Ke operatsiyasi - Operation Ke

Ke operatsiyasi
Qismi Tinch okeani teatri Ikkinchi Jahon urushi
I1Sub.jpg
AQSh ekipaji PT qayig'i PT 59 Yaponiya suvosti kemasining qoldiqlarini tekshiradi I-1, 1943 yil 29-yanvarda HMNZS tomonidan Gvadalkanaldagi Kamimboda cho'kib ketgan kivi va Moa
Sana1943 yil 14 yanvar - 8 fevral
Manzil
Gvadalkanal, Solomon orollari
NatijaYapon operatsion muvaffaqiyat
Urushayotganlar
Ittifoqdosh kuchlar, shu jumladan:
 Qo'shma Shtatlar
 Avstraliya
 Yangi Zelandiya		 Yaponiya
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Qo'shma Shtatlar Uilyam Xalsi, kichik
Qo'shma Shtatlar Obri Fitch
Qo'shma Shtatlar Aleksandr Patch
Qo'shma Shtatlar Natan F. Tvinning
Qo'shma Shtatlar Frensis P. Mulkaxi
Qo'shma Shtatlar J. Lauton Kollinz		Yaponiya imperiyasi Isoroku Yamamoto
Yaponiya imperiyasi Xitoshi Imomura
Yaponiya imperiyasi Jinichi Kusaka
Yaponiya imperiyasi Gunichi Mikawa
Yaponiya imperiyasi Harukichi Xyakutake
Yaponiya imperiyasi Shintaro Xashimoto
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
1 kreyser cho'kib ketgan,
1 qiruvchi cho'kib ketgan,
3 ta PT qayiq cho'kdi,
1 esminets jiddiy shikastlangan,
53 ta samolyot yo'q qilindi[1]		1 halokatchi cho'kdi,
1 dengiz osti kemasi cho'kib ketgan,
3 ta esminets jiddiy zarar ko'rdi,
56 samolyot yo'q qilindi[2]

Ke operatsiyasi (ケ 号 作 戦, Ke-gō Sakusen) [3]Yaponiya kuchlarini asosan muvaffaqiyatli olib chiqish edi Gvadalkanal, xulosa qilib Guadalkanal kampaniyasi ning Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Amaliyot 1943 yil 14-yanvardan 7-fevralgacha bo'lib o'tdi va ikkalasi ham ishtirok etdi Yapon imperatori armiyasi (IJA) va Yaponiya imperatorlik floti (IJN) kuchlari yaponlarning umumiy rahbarligi ostida Imperatorning bosh shtabi (IGH). Operatsiya qo'mondonlari kiritilgan Isoroku Yamamoto va Xitoshi Imomura.

Yaponlar Gvadalkanalni olib chiqib ketishga qaror qildilar Ittifoqdosh bir necha sabablarga ko'ra kuchlar. IJA tomonidan qaytarib olishga urinishlar Xenderson Maydon, ittifoqdoshlar samolyotlari foydalanadigan Gvadalkanaldagi aerodrom katta yo'qotishlarga duchor bo'ldi. Orolda Yaponiyaning quruqlikdagi kuchlari ochlik, kasalliklar va jangovar talofatlar tufayli 36000 dan 11000 gacha qisqartirildi. IJN kuchlari, shuningdek, orolda quruqlikdagi kuchlarni kuchaytirish va to'ldirishga urinishda katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi. Ushbu yo'qotishlar, shuningdek, Gvadalkanalni qaytarib olishga urinish uchun zarur bo'lgan prognoz qilingan resurslar strategik xavfsizlik va mintaqaning boshqa sohalaridagi operatsiyalariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Yaponiya imperiyasi. Chiqib ketish to'g'risidagi qaror tasdiqlandi Imperator Xirohito 1942 yil 31-dekabrda.

Amaliyot 1943 yil 14-yanvarda Gvadalkanalga piyoda qo'shinlari batalyonini etkazib berish bilan boshlandi. orqa qo'riqchi evakuatsiya uchun. Xuddi shu vaqt ichida IJA va IJN havo kuchlari boshlandi havo ustunligi Solomon orollari va Yangi Gvineya atrofidagi kampaniya. Havo kampaniyasi paytida AQSh kreyser ichida cho'kib ketgan Rennell orolidagi jang. Ikki kundan keyin Yaponiya samolyotlari AQShni cho'ktirdilar qiruvchi Gvadalkanal yaqinida. Chiqib olish 1, 4 va 7 fevral kechalari esmines tomonidan amalga oshirildi.

Bir esminets cho'kib ketgan va uchta zarar ko'rgan yaponlar Gvadalkanaldan 10652 kishini evakuatsiya qilishdi. Evakuatsiya paytida 600 kishi vafot etdi va yana 3000 kishi kasalxonada keng qamrovli yordamni talab qildi. 9 fevralda ittifoqdosh kuchlar yaponlar yo'q bo'lib ketganini anglab, orolni boshqarish bo'yicha olti oylik kampaniyani tugatib, Gvadalkanalni xavfsiz deb e'lon qilishdi.

Fon

Guadalkanal kampaniyasi

Asosiy maqola: Guadalkanal kampaniyasi

1942 yil 7-avgustda AQSh 1-dengiz bo'limi Guadalkanalga tushdi, Tulagi va Florida orollari ichida Solomon orollari. Orollarga tushish yaponlarning AQSh va Avstraliya o'rtasidagi etkazib berish yo'llariga tahdid soluvchi baza sifatida foydalanishni rad etishlari va orollarni asosiy Yaponiya bazasini qo'lga olish yoki zararsizlantirish maqsadi bilan kampaniyaning boshlang'ich nuqtasi sifatida ta'minlashi kerak edi. da Rabaul shuningdek, ittifoqchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Yangi Gvineya kampaniyasi. Hodisalar olti oy davom etadigan Guadalkanal kampaniyasini boshladi.[4]

Yaponlarni kutilmaganda olib ketish, 8 avgust kuni kechqurun dengiz piyodalari xavfsizligini ta'minlagan Tulagi va yaqin atrofdagi orollar hamda Gvadalkanaldagi Lunga Poyntda qurilayotgan Yaponiya aerodromi. Keyinchalik ittifoqchilar uni "Xenderson Fild" deb o'zgartirdilar. Xendersondan tashqarida ishlaydigan Ittifoq samolyotlari "Kaktus havo kuchlari "(CAF) Guadalcanal uchun ittifoqdosh kod nomidan keyin.[5]

Gvadalkanalga qo'nishga javoban Yaponiya Imperial Bosh shtabi (IGH) tayinladi Yapon imperatori armiyasi (IJA) 17-armiya, a korpuslar shtab-kvartirasi general-leytenant boshchiligidagi Rabaulda joylashgan Harukichi Xyakutake, Guadalcanal-ni qaytarib olish vazifasi.[6] CAF samolyotlari tahdidi tufayli Yaponiya imperatorlik floti (IJN) orolga qo'shin va materiallar etkazib berish uchun katta, sekin transport kemalaridan foydalana olmadi. Buning o'rniga, Rabaul va Shotland orollari Gvadalkanalga kuchlarni olib borish uchun ishlatilgan. Yaponiya harbiy kemalari, asosan engil kreyserlar va yo'q qiluvchilar dan Sakkizinchi flot buyrug'i bilan Vitse-admiral Gunichi Mikawa, odatda, pastga sayohat qilishni uddalagan "Slot "Gvadalkanalga va bir kechada orqaga qaytish, shu bilan CAF havo hujumiga duchor bo'lishlarini minimallashtirish. Gvadalkanalga olib boriladigan ushbu tezyurar harbiy kemalar kampaniya davomida sodir bo'lgan va keyinchalik" deb nomlangan. "Tokio Express "ittifoqchi kuchlar tomonidan va yaponlarning" kalamush transporti ".[7]

The Solomon orollari janubdagi maydon Tinch okeani. Yaponiya bazasi Rabaul yuqori chap tomonda joylashgan. Gvadalkanal (pastki o'ng) "Slot" ning janubi-sharqiy qismida joylashgan.

