Lin Biao - Lin Biao

Marshal Lin Biao
林彪
2-chi Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi raisining birinchi o'rinbosari
Ofisda 1966 yil 1 avgust - 1971 yil 13 sentyabr
Rais	Mao Szedun
Oldingi	Lyu Shaoqi
Muvaffaqiyatli	Chjou Enlai (1973)
Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi raisining o'rinbosari
Ofisda 1958 yil 25 may - 1971 yil 13 sentyabr
Rais	Mao Szedun
2-chi Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Bosh vazirining birinchi o'rinbosari
Ofisda 1964 yil 21 dekabr - 1971 yil 13 sentyabr
Premer	Chjou Enlai
Oldingi	Chen Yun
Muvaffaqiyatli	Den Syaoping
Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi Bosh vazirining o'rinbosari
Ofisda 1954 yil 15 sentyabr - 1971 yil 13 sentyabr
Premer	Chjou Enlai
2-chi Milliy mudofaa vaziri
Ofisda 1959 yil 17 sentyabr - 1971 yil 13 sentyabr
Premer	Chjou Enlai
Oldingi	Peng Dexuay
Muvaffaqiyatli	Ye Jianying
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	(1907-12-05)1907 yil 5-dekabr Xuangang, Xubey, Tsin imperiyasi
O'ldi	1971 yil 13 sentyabr(1971-09-13) (63 yosh) Öndörxaan, Mo'g'uliston Xalq Respublikasi
Siyosiy partiya	Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi (1927-1971)
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Chjan Mei [zh ] (1937–42) Ye Qun (1942–71)
Bolalar	Lin Syaolin [zh ] (qizi) Lin Liguo (o'g'il) Lin Liheng (qizi)
Olma mater	Vampoa harbiy akademiyasi
Mukofotlar	Bayi ordeni (Birinchi darajali medal) Mustaqillik va ozodlik ordeni (Birinchi darajali medal) Ozodlik ordeni (Birinchi darajali medal)
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat	Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi
Filial / xizmat	Xalq ozodlik armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari	1925–1971
Rank	Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining marshali General-leytenant ning Milliy inqilobiy armiya, Xitoy Respublikasi
Buyruqlar	1-korpus 1-qizil armiya korpusi, Xitoy Qizil Armiyasi 115 bo'lim, 8-marshrut armiyasi Xalq ozodlik armiyasi

Lin Biao
"Lin Biao" muntazam Xitoycha belgilar
Xitoy	林彪
Transkripsiyalar Standart mandarin Xanyu Pinyin Lin Bio Ueyd-Giles Lin2 Piao1 IPA [lǐn pjáu] Yue: Kanton Yelni rimlashtirish Làhm Bīu Jyutping Lam4 Biu1 IPA [lɐ̏m píːu] Janubiy Min Xokkien POJ Lim Piu

Lin Biao (1907 yil 5-dekabr - 1971 yil 13-sentyabr) a Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining marshali kim muhim rol o'ynagan Kommunistik g'alaba ichida Xitoy fuqarolar urushi, ayniqsa Shimoliy-sharqiy Xitoy. Lin hal qiluvchi buyruq bergan general edi Liaoshen va Pingjin kampaniyalari, unda u manjuriyalik dala armiyasini birgalikda g'alaba qozongan va boshqargan Xalq ozodlik armiyasi Pekinga. U kesib o'tdi Yangtze daryosi 1949 yilda qat'iy ravishda mag'lubiyatga uchradi Gomintang va sohil bo'yidagi viloyatlarni o'z nazoratiga oldi Janubi-sharqiy Xitoy. U o'n marshal orasida uchinchi o'rinni egalladi. Chju De va Peng Dexuay Lin uchun katta deb hisoblangan va Lin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oldinda joylashgan U uzoq va Lyu Bocheng.

1949 yilda fuqarolar urushi to'xtatilgandan so'ng Lin siyosatda faol ishtirok etishdan o'zini tiydi. U hukumatning fuqarolik byurokratiyasining bir qismini unga yordamchi sifatida rahbarlik qildi. Premer o'rinbosarlari ning Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi 1954 yildan boshlab, 1964 yildan boshlab Bosh vazirning birinchi o'rinbosari bo'ldi. Lin sheriklardan biri bo'lganida siyosatda faollashdi Rais o'rinbosarlari ning Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi 1958 yilda. Bosh vazir o'rinbosari, rais o'rinbosari va Milliy mudofaa vaziri 1959 yildan boshlab. Bugungi kunga kelib, Lin Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi milliy mudofaa vaziridir. Lin poydevor yaratishda muhim rol o'ynadi Mao Szedunning shaxsga sig'inishi 1960-yillarning boshlarida va uning xizmatlari uchun mukofotlangan Madaniy inqilob nomlanishi bilan Mao 1966 yildan to vafotigacha Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasining yagona o'rinbosari sifatida voris etib tayinlandi.

Lin 1971 yil 13 sentyabrda vafot etdi, qachonki a Hawker Siddeley Trident u bortga qulab tushdi Öndörxaan yilda Mo'g'uliston. Ushbu "Lin Biao hodisasi" ning aniq voqealari o'sha paytdan beri taxminlarga sabab bo'ldi. Xitoy hukumatining rasmiy izohlashicha Lin va uning oilasi a dan keyin qochishga harakat qilgan to'ntarish Maoga qarshi. Boshqalar Linni Kommunistik partiyaning boshqa rahbarlari bilan munosabatlari uning hayotining so'nggi bir necha yillarida yomonlashgani sababli, ular tozalanishidan qo'rqib qochishganini ta'kidlashdi. Linning o'limidan so'ng, u Kommunistik partiya tomonidan rasmiy ravishda xoin sifatida hukm qilindi. 1970-yillarning oxiridan boshlab Lin va Maoning rafiqasi Tszyan Tsin (ning boshqa a'zolari bilan birgalikda To'rt kishilik to'da ) Madaniy inqilobning ikki yirik "aksilinqilobiy kuchlari" deb nomlandi va shu davrdagi eng yomon haddan tashqari holatlarda Xitoy hukumatidan rasmiy aybni oldilar.

Inqilobiy

Yoshlik

Lin Biao Gomintang bir xil

Lin Biao gullab-yashnagan savdogar oilasining o'g'li edi Xuangang, Xubey.^[1] Tug'ilganda uning ismi "Lin Yurong".^[2] Linning otasi 1910-yillarning o'rtalarida kichik bir hunarmandchilik fabrikasini ochgan, ammo "mahalliy militaristlar tomonidan solinayotgan og'ir soliqlar" tufayli fabrikani yopishga majbur bo'lgan. Zavodni yopgandan so'ng, Linning otasi a ta'qib qiluvchi daryo paroxodida. Lin 1917 yilda boshlang'ich maktabga o'qishga kirdi,^[3] va 1919 yilda o'qishni davom ettirish uchun Shanxayga ko'chib o'tdi.^[2] Bolaligida Lin o'zining rasmiy ta'limini olishdan ko'ra, talabalar harakatlarida qatnashishga ko'proq qiziqar edi.^[4] Lin Wuchang Gongjin o'rta maktabiga ko'chirildi (武昌 共进 中学) 15 da.^[5] Lin sun'iy yo'ldosh tashkilotiga qo'shildi Kommunistik yoshlar ittifoqi oldin u 1925 yilda o'rta maktabni tugatgan. Keyinchalik 1925 yilda u May o'ttizinchi harakati va yangi tashkil etilgan ro'yxatga olingan Vampoa (Xuangpu) harbiy akademiyasi yilda Guanchjou.^[1]

Yosh kursant sifatida Lin shaxsiyatiga qoyil qoldi Chiang Qay-shek (Jiang Jieshi), u o'sha paytda akademiyaning direktori bo'lgan.^[4] Vampooda Lin ham o'qigan Chjou Enlai, Lindan sakkiz yosh katta bo'lgan. Vampoada bo'lganidan keyin Lin Chjou bilan hech qanday aloqada bo'lmagan, ular yana uchrashguncha Yan'an 30-yillarning oxirlarida.^[6] Linning Chjou bilan munosabatlari hech qachon ayniqsa yaqin bo'lmagan, ammo ular kamdan-kam hollarda bir-birlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qarshi turishgan.^[7]

1926 yilda Vampoani tugatgandan so'ng Lin qo'mondonlik qilgan polkga tayinlandi Ye Ting. Vampoani tugatgandan bir yil o'tmay, u tayinlandi Shimoliy ekspeditsiya u erda bir necha oy ichida vzvod rahbarining o'rinbosaridan batalon komandiriga ko'tarildi. Shu vaqt ichida Lin qo'shildi Kommunistik partiya.^[1] 1927 yilga kelib Lin polkovnik edi.

U 20 yoshida Lin "Ong" familiyasi bilan qishloqdan kelgan qizga uylandi. Ushbu nikoh Linning ota-onasi tomonidan tuzilgan va er-xotin hech qachon yaqinlashmagan. Lin Gomindangni tark etib, kommunistik inqilobchiga aylandi, Ong Lin bilan birga bo'lmadi va ularning nikohi amalda tugadi.^[4]

Xitoy fuqarolar urushi

Keyin Gomintang-kommunistik bo'linish, Linning qo'mondoni Ye Ting birlashdi U uzoq va ishtirok etdi Nanchang qo'zg'oloni 1927 yil 1-avgustda.^[2][8] Kampaniya davomida Lin boshchiligidagi polk ostida rota komandiri bo'lib ishlagan Chen Yi.^[9] Qo'zg'olon muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganidan so'ng, Lin uzoqdagi Kommunistik tayanch punktlariga qochib ketdi va qo'shildi Mao Szedun va Chju De ichida Tszansi-Fujian Sovet 1928 yilda. Mao bilan kuchlarni birlashtirgandan so'ng, Lin Maoning eng yaqin tarafdorlaridan biriga aylandi.^[7]

Lin Tszantsi Sovet tarkibidagi eng katta harbiy dala qo'mondonlaridan biriga aylandi. U Birinchi Armiya guruhiga qo'mondonlik qildi va kuch bilan taqqoslanadigan kuchga ega bo'ldi Peng Dexuay Uchinchi armiya guruhiga qo'mondonlik qilgan. Ga binoan Komintern vakil Otto Braun, Lin bu davrda "siyosiy ... Mao xohlagancha yozishi mumkin bo'lgan bo'sh varaq" edi. Keyin Mao 1932 yilda hokimiyatdan chetlashtirildi uning raqiblari tomonidan (the 28 bolshevik ), Lin tez-tez Mao nomidagi strategik uchrashuvlarda qatnashgan va Maoning dushmanlarining rejalariga ochiqchasiga hujum qilgan.^[10]

