Xirohito - Hirohito - Wikipedia

Shwa
1935 yilda Xirohito
Yaponiya imperatori
Hukmronlik	1926 yil 25-dekabr - 1989 yil 7-yanvar
Taxtga o'tirish	1928 yil 10-noyabr
O'tmishdosh	Taishō
Voris	Akixito
Bosh vazirlar	Ro'yxatni ko'ring Urushgacha bo'lgan davr Giichi Tanaka Osachi Hamaguchi Reyjiru Vakatsuki Tsuyoshi Inukay Takaxashi Korekiyo (aktyorlik) Makoto Saitō Keisuke Okada Kyki Xirota Senjiri Xayashi Fumimaro Konoe Kiichirō Xiranuma Nobuyuki Abe Mitsumasa Yonai Fumimaro Konoe Hideki Tojo Kuniaki Koiso Kantaru Suzuki Xigashikuni Naruhiko Urushdan keyingi davr: Kijūrō Shidehara Tetsu Katayama Xitoshi Ashida Shigeru Yoshida Ichirō Hatoyama Tanzan Ishibashi Nobusuke Kishi Xayato Ikeda Eisaku Satō Kakuei Tanaka Takeo Miki Takeo Fukuda Masayoshi Ōhira Masayoshi Itō (aktyorlik) Zenkō Suzuki Yasuxiro Nakasone Noboru Takeshita
Yaponiya shahzodasi Regent
Egalik	1921 yil 29-noyabr - 1926 yil 25-dekabr
Monarx	Taishō
Bosh vazirlar	Ro'yxatni ko'ring Takaxashi Korekiyo Kato Tomosabur Yamamoto Gonnohye Kiyura Keigo Keti Takaaki Vakatsuki Reyjiru
Tug'ilgan	Michinomiya Xirohito (1901-04-29)1901 yil 29 aprel Tōgū saroyi, Aoyama, Minato, Tokio, Yaponiya imperiyasi
O'ldi	1989 yil 7-yanvar(1989-01-07) (87 yosh) Fukiyaj saroyi, Yaponiya
Dafn	24 fevral 1989 yil Musashi Imperial qabristoni
Turmush o'rtog'i	Malika Nagako Kuni ​ ​ (m. 1924)​
Nashr	Shigeko Xigashikuni Sachiko, malika Hisa Kazuko Takatsukasa Atsuko Ikeda Akixito, Yaponiya imperatori Emeritus Masaxito, shahzoda Xitachi Takako Shimazu
Davr nomi va sanalari Shwa: 1926 yil 25-dekabr - 1989 yil 7-yanvar
Uy	Yaponiya imperatorlik uyi
Ota	Taish imperatori
Ona	Empress Teymey
Imzo

Xirohito^[a] (裕仁, 1901 yil 29 aprel - 1989 yil 7 yanvar) 124-chi edi Yaponiya imperatori ga ko'ra an'anaviy merosxo'rlik tartibi. U imperator sifatida hukmronlik qildi Yaponiya imperiyasi 1926 yil 25 dekabrdan 1947 yil 2 maygacha va (shtat) Yaponiya 1948 yil 3-maydan vafotigacha 1989 yil 7-yanvargacha. (Beshinchi farzandi va to'ng'ich o'g'li, Akixito. Xirohito va uning rafiqasi, Empress Kojun, etti o'g'il, ikki o'g'il va besh qiz bor edi. Yaponiyada hukmron imperatorlar faqat "imperator" nomi bilan tanilgan. Endi u birinchi navbatda uning ismiga murojaat qiladi vafotidan keyingi ism, Shwa (昭和), bu nomi davr uning hukmronligiga to'g'ri keladi; shu sababli, u ham sifatida tanilgan Shova imperatori yoki Imperator Shova. 1979 yilga kelib Xirohito yagona edi monarx dunyoda monarxiya unvoni bilan "imperator. "Xirohito eng uzoq umr ko'rgan va uzoq vaqt hukmronlik qilgan tarixiy Yaponiya imperatori va ulardan biri bo'lgan eng uzoq hukmronlik qilgan dunyodagi monarxlar.