Shu tarzda Gvadalkanalga etkazilgan kuchlardan foydalangan holda IJA Xenderson Fildni qaytarib olishga uch marta urinib ko'rdi, ammo har safar mag'lubiyatga uchradi.[8] Uchinchi muvaffaqiyatsizlikdan so'ng, IJN tomonidan IJA ning qolgan qismini etkazib berishga urinish 38-piyoda diviziyasi paytida og'ir uskunalari ishlamay qoldi Gvadalkanaldagi dengiz urushi 12-15 noyabr kunlari. Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsizlik tufayli yaponlar Xenderson Fildni qaytarib olish bo'yicha navbatdagi rejalashtirilgan urinishlarini bekor qilishdi.[9]

Noyabr oyi o'rtalarida Ittifoq kuchlari yaponlarga hujum qildi Bona-Gona Yangi Gvineyada. Yapon Birlashgan flot shtab-kvartirasi bo'lgan dengiz rahbarlari Truk va Admiral Isoroku Yamamotoning umumiy qo'mondonligi ostida Yangi Gvineyadagi ittifoqchilarning yutuqlari Yapon imperiyasining xavfsizligi uchun janubiy Solomonsdagi ittifoqchilarning harbiy borligidan ko'ra ko'proq tahdid solayotganini sezdi. Shu sababli, Birlashgan flot harbiy-dengiz kuchlari zobitlari Gvadalkanaldan voz kechish va ustuvorliklar va resurslarni Yangi Gvineya atrofidagi operatsiyalarga o'tkazish rejalarini tayyorlashga kirishdilar. Ayni paytda dengiz floti armiyani bu boradagi niyatlari to'g'risida xabardor qilmagan.[10]

Dekabr boshlanishi bilan Yaponiya kemalar va bazalarni etkazib berish zanjiriga ittifoqchilarning havo va dengiz hujumlari tufayli Gvadalkanalda o'z qo'shinlarini to'ldirishda katta qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishdi. Orolga etkazilgan oz sonli materiallar 7-dekabrga qadar har kuni 50 ga yaqin odamni to'yib ovqatlanmaslik, kasallik va ittifoqchilarning quruqlik yoki havo hujumlaridan mahrum bo'lgan yapon qo'shinlarini ta'minlash uchun etarli emas edi. Kampaniya boshlangandan beri yaponlar Gvadalkanalga qariyb 30 ming armiya qo'shinlarini etkazib berishgan edi, ammo dekabrgacha bu sonning atigi 20 mingtasi tirik edi; Shulardan atigi 12000 ga yaqini jangovar xizmatga yaroqli bo'lib qolgan, qolganlari jang jarohatlari, kasalliklar yoki to'yib ovqatlanishga qodir emaslar.[11]

IJN Yaponiyani Gvadalkanalda to'ldirishga urinishda kemalariga zarar va zarar etkazishda davom etdi. Amerikaning harbiy kemalari bitta esminetsni cho'ktirdilar Tassafaronga jangi 30 noyabrda. Yana bir esminets va suvosti kemasi cho'kib ketgan va ikkita esminets amerikaliklar tomonidan shikastlangan PT qayig'i va 3-12 dekabr kunlari keyingi etkazib berish missiyalari paytida CAF havo hujumlari. Dengiz kuchlarining xafagarchiliklarini birlashtirgan holda, ushbu topshiriqlarni bajarish uchun juda oz miqdordagi orol IJA kuchlariga etib bordi. Birlashgan flot rahbarlari o'zlarining armiyadagi hamkasblariga, to'ldirish harakatida bo'lgan harbiy kemalarning yo'qotishlari va zararlari to'g'risida Yaponiya imperiyasini himoya qilishning kelajakdagi strategik rejalariga tahdid solishni boshladilar.[12]

Chiqib olish to'g'risida qaror

Takushiro Xattori, xodim xodimi Imperatorning bosh shtabi

Noyabr oyi davomida Tokioning IGHdagi Yaponiyaning yuqori darajadagi harbiy rahbarlari Gvadalkanalni Ittifoq kuchlaridan qaytarib olish bo'yicha keyingi harakatlarni ochiqchasiga qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirdilar. Shu bilan birga, pastki darajadagi xodimlar orolni tark etishni ehtiyotkorlik bilan muhokama qilishni boshladilar. Takushiro Xattori va Masanobu Tsuji, ularning har biri yaqinda Guadalkanalga tashrif buyurganida, xodimlar hamkasblariga orolni qaytarib olishga urinish yo'qolgan sabab bo'lganligini aytishdi. Ryuze Sejima IJA qo'shinlari kuchining Gvadalkanaldagi eskirishi shunchalik kutilmagan darajada jiddiy bo'lganki, kelajakdagi operatsiyalarni bajarish imkonsiz bo'lib qoladi. 11 dekabr kuni ikki xodim ofitser - IJN qo'mondoni Yuji Yamamoto va IJA mayori Takahiko Xayashi Rabouldan Tokioga qaytib, Xattori, Tsuji va Sejimaning xabarlarini tasdiqladilar. Bundan tashqari, ular Rabauldagi IJN va IJA xodimlarining aksariyati Gvadalkanaldan voz kechishni qo'llab-quvvatlaganliklari haqida xabar berishdi. Taxminan shu vaqt ichida Yaponiya Urush vazirligi IGHga Yaponiyaning iqtisodiyoti va harbiy kuchlarini saqlab qolish uchun Gvadalkanalni qaytarib olish va strategik resurslarni tashish bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yetarlicha yuk yo'qligi to'g'risida xabar berdi.[13]

19 dekabr kuni IJA polkovnigi boshchiligidagi IGH xodimlaridan iborat delegatsiya Joichiro Sanada, IGH operatsiyalar bo'limi boshlig'i Rabaulga Yangi Gvineya va Gvadalkanal bilan bog'liq kelajakdagi rejalar to'g'risida bahslashish uchun keldi. Xitoshi Imomura, Yangi Gvineya va Solomonlardagi IJA operatsiyalariga mas'ul bo'lgan 8-hudud armiyasining qo'mondoni, Gvadalkanaldan chiqib ketishni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tavsiya qilmadi, ammo orolni qaytarib olishga urinishlar bilan bog'liq mavjud qiyinchiliklarni ochiq va aniq tasvirlab berdi. Imomura shuningdek, chekinish haqidagi har qanday qarorda iloji boricha ko'proq Gvadalkanaldan ko'plab askarlarni evakuatsiya qilish rejalarini o'z ichiga olishi kerakligini aytdi.[14]

Sanada 25-dekabr kuni Tokioga qaytib keldi va IGHga Guadalkanaldan zudlik bilan voz kechishni va Yangi Gvineyadagi kampaniyaga birinchi o'ringa berilishini tavsiya qildi. IGHning yuqori darajadagi rahbarlari Sanadaning 26 dekabrdagi tavsiyasiga rozi bo'lishdi va o'z xodimlariga Gvadalkanaldan chiqib ketish va markaziy Solomonsda yangi mudofaa chizig'ini yaratish rejalarini ishlab chiqishni boshlashlarini buyurdilar.[15]

28 dekabrda general Xajime Sugiyama va Admiral Osami Nagano shaxsan xabardor qilingan Imperator Xirohito Gvadalkanaldan chiqish to'g'risidagi qaror. 31 dekabrda imperator qarorni rasman tasdiqladi.[16]

Reja va kuchlar

3 yanvarda IGH 8-chi hudud armiyasi va qo'shma flotga Gvadalkanaldan chiqib ketish to'g'risidagi qaror to'g'risida xabar berdi. 9-yanvarga kelib, Qo'shma flot va 8-chi hudud armiyasi shtablari birgalikda rejani rasmiy ravishda "Ke" operatsiyasi deb atashdi. mora yapon tilida Kana so'z birikmasi, evakuatsiyani amalga oshirish.[17]

Rejaga ko'ra, IJA piyodalar batalyoni evakuatsiya paytida orqa qo'riqchi vazifasini bajarishi uchun 14 yanvar atrofida Gvadalkanalga esminets bilan qo'nish kerak edi. 17-armiya 25 yoki 26 yanvar kunlari orolning g'arbiy qismiga qarab chekinishni boshlashi kerak edi. An havo ustunligi janubiy Solomons atrofidagi kampaniya 28 yanvarda boshlanishi kerak edi. 17-chi armiyani fevral oyida birinchi haftada 10-fevralga qadar yakunlash bilan esminetslar uchta liftda olishadi. Shu bilan birga, Yaponiya havo va dengiz kuchlari Yangi Gvineya va uning atrofida ko'zga tashlanadigan manevralar va kichik hujumlar uyushtirishadi. Marshal orollari aldamchi radio trafik bilan birga ittifoqchilarni ularning niyatlari bilan aralashtirib yuborishga harakat qilish.[18]

Gunichi Mikawa, 8-flot qo'mondoni

Yamamoto batafsil samolyot tashuvchilar Jun'yō va Zuihō, jangovar kemalar Kongō va Haruna - to'rtta og'ir kreyser va skrining kuchi sifatida esminets bilan Nobutake Kondō uchun uzoq qopqoqni ta'minlash Ke atrofida Ontong Java shimoliy Solomonsda. Evakuatsiya ishlari og'ir kreyserlardan tashkil topgan Mikavaning 8-floti tomonidan amalga oshirilishi kerak edi Chokay va Kumano, engil kreyser Sendai va 21 esminets. Evakuatsiyani o'tkazish uchun Mikavaning esminetslari ayblangan. Yamamoto operatsiya davomida Mikava esminetslarining kamida yarmi cho'kib ketadi deb kutgan.[19]