Jiangxi Sovet tarkibida Linning birinchi armiya guruhi tarkibidagi eng yaxshi jihozlangan va bahsli ravishda eng muvaffaqiyatli kuch edi Qizil Armiya. Linning birinchi armiyasi harakatchanligi va yonboshdagi manevralarni muvaffaqiyatli bajarish qobiliyati bilan mashhur bo'ldi. 1930-1933 yillarda Lin kuchlari Uchinchi va Beshinchi Armiya guruhlari birlashgandan ikki baravar ko'proq harbiy asirlarni va harbiy texnikani asirga oldilar. Lin kuchlarining yutuqlari qisman Qizil Armiya tarkibidagi mehnat taqsimoti bilan bog'liq: Lin kuchlari boshqa guruhlarga qaraganda ko'proq tajovuzkor va g'ayrioddiy edi, Linga boshqa Qizil Armiya qo'mondonlarining yutuqlaridan foydalanishga imkon berdi.^[11]

Kommunistlarni Chiangning 1933–34 yillardagi mudofaasi paytida Beshinchi qurshovga olish kampaniyasi, Lin uzoq muddatli partizan urushi strategiyasini himoya qildi va Braun va uning tarafdorlari tarafdori bo'lgan pozitsion urushga qarshi chiqdi. Lin dushman askarlarini yo'q qilishning eng yaxshi usuli ularni ta'qib qilish yoki strategik nuqtalarni himoya qilish emas, balki dushmanni feintlar, pistirmalar, o'rab olishlar va kutilmagan hujumlar orqali kuchsizlantirish deb hisoblagan. Linning qarashlari odatda Mao tarafdori bo'lgan taktikaga to'g'ri keldi.^[12]

Chiang kuchlari Jiangxi Sovet tarkibidagi bir necha strategik joylarni muvaffaqiyatli egallab olgandan so'ng, 1934 yilda Lin Tszansi Sovetidan voz kechishni ommaviy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlagan Qizil Armiya qo'mondonlaridan biri bo'lgan, ammo unga aksariyat qizil armiya qo'mondonlari, ayniqsa Braun va Peng Dexuaylar qarshilik ko'rsatgan. .^[13] Kommunistlar nihoyat o'z bazalarini tark etishga qaror qilgandan so'ng, keyinchalik 1934 yilda Lin Qizil Armiyaning eng muvaffaqiyatli qo'mondonlaridan biri sifatida o'z mavqeini davom ettirdi. Uzoq mart. Mao va Chjou rahbarligida Qizil Armiya nihoyat uzoqdagi Kommunistik bazaga etib keldi Yan'an, Shensi, 1936 yil dekabrda.

Lin va Peng Dexuay odatda Qizil Armiyaning eng yaxshi jang maydonlari qo'mondonlari hisoblanar edi va ular davomida raqib bo'lmaganlar Uzoq mart. Ikkalasi ham Maoning ko'tarilishini qo'llab-quvvatladilar amalda etakchilik Zunyi konferentsiyasi 1935 yil yanvarda. Lin uzoq mart oxirigacha Maoning doimiy ravishda qochish strategiyasidan norozi bo'lishi mumkin, ammo Maoni ommaviy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirdi.^[14]

Amerikalik jurnalist Edgar Snoud ning kommunistik bazasida Lin Biao bilan uchrashdi Shensi 1936 yilda,^[15] va o'z kitobida Lin haqida yozgan, Xitoy ustidan qizil yulduz. Snoudning qaydnomasi Linga qaraganda ko'proq Pengning roliga qaratilgan edi, aftidan Peng bilan uzoq suhbatlar o'tkazgan va Pengga (Maodan tashqari har qanday odamdan ko'proq) bag'ishlangan. Ammo u Lin haqida shunday deydi:

Lin Biao Peng Dexuayning xiralashgan, shahvatli yuzini taqdim etmadi. U o'n yoshroq edi, juda ozgina, tasvirlar yuzli, qorong'i, kelishgan edi. Peng odamlari bilan suhbatlashdi. Lin o'z masofasini saqlab qoldi. Ko'pchilik uchun u uyatchan va o'zini tutib turganday tuyuldi. Uning odamlariga nisbatan iliqlik va mehrni aks ettiruvchi hikoyalar yo'q. Uning boshqa Qizil Armiya qo'mondonlari Linni hurmat qilishgan, ammo u gapirganda hammasi ish edi ...

Maoning yuqori darajadagi qo'mondonlari o'rtasidagi ziddiyat keskinroq bo'lishi mumkin edi, ammo ular uzoq martda fintlar, maskalanadigan strategiya, syurprizlar, pistirmalar, qanot hujumlari, orqa tomondan sakrashlar va stratagemalarga ixtisoslashgan holda birgalikda yaxshi ishladilar. Peng dushman bilan yuzma-yuz hujumda uchrashib, shunday g'azab bilan jang qildiki, u ularni qayta-qayta yo'q qildi. Dushman qurolini tortib olish va harbiy asirlarni Qizil Armiya tarkibiga yangi va sodiq chaqiruvchilarga aylantirish orqali har qanday yo'qotishlarni to'ldirishga va ko'paytirishga muvaffaq bo'lmaguncha, Peng yaxshi jang qilinganiga ishonmadi.^[16]

Mao Tsedun bilan Lin Biao hech qachon yaralanmagan kam sonli qizil qo'mondonlardan biri bo'lish xususiyati bilan o'rtoqlashdi. Jabhada yuzdan ortiq janglarda qatnashgan, 10 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida dala qo'mondonligida, odamlari bilgan har qanday qiyinchiliklarga duch kelgan, boshiga 100000 dollar mukofot bilan, u mo''jizaviy ravishda zarar ko'rmagan va sog'lig'i yaxshi bo'lgan.

1932 yilda Lin Biaoga 1-qizil armiya korpusi buyrug'i berildi, keyinchalik ularning soni 20000 ga yaqin miltiq edi. Bu Qizil Armiyaning eng dahshatli qismiga aylandi. Linning taktik sifatida favqulodda iste'dodi tufayli, u unga qarshi yuborilgan hukumatning har qanday kuchini yo'q qildi, mag'lub etdi yoki ortda qoldirdi va jangda hech qachon sindirilmagan edi ....

Ko'pgina qobiliyatli qizil qo'mondonlar singari Lin hech qachon Xitoydan tashqarida bo'lmagan, xitoy tilidan boshqa tilda gaplashmaydi va o'qimaydi. Ammo 30 yoshidan oldin u allaqachon qizil doiralardan tashqarida tan olingan. Xitoy qizillarining harbiy jurnallarida uning maqolalari ... qayta nashr etilgan, o'rganilgan va tanqid qilingan Nanking (Nanjing) harbiy jurnallari, shuningdek, Yaponiya va Sovet Rossiyasida.^[17]

(Sno bu haqda xabar berganidan bir yil o'tgach, Lin jiddiy jarohat oldi).^[18]

Lin va Mao odatda yaqin shaxsiy munosabatlarga ega edilar,^[19] ammo ba'zi bir ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Lin ba'zida Mao haqida shaxsiy fikrlarda kamsituvchi izohlar bergan va Linni Maoni qo'llab-quvvatlash asosan hokimiyatni ta'qib qilish uchun bo'lgan.^[20] Yan'anga kelganidan so'ng, Lin yangi tashkil etilganlarning boshlig'i bo'ldi Xitoy Xalqining Yaponiyaga qarshi harbiy va siyosiy universiteti. 1937 yilda Lin u erdagi talabalardan biri - "Universitet gullari" laqabini olgan Lyu Ximin ismli qizga uylandi.^[21]

Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi (1937-1945)

Lin Biao rafiqasi bilan Ye Qun va ularning farzandlari

1937 yil avgustda Lin Kommunistning 115-diviziyasining bosh qo'mondoni deb nomlandi 8-marshrut armiyasi^[2] va yordam berishni buyurdilar Yan Xishan Yapon istilosini qaytarishda kuchlar Shanxi. Ushbu vazifada Lin Pingxingguanga pistirma qilish 1937 yil sentyabr oyida, bu xitoyliklar uchun dastlabki davrda eng kam jang maydonlaridan biri edi Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi (Xitoyda "Yaponiyaga qarshi qarshilik urushi" nomi bilan tanilgan).

1938 yilda, u hali ham Shanxi shahrida Xitoy kuchlariga rahbarlik qilayotgan paytda, kommunistlar safiga qo'shilgan va Lin qo'mondonligida xizmat qilgan yapon askarlari Linga Yapon formasi va katana, ular jangda qo'lga kiritdilar. Keyin Lin forma va katanani kiyib, otga sakradi va armiyadan uzoqlashdi. Minib yurish paytida Linni Yan qo'shinidagi o'q otuvchisi yakka o'zi ko'rdi. Yapon zobitining kimsasiz tepaliklarda yolg'iz ot minib yurganini ko'rib, askar hayron bo'ldi. U Linni nishonga oldi va unga jiddiy jarohat etkazdi.^[22] O'q Linning boshini o'tlab, bosh suyagida doimiy taassurot qoldiradigan darajada chuqur kirib bordi.^[23] Boshiga o'q uzilganidan so'ng, Lin otidan yiqilib, orqasini yaraladi.^[22]

Yaralaridan qutulish va kasal bo'lib qolish sil kasalligi, Lin yo'l oldi Moskva 1938 yil oxirida u Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasining vakili sifatida xizmat qildi Kommunistik Xalqaro Ijroiya qo'mitasi. U Moskvada 1942 yil fevralgacha ishladi Komintern ishlar va uni nashr etish uchun yozish.^[2] Lin bilan birga uning rafiqasi Lyu Ximin ham bor edi, ammo ularning munosabatlari Moskvada yomonlashdi va Lin oxir-oqibat Yan'anga onasiz qaytib keldi.^[22]

Moskvada bo'lganida, Lin Chjou Enlayning asrab olgan qiziga g'azablandi. Sun Vayshi, 1938 yildan 1946 yilgacha Moskvada o'qigan.^[24] Xitoyga qaytishdan oldin, 1942 yilda Lin Sunga uylanishni taklif qildi va Lin bilan ajrashgan xotinidan ajrashishga va'da berdi. Sun Linning taklifini qabul qila olmadi, ammo o'qishni tugatgandan so'ng Linga uylanish haqida o'ylashga va'da berdi. Lin Xitoyga qaytib kelganidan keyin Lyu Ximin bilan ajrashdi va boshqa ayolga uylandi, Ye Qun, 1943 yilda. Quyosh va Ye o'rtasidagi munosabatlar juda yomon edi.^[25] Yan'anga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Lin qo'shinlarni tayyorlash va o'qitish vazifalarida qatnashgan.