Uning hukmronligining boshida Yaponiya allaqachon biri bo'lgan buyuk kuchlar —dunyodagi to'qqizinchi yirik iqtisodiyot, uchinchi yirik dengiz kuchi, va kengashning to'rt doimiy a'zosidan biri Millatlar Ligasi.^[3] U edi davlat rahbari ostida Yaponiya imperiyasining konstitutsiyasi davomida Yaponiya imperiyasining kengayishi, harbiylashtirish va ishtirok etish Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Keyin Yaponiyaning taslim bo'lishi, uchun javobgarlikka tortilmagan harbiy jinoyatlar boshqa ko'plab etakchi davlat arboblari kabi. Uning urush davri qarorlarida ishtirok etish darajasi munozarali bo'lib qolmoqda.^[4] Davomida urushdan keyingi davr, u ostida Yaponiya davlatining ramzi bo'ldi urushdan keyingi konstitutsiya va Yaponiyaning tiklanishi. Uning hukmronligining oxiriga kelib Yaponiya dunyo sifatida paydo bo'ldi ikkinchi yirik iqtisodiyot.^[5]

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Hirohito 1902 yilda go'daklik davrida

Taish imperatori 1921 yilda to'rt o'g'li: Xirohito, Takahito, Nobuhito va Yasuhito

Tokioning Aoyama saroyida tug'ilgan (bobosi davrida, Imperator Meyji ) 1901 yil 29 aprelda,^[6] Xirohito 21 yoshli yigitning birinchi o'g'li edi Valiahd shahzoda Yoshihito (kelajak Taish imperatori ) va 17 yoshli valiahd malika Sadako (kelajak) Empress Teymey ).^[7] U Meiji imperatorining nabirasi va edi Yanagihara Naruko. Uning bolalik unvoni shahzoda Michi edi. Tug'ilganidan o'n hafta o'tgach, Xirohito suddan chiqarilib, Grafning qaramog'iga topshirildi Kavamura Sumiyoshi, uni nevarasi sifatida tarbiyalagan. 3 yoshida Xirohito va uning ukasi Yasuhito Kavamura vafot etganida sudga qaytarilgan - birinchi navbatda imperator saroyida Numazu, Siduoka, keyin Aoyama saroyiga qaytib boring.^[8] 1908 yilda u boshlang'ich o'qishni boshladi Gakushin (Tengdoshlar maktabi).

Valiahd shahri davri

Bobosi qachon, Imperator Meyji, 1912 yil 30-iyulda vafot etdi, Xirohitoning otasi Yosixito taxtga o'tirdi. Xirohito merosxo'rga aylandi va u rasmiy ravishda armiyada ikkinchi leytenant va dengiz flotida praporshik sifatida tayinlandi. U Buyuk Kordon bilan bezatilgan Xrizantema buyrug'i. 1914 yilda u armiyada leytenant va dengiz flotida leytenant unvonlariga ko'tarildi. 1916 yilda u armiya va flotda kapitan va leytenant unvoniga ega bo'ldi. Xirohito rasmiy ravishda valiahd shahzoda deb e'lon qilindi va merosxo'r 1916 yil 2-noyabrda. Ushbu maqomni tasdiqlash uchun investitsiya marosimi talab qilinmadi.^[9]

Xirohito ishtirok etdi Gakushin 1908 yildan 1914 yilgacha tengdoshlar maktabi, so'ngra 1914 yildan 1921 yilgacha valiahd shahzoda uchun maxsus institut (Tōgū-gogakumonsho). 1920 yilda Xirohito armiyada mayor va dengiz flotida leytenant qo'mondoni unvonlariga ko'tarildi.

Ekskursiya

Valiahd shahzoda qayiq poygasini tomosha qilmoqda Oksford universiteti 1921 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada

1921 yil may oyida u tashrif buyurdi Edinburg, Shotlandiya

1921 yil 3 martdan 3 sentyabrgacha (Taisho 10) valiahd shahzoda rasmiy tashriflar qildi Birlashgan Qirollik, Frantsiya, Gollandiya, Belgiya, Italiya va Vatikan shahri. Bu valiahd shahzodaning Evropaga birinchi tashrifi edi.^[b] Yaponiyada kuchli qarshiliklarga qaramay, bu keksa yapon davlat arboblarining sa'y-harakatlari bilan amalga oshirildi (Genrō ) kabi Yamagata Aritomo va Saionji Kinmochi.