Operatsiyaning havo ustunligini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi IJNning 11-havo floti va IJA-ning 212 va 100 ta samolyot bilan Rabaulda joylashgan 6-havo bo'linmasi edi. 64 ta samolyot Tsuikaku'Havo guruhi ham vaqtincha Rabaulga tayinlangan. Rabaulda joylashgan IJN "R" mintaqaviy havo kuchlaridan qo'shimcha 60 ta suzuvchi samolyotlar, Bougainville va Shotland orollari, operatsiyada qatnashgan yapon samolyotlarining umumiy sonini 436 kishiga etkazdi. Ushbu hududdagi Yaponiyaning harbiy kemalari va dengiz havo kuchlari birlashmalari Janubi-sharqiy hudud floti, buyrug'i bilan Jinichi Kusaka Rabaulda.[20]

Yaponlarga qarshi va buyrug'i ostida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari Admiral Uilyam Xalsi, kichik, Tinch okeanining janubidagi ittifoq kuchlari qo'mondoni, flot tashuvchilar edi USSKorxona va USSSaratoga, olti eskort tashuvchilar, uchta tezkor harbiy kemalar, to'rtta eski harbiy kemalar, 13 kreyser va 45 esminets. Havoda 13-havo kuchlari ostida 92 qiruvchi va bombardimonchi bor edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi Brigada generali Natan F. Tvinning va Gvadalkanadagi CAF AQSh dengiz brigadasi generaliga tegishli 81 ta samolyotni hisobladi Frensis P. Mulkaxi. Kontr-admiral Obri Fitch Janubiy Tinch okeanining samolyotlarining umumiy qo'mondoni edi. Filo va eskort tashuvchilarning havo bo'linmalari yana 339 ta samolyotni qo'shdilar. Bundan tashqari, Yangi Gvineyada 30 ta og'ir bombardimonchi samolyot Sulaymon orollari ustidan missiyalarni bajarish uchun etarli masofada joylashgan edi. Umuman olganda, ittifoqchilarga qarshi turish uchun mavjud bo'lgan 539 ta samolyot mavjud edi Ke operatsiya.[21]

Yanvar oyining birinchi haftasiga kelib, kasalliklar, ochlik va janglar Xyakutakening qo'mondonligini 14 mingga yaqin askarga qisqartirdi, ularning aksariyati jang qilish uchun juda kasal va to'yib ovqatlanmadi. 17-armiya uchta operatsiyaga ega edi dala to'pi, juda oz o'q-dorilar bilan. Aksincha, orolda ittifoqchilar qo'mondoni, AQSh armiyasi general-mayori Aleksandr Patch, AQSh armiyasi va AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlarining qo'shinini tayinladi XIV korpus jami 50666 erkak. Patch ixtiyorida 167 ta artilleriya qurollari, shu jumladan 75 mm (2,95 dyuym), 105 mm (4,13 dyuym) va 155 mm (6,1 dyuym) гаubitsalar va chig'anoqlarning mo'l-ko'l zaxiralari.[22]

Ishlash

Tayyorgarlik

1 yanvar kuni Yaponiya harbiylari radioaloqa kodlarini o'zgartirib, ittifoqchilarga qiyinlashdi aql-idrok, ilgari qisman yapon radiosifrlarini buzgan, ilohiy yapon niyatlari va harakatiga. Yanvar oyi o'tishi bilan Ittifoqdosh razvedka va radioaloqa tahlilida Truk, Rabaul va Sho'rland orollarida kemalar va samolyotlar qurilishi qayd etildi. Ittifoqdosh tahlilchilar Marshallda radio trafikning ko'payishi, yangi Gvineyada yoki Solomonsda bo'lib o'tadigan operatsiyadan e'tiborni chalg'itishga qaratilgan aldamchilik ekanligini aniqladilar. Ittifoqdosh razvedka xodimlari operatsiya mohiyatini noto'g'ri talqin qilishdi; 26 yanvar kuni Ittifoqchilarning Tinch okeani qo'mondonligi razvedka bo'limi Tinch okeanidagi ittifoq kuchlariga yaponlar yangi hujumga tayyorlanayotgani to'g'risida xabar berdi Keyoki Solomons yoki Yangi Gvineyada.[23]

To'qqiz esminetsdan tashkil topgan Express missiyasi 14-yanvar kuni Yano batalonini etkazib berdi Ke evakuatsiya, Gvadalkanalga. Mayor Keidji Yano qo'mondonlik qilgan batalyon 750 piyoda askar va batareyadan iborat edi tog 'qurollari yana 100 kishi tomonidan ekipaj. Batalyon bilan birga podpolkovnik ham bor edi Kumao Imoto, evakuatsiya buyrug'i va Hyakutakening rejasini topshirishi kerak bo'lgan 8-chi hudud armiyasining vakili. Chiqish to'g'risida 17-armiyaga hali xabar berilmagan edi. Qaytish safari chog'ida CAF va 13-havo kuchlari to'qqizta esminetsga qarshi hujumlari esminesga zarar etkazishdi Arashi va Tanikaze va konvoyni kuzatib borgan sakkiz yapon qiruvchisini yo'q qildi. Amerikaning beshta samolyoti urib tushirildi.[24]

"Armiya mavjud sharoitlarda chekinishi juda qiyin vazifa. Biroq, Imperator buyrug'iga binoan Maydon armiyasining buyruqlari har qanday narxda bajarilishi kerak. Men uning to'liq bajarilishiga kafolat berolmayman. "
Harukichi Xyakutake, 1943 yil 16-yanvar[25]

15 yanvar oxirida Imoto 17-armiyaning Kokumbona shtab-kvartirasiga etib bordi va Hyakutake va uning xodimlariga oroldan chiqib ketish qarori to'g'risida xabar berdi. 16-chi buyurtmani g'amginlik bilan qabul qilib, 17-armiya shtabi xabar berdi Ke evakuatsiya rejasi 18-kuni o'z kuchlariga. Ushbu reja hozirda amerikalikdan himoya qilayotgan 38-divizionga qaratilgan edi tajovuzkor orolning ichki qismidagi tog 'va tepaliklarda, 20-dan boshlanib, Gvadalkanalning g'arbiy qismida Esperans burniga qarab chekinish. 38-chi nafaqani qoplash kerak edi 2-piyoda diviziyasi, 1942 yil oktyabrdan beri Gvadalkanalda va Yano batalyonida, ikkalasi ham keyinchalik 38-g'arbga qarab ketishadi. Harakatlana olmaydigan har qanday qo'shinlar "Imperator armiyasi sharafini himoya qilish" uchun o'zlarini o'ldirishga da'vat etilgan.[26]

G'arbga qarab tortib oling

38-chi diviziya egallab olgan ichki qir va tepaliklardan chiqib keta boshlagach, Patch yangi hujumni boshladi. 20 yanvar kuni 25-piyoda diviziyasi, general-mayor tarkibida J. Lauton Kollinz, amerikaliklar tomonidan 87, 88 va 89-chi tepaliklarni belgilab qo'ygan bir necha tepaliklarga hujum qilishdi, ular Kokumbonada hukmronlik qilgan tepalikni tashkil etishdi. Kutilganidan ancha engil qarshilikka duch kelgan amerikaliklar 22 yanvar kuni ertalab uchta tepalikni egallab olishdi. Kutilmagan yutuqdan foydalanish uchun kuchlarni almashtirib, Kollinz tezda ilgarilashni davom ettirdi va kechqurungacha keyingi ikkita 90 va 91 tepaliklarni egallab oldi, amerikaliklarni Kokumbonani ajratib olish va egallab olish va Yaponiya 2-divizionini tuzoqqa olish uchun joylashtirdi.[27]

Amerika kuchlari Kokumbonani egallab olib, 23-25 ​​yanvar kunlari g'arbiy tomon surishni boshlaydi.

Vaziyatga tezda munosabat bildirgan yaponlar shoshilinch ravishda Kokumbonani evakuatsiya qildilar va 2-divizionni zudlik bilan g'arbga ketishga buyurdilar. Amerikaliklar Kokumbonani 23 yanvarda bosib olishdi. Garchi ba'zi yapon bo'linmalari Amerika kuchlari orasida qolib, yo'q qilingan bo'lsa ham, 2-diviziyadan omon qolganlarning aksariyati qochib qutulishdi.[28]

Hali ham Yaponiyaning yangilangan va kuchaytirilgan hujumidan qo'rqqan Patch, aerodromni himoya qilish uchun Lunga Point yaqinida, qolgan qismini Kokumbona g'arbidagi yapon qo'shinlariga hujum qilish uchun bir vaqtning o'zida bitta polkning baravariga teng harakat qildi. Kokumbonadan g'arbiy relyef Yaponiyaning amerikaliklarni kechiktirishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlarini ma'qul ko'rdi, chunki 17-armiyaning qolgan qismi Esperans burniga qarab chekinishni davom ettirmoqda. Amerikalik avans okean va qalin, ichki o'rmonlar va tik marjon tizmalari orasidagi kengligi atigi 300-600 yd (270-550 m) gacha bo'lgan yo'lakka o'raldi. Sohilga perpendikulyar ravishda joylashgan tizmalar, yo'lakni "yuvinish shkafi muntazamligi" bilan kesib o'tgan ko'plab oqimlar va daryolar bilan parallel bo'lgan.[29]