Liaoshen aksiyasi

Lin uning qo'mondonligi ostida yuqori martabali ofitserlar bilan (Harbin, 1946)

Lin Manchuriya dala armiyasining bosh qo'mondoni sifatida (~ 1947-1948)

Lin Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida janglarning ko'p qismida yo'q edi, ammo oltinchi darajaga saylandi Markaziy qo'mita 1945 yilda o'zining oldingi jang maydonidagi obro'siga asoslanib.^[18] Yaponlar taslim bo'lgandan keyin kommunistlar ko'p sonli qo'shinlarni ko'chirishdi Manchuriya (Shimoliy-sharqiy Xitoy) va Lin Biao yangi "Kommunistik shimoli-sharqiy harbiy okrug" ga rahbarlik qilish uchun Manjuriyaga ko'chib o'tdi. Sovetlar asirga olingan yapon harbiy texnikalarini kommunistlarga topshirdilar, shu bilan Lin armiyasi Xitoydagi eng yaxshi jihozlangan kommunistik kuchlardan biriga aylandi. Gomintang (millatchilar) dan bo'linmalar Manjuriyaning yirik shaharlariga etib borgan paytgacha Lin kuchlari allaqachon qishloq va uning atrofidagi hududlarning aksariyatini qattiq nazorat ostiga olishgan.^[26]

1945 yil oxiriga kelib Lin o'z qo'mondonligida Manjuriyada 280 ming qo'shiniga ega edi,^[27] ammo Gomintangning hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, ularning atigi 100000 nafari etarli jihozlarga ega bo'lgan doimiy kuchlardir. KMT, shuningdek, Linga 100000 noqonuniy yordamchi korxonalardan foydalanish huquqiga ega ekanligini taxmin qildi, ularning tarkibiga asosan ishsiz fabrika ishchilari jalb qilingan. Lin 1945 yil davomida qat'iyatli to'qnashuvlardan qochdi va u partiyadagi va PLAdagi tengdoshlarining tanqidiga qaramay o'z armiyasining kuchini saqlab qoldi.^[28]

1946 yildagi tinchlik muzokaralarida Gomintang bilan savdolashib olish uchun Mao Linga o'z armiyasini yig'ishga buyruq berdi, bu Qizil Armiyaning oldingi strategiyasiga zid edi. Lin bu pozitsiyaga rozi emas edi, ammo Mao tomonidan KMTni hal qiluvchi jangga jalb qilish va atrofga "bir qarich er bermaslik" buyrug'i berildi. Siping, Jilin. 15 aprelda Lin pistirmani uyushtirdi va u erda KMT kuchlarini katta talafotlar bilan chekinishga majbur qildi. Mahalliy KMT qo'mondoni, Du Yuming, 18 aprelda qarshi hujumni boshladi, Mao u erdagi qo'shinlarga shaharni abadiy ushlab turishni buyurdi. Janglar Mao nihoyat Linga 19 mayda chiqib ketishga ruxsat berguniga qadar davom etdi, bu Lin darhol o'z armiyasini qurshab olish va yo'q qilishdan qutqarib qoldi.^[29]

Du Linning kuchlarini janubiy sohilga qarab ta'qib qildi Songxua daryosi, Duning o'z armiyasi haddan tashqari kengayib ketganidan xavotiri tufayli ular to'xtab qolishdi. Kommunistik manbalarga ko'ra, Linning armiyasi janglarda va chekinishda 15000 askarini yo'qotgan, ammo millatchi manbalar 25000 askar ham tashlandilar yoki taslim bo'ldilar va Linning 100000 tartibsiz yordamchilardan iborat kuchlari chekinish paytida ommaviy qochqinlikdan aziyat chekishdi. 10 iyun kuni ikki kuch vositachilik qilgan sulhga rozi bo'lishdi Jorj Marshal va janglar vaqtincha to'xtatildi. Mao o'sha qishda Linga qarshi hujumga o'tishni buyurdi, ammo Lin uning kuchlari charchagan va bunga moddiy jihatdan tayyor emas deb javob berib, rad etdi.^[30]

Du o'z kuchlarining ko'pchiligini kommunistik kuchlarga hujum qilishga boshlaganida Koreys 1947 yil yanvarida, Lin nihoyat 20 ming askariga Songxua daryosidan o'tishni buyurdi, u erda ular partizan reydlari uyushtirishdi, yordam kuchlariga pistirma qilishdi, ajratilgan garnizonlarga hujum qilishdi va ularni mag'lub etish uchun yuborilgan Du kuchli bo'linmalari bilan hal qiluvchi to'qnashuvlardan qochishdi. Shunday qilib, ular ko'p miqdordagi materiallarni talon-taroj qildilar va KMT tasarrufidagi hududlarning infratuzilmasini, shu jumladan ko'priklarni, temir yo'llarni, istehkomlarni, elektr tarmoqlarini va qayiqlarni yo'q qildilar. Du o'z kuchlarini janubga qaytarib yuborganida, ular pistirmaga tushib, mag'lub bo'ldilar. Du Chi Kayshidan yordam so'rab murojaat qilganida, uning iltimosi rad etildi.^[31]

8 aprelda Lin shtab-kvartirasini ko'chib o'tdi Harbin ga Shuangcheng old tomonga yaqinroq bo'lish uchun. 5 may kuni u bo'ysunuvchilari bilan konferentsiya o'tkazdi va qo'shinlari taktikani o'zgartirib, keng ko'lamli qarshi hujumga o'tishini va hal qiluvchi jangda Du qo'shinlarini mag'lub etishga intilishini e'lon qildi. 8 may kuni Lin o'zining "uchta buyuk yurishi" ning birinchisini, Yozgi hujumni boshladi va katta garnizonni jalb qilishni niyat qildi. Huaide Ikkinchi kuch esa uni engillashtirish uchun yuborilishi mumkin bo'lgan kuchni pistirma qilishga undadi. 17-may kuni ular yirik g'alabani qo'lga kiritishdi va tirik qolganlarni Changchun va Sipingga chekinishga majbur qilishdi. 1947 yil may oyining oxiriga kelib Linning kuchlari qishloqlarning katta qismini (temir yo'l liniyalari va bir qancha yirik shaharlar bundan mustasno) o'z nazorati ostiga oldi, Manchuriyadagi KMT kuchlarining ko'p qismiga kirib keldi va yo'q qilindi va janubdagi izolyatsiya qilingan kommunistik kuchlar bilan aloqani tikladi. Liaoning viloyat.^[32]

Yozgi hujum g'alabasidan so'ng Lin kuchlari tashabbusni qo'lga kiritdilar va Gomintang mudofaa strategiyasi harakatsiz va reaktsion bo'lib qoldi. Lin o'z kuchlariga Sipingni qamal qilishni buyurdi, ammo ular juda katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi va ozgina oldinga siljishdi, qisman himoyachilarning mustahkam pozitsiyasi va havodan qo'llab-quvvatlashi tufayli va hujumchilarning zaif artilleriya yordami tufayli (Lin atrofida atigi yetmish dona artilleriya bor edi) Siping). Linning kuchlari shaharga ikki marta bostirib kirib, ko'chadan ko'chaga urush olib borishdi, ammo katta talafotlar bilan ikkala safar ham haydaldi. 19 iyunga kelib Linning hujum qo'shinlari tobora charchab qolishdi va Lin ularni umuman samarasiz bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun ularni aylantira boshladi. 24-iyun kuni qamalni olib tashlash uchun janubdan millatchilarning qo'shimcha kuchlari keldi. Lin ularni mag'lub etish uchun etarlicha ishchi kuchi yo'qligini tan oldi va 1 iyul kuni u o'z qo'shinlarini Songxua daryosining shimoliga orqaga chekinishni buyurdi.^[33]

Kommunistlar Sipingda 30 mingdan ziyod yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi va chekinish paytida qochib qutulish darajasi 20 foizdan oshgan bo'lishi mumkin, Sipingdagi millatchi garnizoni esa qamal buzilguniga qadar 20 mingdan 3000 dan ozroqqa tushgan. Lin mag'lubiyatdan so'ng o'z-o'zini tanqid qilish uchun o'z ixtiyori bilan yozdi. Shuningdek, u Sipingda o'z qo'mondonini tanqid qildi, Li Tianyou, yomon taktikalarni namoyish qilgani va "inqilobiy ruh" etishmasligi uchun. Armiya muvaffaqiyatsizliklariga qaramay, u armiyani qayta tuzdi, omon qolgan polklarni birlashtirdi va mahalliy militsiya kuchlarini doimiy bo'linmalar darajasiga ko'tardi. 1947 yilning kuziga kelib, uning qo'mondonligida 510 ming askar bor edi, bu mintaqadagi millatchilik kuchlariga teng edi.^[34]

Du o'rnini bosishdan oldin, Chen Cheng, shimoldan o'tib, hujumni boshlashi mumkin edi, Lin o'z qo'shinini janubga ko'chirdi va kuzgi hujumni boshladi, unda uning kuchlari temir yo'llarni va boshqa infratuzilmani vayron qildi, ajratilgan millatchi bo'linmalarga hujum qildi va kuchli millatchi kuchlarni qo'zg'atishga va pistirmaga urindi. Chenning kuchlari kampaniyaga o'zlarining shahar garnizonlariga chiqib ketish bilan javob berishdi. Kommunistlar qat'iyatli to'qnashuvni qo'zg'ata olmadilar va Kuzgi hujum hujumlari to'xtab qoldi.^[35]

Chenning kuchlari harakatsiz va reaktsion bo'lib qolishdi, 1947 yil oxirida Lin o'zining so'nggi Liaoshen kampaniyasi - Qishki hujumda janubga orqaga qaytdi. Uning dastlabki rejasi so'nggi hujum maqsadini takrorlash, Jilin shahrini qamal qilish va uning yordam kuchlarini pistirma qilish edi, ammo Gomintang qo'shinlarining joylashuvini o'rganib chiqib, janubiy Manjuriya osonroq nishonga aylanishini aniqladi. 15 dekabrda Linning kuchlari hujumga o'tdilar Fakui, Chjanvu va Sinlitun. Chen Fakuidan xalos bo'lish uchun qo'shimcha kuchlar yubordi va kommunistlarning pistirmasi puchga chiqqach, Lin o'z kuchlariga chekinishni va Zhangvu qamaliga qo'shilishni buyurdi. Chen aralashmadi va shahar 28-dekabrda qulab tushganda, Lin kampaniyaning asosiy qismi tugadi deb hisobladi va u dam olish va ikkinchi darajali nishonlarga hujum qilish uchun kuchlarini tarqatib yubordi.^[36]