Shahzoda Xirohitoning ketishi haqida gazetalarda keng yozilgan edi. The Yaponiyaning Katori harbiy kemasi ishlatilgan va ketgan Yokohama, suzib ketdi Naha, Gonkong, Singapur, Kolombo, Suvaysh, Qohira va Gibraltar. U kirib keldi Portsmut ikki oydan keyin 9 may kuni va shu kuni ular Buyuk Britaniya poytaxtiga etib kelishdi London. U Buyuk Britaniyada sherik sifatida kutib olindi Angliya-Yaponiya Ittifoqi va uchrashdi Qirol Jorj V va Bosh vazir Devid Lloyd Jorj. O'sha kuni kechqurun ziyofat bo'lib o'tdi Bukingem saroyi va Jorj V bilan uchrashuv va Konnaught shahzodasi Artur. Jorj V otasiga notanish begona mamlakatda asabiylashgan Xirohitodek muomala qilganini va bu uning tangligini yumshatganini aytdi. Ertasi kuni u uchrashdi Shahzoda Edvard (kelajakda Edvard VIII) da Vindzor qasri va undan keyin har kuni ziyofat uyushtirildi. Londonda u ekskursiyani tomosha qildi Britaniya muzeyi, London minorasi, Angliya banki, Lloyd's dengiz sug'urtasi, Oksford universiteti, Armiya universiteti va dengiz harbiy kolleji. Shuningdek, u Nyu-Oksford teatri va Dehli teatrida teatrni yaxshi ko'rardi.^[10] Da Kembrij universiteti, u professor Tannerning "Britaniya qirollik oilasi va uning xalqi o'rtasidagi munosabatlar" mavzusidagi ma'ruzasini tingladi va faxriy doktorlik unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi.^[11] U tashrif buyurdi Edinburg, Shotlandiya, 19-dan 20-gacha, shuningdek, Faxriy yuridik doktori mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi Edinburg universiteti. U qarorgohida qoldi Jon Styuart-Myurrey, Atollning 7-gersogi, uch kun davomida. "Ko'tarilish Bolsheviklar Agar Dyuk Atol singari sodda hayot kechirsangiz, bo'lmaydi ”.^[11]

Italiyada u King bilan uchrashdi Vittorio Emanuele III va boshqalar, turli mamlakatlarda rasmiy ziyofatlarda qatnashishgan va shiddatli jang maydonlari kabi joylarga tashrif buyurishgan Birinchi jahon urushi.

Regency

Shahzoda Xirohito va Buyuk Britaniya bosh vaziri Lloyd Jorj, 1921

Yaponiyaga qaytib kelganidan keyin Xirohito bo'ldi Regent Yaponiya (Sesshō ) 1921 yil 29-noyabrda ruhiy kasallikka chalingan kasal otasining o'rniga. 1923 yilda u armiyada podpolkovnik va flotda qo'mondon, 1925 yilda armiya polkovnigi va dengiz kapitani unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi.

Xirohitoning regressi davrida ko'plab muhim voqealar yuz berdi:

In To'rt kuch shartnomasi 1921 yil 13-dekabrda imzolangan Insular Possessions to'g'risida Yaponiya, AQSh, Angliya va Frantsiya Tinch okeanidagi status-kvoni tan olishga kelishib oldilar. Yaponiya va Angliya tugashga kelishib oldilar Angliya-Yaponiya Ittifoqi. The Vashington dengiz shartnomasi 1922 yil 6-fevralda imzolandi. Yaponiya qo'shinlarini Sibir aralashuvi 1922 yil 28-avgustda Katta Kantu zilzilasi 1923 yil 1 sentyabrda Tokioni vayron qildi. 1923 yil 27 dekabrda, Daisuke Namba yilda Xirohitoni o'ldirishga uringan Toranomon hodisasi, ammo uning urinishi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. So'roq paytida u o'zini a kommunistik va qatl etildi, ammo ba'zilar uni armiyadagi Nagacho fraktsiyasi bilan aloqada bo'lgan deb taxmin qilishmoqda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Nikoh

1924 yilda shahzoda Xirohito va uning rafiqasi malika Nagako

Shahzoda Xirohito uzoq amakivachchasi malika Nagako Kuniga (kelajakka) uylandi Empress Kjjun ) ning to'ng'ich qizi Shahzoda Kuniyoshi Kuni, 1924 yil 26-yanvarda. Ularning ikki o'g'il va besh qizi bor edi^[12] (qarang Nashr ).