26 yanvarda AQSh armiyasi va dengiz piyodalari qo'shma bo'linmasi Marmura daryosida g'arbga qarab ketayotgan "Qurolli armiya-dengiz piyoda bo'limi" (CAM) bo'limi Yano bataloniga duch keldi. Yano qo'shinlari CAM harakatini vaqtincha to'xtatib, keyingi uch kun ichida asta-sekin g'arb tomon chekinishdi. 29 yanvarda Yano Bonegi daryosi bo'ylab orqaga chekindi, u erda 2-diviziya askarlari yana mudofaa pozitsiyasini qurishdi.[30]

Yaponiyaning Bonegi mudofaasi deyarli uch kun davomida Amerikaning avansini ushlab turdi. 1-fevral kuni qirg'inchilar tomonidan qirg'oq bombardimon qilinishi natijasida USSUilson va Anderson, amerikaliklar daryodan muvaffaqiyatli o'tishdi, ammo zudlik bilan g'arbiy tomonga bosishmadi.[31]

Havo kampaniyasi

The Ke havo ustunligi kampaniyasi yanvar oyi o'rtalarida 3-10 samolyot tomonidan Xenderson Fildga tunda uyushtirilgan hujumlar bilan boshlanib, ozgina zarar etkazdi. 20 yanvar kuni yolg'iz Kawanishi H8K bombardimon qilingan Espiritu-Santu. 25 yanvarda IJN 58 ta Zero jangarisini kunduzgi reydga Gvadalkanalga yubordi. Bunga javoban CAF sakkiztasini yubordi Yovvoyi mushuk va oltitasi P-38 to'rtta nolni yo'qotishsiz urib tushirgan jangchilar.[32]

Ikkinchi yirik reyd 27 yanvar kuni to'qqiz tomonidan o'tkazildi Kavasaki Ki-48 "Lily" yengil bombardimonchilar 74 kishining kuzatuvida Nakajima Ki-43 Rabaul shahridan IJA 6-havo diviziyasining "Oskar" jangchilari. O'n ikki yovvoyi mushuk, oltita P-38 va 10 P-40s Genderson Gvadalkanal ustidan reydni kutib oldi. Natijada, yaponlar oltita jangchisini, CAF esa bitta Wildcat, to'rtta P-40 va ikkita P-38ni yo'qotdi. "Lily" lar o'zlarining bombalarini atrofdagi Amerika pozitsiyalariga tashladilar Matanikau daryosi, ozgina zarar etkazadi.[33]

Rennell orolidagi jang

Asosiy maqola: Rennell orolidagi jang

Yaponlar Henderson Fieldga qarshi janubiy Solomonsda katta hujumni boshlaganiga ishongan Xalsi, 29 yanvardan boshlab Gvadalkanalga beshta qismga ajratilgan ko'pgina harbiy kemalari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan konvoy yubordi. tezkor guruhlar. Ushbu beshta tezkor guruh tarkibiga ikkita flot tashuvchi, ikkita eskort tashuvchi, uchta jangovar kemalar, 12 ta kreyserlar va 25 ta esminetslar kiritilgan.[34]

Giffenning 18-maxsus guruhi 29-yanvar kuni Guadalkanal tomon yo'l oldi.

Transport kolonnasi yaqinlashishini skrining-kontr-admiral boshchiligidagi Task Force 18 (TF 18) Robert C. Giffen, uchta og'ir va uchta engil kreyser, ikkita eskort tashuvchi va sakkizta esminets bilan. Avtoulov tashuvchisi markazida joylashgan avtoulov tashuvchisi Korxona, TF 18 orqasida taxminan 250 milya (220 nmi; 400 km) bug'langan.[35]

Ta'minot karvonini himoya qilishdan tashqari, TF 18 da joylashgan AQShning to'rtta esminetsi kuchi bilan uchrashuvda ayblangan. Tulagi, 29 yanvar kuni soat 21:00 da Gvadalkanaldagi transport vositalarining tushirilishini tekshirish uchun Gvadalkanalning shimolidagi "Slot" ni tozalash.[36] Eskort tashuvchilar Giffenning kuchini rejalashtirilgan uchrashuvni o'tkazishga imkon berishda juda sust bo'lganligi sababli, Giffen 29 yanvar kuni soat 14:00 da ikkita esminets bilan tashuvchilarni ortda qoldirdi va oldinga bug'lanib ketdi.[37]

Giffenning kuchini Yaponiyaning suvosti kemalari kuzatib borar edi, ular Giffenning joylashgan joyi va harakati to'g'risida dengiz flotining shtab bo'linmalariga xabar berishardi.[38] Tushdan keyin, dengiz osti kemasining hisobotlariga asoslanib, 16 G4M dan 705 Air Group va 16 Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" bombardimonchilari 701 Air Group Rabauldan torpedalar ko'tarib, Giffenning kuchlariga hujum qilish uchun, hozirda joylashgan Rennell oroli va Gvadalkanal.[39]

Torpedo bombardimonchilari soat 19:00 dan 20:00 gacha Giffen kemalariga ikki to'lqinda hujum qildi. Ikki torpedalar og'ir kreyserga urildi USSChikago, katta zarar etkazgan va uni o'lik to'xtash joyiga etkazgan. Yaponiya samolyotlaridan uchtasi Giffen kemalaridan zenit otishma bilan urib tushirildi. Bunga javoban Xelsi a tortish olmoq Chikago ostida va Giffenning tezkor guruhiga ertasi kuni bazaga qaytishni buyurdi. Oltita esminets eskort uchun ortda qoldi Chikago va tortma qayiq.[40]

30 yanvar soat 16:00 da 11 ta Mitsubishi torpedo bombardimonchi samolyotining parvozi 751 Air Group, asoslangan Kavieng va orqali sahnalashtirish Buka, kuch bilan tortib olishga hujum qildi Chikago. Dan qiruvchi samolyot Korxona ularning sakkiztasini urib tushirgan, ammo yapon samolyotlarining ko'pi halokatga uchrashidan oldin torpedalarini bo'shatib berishgan. Bitta torpedo yo'q qiluvchiga urildi USSLa Vallette, katta zarar etkazish. Yana to'rtta torpedalar urildi Chikago, uni cho'ktirish.[41]

Transport kolonnasi Gvadalkanalga etib bordi va 30-31 yanvar kunlari yuklarini muvaffaqiyatli tushirdi. Xalsining qolgan harbiy kemalari stantsiyani egalladi Marjon dengizi Solomons janubida ittifoqchilar yaqin hujum deb hisoblagan har qanday yapon harbiy kemalari kuchlarining yaqinlashishini kutish uchun. TF 18 samolyotining Gvadalkanal hududidan chiqib ketishi ushbu mamlakat uchun katta tahdidni olib tashladi Ke operatsiya.[42]

29 yanvar kuni soat 18:30 da, ikkitasi korvetlar dan Yangi Zelandiya Qirollik floti, Moa va kivi, Yaponiya suvosti kemasini ushlab oldi I-1, Guadalcanal'daki Kamimbo tashqarisida, etkazib berishga harakat qilmoqda. Ikki korvet rammed va cho'kib ketishdi I-1 90 daqiqalik jangdan so'ng (09 ° 13′S 159 ° 40′E / 9.217 ° S 159.667 ° E / -9.217; 159.667Koordinatalar: 09 ° 13′S 159 ° 40′E / 9.217 ° S 159.667 ° E / -9.217; 159.667).[43]

Birinchi evakuatsiya

Kaviengda o'z kreyserlarini qoldirib, Mikava o'zining 21 ta esminetsining barchasini 31 yanvarda Shotlanddagi Yaponiya dengiz bazasida yig'ish ishlarini boshlash uchun yig'di. Kontr-admiral Shintaro Xashimoto bu kuchaytirish guruhi deb nomlangan ushbu guruh halokatiga mas'ul bo'lgan. "R" hududi havo kuchlarining 60 ta suzuvchi samolyotlariga kuchaytirish bo'linmasi uchun skautlar va tungi evakuatsiya paytida ittifoqchilarning PT qayiq hujumlaridan himoyalanish vazifasi yuklatilgan. Ittifoqchi B-17 bombardimonchilari 1-fevral kuni ertalab Shotlendlar ankrajiga hujum qilib, hech qanday zarar ko'rmadilar va to'rtta samolyotni yapon qiruvchilariga yo'qotdilar. Xuddi shu kuni IJA ning 6-havo bo'linmasi Xenderson Fildga 23 ta "Oskar" va 6 ta "Lily" bilan hujum qildi, ammo hech qanday zarar ko'rmadi va bitta jangchining halok bo'lishiga olib keldi.[44]

Gvadalkanal kampaniyasining so'nggi bosqichi xaritasi, 26 yanvar - 9 fevral, bu erda Amerikaning yutuqlari va Yaponiyaning mudofaa pozitsiyalari va evakuatsiya punktlari ko'rsatilgan.