Chen Linning chekinishini hujumdan foydalanish imkoniyati sifatida ko'rdi. U 1948 yil 1-yanvarda o'z kuchlariga Liaoning shimolidagi nishonlarga hujum qilishni buyurdi va 3-yanvar kuni Lin izolyatsiya qilingan Milliyatchi 5-korpusni muvaffaqiyatli o'rab oldi. Uning qo'mondoni, Chen Linda, uni o'rab olishganini tushundi va qo'shimcha yordam so'radi, lekin Chen Cheng faqatgina Chen Lindaning chekinishiga "ruxsat berishiga" javob qaytardi. Buzilishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va 7-yanvar kuni 5-korpus yo'q qilindi. Ushbu mag'lubiyatdan keyin Chen Cheng o'rniga almashtirildi Vey Lixuang o'n kundan keyin, ammo Vey kommunistlarning qo'lga olinishiga to'sqinlik qila olmadi Lyaoyang 6 fevralda 54-diviziyani yo'q qildi va Vey kuchlarini o'z portlaridan bog'lab turgan muhim temir yo'lni kesib tashladi. Bohay dengizi.^[37]

Lin g'arbiy Manjuriyadagi barcha garnizonlarni mag'lubiyatga uchratib yoki ularni fevral oyi oxiriga qadar qusur qilishga undagan holda oldinga yurishni davom ettirdi. 26 fevralda Lin o'z kuchlarini qayta tashkil etdi Shimoli-sharqiy dala armiyasi qaytib kelib, garnizoni Chen Cheng tomonidan boshqa joyga ko'chirilgan va hech qachon mustahkamlanmagan Sipingni olishga tayyorgarlik ko'rishni boshladi. Lin shaharga umumiy hujumni 13 martda boshlagan va bir kundan keyin shaharni egallab olgan. Sipingni qo'lga kiritish Linning Qishki hujumiga yakun yasadi. Kampaniya oxiriga kelib KMT deyarli barcha Manjuriyani yo'qotdi va 156000 talafot ko'rdi, ularning aksariyati harbiy asirlar sifatida omon qolgan va Lin kuchlariga jalb qilingan. 1948 yil qish oxiriga kelib Gomintang Shimoliy-Sharqdagi Changchundan tashqari barcha hududlarini yo'qotdi, Shenyang va temir yo'l liniyasini Beypindan o'sha shaharlarga bog'laydigan maydon.^[38]

Linning Qishki kampaniyasidan so'ng, Mao undan janubdagi nishonlarga hujum qilishini xohladi, ammo Lin kuchli dushmani orqasida qoldirishni istamagani uchun rozi bo'lmadi va u kuchli shaharning mag'lubiyati Chiangni shimoli-sharqdan voz kechishga majbur qilishiga ishondi. 1948 yil 25-mayga qadar shimoli-sharqiy dala armiyasi Changchunni, shu jumladan uning aerodromini to'liq o'rab oldi va qamalning qolgan qismida millatchi qo'mondon, Zheng Dongguo, butunlay shaharga etkazib beriladigan materiallarga bog'liq edi. 19-may kuni Lin Maoga katta talofatlar kutgan hisobotni taqdim etdi. 20-iyulga kelib qamal to'xtab qoldi va Lin o'z armiyasining bir qismiga hujum qilishga ruxsat berib, Maoga qoldirildi. Jinzhou janubdan uzoqroqda, boshidan boshlanadi Liaoshen aksiyasi. Chiang Tszinchjuni himoya qilish uchun qo'shimcha kuchlarni ko'targanida, Lin o'z qo'shinini qamaldan voz kechib, Chanchchunga qaytishni buyurdi, ammo Mao bu fikrga qo'shilmadi va uni bekor qildi, Lin esa himoyachilarni hal qiluvchi to'qnashuvga jalb qilishni buyurdi. 14 oktyabrda Shimoliy-Sharqiy dala armiyasi 250 ming kishilik va Linning artilleriyasi va zirhlarining asosiy qismi bilan Tszinchjouga hujumni boshladi. Qariyb 24 soat davom etgan janglardan so'ng Linning kuchlari g'alaba qozonib, 24000 talafot ko'rdilar, ammo dushman qo'mondonini qo'lga oldilar, Fan Hanji va 90 000 dushman askari.^[39]

Yunnan va uning qo'mondoni bo'lgan KMT armiyasi Tszinchjuda mag'lub bo'lganligi haqidagi xabarni eshitib, Zeng Zesheng, 14-oktabr kuni Changchun chetidagi mavqeini o'zgartirdi va tark etdi, bu shaharda qolgan millatchilik kuchlarini halok qildi va Zheng Dongguo ikki kundan keyin taslim bo'lishga majbur bo'ldi. Chiang general boshchiligidagi 110 ming kishilik 9-armiyaga buyruq berdi Liao Yaoxiang G'arbga sayohat qilish va Jinchjuni qaytarib olish uchun, lekin Lin ularni to'xtatish uchun deyarli barcha kuchlarini yo'naltirdi va ular 21 oktabr kuni yordam bo'linmasini o'rab olishga kirishdilar. Bir hafta davom etgan janglardan so'ng millatchilik armiyasi 28 oktyabrda yo'q qilindi. KMT garnizonlari shimoli-sharq mintaqadan chiqib, janubga qochishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo aksariyati muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Changchundan keyin Shimoliy-Sharqdagi yagona yirik KMT garnizoni Shenyan edi, u erda 140 ming KMT askari taslim bo'lishga majbur bo'ldi. 1948 yil oxiriga kelib butun shimoli-sharqiy Xitoy kommunistlar nazorati ostida edi.^[40]

Gomintangni mag'lub etish

Boshqaruvini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng Manjuriyalik viloyatlari, keyin Lin ichiga supurib Shimoliy Xitoy. Lin boshchiligidagi kuchlar Gomintang mag'lubiyati uchun javobgar bo'lgan uchta yirik harbiy g'alabadan ikkitasida g'alaba qozonish uchun javobgardilar. Lin kampaniya davomida davom etayotgan og'ir kasalliklardan aziyat chekdi.^[18] Manchuriyadagi g'alabadan so'ng, Lin Shimoliy Xitoyda Chiangning asosiy kuchlarini o'rab olgan milliondan ortiq askarlarga qo'mondonlik qildi. Pingjin kampaniyasi, qabul qilish Pekin va Tyantszin ikki oylik muddat ichida. Tianjin kuch bilan olib ketilgan va 1949 yil 22-yanvarda general Fu Zuoyi va uning 400 ming kishilik armiyasi Pekindagi jangsiz taslim bo'lishga rozi bo'ldi va FHDO 31 yanvar kuni shaharni egallab oldi. Pingjin kampaniyasida Linning dushmanlarning jangovar saflaridan jami 520 000 ta qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketganligi ko'rildi. Taslim bo'lganlarning aksariyati keyinchalik PLAga qo'shilishdi.^[41]

Pekinni olgandan so'ng, kommunistlar KMTning qolgan kuchlarini topshirish uchun muzokaralar olib borishga harakat qilishdi. Ushbu muzokaralar muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagach, Lin janubi-sharqdagi KMTga hujumlarini davom ettirdi. Pekinni olgandan keyin Lin armiyasi 1,5 million askarni tashkil etdi. U kesib o'tdi Yangtze daryosi 1949 yil bahorida va davomida Xitoyning markazida joylashgan mudofaa KMT armiyasini qat'iy mag'lub etdi Yangtze daryosidan o'tish kampaniyasi. Lin qo'shinlari KMT qo'shinlarini mag'lub etishda davom etishdi va oxir-oqibat 1949 yil oxiriga kelib Xitoy materikidagi barcha KMT pozitsiyalarini egallab oldilar. Lin qo'shinlari egallagan so'nggi pozitsiya tropik orol edi. Xaynan.^[42]

1949 yilda Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi tashkil etilgandan so'ng Lin Biao kommunistlarning eng yorqin generallaridan biri sanaladi. Lin 1955 yilda nomlangan "o'n marshal" ning eng yoshi bo'lgan va Linning harbiy xizmatlarini tan olgan.^[18]

Siyosatchi

Kasallik

Marshal Lin Biao

1949 yildan keyin ham Lin Biao sog'lig'idan azob chekishda davom etdi va yuqori lavozimli harbiy va siyosiy lavozimlardan qochishni tanladi. Uning maqomi uni 1950-yillarning aksariyat qismida bir qator yuqori lavozimlarga tayinlanishiga olib keldi, ammo ular asosan sharafli va juda oz mas'uliyatli edi. U, odatda, sog'lig'i yomonligi sababli, o'ziga yuklatilgan ko'plab rasmiy siyosiy majburiyatlarni topshirgan yoki e'tiborsiz qoldirgan.^[18]

1938 yilda Lin jarohat olganidan so'ng u doimiy jismoniy va ruhiy muammolarga duch keldi. Uning aniq tibbiy holati yaxshi tushunilmagan, chunki uning tibbiy ma'lumotlari hech qachon jamoatchilikka e'lon qilinmagan. Doktor Li Zhisui, keyin Maoning shaxsiy shifokorlaridan biri Lin aziyat chekkaniga ishongan nevrasteniya va gipoxondriya. U terlaganda kasal bo'lib, suv, shamol, sovuq va boshqa fobiyalarga duchor bo'lgan.^[43] yorug'lik va shovqin.^[4] U an’anaviy xitoycha rasmlarda daryolar va okeanlarni ko‘rib asabiylashib ketishi va diareya bilan og‘riganligi, bu esa suv oqimi shovqinidan kelib chiqishi mumkinligi aytilgan.^[43] Lining Linning holati haqidagi qaydlari rasmiy Xitoy versiyasidan farq qiladi.