Voyaga etgan qizlari 1947 yil oktyabr oyida Yaponiya imperatorlik uyidagi Amerika islohotlari natijasida (malika Shigeko misolida) yoki Imperial uy qonuni ularning keyingi nikohlari paytida (malika Kazuko, Atsuko va Takako holatlarida).

Osmonga ko'tarilish

Imperator sifatida imperatorlik standarti

1926 yil 25-dekabrda Xirohito otasi vafotidan keyin taxtga o'tirdi, Yoshihito. Valiahd shahzoda vorislikni olgan deb aytilgan (senso).^[13] The Taishō davri oxiri va Shuva davri boshlanishi (nurli tinchlik) e'lon qilindi. Vafot etgan imperator vafotidan so'ng uning nomi o'zgartirildi Taish imperatori kunlar ichida. Yaponlarning odatiga ko'ra, yangi imperator edi hech qachon murojaat qilmagan uning nomi bilan, lekin shunchaki "hazratlari imperatori" deb atashgan, u qisqartirilishi mumkin "hazratlari". Yozma ravishda imperator rasmiy ravishda "hukmronlik qilayotgan imperator" deb ham yuritilgan.

1928 yil noyabrda imperatorning yuksalishi tasdiqlandi marosimlar (sokui)^[13] an'anaviy ravishda "taxtga o'tirish" va "toj taxtiga o'tirish" (Shōwa no tairei-shiki); ammo bu rasmiy voqea, uning Imperator Buyukligi yaponlarga ega ekanligining ommaviy tasdig'i sifatida aniqroq ta'riflangan bo'lar edi Imperial Regalia,^[14] ham chaqirdi Uch muqaddas xazina asrlar davomida o'tib kelgan.^[15]

Dastlabki hukmronlik

Imperator Xirohito taxtga o'tirish marosimidan so'ng 1928 yilda kiyinib sokutay

Xirohito hukmronligining birinchi qismi fonda sodir bo'lgan moliyaviy inqiroz hukumat ichidagi harbiy kuchni qonuniy va noqonuniy vositalar yordamida oshirish. The Yapon imperatori armiyasi va Yaponiya imperatorlik floti o'tkazildi veto 1900 yildan buyon kabinetlarni shakllantirish ustidan hokimiyat. 1921 va 1944 yillar orasida 64 dan kam bo'lmagan siyosiy zo'ravonlik hodisalari bo'lgan.

Xirohito suiqasddan a qo'l granatasi tomonidan tashlangan a Koreyaning mustaqilligi faol, Li Bong-chang, 1932 yil 9 yanvarda Tokioda, yilda Sakuradamon hodisasi.

Yana bir diqqatga sazovor hodisa mo''tadilning o'ldirilishi edi Bosh Vazir Inukay Tsuyoshi 1932 yilda, oxirini belgilab qo'ydi harbiylarning fuqarolik nazorati. The 26 fevral voqeasi, urinish harbiy to'ntarish Keyinchalik 1936 yil fevralda. Bu kichik armiya zobitlari tomonidan amalga oshirildi Kōdōha ko'plab yuqori martabali ofitserlar hamdard bo'lgan fraksiya, shu jumladan Shahzoda Chichibu (Yasuhito), imperatorning birodarlaridan biri. Ushbu qo'zg'olon militaristlar fraktsiyasining siyosiy qo'llab-quvvatlanishini yo'qotishi bilan yuzaga keldi Parhez saylovlar. To'ntarish natijasida bir necha yuqori hukumat va armiya amaldorlari qotillikka uchradi.

Qachon bosh Lager yordamchisi Shigeru Honjō unga qo'zg'olon haqida xabar bergan, imperator darhol uni bostirishni buyurgan va zobitlarni "isyonchilar" deb atagan (bōto). Ko'p o'tmay, u buyurdi Armiya vaziri Yoshiyuki Kavashima bir soat ichida isyonni bostirish uchun. U Honjudan har 30 daqiqada hisobotlarni so'radi. Ertasi kuni, Xonjyoning ta'kidlashicha, qo'mondonlik isyonchilarni yo'q qilishda ozgina yutuqlarga erishgan, imperator unga "Men o'zim boshliq bo'laman Konoe divizioni Uning buyrug'iga binoan isyon bostirildi 29 fevral.^[16]

Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi

Imperator o'zining sevimli oq oti Shirayuki ("oq-qor").