Yaponlar Guadalkanalning janubiy qirg'og'iga chekinishi mumkinligiga ishongan holda, 1 fevral kuni ertalab Gvadalkanalning janubiy qirg'og'idagi Veraxuga polkovnik Aleksandr Jorj boshchiligidagi 1500 ga yaqin odam armiya va dengiz piyoda qo'shinlarining kuchaytirilgan batalyonini tushirdi. AQSh qo'shinlari qo'nish joyiga olti kishilik dengiz transport kuchlari tomonidan etkazib berildi qo'nish kemalari tanklari va bitta transport qiruvchisi (USSStringem ), yana to'rtta esminets (uch kun oldin TF 18 ga qo'shilishi kerak bo'lgan esminetslar) hamrohligida. Yaponiya razvedka samolyoti dengiz qo'nish kuchlarini payqadi. Kuch ushbu kecha rejalashtirilgan evakuatsiya ishlariga tahdid solganiga ishonib, 13 kishilik havo hujumi Aichi D3A 2 "Val" sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari 40 nol hamrohligida Buin, Bougainville kemalarga hujum qilish uchun jo'nadilar.[45]

Yaponiyaning zarba beradigan samolyotlarini do'stona deb xato qilib, AQSh esminetslari "Val" hujumini boshlaguniga qadar olovni ushlab turishdi. 14:53 da boshlanib, qiruvchi USSDe Xeyven uchta bomba bilan tezda urilib, Savo orolidan janubda 2 milya (1,7 nmi; 3,2 km) zudlik bilan cho'kdi, uning ekipajining 167 nafari, shu jumladan kapitani halok bo'ldi. Yo'q qiluvchi USSNikolay yaqinda o'tkazib yuborilgan bir necha marta zarar ko'rgan. Beshta "Val" va uchta nol zenit va CAF qiruvchilariga boy berildi. CAF kelishuvda uchta Wildcats-ni yo'qotdi.[46]

Xashimoto birinchi evakuatsiya qilish uchun 1-fevral kuni soat 11:30 da 20 ta esminets bilan Shotlandlardan jo'nab ketdi. O'n bitta esminets qolgan to'qqiztasi tomonidan tekshirilgan transport sifatida belgilandi. Kunning ikkinchi yarmida esminetslarga hujum qilindi Vangunu 92 ta CAF samolyotlari tomonidan ikki to'lqinda. Makinami, Xashimoto flagmani yaqinda o'tkazib yuborilgan missiya tufayli katta zarar ko'rdi. To'rtta CAF samolyoti urib tushirildi. Xashimoto o'tkazildi Shirayuki va ajratilgan Fumizuki tortib olmoq Makinami bazaga qaytish.[47]

AQShning 11 ta PT qayig'i Gvadalkanal va Xashimoto qirg'inchilarini kutib turdi Savo oroli. 22:45 da boshlangan Xashimoto harbiy kemalari va PT qayiqlari keyingi uch soat ichida bir qator yugurish janglarini o'tkazdilar. Hashimoto esminetslari "R" Area samolyotlari yordamida PT qayiqlaridan uchtasini cho'ktirdilar.[48]

Ayni paytda transport esminanslari Esperance burnidagi va Kamimbo shahridagi ikkita olib ketiladigan joydan soat 22:40 va 24:00 da etib kelishdi. Yaponiya harbiy-dengiz kuchlari kutib turgan qo'shinlarni barjalarda va qo'nish kemalarida yo'q qiluvchilarga etkazishdi. Kontr-admiral Tomiji Koyanagi, kuchaytirish bo'limining ikkinchi qo'mondoni evakuatsiya qilinganlarni tasvirlab berdi: "Ular shunchaki ifloslangan kiyimlarning qoldiqlarini kiyishgan, bu ularning jismoniy holati juda yomon edi. Ehtimol, ular xursand bo'lishgan, ammo o'zlarini ifoda etishmagan. Ularning ovqat hazm qilish organlari shu qadar butunlay vayron bo'lgan" , biz ularga yaxshi ovqat berolmadik, faqat bo'tqa. "[49] Yana bir zobitning qo'shimcha qilishicha, "Ularning dumbalari shu qadar charchagan ediki, anuslari butunlay ochilib qolgan va ularni olib tashlagan esminetslarda ular doimiy va nazoratsiz diareyadan aziyat chekishgan".[50]

4935 nafar askarni, asosan, 38-diviziya tarkibiga kirgandan so'ng, transport esminetslari soat 01:58 da yuklanishni to'xtatdilar va Shotlandlarga qaytish safari uchun jo'nab ketishdi. Bu vaqtda, Makigumo, skrining esminetslaridan biri kutilmaganda PT qayiq torpedosi yoki dengiz koni. Bu haqda xabar bergan Makigumo immobilizatsiya qilingan, Xashimoto uni tashlab ketishni buyurgan va09 ° 15′S 159 ° 47′E / 9.250 ° S 159.783 ° E / -9.250; 159.783). Qaytish safari paytida, CAF samolyotlari soat 08:00 da mustahkamlash bo'limiga hujum qilishdi, ammo hech qanday zarar ko'rmadi va 2 fevral kuni soat 12:00 da boshqa voqealarsiz Shotlandga etib keldi.[51]

Ikkinchi va uchinchi evakuatsiya ishlari

4 fevralda Patch 161-piyoda polkiga 147-pog'onani almashtirishni va g'arbga qarab davom etishni buyurdi. Yano batalyoni Segilau daryosidagi yangi pozitsiyalarga chekindi va qo'shinlar janubiy sohil bo'ylab Jorjning kuchlarini oldinga surish uchun jo'natildi. Shu bilan birga, Xalsining aviatashuvchisi va jangovar kemasi Gvadalkanaldan janubda 300 milya (260 nmi; 480 km) atrofida Yaponiyaning havo hujumi doirasidan tashqarida qoldi.[52]

Asagumo

Kondo o'z kuchlarini yo'q qiluvchilaridan ikkitasini yubordi, Asagumo va Samidare, birinchi evakuatsiya paytida yo'qolgan ikkita esminetsni almashtirish uchun Shotlandlarga. Xashimoto 4-fevral soat 11:30 da Gvadalkanal tomon janubga 20 esminets bilan ikkinchi evakuatsiya missiyasini olib bordi. CAF Hashimotoga soat 15:50 da boshlangan ikkita to'lqinda jami 74 samolyot bilan hujum qildi. Missiya yaqinidagi bomba juda shikastlangan Maykaze va Xashimoto ajralib chiqdi Nagatsuki uni Shotlandga qaytarib olib kelish uchun. Hujumda CAF 11 samolyotni yo'qotdi, yaponlar bitta Nolni yo'qotishdi.[53]

AQShning PT qayiqlari shu kecha Xashimotoning kuchlariga hujum qilish uchun jang qilmadi va yuklanish muammosiz o'tdi. Mustahkamlash kuchlari Hyakutakeni, uning xodimlarini va asosan 2-diviziondan bo'lgan 3 921 kishini olib kirishdi va 5 fevral kuni soat 12:50 ga qadar Bougainville shahriga etib kelishdi. O'sha kuni ertalab boshlangan CAF havo hujumi Hashimoto kuchini topa olmadi.[54]

Yaponiyaning 1 va 4 fevraldagi operatsiyalari evakuatsiya topshiriqlari emas, balki kuchaytirilganiga ishongan Gvadalkanadagi Amerika kuchlari har kuni atigi 900 yd (820 m) oldinga siljish bilan asta-sekin va ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qildilar. Jorjning kuchi 6-fevral kuni janubiy sohilidagi Titi shahriga ko'tarilgandan so'ng to'xtadi. Shimoliy sohilda 161-chi nihoyat 6-fevral kuni soat 10:00 da g'arb tomon hujumni boshladilar va shu kuni Umasani daryosiga etib bordilar. Shu bilan birga, yaponlar Kamimboga qolgan 2000 ta qo'shinlarini olib ketayotgan edilar.[55]

7 fevralda 161-chi Umasani kesib o'tib, Esperans burnidan 9 milya (7,8 nmi; 14 km) masofada Buninaga etib bordi. Hozir Jorj F. Ferri tomonidan boshqariladigan Jorjning kuchi Titidan to oldinga o'tdi Marovovo va qishloqni shimolidan taxminan 1800 metr shimolda kechasi qazishdi.[56]

Gvadalkanal yaqinida Xalsi tashuvchilar va boshqa yirik harbiy kemalar borligidan xabardor bo'lgan yaponiyaliklar uchinchi evakuatsiya ishini bekor qilishni o'ylashdi, ammo rejalashtirilgan tarzda borishga qaror qilishdi. Kondoning kuchi Xalsining harbiy kemalari aralashishga uringan taqdirda shimoldan Guadalkanaldan 550 milya (480 nmi; 890 km) masofada tayyor turdi. Xashimoto Shotlandlardan 18 fevral kuni tushdan keyin 18 ta esminets bilan jo'nab ketdi, bu safar uyadan pastga Solomonlarning janubiga yo'l oldi. 36 samolyotdan iborat CAF zarba beruvchi kuchi soat 17:55 da Xashimoto shahriga hujum qilib, katta zarar etkazdi Isokaze miss yaqinida bomba bilan. Isokaze nafaqaxo'rlar tomonidan kuzatib qo'yilgan Kavakaze. Hujumda ittifoqchilar va yaponlar har biri bitta samolyotdan ayrildi.[57]