Boshqa bir ishda Lin shizoid shaxsiyat buzilishi bilan og'rigan bemorlarda uchraydigan alomatlarga ega deb ta'riflanadi. Linning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari, shu jumladan, uning tentakligi, ijtimoiy munosabatlarga qiziqish yo'qligi, yashirinligi va Madaniy inqilob paytida namoyish etgan hissiy sovuqligi, Lin shizoid shaxsiyat buzilishida ko'rilgan belgilarga o'xshash alomatlar bilan og'riganligini ko'rsatmoqda. Madaniy inqilobning notinch siyosiy iqlimi bilan birgalikda Linning shaxsiy muammolarini hal qilish uning o'z mavqeini boshqarish qobiliyatiga ta'sir qildi.^[44]

Lin haddan tashqari bosh og'rig'idan aziyat chekdi va bo'sh vaqtining ko'p qismini xitoy tibbiy matnlari bilan maslahatlashishga va o'zi uchun an'anaviy xitoy dorilarini tayyorlashga sarfladi. U uyqusizlikdan azob chekdi va ko'pincha uxlab yotgan dorilarni ichdi.^[45] U oddiy ovqatlarni iste'mol qilgan, chekmagan va spirtli ichimliklar ichmagan.^[43] Uning ahvoli o'sib borishi bilan, suvdan qo'rqish, cho'milish yoki meva iste'mol qilishdan bosh tortishga olib keldi. Shamol va nurdan qo'rqqanligi sababli uning idorasi g'amgin va hech qanday shamollatish tizimiga ega emas edi. Ba'zi bir ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Lin ham, afyun ham giyohvand bo'lgan^[4] yoki morfin.

1953 yildayoq Sovet shifokorlari Linga chalingan degan tashxis qo'yishdi manik depressiya. Linning rafiqasi, Ye Qun, ushbu tashxisni rad etdi, ammo keyinchalik xitoylik shifokorlar tomonidan tasdiqlandi. Linning mo'rt sog'lig'i uni zaif, passiv va boshqa siyosiy arboblar, xususan Ye Qunning o'zi tomonidan osonlikcha boshqarishga majbur qildi.^[43]

Linning shikoyatlari vaqt va yoshga qarab yomonlashdi. O'limidan bir necha yil oldin Lin o'g'lining kelini Lin juda uzoqlashib, ijtimoiy va siyosiy jihatdan ajralib qolganligini, hatto u hech qachon kitob yoki gazeta o'qimagan darajada bo'lganligini aytdi. Uning passivligi uni har qanday mazmunli darajada bog'lashni qiyinlashtirdi: "odatda u shunchaki bo'sh holda o'tirardi". Linning kamdan-kam uchraydigan davrlarida u o'z vaqtini asosan shikoyat qilish uchun ishlatgan va tibbiyotning turli xil masalalari bo'yicha davolanish uchun murojaat qilgan.^[46]

Mao bilan ittifoq

Lin, Siyosiy Byuroning aksariyati singari, dastlab Xitoyning tarkibiga kirishi to'g'risida jiddiy eslatmalar bildirdi Koreya urushi, agar "imperialistlar" (amerikaliklar) Koreya yoki Xitoyda atom bombasini portlatishsa, vujudga keladigan vayronagarchiliklarni keltirmoqdalar. Keyinchalik Lin sog'lig'i yomonligini aytib Koreyadagi kuchlarni boshqarishdan bosh tortdi.^[47] 1950 yil oktyabr oyining boshlarida Peng Dexuay Koreyaga yo'l olgan Xitoy kuchlari qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi va Lin Sovet Ittifoqiga davolanish uchun bordi. Lin Chjou Enlai bilan Sovet Ittifoqiga uchib ketdi va u bilan muzokaralarda qatnashdi Jozef Stalin Sovetlarning Xitoyning aralashuvini qo'llab-quvvatlashi to'g'risida, bu Maoning Linga bo'lgan ishonchini saqlab qolganligini ko'rsatmoqda.

A qismi seriyali kuni
Maoizm
Tushunchalar Antagonistik ziddiyat Antiimperializm Anti-revizionizm Madaniy inqilob Marksizm-leninizm Ommaviy chiziq Yangi demokratiya Xalq urushi Inqilobiy tayanch maydoni O'z-o'zini tanqid qilish Ijtimoiy imperializm
Variantlar Den Syaoping nazariyasi Gonsalo fikr Maoizm - uchinchi dunyoizm Mao-Spontex Marksizm-leninizm-maoizm Marksizm-leninizm-maoizm-prachanda yo'li Yorqin yo'l
Odamlar Mao Szedun Lin Biao Garri Xeyvud Charu Majumdar Chen Boda Per Myulle Tszyan Tsin Ted Xill Afzal Bangash Akram Yari Siraj Sikder Charlz Bettelxaym Chjan Chunqiao Ibrohim Kaypakkaya Pol Pot Huey P. Nyuton Fayz Ahmad Yao Venyuan Chin Peng Samir Amin Norm Gallagher Abimael Guzman Xose Mariya Sison Bob Avakian Pushpa Kamol Dahal Bo Xilay Li Minqi Mohan Baidya Si Tszinpin
Nazariy ishlar Tergov to'g'risida hisobot Xunandagi dehqonlar harakatining Qarama-qarshilik haqida Amaliyot to'g'risida Partizan urushida Uzoq muddatli urush to'g'risida Sovet iqtisodiyotining tanqidi Mao raisi takliflari Tarixiy sakkizta hujjat
Tarix Xitoy inqilobi Xitoy 1949–1976 1976–1989 1989–2002 2002–2010 yillar Koreya urushi Xitoy-Sovet bo'linishi Oldinga sakrash Qora kuch harakati Madaniy inqilob Yangi kommunistik harakat Naksalit-maoist qo'zg'olon CPP-NPA-NDF isyoni Xitoy-Albaniya bo'linishi Turkiyadagi maoistlar qo'zg'oloni Perudagi ichki ziddiyat Nepal fuqarolar urushi
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Qisman uning sog'lig'i yomonlashgan va jismoniy reabilitatsiya davri tufayli Sovet Ittifoqi, Lin hokimiyatga ko'tarilish uchun sekin edi. 1950-yillarning boshlarida Lin markaziy Xitoyda yurisdiksiyani nazorat qilib, fuqarolik va harbiy ishlar uchun mas'ul bo'lgan beshta yirik rahbarlardan biri edi. 1953 yilda unga tashrif buyurgan Gao Gang, va keyinchalik uni qo'llab-quvvatlashda gumon qilingan.^[48] 1955 yilda Lin nomi bilan atalgan Siyosiy byuro.^[18] 1958 yil fevral oyida Peng Dexuay, keyin Xitoy Mudofaa vaziri, qirq yilligi munosabati bilan nutq so'zladi Sovet Qizil Armiyasi unda u Xitoy va Sovet Ittifoqi o'rtasidagi harbiy hamkorlikni oshirishni taklif qildi. Mao Xitoyni Sovet Ittifoqidan uzoqlashtirmoqchi edi va Lin Biaoga Pengning munosib vorisi sifatida qarashni boshladi.^[49] 1958 yilda Lin qo'shildi Siyosiy byuroning doimiy qo'mitasi^[50] va Xitoydan biriga aylandi Rais o'rinbosarlari. 1959 yildan keyin Lushan konferentsiyasi, unda Peng Maoning halokatli ekanligini tanqid qildi Oldinga sakrash, Peng hibsga olingan va barcha hukumat lavozimlaridan chetlatilgan.^[18] Shaxsiy ravishda, Lin Peng bilan kelishib oldi va Pengning tozalanishiga qat'iy qarshi edi, lekin Linning o'zini tozalashdan qo'rqishi uni Maoning Pengni tozalashga bo'lgan harakatlariga qarshi chiqishiga to'sqinlik qildi,^[51] va Lin Pengni "kariyerachi, fitna tuzuvchi va ikkiyuzlamachi" sifatida ommaviy ravishda qoraladi.^[52] Maoning ko'rsatmasi bilan Peng sharmanda qilindi va muddatsiz uy qamog'iga olingan.^[51] Lin Buyuk sakrash oldidan keyin Maoni eng ommaviy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan yuqori darajali etakchiga aylandi,^[53] bu davrda Maoning iqtisodiy siyosati o'n millionlab odamlar ochlikdan o'lgan sun'iy ocharchilikni keltirib chiqardi.^[54] Masalan, Lin o'sha davrda Maoni himoya qildi Etti ming kadrlar konferentsiyasi 1962 yilda.^[55]

Dastlab Lin Pengni almashtirishdan bosh tortdi, ammo oxir-oqibat Mao Tsedunning talabiga binoan bu pozitsiyani qabul qildi. Mudofaa vaziri sifatida Linning PLAni boshqarishi Maodan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda edi, ammo u o'z vazifalarining ko'pini bo'ysunuvchilarga qoldirdi. Lin Xitoy qurolli kuchlarining kundalik operatsiyalarini kechiktirgan eng muhim raqamlar edi Luo Ruying, Shtab boshlig'i va U uzoq, Markaziy harbiy rais o'rinbosari.^[18]

1959 yil 1 oktyabrda Lin Biao mudofaa vaziri sifatida Xitoy Xalq Respublikasining tashkil topganligining 10 yilligiga bag'ishlangan harbiy paradda faxriy qorovullarni ko'zdan kechirdi.

Mudofaa vaziri sifatida Linning siyosati avvalgisining siyosatidan farq qilar edi. Lin Xitoyning qurolli kuchlarini siyosiy mezonlarga asoslanib isloh qilishga urindi: u barcha alomatlar va imtiyozlarni bekor qildi, SSSRga xayrixoh deb hisoblangan a'zolarni tozaladi, askarlarni sanoat va qishloq xo'jaligi ishchilari sifatida yarim kunlik ishlashga yo'naltirdi va qurolli kuchlarni Mao Tsedun fikri.^[56] Lin's system of indoctrination made it clear the Party was in command of China's armed forces, and Lin ensured that the army's political commissars enjoyed great power and status in order to see that his directives were followed.^[50] Lin implemented these reforms in order to please Mao, but privately was concerned that they would weaken the PLA (which they did).^[57] Mao strongly approved of these reforms,^[18] and conscientiously promoted Lin to a series of high positions.^[58]

Lin used his position as Minister of Defense to flatter Mao by promoting Mao's cult of personality.^[59] Lin devised and ran a number of national Maoist propaganda campaigns based on the PLA, the most successful of which was the "learn from Ley Feng " campaign, which Lin began in 1963.^[60] Because he was the person most responsible for directing the "learn from Lei Feng" campaign, Lin may have directed the forging of Ley Fenning kundaligi, upon which the propaganda campaign was based.^[59]

Because of Lin's fragile health, Ye Qun controlled many aspects of Lin's public life during the 1960s, including who would see Lin and what others would know about him. Mao encouraged Ye to act on Lin's behalf, giving her an unusual amount of power and responsibility. In 1965 Mao asked Ye to publicly criticize Lin's chief of staff, Luo Ruiqing, on Lin's behalf, even though Ye did not yet hold any high political position. When Lin discovered that Ye had done so (after Luo was purged), he was angry at Ye, but powerless to alter Luo's disgrace.^[61]

Lin often read speeches prepared by others, and allowed his name to be placed on articles that he did not write, as long as these materials supported Mao. One of the most famous articles published in Lin's name^[62] was the 20,000-word pamphlet on revolution in developing countries, Long Live the Victory of the People's War!, which was released in 1965. This article made Lin one of China's leading interpreters of Mao's political theories. The article likened the "emerging forces" of the poor in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to the "rural areas of the world", while the affluent countries of the West were likened to the "cities of the world". Eventually the "cities" would be encircled by revolutions in the "rural areas", following theories prevalent in Mao Zedong Thought.^[50] Lin made no promise that China would fight other people's wars, and foreign revolutionaries were advised to depend mainly on "self-reliance".