Dan boshlab Mukden hodisasi 1931 yilda Yaponiya Manchuriyaga bostirib kirish uchun bahona sifatida soxta "xitoylik hujum" uyushtirdi, Yaponiya Xitoy hududlarini egallab oldi va tashkil etdi. qo'g'irchoq hukumatlar. Bunday "tajovuzkorlikni Xirohitoga" uning shtab boshliqlari va bosh vazir tavsiya qilgan Fumimaro Konoe va Xirohito hech qachon Xitoyning istilosiga shaxsan qarshi bo'lmagan.^[17] Uning asosiy xavotiri shimolda Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan hujum qilish ehtimoli bo'lgan ko'rinadi. Uning shtab boshlig'iga savollari, Shahzoda Kan'in va armiya vaziri, Xajime Sugiyama, asosan, xitoyliklarning qarshiliklarini tor-mor etish uchun vaqt kerak edi.

Akira Fujivaraning so'zlariga ko'ra, Xirohito Xitoyga bostirib kirishni "urush" o'rniga "voqea" sifatida baholash siyosatini ma'qullagan; shuning uchun u ushbu mojaroda xalqaro qonunlarga rioya qilish to'g'risida hech qanday ogohlantirish bermagan (avvalgi mojarolarda Yaponiya tomonidan urushlar deb rasman tan olingan avvalgi mojarolarda farqli o'laroq) va Yaponiya armiyasi vazirining o'rinbosari Yaponiya Xitoy Garnizon armiyasi shtabi boshlig'iga ko'rsatma bergan 5 avgust kuni Xitoy asirlari uchun "harbiy asirlar" iborasini ishlatmaslik. Ushbu ko'rsatma xitoylik mahbuslarga nisbatan xalqaro huquq cheklovlarini olib tashlashga olib keldi.^[18] Ning asarlari Yoshiaki Yoshimi va Seiya Matsuno imperatorning ma'lum buyruqlar bilan vakolat berganligini ko'rsatmoqda (rinsanmei), xitoyliklarga qarshi kimyoviy qurol ishlatish.^[19] Davomida Vuxanning bosib olinishi, 1938 yil avgustdan oktyabrgacha, imperator 375 ta alohida holatda toksik gazdan foydalanishga ruxsat berdi,^[20] tomonidan qabul qilingan qarorga qaramay Millatlar Ligasi 14 may kuni Yaponiyada zaharli gaz ishlatilishini qoralagan.

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (Noyabr 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Tayyorgarlik

1939 yil iyulda imperator akasi bilan janjallashdi, Shahzoda Chichibu, qo'llab-quvvatlash kerakmi yoki yo'qmi Kominternga qarshi pakt va armiya vaziriga tanbeh berdi, Seishirō Itagaki.^[21] Ammo muvaffaqiyatidan keyin Vermaxt Evropada imperator ittifoqqa rozilik bergan.^{[qaysi? ]} 1940 yil 27-sentabrda, go'yo Xirohitoning rahbarligi ostida Yaponiya uning shartnomaviy sherigiga aylandi Uch tomonlama pakt bilan Germaniya va Italiya shakllantirish Eksa kuchlari.

1941 yil 4 sentyabrda Yaponiya kabineti tomonidan tayyorlangan urush rejalarini ko'rib chiqish uchun uchrashdi Imperatorning bosh shtabi va qaror qildi:

Bizning imperiyamiz, o'zini himoya qilish va o'zini himoya qilish maqsadida, urushga tayyorgarlikni tugatadi ... [va] ... bilan urushishga qaror qildi Qo'shma Shtatlar, Buyuk Britaniya, va Frantsuz agar kerak bo'lsa. Bizning imperiyamiz bir vaqtning o'zida AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyaga nisbatan barcha mumkin bo'lgan diplomatik choralarni ko'radi va shu bilan bizning maqsadlarimizga erishishga intiladi ... Agar bizning talablarimiz birinchi o'n kunlikda qondirilish istiqboli bo'lmasa. Oktyabr oyida yuqorida aytib o'tilgan diplomatik muzokaralar orqali biz darhol AQSh, Buyuk Britaniya va frantsuzlarga qarshi harbiy harakatlarni boshlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilamiz.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Qabul qilinishi kerak bo'lgan maqsadlar aniq belgilab qo'yilgan edi: Xitoy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoni bosib olishda davom etadigan erkin qo'l, mintaqada AQSh yoki Buyuk Britaniya harbiy kuchlari ko'paymasligi va G'arb tomonidan hamkorlik qilish "imperiyamiz uchun zarur bo'lgan tovarlarni sotib olishda. . "^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