Kamimbodan etib kelib, Xashimoto kuchlari AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlari tomonidan to'siqsiz 8 fevral kuni soat 00:03 ga qadar 1 ming 972 nafar askarni yukladilar. Qo'shimcha 90 daqiqa davomida esminets ekipajlari hech kimning orqada qolmasligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun qirg'oq bo'ylab qayiqlarini qayta-qayta chaqirishdi. 01:32 da kuchaytirish guruhi Gvadalkanalni izidan qoldirib, 10:00 da hech qanday voqea sodir bo'lmagan holda Bougainville-ga etib bordi va operatsiyani yakunladi.[58]

Natijada

8 fevral kuni tong otgan AQSh armiyasi kuchlari har ikki sohilda faqat bir necha kasal va o'layotgan yapon askarlari bilan uchrashib, o'zlarining oldinga siljishlarini davom ettirdilar. Patch endi Tokio Ekspresining o'tgan hafta davomida olib borilishi evakuatsiya ekanligini tushundi, kuchaytirish vazifalari emas. 9-fevral soat 16:50 da Amerikaning ikki kuchi g'arbiy sohilda Tenaro qishlog'ida uchrashdilar. Patch Xalseyga "Bugun soat 16:25 da Yaponiya kuchlarining Gvadalkanaldagi mag'lubiyatining to'liq va to'liq mag'lubiyati ... Tokyo Ekspresida endi Gvadalkanalda terminal yo'q" degan xabar yuborildi.[59]

Yaponlar Gvadalkanaldan jami 10,652 kishini muvaffaqiyatli evakuatsiya qilishdi, bu orolga kampaniya davomida yuborilgan 36,000 umumiy qo'shinlarining qolganlari haqida. Evakuatsiya qilinganlarning olti yuzi etarli tibbiy yordamga ega bo'lmasdan jarohati yoki kasalliklariga duchor bo'lishdi. Uch mingga yaqin kasalxonaga yotqizish yoki davolanish kerak. Amaliyot tugaganligi haqida xabar olgandan so'ng, Yamamoto barcha ishtirok etgan qismlarni maqtadi va Konduga harbiy kemalari bilan Trukga qaytishni buyurdi. 2 va 38-diviziyalar Rabaulga jo'natildi va ularning o'rnini qisman tiklashdi. 2-diviziya ko'chib o'tdi Filippinlar 1943 yil mart oyida 38-chi Rabaul va Yangi Irlandiya. The 8-chi hudud armiyasi va Janubi-Sharqiy mintaqa floti o'z kuchlarini markaziy Solomonlarni himoya qilish uchun yo'naltirdilar Kolombangara va Yangi Jorjiya va asosan Gvadalkanal uchun Yangi Gvineyaga batafsil bayon qilingan, asosan 51-piyoda diviziyasidan iborat qo'shimcha kuchlarni yuborishga tayyor. Atrofida 17-armiya qayta qurildi 6-piyoda diviziyasi va bosh qarorgohi Bougainville-da joylashgan. Gvadalkanalda bir necha yapon sayyohlari qoldi, ularning aksariyati o'ldirilgan yoki ittifoqchilar qo'riqchilari tomonidan qo'lga olingan. So'nggi ma'lum Yaponiya tutilishi 1947 yil oktyabrida taslim bo'ldi.[60]

Ortga nazar tashlaydigan bo'lsak, tarixchilar amerikaliklarni, xususan Patch va Xalseyni o'zlarining quruqlik, havo va dengiz kuchlarining ustunligidan foydalanib, omon qolgan kuchlarining aksariyatini Gvadalkanaldan muvaffaqiyatli evakuatsiya qilinishini oldini olishda ayblashdi. Dedi Chester Nimits, Ke operatsiyasining muvaffaqiyati to'g'risida Tinch okeanidagi ittifoqchi kuchlar qo'mondoni, "So'nggi paytgacha yaponlar katta kuchaytirish harakatlarini boshladilar. Faqat o'zlarining rejalarini yashirish mahorati va ularni amalga oshirishda dadil shijoati Yaponlar Gvadalkanal garnizonining qoldiqlarini olib chiqib ketmoqdalar. 8-fevral kuni barcha uyushgan kuchlar evakuatsiya qilinmaguncha, biz ularning havo va dengiz kuchlarining maqsadlarini anglab etmadik. "[61]

