of Taiwanese languages in the broadcast media and in schools were also lifted.

However, Lee failed to crack down on the massive corruption that pervaded the government and many KMT loyalists felt that Lee betrayed the ROC by taking reforms too far, while those in the opposition felt he did not take reforms far enough.

Democratic period

Lee ran as the incumbent in Taiwan's first direct presidential election in 1996 against DPP candidate and former dissident, Peng Min-ming. This election prompted the PRC to conduct a series of missile tests in the Tayvan bo‘g‘ozi to intimidate the Taiwanese electorate so that electorates would vote for other pro-unification candidates, Chen Li-an va Lin Yang-kang. The aggressive tactic prompted U.S. President Klinton to invoke the Tayvan munosabatlari to'g'risidagi qonun and dispatch two aircraft carrier battle groups into the region off Taiwan's southern coast to monitor the situation, and PRC's missile tests were forced to end earlier than planned. Ushbu hodisa 1996 yil Tayvan bo'g'ozidagi inqiroz.[iqtibos kerak ]

One of Lee's final acts as president was to declare on German radio that the ROC and the PRC have a special state to state relationship. Lee's statement was met with the PRC's People's Army conducting military drills in Fujian and a frightening island-wide yorilish in Taiwan, causing many to fear an attack or cyberattack.[iqtibos kerak ]

The 2000 yilgi prezident saylovi marked the end of the Kuomintang (KMT) rule. DPP candidate Chen Shui-bian won a three-way race that saw the Pan-moviy vote split by independent Jeyms Soong (formerly of the Kuomintang) and Kuomintang candidate Lien Chan. Chen garnered 39% of the vote.[86] After the election, Soong formed the Odamlar birinchi partiyasi (PFP).[iqtibos kerak ]

2004 yilda, President Chen was re-elected to a second four-year term after an assassination attempt which occurred the day before the election. Two shots were fired, with one bullet grazing the President's belly after penetrating the windshield of a jeep and several layers of clothing and the other bullet penetrated the windshield and hitting the vice president's knee cast. (She was wearing a knee cast due to an earlier injury.) Police investigators have said that the most likely suspect is believed to have been Chen Yi-hsiung, who was later found dead.[87] Their injuries were not life-threatening, but the incident is believed by Pan-Blue to have gained them enough sympathy to influence the result.[iqtibos kerak ]

That incident might also have given president Chen the ability to declare a state of emergency and martial law, which allegedly prevented the police and military, which were strongly Pan-Blue,[iqtibos kerak ] ovoz berishdan. Lien refused to concede, alleging voting irregularities. Kuomintang and PFP supporters held mass protests throughout the following weeks. Subsequently, Kuomintang and PFP took the case to the court. The Oliy sud ordered a recount and found no evidence to support the accusation made by Kuomintang and PFP. The Court decided that the election result was legitimate and valid.[iqtibos kerak ]

Davomida qonun chiqaruvchi saylovlar held on December 8, 2004, the Kuomintang-PFP dominated Pan-Blue alliance gained a slim majority in the elections which resulted in President Chen resigning as DPP chairman. The cabinet of Premier Yu Shyi-kun resigned, and Frank Xsi assumed premiership on January 25, 2005.[iqtibos kerak ]

In a move that some[JSSV? ] saw as a reaction to Chen's re-election, the People's Republic of China enacted a proposed anti-secession law bu imkon beradi kuch ishlatish on Taiwan and the Republic of China government if it formally declares independence. However, this law was met with overwhelming protest from nearly all political parties and public figures of the Republic of China and disapproval from the western countries. Negotiations in January in Makao between the aviation authorities from both the Republic of China and People's Republic of China resulted in direct cross-strait charter flights between mainland China and Taiwan during the Chinese Lunar New Year Davr.[iqtibos kerak ]

In a twist of events, President Chen and PFP Chairman Soong held a summit and the independence-leaning president indicated that eventual reunification with mainland China would be an option. Against the anti-secession law proposed by the People's Republic of China, President Chen held a video conference with the Evropa parlamenti yilda Bryussel ga undash Yevropa Ittifoqi not to lift the arms embargo on the People's Republic of China.[iqtibos kerak ]

Domestic politics during the Chen administration were largely a political stalemate as the Kuomintang and PFP together held a pan-Blue majority in the legislature. Among the many items that made little progress due to the political stalemate were a stalled arms procurement bill, which would have advanced defense capabilities of the Republic of China through the purchase of weaponry, such as sub-hunting P-3 Orionlari, from the US government, and banking reform legislation, which would have helped in the consolidation of the many banks in the Republic of China, none of which hold even 10% shares of the local market. The president of the Republic of China, unlike the president of the United States, does not wield veto huquqi, providing him with little to no leverage in negotiating with an opposition legislature, regardless of how slim the majority.[iqtibos kerak ]