5 sentyabrda Bosh vazir Konoe norasmiy ravishda qaror loyihasini Imperatorga taqdim etdi, bu imperatorlik konferentsiyasidan bir kun oldin, unda rasmiy ravishda amalga oshiriladi. Ushbu oqshomda imperator armiya shtabi boshlig'i, dengiz floti shtabi boshlig'i Sugiyama bilan uchrashuv o'tkazdi. Osami Nagano va Bosh vazir Konoe. Imperator Sugiyamani ochiq urushning muvaffaqiyati haqida so'roq qildi voqea. Sugiyama ijobiy javob berganida, imperator uni baqirdi:

- Vaqtida Xitoy voqeasi, armiya menga uchta bo'linish bilan bitta zarba bergandan so'ng darhol tinchlikka erishishimiz mumkinligini aytdi ... ammo siz bugun ham Chi Kay-Shekni yenga olmaysiz! Sugiyama, siz o'sha paytda armiya vaziri edingiz.
—Xitoy - bu juda katta hudud, bu yo'llar va chiqish yo'llari bor va biz kutilmagan katta qiyinchiliklarga duch keldik ...
—Siz Xitoyning ichki qismi ulkan deysiz; Tinch okeani Xitoydan ham kattaroq emasmi? ... Men har safar bu masalada sizni ogohlantirmadimmi? Sugiyama, sen menga yolg'on gapirayapsanmi?^[22]

Dengiz kuchlari bosh shtabi boshlig'i, sobiq dengiz floti vaziri va katta tajribaga ega bo'lgan admiral Nagano keyinchalik ishonchli hamkasbiga: "Men hech qachon imperator bizni bunday tanbeh berganini, uning yuzi qizarib, ovozini ko'targanini ko'rmaganman", dedi.^{[iqtibos kerak ][23][24][25]}

Imperator Xirohito Shirayukiga minib, 1938 yil 8-yanvarda armiyani tekshirish paytida

Shunga qaramay, imperatorlik konferentsiyasidagi barcha ma'ruzachilar diplomatiyani emas, balki urush tarafdori edilar.^[26] Baron Yoshimichi Xara Imperator Kengashining Prezidenti va Imperatorning vakili, keyin ularni diqqat bilan so'roq qilib, urush faqat birovlarning oxirgi chorasi, boshqalari esa sukut sifatida qabul qilinishiga javoblar berdi.

Shu payt imperator konferentsiyada shaxsan nutq so'zlab, yig'ilganlarni hayratga soldi. Imperatorlik sukuti an'anasini buzgan holda, u o'zining maslahatchilarini "hayratda qoldirdi" (Bosh vazir) Fumimaro Konoe voqea tavsifi). Xirohito xalqaro muammolarni tinch yo'l bilan hal qilish zarurligini ta'kidladi, vazirlarining Baron Xaraning sud ishlariga javob bermaganidan afsus bildirdi va bobosi tomonidan yozilgan she'rni o'qidi, Imperator Meyji, u "qayta-qayta" o'qiganini aytdi:

To'rt yo'nalishdagi dengizlar -
barchasi bir qornidan tug'ilgan:
nega unda shamol va to'lqinlar ixtilof bilan ko'tariladi?^[27]

Vazirlar shokdan qutulish uchun barcha mumkin bo'lgan tinch yo'llarni o'rganishni istashlarini aytishga shoshildilar. Imperatorning taqdimoti uning rahbar sifatida amaliy roliga mos edi Sinto shtati din.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Bu vaqtda armiya imperatorlik shtab-kvartirasi doimiy ravishda imperator xonadoni bilan harbiy vaziyat to'g'risida batafsil muloqot qilib turardi. 8 oktyabrda Sugiyama imperatorga (sōjōan) Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoga o'tishning bir necha daqiqali rejalari bayon qilingan 47 varaqli hisobotni imzoladi. Oktyabr oyining uchinchi haftasida Sugiyama imperatorga urushning operatsion istiqbollari to'g'risida "Taxtga javoban materiallar" deb nomlangan 51 varaqlik hujjat berdi.^[28]