Shunga qaramay, Guadalkanalni yaponlardan qaytarib olish bo'yicha muvaffaqiyatli kampaniya AQSh va uning ittifoqchilari uchun muhim strategik g'alaba bo'ldi. Gvadalkanal va boshqa joylardagi muvaffaqiyatlariga asoslanib, ittifoqchilar Yaponiyaga qarshi kampaniyasini davom ettirdilar va oxir-oqibat Yaponiyaning mag'lubiyati va dunyoning oxiri bilan yakunlandi Ikkinchi urush.[62]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Frank, 595-596 betlar.
  2. ^ Zimmerman, p. 164; Frank, 595-596 betlar.
  3. ^ Keyinchalik Yaponiyaning Kiskani evakuatsiya qilish (ja: キ ス カ 島 撤退 作 戦 ) rasmiy ravishda Ke operatsiyasi deb nomlandi.
  4. ^ Hogue, Pearl Harbor-dan Guadalkanalgacha, 235-236-betlar.
  5. ^ Morison, 14-15 betlar; Miller, p. 143; Frank, p. 338; Shou, p. 18.
  6. ^ Griffit, 96-99 betlar; Zerikarli, p. 225; Miller, 137-138-betlar.
  7. ^ Frank, 202, 210-221-betlar; Morison, 81-bet, 113–114.
  8. ^ Frank, 141–158, 218–246, 337–367-betlar.
  9. ^ Frank, 428-492 betlar; Morison, 286-287 betlar.
  10. ^ Frank, p. 499.
  11. ^ Frank, 493-527 betlar; Xou, 364-365-betlar; Morison, 324–325-betlar. The bezgak Yapon qo'shinlari orasida Guadalkanalda bu vaqtda 100% ga yaqin edi va ba'zilari hatto shug'ullangan bo'lishi mumkin odamxo'rlik oziq-ovqat etishmasligi tufayli.
  12. ^ Frank, 513-524 betlar; Morison, 318-321 betlar; Griffit, p. 268; Toland, p. 424.
  13. ^ Xayashi, p. 62; Griffit, p. 268; Frank, 534-536 betlar; Toland, 421-423 betlar.
  14. ^ Griffit, p. 268; Frank, 536-538 betlar; Jersi, p. 384; Xayashi, p. 62. 8-chi hudud armiyasi 17-armiyaga Gvadalkanal va 18-armiya Yangi Gvineyada (Miller, 337-bet). Sejima was included in the delegation to Rabaul.
  15. ^ Jersi, p. 384; Frank, p. 538; Griffit, p. 268; Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Toland, p. 426.
  16. ^ Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Griffit, p. 268; Frank, p. 539; Toland, p. 426. During the conference with Sugiyama and Nagano, the Emperor asked Nagano, "Why was it that it took the Americans just a few days to build an air base and the Japanese more than a month or so?" (The IJN originally occupied Guadalcanal and began constructing the airfield). Nagano apologized and replied that the Americans had used machines while the Japanese had to rely on manpower. (Toland, p. 426.)
  17. ^ Miller, p. 338; Frank, pp. 540–541; Morison, pp. 333–334; Rottman, p. 64; Griffit, p. 269; Jersi, p. 384; Hayashi, p. 64. Imamura and Jinichi Kusaka, IJN commander at Rabaul, at first objected to the withdrawal order but accepted it on being reminded that it had the Emperor's endorsement.
  18. ^ Frank, p. 541; Morison, p. 340.
  19. ^ Frank, pp. 542, 547–550; Morison, pp. 338, 363; Rottman, p. 64; Griffit, p. 278; Jersey, pp. 392–393. The 21 destroyers do not include Suzukaze va Xatsukaze which were damaged on Tokyo Express runs to Guadalcanal on 2 and 10 January. Suzukaze was damaged in the Slot by a near miss from a bomb dropped by a CAF aircraft. Xatsukaze was damaged by a PT boat torpedo between Doma Cove and Tassafaronga at Guadalcanal. Both Express missions together were able to successfully deliver about 80 tons of supplies, a significant boost for the 17th Army's depleted stores. Kondō's force consisted of carriers Zuihō va Jun'yō, battleships Kongō va Haruna, og'ir kreyserlar Atago, Takao, Myōkō va Xaguro, engil kreyserlar Jintū, Agano va Nagara, yo'q qiluvchilar Kageru, Asagumo, Shigure, Suzukaze, Samidare, Ioshio, Xatsuyuki, Shikinami, Arashio va Arashi, and support ships Nippon Maru va Ken'yu Maru.
  20. ^ Frank, p. 543.
  21. ^ Frank, pp. 542–543. The four old battleships in Halsey's fleet were USSMerilend, USSKolorado, USSNyu-Meksiko va USSMissisipi (Frank, p. 751). Fifty-five B-17 va 60 B-24 heavy bombers with the range to reach Guadalcanal were assigned to the 5-havo kuchlari in New Guinea, but only about 30 of them were operational at any one time (Frank, p. 752).
  22. ^ Frank, pp. 543–544; Rottman, p. 64. American artillery totals do not include anti-aircraft or coastal defense guns (Frank, p. 752). At this time, the Japanese 2nd Division was down to 3,700 still alive of the original 12,000 delivered to Guadalcanal.
  23. ^ Frank, pp. 545–546; Morison, pp. 340, 351; D'Albas, p. 237.
  24. ^ Griffit, p. 279; Frank, pp. 559–560; Morison, p. 339; Rottman, p. 64; Jersey, pp. 386–388; Toland, p. 427. The men of the Yano Battalion were drawn from personnel originally intended as replacements for the 38th Infantry Division's 230th Infantry Regiment already on Guadalcanal. Most of them were untrained reservists with an average age of 30. Also delivered on this mission were 150 communications specialist from the 8th Area Army to help coordinate the operation The first strike on the Express convoy on 15 January was by 15 CAF SBDs escorted by seven F4F Wildcats va oltitasi P-39 Airacobras. Two SBDs, one Wildcat, and two P-39s were downed along with three fighters from the IJA's 6th Air Division (Frank, p. 754). The second, later airstrike consisted of nine B-17s, presumably from the 13th Air Force, and 14 fighters, presumably from the CAF, suffered no losses and shot down five of ten F1M2 "Pete" aircraft from the "R" Area Air Force that were protecting the convoy. Arashi was forced to go to Truk for repairs. Tanikaze's captain, Commander Motoi Katsumi, was killed by the air attack (Nevitt, CombinedFleet.com).
  25. ^ Frank, p. 561.
  26. ^ Frank, pp. 541, 560–562; Miller, p. 349; Jersey, pp. 368, 388–389; Griffith, pp. 279–284; Rottman, p. 64; Toland, pp. 428–429. Marching to Kokumbona, Imoto later related that he passed numerous, unburied bodies and sick and emaciated Japanese soldiers. At first upon hearing the order to withdraw, Hyakutake, his chief of staff, Major General Shuichi Miyazaki, and senior staff officer Colonel Norio Konuma contemplated disobeying the order and sacrificing the 17th Army in a final attack on Allied forces. Hyakutake finally accepted the order at noon on 16 January. The delay in informing the 17th's subordinate units apparently was in part because Konuma had to carry the orders on foot, first to the 38th Division, then to the 2nd Division.
  27. ^ Hough, pp. 367–368; Frank, pp. 568–570; Miller, pp. 319–329; Morison, pp. 342–343. In the offensive, the 2nd Marine Division pressed the Japanese 2nd Division on the coast as the US 25th Division, using two of its three regiments, the 27-chi va 161-chi, attacked inland. The 161st was originally tasked with capturing three nearby hills, Hills X, Y, and Z, but was retasked to support the 27th after the latter captured Hill 87 much more quickly than anticipated.
  28. ^ Frank, p. 570; Miller, p. 329–332; Morison, p. 343. Morison says about 600 Japanese troops were killed in the taking of Kokumbona.
  29. ^ Griffith, pp. 284–285; Frank, pp. 570–572; Hough, pp. 369–371; Miller, p. 340.
  30. ^ Jersey, pp. 373, 375–376; Frank, p. 572; Morison, p. 343; Griffit, p. 285; Hough, pp. 369–371; Miller, p. 341; Shaw, pp. 50–51. At this time, the CAM consisted of units from the 6-dengiz polki and US Army's 147-piyoda polki. According to Jersey, also defending the Bonegi were troops from the 229th Regiment.
  31. ^ Frank, p. 572; Morison, pp. 343–344; Jersey, pp. 373–374, 381; Miller, pp. 341–342. Between 10 and 31 January the Americans lost 189 soldiers and Marines killed. Exact Japanese casualties in the Marmura and Bonegi River actions are unknown but Japanese records described their losses as "heavy". During this time, the Americans captured 105 Japanese soldiers, 240 machine guns, 42 field pieces, 10 antiaircraft guns, 9 antitank guns, 142 mortars, 323 rifles, 18 radios, 1 radar, 13 trucks, 6 tractors, and 1 staff car, besides a quantity of ammunition, land mines, flame throwers, and piles of documents (Miller p. 342).
  32. ^ Frank, pp. 573–574, 756; Morison, pp. 340, 347. In addition to the four Zeros destroyed, six or more Zeros were damaged. Bittasi Mitsubishi G4M bomber sent along as a decoy failed to return. Two G4M's were lost during the night harassment campaign. A Zero was lost in a 20 January raid on Port-Moresbi. Chester Nimits va dengiz floti kotibi Frank Noks visited Espiritu Santo on 20 January and Guadalcanal on 21 January but were uninjured by the bombing attacks.
  33. ^ Frank, pp. 574, 756; Morison, pp. 347–348. The leader of the raid was Lieutenant Colonel Shuichi Okamoto. Ikki Mitsubishi Ki-46 "Dinah"s from the 76th Independent Chutai also accompanied the raid. The "Lily"s were from the 45th Sentai. Thirty-six of the "Oscar"s were from the 1st Sentai, 33 from the 11th Sentai, and five were from the Headquarters of the 12th Air Wing.
  34. ^ Morison, pp. 351–352; Frank, p. 577. The supply convoy consisted of four transports escorted by four destroyers and was designated Task Group (TG) 62.8.
  35. ^ Frank, pp. 577–578; Crenshaw, p. 62; Morison, pp. 352–353.
  36. ^ Frank, p. 578.
  37. ^ Morison, p. 354.
  38. ^ Morison, p. 354; Tagaya, p. 66 says that it was a Japanese search airplane that spotted Giffen.
  39. ^ Morison, pp. 354–355; Tagaya, p. 66.
  40. ^ Crenshaw, pp. 62–63; Morison, pp. 355–359; Frank, pp. 579–580.
  41. ^ Morison, pp. 360–363; Frank, pp. 580–581; Crenshaw, pp. 64–65; Tagaya, pp. 66–67. One other Mitsubishi G4M on a scouting mission was shot down by Korxona aircraft just before the final attack on Chikago.
  42. ^ Morison, p. 363; Griffit, p. 285. After unloading their cargo, the transports evacuated the 2-dengiz polki from the island. The 2nd Marines had been on Guadalcanal since the beginning of the campaign.