The constitution was further amended in 2005, creating a two-vote electoral system, with single member plurality seats and mutanosib vakil seats, and abolishing the National Assembly, transferring most of its former powers to the Qonunchilik yuan, and leaving further amendment voting to public referendums. The issue of formally declaring the independence of Taiwan is also a constant constitutional question. Arms purchases from the United States are still a controversial political question, with the Pan-Yashil koalitsiya camp favoring the purchase, and the Pan-moviy koalitsiya opposing it.[iqtibos kerak ]

Recent allegations about korruptsiya ichida Birinchi oila had led to three recall motions votes in the Qonunchilik yuan aimed at ousting President Chen Shui-bian. All of them had failed since the Pan-Blue Coalition lacked the ko'pchilik uchdan ikki qismi required to complete the process and the siyosiy partiyalar voted according to political lines. The Birinchi xonim, Vu Shu-Chen was prosecuted for corruption, namely illegally using state funds for personal reasons.[iqtibos kerak ]

The president faced similar accusations as his wife, but was protected from prosecution by presidential immunitet. He had promised to resign if his wife was found guilty. However, after his wife fainted in the preparation hearing, she had sought and obtained absence of leave from the Court 16 times citing health concerns before President Chen Shui-bian's term was complete.[88]

In December 2006, municipal and mayoral elections were held in Taypey va Kaosyun. The KMT retained a clear majority in the capital, while the DPP and the KMT obtained very close results in the southern city of Kaosyun. Huang Chun-ying yutqazdi Chen Chu by a margin of 0.14 percent; 378,303 votes to 379,417 votes, making Chen Chu the first female mayor of a maxsus munitsipalitet in the Republic of China. In 2007, the ROC applied for membership in the United Nations under the name "Taiwan", and was rejected by the General Assembly.[iqtibos kerak ]

In 2007, President Chen proposed a policy of To'rt istaydi va yo'q, which in substance states that Taiwan wants independence; Taiwan wants the rectification of its name; Taiwan wants a new constitution; Taiwan wants development; and Taiwanese politics is without the question of left or right, lekin faqat savol birlashtirish yoki mustaqillik. The reception of this proposed policy in Taiwanese general public was unclear. It, however, was met with a cold reception by both the PRC and the United States. The PRC Foreign Minister emphasised that the Yashirinlikka qarshi qonun was not a piece of unenforceable legislation, while the US Department of State spokesman Sean McCormack described Chen's policy as "unhelpful".[89]

The KMT also retained control of the legislature in the Legislative Yuan elections in January 2008. In presidential election in May 2008, KMT candidate Ma Ying-Tsyu ran on a platform supporting friendlier relations with mainland China and economic reforms, and defeated DPP candidate Frank Xsi with 58.48% of the vote.[iqtibos kerak ]

On the same day President Chen left office, losing presidential immunity, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office announced that they were launching an inquiry into corruption charges regarding Chen.[90] Later in 2008, members of his administration, including Chiou I-jen, a former National Security Council secretary-general, and Yeh Sheng-mao, former director-general of the Ministry of Justice's Investigation Bureau, were arrested on korruptsiya ayblovlari. Chiou I-jen was found not guilty,[91] while Yeh Sheng-mao was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison.[92]

Ma was re-elected, and the KMT retained its majority in the Qonunchilik yuan, in combined elections in January 2012.[iqtibos kerak ]

In March and April 2014, students protesting against undemocratic methods used by the KMT occupied the parliament building. In the end, the government agreed to put on hold the ratification of an agreement with China which they had pushed through without proper debate. This event had far reaching consequences, and changed the mood of the electorate. In combined elections in January 2016 the opposition candidate for president, Tsay Ing-wen, of the DPP won with 56% of the vote, and the opposition DPP was catapulted into an outright majority in the parliament. The election marked the first time a non-KMT party won a majority in the legislature.[iqtibos kerak ]

The elections held on November 24, 2018 resulted in a major setback for the DPP majority and led to President Tsay Ing-wen resignation as leader of the party.[93] The DPP lost a total of nine legislative seats, giving the KMT control of the majority of the 22 seats.[94] KMT mayoral candidates won in Yangi Taypey shahri, Taichung va Kaosyun, the latter of which has been a political stronghold for the DPP for 20 years.[95]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

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