Lin worked closely with Mao, promoting Maoning shaxsga sig'inishi. Lin directed the compilation of some of Chairman Mao's writings into a handbook, the Rais Mao Tszedunning takliflari, which became known as the Little Red Book.^[63] Lin Biao's military reforms and the success of the 1962 Xitoy-hind urushi impressed Mao. A propaganda campaign called "learn from the People's Liberation Army" followed. In 1966, this campaign widened into the Madaniy inqilob.

Madaniy inqilob

Lin Biao's calligraphy in the Summer Palace, 1966

Mashhurlikka ko'tariling

Lin's support impressed Mao, who continued to promote Lin to higher political offices. After Mao's second-in-command, President Lyu Shaoqi, was denounced as a "kapitalistik yo'l " in 1966, Lin Biao emerged as the most likely candidate to replace Liu as Mao's successor. Lin attempted to avoid this promotion, but accepted it on Mao's insistence.^[18]

Privately, Lin opposed the purging of Liu and Den Syaoping, on the grounds that they were "good comrades", but was not able to publicly oppose Mao's condemnation of them. Lin privately admired Liu, and once told his daughter that Liu had "a better understanding of theory than Mao". Chjou Enlai was also considered for the position of Vice-Chairman, but Zhou successfully withdrew from the nomination, leaving Lin the only candidate.^[64]

Lin also seriously attempted to withdraw from the nomination, but was not able to do so because Mao had made Lin's appointment a decision of the Central Committee, so rejecting the position would violate Party procedure and would risk ending Lin's political career. Lin was not present at the conference where it was decided to name him vice chairman. After Lin was named, he met with Mao and begged him personally not to name him to the position, but Mao criticized him, comparing Lin to the Ming emperor Shizong, who devoted so much of his time to the search for longevity medicines that he neglected his government responsibilities.^[65] In 1966 all other candidates for the position were removed, and Lin accepted the position as sole Rais o'rinbosari, replacing Liu Shaoqi as Mao's unofficial successor.^[58] After his appointment, Lin again attempted to submit a formal written request to Mao, asking Mao to rescind Lin's appointment to the position of vice-chairman, but Mao again rejected this request. When Lin received the rejection letter, he was so angry that he tore the letter up and threw it in the garbage.^[65]

Because there was no way to avoid becoming Mao's second-in-command, Lin attempted to protect himself from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution by giving absolute support to Mao and doing very little else. Lin avoided expressing any opinion, or making any decision on any matter, until Mao's own opinions and positions on that matter were clear, after which Lin would adhere as closely to Mao's direction as possible. Lin made sure that, whenever he and Mao were scheduled to appear in the same place, Lin would always arrive earlier than Mao, waiting to greet the Chairman. Lin attempted to make all observers believe that he was Mao's closest follower,^[66] always appearing beside Mao in all of Mao's public appearances with a copy of Mao's Kichik Qizil kitob.^[67] When he was informed that the public's image of Lin was that he was "Mao's best student", Lin was pleased, and stated: "I don't have any talent. What I know, I learned from Mao."^[66]

Faoliyat

Because Lin had no real interest in the position of Vice-Chairman, he did little other than whatever he believed would ingratiate himself to Mao. Privately, Lin had no interest in promoting the Cultural Revolution, and attended government meetings only when Mao demanded that he do so. Those colleagues closest to Lin noted that Lin avoided talking about the Cultural Revolution in any context other than public speeches, and when pressed would only make very brief and ambiguous statements. After 1966, Lin made no phone calls, received few visitors, secluded himself from his colleagues, and gained a reputation as being "reticent and mysterious". He did not take an active role in government, but allowed his secretaries to read short summaries of selected documents for half an hour in the morning and half an hour in the afternoon. This was generally insufficient to fulfill the responsibilities of vice-chairman,^[57] and he left most important work and family duties to his wife, Ye Qun.

Lin's passivity was part of a calculated plan to survive the Cultural Revolution alive and well. When Lin perceived that his longtime subordinate, Tao Zhu, was in danger of being purged in the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Lin sent a letter to warn Tao, advising Tao to be "passive, passive, and passive again". Tao probably did not understand Lin's advice, and was subsequently purged in 1967.^[57] In his relationship with Mao, Lin adopted a policy of "three 'nos': no responsibility; no suggestions; no crime".^[68]

Following the lead of Mao, in 1966 Lin directed Qizil gvardiya in Beijing to "smash those persons in power who are traveling the capitalist road, the bourgeoisie reactionary authorities, and all royalists of the bourgeoisie, and to forcibly destroy the "four olds ": old culture, old ideas, old customs, and old habits.^[69] In August 1966 Lin publicly called for a "three-month turmoil" within the PLA, and on October 6 Lin's Markaziy harbiy komissiya issued an urgent instruction that all military academies and institutes were to dismiss their classes and allow their students to become fully involved in the Cultural Revolution. Following the orders of this directive, officers and commissars were expelled from their positions, and some were beaten to death.^[70] Students at Chinese military academies followed Lin's instructions to rebel against their senior officers, breaking into the offices of Lin's National Commission for Defense Science to abduct one of the department's directors, and claiming Lin's deputy chief of staff, Li Tianyu, whom students accused of disciplining them.^[69] The students "overthrew" General Xiao Hua, the head of the PLA's Political Department since the previous July, and went on to purge 40 other top officers working under him in the Political Department, most of whom died in prison.^[70]

Lin continued to support the Red Guards until May 1967, when Mao accepted Zhou Enlai's appeals to moderate their radical activity through military intervention.^[69] Lin moderated some of the most radical activity within the PLA; but, from 1967 to 1969, 80,000 officers were purged, 1,169 of whom died from torture, starvation, or execution. Research programs were cancelled and the number of military academies across China shrank by two-thirds. Many defensive fortifications were destroyed, and regular training within the PLA ceased.^[70]

After 1966, Lin's few personal political initiatives were efforts to moderate the radical nature of the Cultural Revolution. Privately, he expressed unhappiness with the Cultural Revolution, but was unable to avoid playing a high-profile role due to the expectations of Mao, China's unpredictable political environment, and the manipulations of his wife and son, Ye Qun and Lin Liguo.^[18] After 1966, Lin, like Liu before him, attempted to build his own base of support so that he could better position himself for the inevitable, unpredictable political situation that would occur following the death of Mao.^[71] Lin's few proactive attempts to direct the Cultural Revolution were attempts to protect Red Guards and his political allies from political persecution, and to mediate the attempts of Jiang Qing and her followers to radicalize China's political climate.^[51] In May 1967, Lin's follower, Chen Boda, saved Zhou Enlai from being persecuted by Red Guards by convincing them that Zhou was Lin's follower and supporter. Zhou repaid Lin's assistance by giving him excessive public praise three months later, in August, but was forced to write a formal apology to Lin after Lin complained to Mao that such praise was inappropriate.^[72]

Lin and Jiang cooperated at the outset of the Cultural Revolution, but their relationship began to deteriorate in 1968 as Jiang frequently attempted to interfere in Chinese military affairs, which Lin found intolerable.^[73] By 1970 Lin and Ye were very unfriendly with Jiang Qing: Lin referred to her as a "long-nosed pit viper".^[51] From 1968 until his death in 1971, Lin and his supporters disagreed with Zhou Enlai and his followers over the issue of China's relationship with the United States and the Soviet Union. Lin believed that both superpowers were equally threatening to China, and that they were colluding to thwart China's interests. Zhou Enlai believed that China should become closer to the United States in order to mitigate the threat posed by the Soviet military. Lin was supported by Jiang Qing in his opposition to pursuing a relationship with the United States, but was not able to permanently disrupt Zhou's efforts to contact the American officials.^[74]

Lin Biao, as Defense Minister, was responsible for the Chinese response to the Zhenbao orolidagi voqea of March 1969, a battle with the Soviet Union over a small, uninhabited island on the border of Mongolia. Lin issued a report labeling the Soviet Union a "chauvinist" and "social imperialist" power, and issuing orders warning Chinese troops to be wary of an impending Soviet attack. Lin's followers attempted to use the hysteria generated by the incident in an effort to deepen the power that they had gained during the Cultural Revolution, disregarding and acting against the interests of Zhou Enlai and his supporters.^[75]

Quvvat balandligi

Lin Biao with Mao Zedong

Lin officially became China's second-in-charge in April 1969, following the 1st Plenary Session of the Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasining 9-Markaziy qo'mitasi. Lin's position as Mao's "closest comrade-in-arms and successor" was recognized when the Party constitution was formally revised to reflect Lin's future succession.^[76] At the 9th Central Committee, Lin's faction was unquestionably dominant within the Politburo. Of the Politburo's twenty-one full members, Lin counted on the support of six members: the generals Huang Yongsheng, Wu Faxian, Li Zuopeng, Qiu Huizo, Ye Qun; va Chen Boda, an ambitious ideologue. Lin's support surpassed the number of members aligned with Jiang Qing, and far surpassed those aligned with Zhou Enlai. Because over 45% of the Central Committee were members of the army, Lin's supporters dominated the Politburo, and Lin's power was second only to Mao's.^[77]