Urushga tayyorgarlik davom etar ekan, Bosh Vazir Fumimaro Konoe o'zini tobora ajratib turdi va u 16 oktyabrda iste'foga chiqdi. U o'zini kabinetning bosh kotibi Kenji Tomitaga quyidagilarni aytib oqladi:

Albatta, Janobi Oliylari pasifistdir va shubhasiz u urushdan qochishni xohlagan. Men unga urush boshlash xato bo'lganligini aytganimda, u rozi bo'ldi. Ammo ertasi kuni u menga: "Siz kecha bu haqda xavotirda edingiz, lekin bunchalik tashvishlanishingizga hojat yo'q" deb aytardi. Shunday qilib, asta-sekin u urushga moyil bo'la boshladi. Va keyingi safar u bilan uchrashganimda, u yanada ko'proq egilib qoldi. Qisqasi, imperator menga aytayotganini his qildim: mening bosh vazirim harbiy masalalarni tushunmaydi, men ko'proq narsani bilaman. Xulosa qilib aytganda, imperator armiya va flot yuqori qo'mondonliklarining qarashlarini o'ziga singdirgan edi.^[29]

Armiya va flot nomzodni tavsiya qildi^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} ning Shahzoda Naruxiko Xigashikuni, imperator amakilaridan biri. Urushdan keyin yozilgan Shwa "Monologue" ga ko'ra, imperator o'shanda agar imperatorlar uyining a'zosi bosh vazir bo'lganida urush boshlanadigan bo'lsa, imperator uyi javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga olishi kerak edi va u bunga qarshi edi. .^[30]

Imperator boshlig'i sifatida Imperatorning bosh shtabi 1943 yil 29 aprelda

Buning o'rniga, imperator qattiqqo'l Generalni tanladi Hideki Tōjō imperatorlik institutiga sodiqligi bilan tanilgan va undan imperatorlik konferentsiyalari tomonidan sanktsiya qilingan narsalarga siyosiy sharh berishni so'ragan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 2 noyabrda Tjjō, Sugiyama va Nagano imperatorga o'n bitta fikrni ko'rib chiqish behuda bo'lganligi haqida xabar berishdi. Imperator Xirohito urushga rozilik berdi va keyin: "Siz urush uchun asos berasizmi?"^[31] Qo'shma Shtatlarga qarshi urush to'g'risidagi qarorni Hirohito-ga dengiz floti vaziri Admiral general Tyujo tasdiqlash uchun taqdim etdi. Shigetarō Shimada va Yaponiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Shigenori Tōgō.^[32]

3-noyabr kuni Nagano rejasini batafsil tushuntirib berdi Perl-Harborga hujum imperatorga.^[33] 5 noyabrda imperator Xirohito imperatorlik konferentsiyasida urushga qarshi operatsiya rejasini tasdiqladi G'arbiy voqea oyning oxirigacha harbiylar va Tōjō bilan ko'plab uchrashuvlar o'tkazdi.^[34] 25-noyabr kuni Genri L. Stimson, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining harbiy kotibi o'zining kundaligida AQSh prezidenti bilan muhokama qilganini ta'kidladi Franklin D. Ruzvelt Yaponiyaning kutilmaganda hujum boshlashi ehtimoli va "biz ularni [yaponlarni] qanday qilib o'zimizga haddan ziyod xavf tug'dirmasdan birinchi o'q otish pozitsiyasida boshqarishimiz kerak" degan savol tug'iladi.

Ertasi kuni, 1941 yil 26-noyabr, AQSh davlat kotibi Kordell Xall Yaponiya elchisiga Hull notasi, bu uning shartlaridan biri sifatida barcha yapon qo'shinlarini butunlay olib chiqib ketishni talab qildi Frantsuz Hind-Xitoy va Xitoy. Yaponiya Bosh vaziri Hideki Tojo o'z kabinetiga: "Bu ultimatum", dedi. 1-dekabrda imperatorlik konferentsiyasi "AQSh, Buyuk Britaniya va Niderlandiya Qirolligiga qarshi urush" ni sanksiya qildi.^[35]

Urush: oldinga va orqaga chekinish

1941 yil 8-dekabrda (7-dekabrda Gavayida) bir vaqtning o'zida hujumlarda Yaponiya qo'shinlari Gonkong Garrisoniga, AQSh flotiga zarba berishdi. Pearl Harbor va Filippinlar va boshladi Malayaga bostirib kirish.