  43. ^ Frank, pp. 574–576; Hackett and Kingsepp HIJMS Submarine I-1 : Tabular Record of Movement; Morison, pp. 348–350; Jersi, p. 372. Moa va kivi were based at Tulagi along with two other New Zealand corvettes- Matai va Tui. Moa was under the command of (then) Lieutenant Commander Peter Phipps. I-1 was under the command of Lieutenant Commander Eiichi Sakamoto. Sixty-six of the submarine's crew survived to reach shore, but Sakamoto was killed along with 26 others of his crew. The submarine's gunnery officer, Ensign Ko Oikawa, was captured by Moa. I-1 sank in shallow water, leaving about 15 feet (4.6 m) of the sub sticking out of the water at a 45° angle. On the night of 2 February, three of the sub's survivors along with 11 other IJN personnel present on Guadalcanal unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the wrecked sub. On 10 February, a raid by nine Aichi D3A divebombers escorted by 28 Zeros from the 582nd Naval Air Group at Buin struck the wreck, damaging it further but failing to destroy it. On 13 and 15 February, Japanese submarine I-2 attempted unsuccessfully to locate the wreck and complete its destruction. Allied divers later recovered five code books from the submarine, including one for a version of the JN-25 code. Assuming that the code had been compromised, the IJN upgraded three major naval codes. (Hackett and Kingsepp)
  44. ^ Frank, pp. 582–583, 757–758. The Reinforcement Unit included Destroyer Squadron 10 (DesRon10). DesRon10 was normally under the command of Rear Admiral Susumu Kimura, but Kimura was injured when the U.S. submarine Nautilus damaged his flagship Akizuki with a torpedo near Shortland on 19 January (Nevitt, IJN Akizuki: Tabular Record of Movement ). Kimura was replaced by Rear Admiral Tomiji Koyanagi who was also designated as commander of the Reinforcement Unit, but for the Ke operation Hashimoto was selected to command the unit. On the night of 28 January, six of the Reinforcement Unit's destroyers, Tokitsukaze, Kuroshio, Shirayuki, Urakaze, Xamakaze va Kavakaze, had landed 328 men in the Rassell orollari in case the islands were needed as a staging and support area for the evacuation. A CAF attack on these men injured 17 of them. The "R" Area Air Force on 1 February consisted of 12 Aichi E13A, 12 Nakajima A6M2-N va 36 Mitsubishi F1M aircraft operating from the dengiz samolyoti bo'yicha tenderlar Kamikava Maru, Kunikawa Maruva Sanyo Maru. Frank states that Sendai va Suzuya contributed six Aichi E16A aircraft, but Suzuya was in Japan at this time (Hackett and Kingsepp, HIJMS SUZUYA: Tabular Record of Movement ) lekin Kumano was at Kavieng. The 204th, 253rd, 582nd, and Tsuikaku's Air Groups stationed their Zeros and Aichi D3A at Buin for the operation. The 252nd Air Group was deployed to the Shortlands airfield. The B-17 raid on 1 February was intercepted by five Zeros from the 253rd, 12 from the 204th, 14 from the 582nd, and 17 from the 252nd.
  45. ^ Jersey, pp. 376–378; Frank, p. 583; Morison, pp. 364–365; Miller, pp. 343–345; Zimmerman, p. 162. Patch's landing force consisted of the 2nd Battalion, 132nd Infantry Regiment, the 132nd's anti-tank company, an additional company (Company M) from the regiment, one platoon from the regiment's Company K, Battery F of the 10-dengiz piyodalari with 75mm pack howitzers, one platoon of the 65th Engineers, and detachments from the 101st Medical Regiment, 26th Signal Company, and service personnel. The Japanese dive bombers were from the 582nd Air Group escorted by 21 Zeros from the 582nd and 19 Zeros from Tsuikaku'havo guruhi.
  46. ^ Frank, pp. 584–585; Morison, p. 366; Jigarrang, p. 81; Jersi, p. 377. With the two destroyers were LCTs 63 va 181 whose machine-guns assisted in shooting at the attacking aircraft. Nikolay and other ships recovered 146 De Xeyven tirik qolganlar. De Xeyven's captain was Charles E. Tolman. Ikki Nikolay crew were killed in the attack. Yo'q qiluvchilar Radford va Fletcher were still near Verahue with two other LCTs at the time of the raid. The four destroyers together made up Destroyer Squadron 21 under the command of Captain Robert Briscoe. Jersey says the LCTs involved in the operation were 58, 60, 62, 156va 158.
  47. ^ Frank, pp. 585–586, 758; Morison, p. 366; Jersey, pp. 392–393. Assigned as transports were Kazegumo, Makigumo, Ygumo, Akigumo, Tanikaze, Urakaze, Xamakaze, Isokaze, Tokitsukaze, Yukikaze, Ioshio va Arashio. Screening were Makinami, Maykaze, Kavakaze, Kuroshio, Shirayuki, Fumizuki, Satsuki va Nagatsuki. A sohil kuzatuvchisi on Vella Lavella, either Henry Josselyn yoki Jon Kinan (Feldt, Eric, The Coast Watchers, Penguin Books, 1991 (1946), p. 241.) sighted the destroyers at 13:20 and notified Allied forces on Guadalcanal. The CAF aircraft claimed to have shot down 17 Zeros escorting the destroyers, but actual Japanese aircraft losses are unknown. Hujumdan keyin, Makigumo va Yugumo were reassigned as escorts due to the departure of Makinami va Fumizuki. Makinami went to Japan for repairs, which were completed in September 1943 (Nevitt, CombinedFleet.com).
  48. ^ Frank, pp. 587–588; Morison, pp. 367–368; Jersey, pp. 393–395; Toland, pp. 429–430. PT 111 o'q otib, cho'kib ketgan Kavakaze at 22:54, suffering two crewmen killed. PT 37 was sunk by destroyer gunfire sometime later, with all but one of her crew killed (nine). PT 123 was bombed and sunk by an "R" Area aircraft, killing four.
  49. ^ Frank, pp. 587–588.
  50. ^ Jersey, pp. 391–392; Frank, p. 588. IJN personnel from the 4th Maizuru SNLF, under Commander Namihira Sasakawa, assisted with the loading. Sasakawa supervised the Cape Esperance embarkation point and Commander Tamao Shinohara the Kamimbo embarkation point.
  51. ^ Griffit, p. 285; Frank, p. 588; Morison, pp. 367–368; Jigarrang, p. 81; Zerikarli, p. 268. Of the 5,000 evacuated this night, 2,316 were from the 38th Division, all that remained of the 8,000 originally landed on the island. U.S. destroyer-minelayers Treysi, Montgomeri va Preble had previously laid mines between Doma Cove and Cape Esperance and one of these may have claimed Makigumo. Besh Makigumo crewmembers were killed, 237 were rescued (Nevitt, CombinedFleet.com). Eight 11th Air Fleet G4Ms attacked Henderson Field during the night, causing no damage. Six CAF SBDs attacked Hashimoto's force as it loaded the troops, also causing no damage. Among the troops evacuated this night was Tadayoshi Sano, commander of the 38th Division.
  52. ^ Frank, pp. 589–590; Jersey, pp. 378–380, 383, 400–401; Miller pp. 342–343, 346. The Japanese knew the approximate size of George's force after extracting the information from two American soldiers captured in a skirmish near Titi on the south coast. After their interrogations, the two Americans were qisqacha bajarilgan. Assisting the Yano Battalion, now numbering about 350 men after battle losses, were about 60 men from the 124th and 28th Infantry Regiments. On 3 February, the Japanese lost five G4M bombers from an abortive attack on Halsey's fleet, including one carrying Lieutenant Commander Genichi Mihara, commander of the 705th Air Group. The US 161st Regiment at this time was under the command of Colonel Jeyms Dalton II (Miller, p. 346).
  53. ^ Frank, pp. 590–591; Morison, pp. 369–370; Jersi, p. 395; Zerikarli, p. 268. US aircraft losses included four Grumman TBF Qasoskorlari, uch Duglas SBD Dauntlesses, uch Grumman F4F Wildcats va bitta Kurtiss P-40 Warhawk. Maykaze went to Japan for repairs which were completed in July 1943 (Nevitt, CombinedFleet.com).
  54. ^ Griffit, p. 285; Frank, p. 591; Morison, p. 370. The evacuees included Masao Maruyama, commander of the 2nd Division. Japanese aircraft harassed Henderson Field and one PBY Catalina and five SBDs from the CAF tried to attack Hashimoto without success during the loading.
  55. ^ Jersey, pp. 391, 394; Frank, pp. 592–591; Miller, pp. 345–346. The Japanese rear guard was commanded by a Colonel Yutaka Matsuda.
  56. ^ Jersi, p. 383; Frank, pp. 593–594; Miller, pp. 345–347.
  57. ^ Frank, pp. 594–595; Morison, p. 370; Jersi, p. 396; Zerikarli, p. 268. The CAF strike force consisted of 15 SBDs, 20 Wildcats, and one F5A. The F5A and one of the 49 Zeros escorting the convoy were shot down. Ten crewmembers were killed on Isokaze, which was repaired at Truk and returned to action in March 1943 (Nevitt, CombinedFleet.com).
  58. ^ Griffith, pp. 285–286; Frank, p. 595; Morison, p. 370; Jersey, pp. 396–400; Zerikarli, p. 268. According to Jersey, the Yano Battalion had lost a total of 101 men covering the withdrawal. Ygumo va Akigumo retrieved the Japanese troops from the Russells.
  59. ^ Jersi, p. 383; Frank, pp. 596–597; Morison, p. 371; Miller, pp. 346–348.
  60. ^ Frank, pp. 596–597; Morison, pp. 370–371; Rottman, pp. 64–65; D'Albas, p. 238; Griffith, pp. 269, 286; Jersey, pp. 400–401; Hayashi, pp. 65–66. Morison and D'Albas say 11,706 were evacuated. Hayashi says 11,083. More recent historical accounts use the 10,652 number. Among the last soldiers evacuated were 264 members of the 28th Infantry Regiment, all that remained of the 1,945 landed in August and September 1942. Of the approximately 4,000 members of the 35th Infantry Brigade landed in August and September 1942, 618 were evacuated during Ke. IJN personnel evacuated numbered 870, the rest were IJA. Jersey says that "hundreds" of stragglers were left behind on Guadalcanal. The Japanese 51st Infantry Division was almost completely wiped out en route to New Guinea during the Bismark dengizidagi jang 1943 yil mart oyida.
  61. ^ Griffith, pp. 285–286; Frank, p. 597; Zimmerman, p. 162.
  62. ^ Frank, p. 597; Rottman, p. 64; Miller, pp. 348–350.

Adabiyotlar

Chop etish

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  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). Gvadalkanal uchun kurash, 1942 yil avgust - 1943 yil fevral, vol. 5 ning Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz operatsiyalari tarixi. Boston: Kichkina, jigarrang va kompaniya. ISBN  0-316-58305-7.
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