During the Second Plenary Session of the 9th Central Committee, held in Lushan from August–September 1970, Mao became uncomfortable with Lin's growing power, and began to maneuver against Lin by undermining his supporters and attacking some of Lin's suggestions at the conference. At the Second Plenum, Lin advocated that Chairman Mao take the position of Prezident, which had not been filled in since the removal of Liu Shaoqi, but Mao dismissed this appeal, suspecting Lin of using it to increase his own power.^[76] Mao did not attack Lin directly, but showed his displeasure by attacking Lin's ally, Chen Boda, who was quickly disgraced. Lin kept his position, but the events of the Lushan Conference revealed a growing distrust between Lin and Mao.^[78]

Because Lin was one of the most influential figures in promoting Mao's personality cult, he began to be criticized within the Party for its excesses later in 1970.^[18] After 1970, some factions within the Army, and those led by Zhou Enlai and Jiang Qing, began to distance themselves from Lin.^[76] In order to limit Lin's growing power, Mao approved Zhou's efforts to rehabilitate a number of civilian officials who had been purged during the first years of the Cultural Revolution, and supported Zhou's efforts to improve China's relationship with the United States.^[79]

A serious rift developed between Mao and Lin. Mao was displeased with comments that Lin had made about his wife, Tszyan Tsin, da Lushan konferentsiyasi. Generals loyal to Lin refused to accept Mao's criticism of them, and Mao began to question whether Lin continued to follow him unconditionally.^[67] Mao wanted Lin to make a self-criticism, but Lin stayed away from Beijing and resisted doing so. Ye Qun made a self-criticism, but it was rejected by Mao as not genuine. Zhou Enlai attempted to mediate between Mao and Lin, but by 1971 Lin had become extremely reclusive and difficult to talk with at any level, and Zhou's mediation failed. In July 1971 Mao decided to remove Lin and his supporters. Zhou again attempted to moderate Mao's resolution to act against Lin, but failed.^[80]

"Lin Biao incident" and death

Loyiha 571 Kontur

Lin died when a plane carrying him and several members of his family crashed in Mongolia at 3:00 am^[81] on September 13, 1971, allegedly after attempting to assassinate Mao and defect to the Soviet Union. Following Lin's death, there has been widespread skepticism in the West concerning the official Chinese explanation, but forensic investigation conducted by the USSR (which recovered the bodies following the crash) has confirmed that Lin was among those who died in the crash.^[7]

Lin Biao voqeasi

A Hawker Siddeley Trident, similar to the aircraft involved.
Hodisa
Sana	13 September 1971 (1971-09-13)
Xulosa	Yoqilg'i ochligi (Chinese government) Relyefga boshqariladigan parvoz (Soviet medical experts)
Sayt	yaqin Öndörxaan, Mo'g'uliston
Samolyot
Samolyot turi	Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident 1E
Operator	Xalq ozodlik armiyasi havo kuchlari
Ro'yxatdan o'tish	B-256
Parvozning kelib chiqishi	Tsinxuandao Shanxayguan aeroporti, Tsinxuandao, Xebey viloyati, Xitoy
Belgilangan joy	Sovet Ittifoqi
Yo'lovchilar	5
Ekipaj	4
Halok bo'lganlar	9 (all)
Omon qolganlar	0

Official Chinese narrative

Lin Liguo with Ye Qun

According to the Chinese government, Lin Biao was made aware that Mao no longer trusted him after the 9th Central Committee, and he harbored a strong desire to seize supreme power. In February 1971 Lin and his wife, Ye Qun (who was then a Politburo member), began to plot Mao's assassination. In March 1971, Lin's son, Lin Liguo (who was a senior Air Force officer) held a secret meeting with his closest followers at an Air Force base in Shanghai. At this meeting, Lin Liguo and his subordinates supposedly drafted a plan to organize a coup, titled "Project 571" (in Chinese, "5-7-1" is a homophone for "armed uprising"). Later that March, the group met again to formalize the structure of command following the proposed coup.^[78]

Mao was unaware of the coup plot, and, in August 1971, scheduled a conference for September to determine the political fate of Lin Biao. On August 15 Mao left Beijing to discuss the issue with other senior political and military leaders in southern China. On September 5, Lin received reports that Mao was preparing to purge him. On September 8, Lin gave the order to his subordinates to proceed with the coup.^[78]

Lin's subordinates planned to assassinate Mao by sabotaging his train before he returned to Beijing, but Mao unexpectedly changed his route on September 11. Mao's bodyguards foiled several subsequent attempts on Mao's life, and Mao safely returned to Beijing in the evening of September 12. By failing to assassinate Mao, Lin's coup attempt failed.^[82]

Realizing that Mao was now fully aware of his abortive coup, Lin's party first considered fleeing south to their base of power in Guanchjou, where they would establish an alternate "Party headquarters" and attack armed forces loyal to Mao. After hearing that Premier Chjou Enlai was investigating the incident, they abandoned this plan as impractical, and decided to flee to the Soviet Union instead. In the early morning of September 13, Lin Biao, Ye Qun, Lin Liguo, and several personal aides attempted to flee to the Sovet Ittifoqi and boarded a prearranged Trident 1-E (a CAAC B-256), piloted by Pan Jingyin, the deputy commander of the PLAAF 34th division. The plane did not take aboard enough fuel before taking off, ran out of fuel, and crashed near Öndörxaan in Mongolia on September 13, 1971.^[82] Everyone on board, eight men and one woman, was killed.^[46]

International view of official Chinese explanation

The exact circumstances surrounding Lin's death remain unclear, due to a lack of surviving evidence. Many of the original government records relevant to Lin's death were secretly and intentionally destroyed, with the approval of the Siyosiy byuro, during the brief period of Xua Guofeng 's interregnum in the late 1970s. Among the records destroyed were telephone records, meeting minutes, personal notes, and desk diaries. The records, if they had survived, would have clarified the activities of Mao, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Qing, and Vang Dongxing relative to Lin, before and after Lin's death.^[7] Because of the destruction of government documentation related to Lin's death, the Chinese government has relied on alleged confessions of purged officials close to Lin to corroborate the official narrative, but non-Chinese scholars generally regard these confessions as unreliable.^[67]

Ever since 1971, scholars outside of China have been skeptical of the government's official explanation of the circumstances surrounding Lin's death. Skeptics assert that the official narrative does not sufficiently explain why Lin, one of Mao's closest supporters and one of the most successful Communist generals, would suddenly attempt a poorly planned, abortive coup. The government narrative also does not sufficiently explain how and why Lin's plane crashed. Skeptics have claimed that Lin's decision to flee to the Soviet Union was illogical, on the grounds that the United States or Taiwan would have been safer destinations.^[67]

Western historians have contended that Lin did not have either the intention or the ability to usurp Mao's place within the government or the Party.^[82] One theory attempted to explain Lin's flight and death by observing that Lin opposed China's rapprochement with the United States, which Zhou Enlai was organizing with Mao's approval.^[83] Because the Chinese government never produced evidence to support their report that Lin was on board the plane that crashed in Mongolia, Western scholars originally doubted that Lin had died in the crash. One book, published anonymously using a Chinese pseudonym in 1983, claimed that Mao had actually had Lin and his wife killed in Beijing, and that Lin Liguo had attempted to escape by air. Other scholars suggested that Mao had ordered the Chinese army to shoot down Lin's plane over Mongolia.^[84]

The Chinese government has no interest in re-evaluating its narrative on Lin Biao's death. When contacted for its comment on fresh evidence that surfaced on the Lin Biao incident after the Cold War, the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated: "China already has a clear, authoritative conclusion about the Lin Biao incident. Other foreign reports of a conjectural nature are groundless." Non-Chinese scholars interpreted China's reluctance to consider evidence that contradicts its "official" history as the result of a desire to avoid exploring any issue that may lead to criticism of Mao Zedong or a re-evaluation of the Cultural Revolution in general, which may distract China from pursuing economic growth.^[23]

Subsequent scholarship and reliable eyewitness accounts

Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Airport, provenance of the aircraft

A six-month investigation by Western scholars in 1994 examined evidence in Russia, Mongolia, mainland China, the United States, and Taiwan, and came to a number of conclusions, some of which were contrary to the official Chinese version of events. The study confirmed that Lin Biao, Ye Qun va Lin Liguo were all killed in the crash. Lin's plane was travelling uzoqda from the Soviet Union at the time of its crash, making the exact sequence of events before Lin's death more confusing, and casting doubt on the possibility that Lin was attempting to seek asylum in the USSR. Lin's wife and son may have forced Lin to board the plane against his will. Several senior leaders within the Communist Party hierarchy knew that Lin and his family would flee, but chose not to attempt to stop their flight. According to this study, Lin had attempted to contact the Kuomintang in Tayvan on two separate occasions shortly before his death.^[84] The findings of Lin's attempt to contact the Kuomintang supported earlier rumors from inside China that Lin was secretly negotiating with Chiang's government in order to restore the Kuomintang government in mainland China in return for a high position in the new government. The claims of Lin's contact with the Gomintang have never been formally confirmed nor denied by either the governments in Beijing or Taipei.

The eyewitness account of Zhang Ning, who was Lin Liguo's fiancée before his death, and another witness who requested anonymity, indicate a sequence of events different from the official narrative. According to Zhang, Lin Biao had become extremely passive and inactive by 1971. When Lin Liguo informed Ye Qun that Mao was preparing to strip Ye of her Politburo seat, the two became convinced that their family would be purged if they failed to act, and developed a plan to escape.^[45]

At 10 o'clock the night before Lin's party fled, Ye Qun announced that the family would board a plane at 7 the next morning to fly to Guanchjou. Lin's 27-year-old daughter, Lin Liheng (known by the nickname "Doudou") opposed the escape plan, and contacted Lin's bodyguards to request that they guard her father from Ye. Doudou then phoned Zhou Enlai,^[85] but was not able to contact him directly, and Zhou only received Doudou's report second-hand.^[73]

Zhou received Doudou's message shortly after Doudou's phone call, directly from the general office of the Central Committee responsible for guarding China's senior leaders. The message contained Doudou's warning that Ye Qun and Lin Liguo were attempting to persuade Lin Biao to flee the country using an aircraft currently being prepared at Tsinxuandao Shanxayguan aeroporti. Zhou called Wu Faxian, the commander of the air force, who verified the plane's existence. Zhou then issued orders that the plane could not take off without the written permission of himself and several other senior military officials, including Wu Faxian, general chief-of-staff Huang Yongsheng, and the commander of the navy and general chief-of-staff, Li Zuopeng. At 11:30, Ye Qun called Zhou and informed him that Lin Biao was planning to fly to Dalian, and denied that they had prepared a plane at Shanhaiguan. Zhou then told Ye to wait for him to travel to see Lin before they left Beidaihe (where they were staying), issued orders to neutralize potentially disruptive officers close to Lin (Wu Faxian and Huang Yongsheng), and ordered two planes readied in Beijing so that he could fly to Lin's residence to personally deal with the matter.^[86]

Ye made an announcement that the party were to pack quickly. Two hours after Doudou contacted Zhou, soldiers had still not responded in any meaningful way. Ye and Lin Liguo woke Lin Biao and packed him into a waiting limousine. The party then drove to Shanhaiguan airport, 25 miles away from their residence in Beidaihe, where their plane was waiting. Lin's bodyguards told Doudou and another companion that they were ordered to take them as well, but Doudou and her companion refused.^[85]

One soldier shot at Lin Biao's limousine as it left Beidaihe, but missed, and most soldiers that the party encountered on their way to the airport allowed the limousine to pass. According to the driver of Lin's limousine, there was no time to place mobile stairs next to the plane's entrance, so the party boarded the plane via a rope ladder. Lin Biao was so weak that he had to be lifted and pulled onto the plane.^[85]

Zhang Ning observed the plane after it left the airport. Lin's plane initially traveled southeast (in the direction of Guangzhou). The plane then returned twenty minutes later and circled the airport several times as if it were trying to land, but the runway lights had been turned off. Soviet officials and Mongolian witnesses reported that the plane then flew north, over Mongolia and almost to the Soviet border, but then turned around and began flying south before it crashed. A Mongolian who witnessed the plane crash reported that the plane's tail was on fire when it crashed.^[87] The crash occurred at around 3:00 AM.^[81]

None of Zhou's instructions prevented Lin's flight, and he learned that Lin's plane had taken off before he, himself, could fly to see Lin. Zhou then ordered all planes nationwide grounded without the written permission of Mao, himself, and several senior military leaders. He rushed to Zhongnanxay to brief Mao of Lin's flight, and asked Mao if he wanted to order Lin's plane shot down, but Mao replied that they should "let him go". At 8:30 PM, September 13, the Mongolian Foreign Ministry summoned the Chinese ambassador to make a formal complaint about the unauthorized entrance of a plane into Mongolian airspace, and reported to the ambassador that the plane had crashed, killing all on board. The Chinese ambassador to Mongolia then phoned Zhou Enlai, who then instructed the ambassador to tell the Mongolians that the plane had entered Mongolian airspace because it had gone off course.^[88]

Only members of the investigative team itself, KGB direktor Yuriy Andropov, and Soviet Rahbar Leonid Brejnev were informed of the results of the forensic examination.

Mongolian investigators were the first to inspect the wreckage, arriving later the same day. They found an identity card belonging to Lin Liguo, confirming Lin Liguo's presence on the flight. Markings on the plane and surviving miscellaneous personal items confirmed that the plane and passengers had originated from China, but the Mongolians were uncertain that any of the dead were either Lin Biao or Ye Qun. After inspecting the crash, the Mongolians buried the dead onsite.^[46]

Through the Chinese ambassador, Zhou requested and received permission for Chinese embassy staff to inspect the wreckage of Lin's plane, which they did on September 15–16. The staff reported to Zhou that the plane had caught fire while attempting to land, and then exploded. Zhou then sent additional staff to interview Mongolian witnesses of the crash, and to perform a detailed technical assessment of the crash. The report concluded that the plane had approximately 30 minutes of fuel when it crashed, but attempted to land without activating its landing gear or wing flaps.^[89]

Later in 1971 a Soviet medical team secretly traveled to the crash site and exhumed the bodies, which were by then modestly decomposed. The team removed the heads of two of the corpses suspected to be Lin Biao and Ye Qun and took them back to Russia for forensic examination. In 1972 the team concluded that the heads belonged to Lin Biao and Ye Qun (the heads are still stored in Russian archives). In order to corroborate their findings the team returned to Mongolia a second time to inspect the body believed to be Lin Biao's. After exhuming the body a second time the team found that the corpse's right lung had the remains of tuberculosis, which Lin had suffered from, confirming the Soviet identification. The Soviet team were not able to determine the cause of the crash, but hypothesized that the pilot was flying low to evade radar and misjudged the plane's altitude. Judging from the fires that burned after the plane crashed, the Soviets estimated that it had enough fuel to fly to the Soviet cities of Irkutsk yoki Chita. All of the work and its results were kept secret from the public: outside of the investigative team, only KGB direktor Yuriy Andropov va Sovet rahbari Leonid Brejnev were informed. The report remained classified until the early 1990s, after the end of the Sovuq urush.^[90]

Natijada

Graffiti with Lin Biao's foreword to Mao's Kichik Qizil kitob. Lin's name (lower right) was later scratched out, presumably after his death.

Lin Biao was survived by Doudou and one other daughter.^[18] All military officials identified as being close to Lin or his family (most of China's high military command) were purged within weeks of Lin's disappearance.^[82] On September 14, Zhou announced to the Politburo that four of the highest-ranking military officials in China were immediately suspended from duty and ordered to submit self-criticisms admitting their associations with Lin. This announcement was quickly followed by the arrest of ninety-three people suspected of being close to Lin,^[91] and within a month of Lin's disappearance over 1,000 senior Chinese military officials were purged.^[67] The official purge of Lin's supporters continued until it was closed by the 10-Markaziy qo'mita 1973 yil avgustda.^[92] The incident marked the end of the myth within the Party that Mao had always been absolutely correct.^[82] The Milliy kun celebrations on October 1, 1971, were cancelled.

The news of Lin's death was announced to all Communist Party officials in mid-October 1971, and to the Chinese public in November. The news was publicly received with shock and confusion. Mao Zedong was especially disturbed by the incident: his health deteriorated, and he became depressed. At the end of 1971, he became seriously ill; he suffered a stroke in January 1972, received emergency medical treatment, and his health remained unstable. Mao became nostalgic about some of his revolutionary comrades whose purging Lin had supported, and backed Zhou Enlai's efforts to conduct a widespread rehabilitation of veteran revolutionaries, and to correct some of the excesses of the Madaniy inqilob (which he blamed on Lin Biao).^[93] In the aftermath of the purge of Lin's supporters, Zhou Enlai replaced Lin as the second most powerful man in China, and Jiang Qing and her followers were never able to displace him. Without the support of Lin, Jiang was unable to prevent Zhou's efforts to improve China's relationship with the United States, or to rehabilitate cadres who had been purged during the Cultural Revolution.^[94] The clause in the Party constitution indicating that Lin was Mao's successor was not officially amended until the 10th Central Committee in August 1973.^[92]

The position of the Chinese government on Lin and the circumstances of his death changed several times over the decade following 1971. For over a year, the Party first attempted to cover up the details of Lin's death. The government then began to issue partial details of the event, followed by an anti-Lin Biao propaganda campaign. After Mao's death, in 1976, the government confirmed its condemnation of Lin and generally ceased any dialogue concerning Lin's place in history.^[95] Throughout the 1970s, high-ranking leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, including Xua Guofeng, spread the story to foreign delegates that Lin had conspired with the KGB to assassinate Mao.^[96]

In 1973 Jiang Qing, Mao's fourth wife and a former political ally of Lin's, started the Linni tanqid qiling, Konfutsiyni tanqid qiling campaign, aimed at using Lin's scarred image to attack Zhou Enlai. Much of this propaganda campaign involved the creative falsification of history, including (false) details about how Lin had opposed Mao's leadership and tactics throughout his career.^[97] Lin's name became involved in Jiang's propaganda campaign after flashcards, made by Ye Qun to record Lin's thoughts, were discovered in Lin's residence following his death. Some of these flashcards recorded opinions critical of Mao. According to Lin's writings, Mao "will fabricate 'your' opinion first, then he will change 'your' opinion – which is not actually yours, but his fabrication. I should be careful of this standard trick." Another critical comment of Lin's states that Mao "worships himself and has a blind faith in himself. He worships himself to such an extent that all accomplishments are attributed to him, but all mistakes are made by others".^[64] Lin's private criticisms of Mao were directly contradictory of the public image cultivated by Lin, who publicly stated following the Great Leap Forward that all mistakes of the past were the result of deviating from Mao's instructions.^[98]

Like many major proponents of the Cultural Revolution, Lin's image was manipulated after Mao's death in 1976, and many negative aspects of the Cultural Revolution were blamed on Lin. After October 1976, those in power also blamed Mao's supporters, the so-called To'rt kishilik to'da. In 1980, the Chinese government held a series of "special trials" to identify those most responsible for the Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the government released their verdict: that Lin Biao must be held, along with Jiang Qing, as one of the two major "counter-revolutionary cliques" responsible for the excesses of the late 1960s.^[82] According to the official Party verdict, Lin and Jiang were singled out for blame because they led intra-Party cliques which took advantage of Mao's "mistakes" to advance their own political goals, engaging in "criminal activity" for their own self-benefit.^[58] Among the "crimes" he was charged with was the ouster of China's head of state, President Lyu Shaoqi. Lin was found to be primarily responsible for using "false evidence" to orchestrate a "political frame-up" of Liu.^[99] Lin has been officially remembered as one of the greatest villains of modern China since then. Lin was never politically rehabilitated, so the charges against him continue to stand.^[82]

For several decades, Lin's name and image were censored within China, but in recent years a balanced image of Lin has reappeared in popular culture: surviving aides and family members have published memoirs about their experience with Lin; scholars have explored most surviving evidence relevant to his life and death, and have gained exposure within the official Chinese media; movies set before 1949 have made reference to Lin; and Lin's name has re-appeared in Chinese history textbooks, recognizing his contributions to the victory of the Red Army.^[95] Within modern China, Lin is regarded as one of the Red Army's best military strategists. In 2007, a big portrait of Lin was added to the Chinese Military Museum in Beijing, included in a display of the "Ten Marshals", a group considered to be the founders of China's armed forces.

Shuningdek qarang

• Xalq ozodlik armiyasi
• Xalq ozodlik armiyasining zobitlari ro'yxati
• Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasining 9-siyosiy byurosi
• Ye Qun
• Huang Yongsheng
• Li Zuopeng

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

• Yashasin Xalq urushi g'alabasi! Madaniy inqilobdan oldin Lin tomonidan yozilgan maoistik targ'ibot risolasi.
• Lin Biaoning videoga moslashuvi Yashasin Xalq urushi g'alabasi! (1965)
• Lin Biao ma'lumotnoma arxivi