Xalq urushga to'la sodiq bo'lganligi sababli, imperator harbiy taraqqiyotga katta qiziqish bilan qaradi va ruhiy holatni oshirishga intildi. Akira Yamada va Akira Fujivaraning so'zlariga ko'ra, imperator ba'zi harbiy operatsiyalarga katta aralashuvlarni amalga oshirgan. Masalan, u 13 va 21 yanvar va 9 va 26 fevral kunlari Sugiyamani qo'shin kuchini oshirish va hujum boshlash uchun to'rt marta bosdi. Bataan. 9-fevral, 19-mart va 29-may kunlari imperator armiya shtab boshlig'iga hujum qilish imkoniyatlarini o'rganishni buyurdi. Chungking Gogo operatsiyasiga olib kelgan Xitoyda.^[36]

Urush to'lqini Yaponiyaga qarshi (1942 yil oxiri va 1943 yil boshlari) qarshi chiqa boshlagach, saroyga ma'lumot oqimi asta-sekin haqiqat bilan kamroq aloqada bo'lib qoldi, boshqalari esa imperator bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qilgan deb taxmin qilishmoqda. Bosh Vazir Hideki Tojo, harbiylar tomonidan yaxshi va aniq ma'lumot berishni davom ettirdilar va Yaponiyaning taslim bo'lgunga qadar harbiy pozitsiyasini aniq bildilar. Bosh vazir devoni umumiy ishlar bo'limi boshlig'i Shuichi Inada Tjōoning shaxsiy kotibi Sadao Akamatsuga shunday dedi:

Hech qachon bosh vazir va barcha vazirlar taxtga tez-tez hisobot beradigan kabinet bo'lmagan. Haqiqiy to'g'ridan-to'g'ri imperatorlik boshqaruvining mohiyatini tatbiq etish va Imperatorning tashvishlaridan xalos bo'lish uchun vazirlar taxtga bosh vazirning ko'rsatmalariga binoan o'zlarining vazifalari doirasida hisobot berishdi ... Kuchli harakatlar paytida, yozilgan loyihalar qizil rangdagi tuzatishlar bilan imperatorga taqdim etildi. Birinchi loyiha, ikkinchi loyiha, yakuniy loyiha va shunga o'xshash narsalar muhokamalar birin-ketin rivojlanib, imperator tomonidan tegishli ravishda sanktsiyalanganligi sababli paydo bo'ldi.^[37]

Imperator rafiqasi bilan Empress Kjjun va ularning farzandlari 1941 yil 7 dekabrda

Urushning dastlabki olti oyida barcha asosiy kelishuvlar g'alaba edi. 1942 yil yozida Yaponiya yutuqlari to'xtatildi Midway jangi va Amerika kuchlarining qo'nishi Gvadalkanal va Tulagi avgust oyida. Imperator urushda tobora ta'sirchan rol o'ynadi; o'n bitta asosiy epizodda u urush operatsiyalarining haqiqiy o'tkazilishini nazorat qilish bilan chuqur shug'ullangan. Xirohito Oliy qo'mondonlikka bosim o'tkazib, 1941–42 yillarda Filippinlarga, shu jumladan mustahkamlanganlarga qarshi erta hujum qilishni buyurdi Bataan yarim orol. U armiya havo kuchlarini joylashtirishni ta'minladi Gvadalkanal kampaniya. Yaponiya Guadalkanaldan chiqib ketganidan keyin u yangi hujumni talab qildi Yangi Gvineya, belgilangan tartibda amalga oshirildi, ammo muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Dengiz kuchlarining urush olib borganidan norozi bo'lib, u markazdan chiqib ketishini tanqid qildi Solomon orollari va amerikaliklarga Aleutliklarga etkazgan zararlar uchun dengiz urushlarini talab qildi. Janglar ofatlar edi. Va nihoyat, uning talabiga binoan uni qaytarib olish rejalari tuzildi Saypan va, keyinchalik, hujum uchun Okinava jangi.^[38] Armiya va dengiz flotining achchiq janjallari bilan u resurslarni taqsimlash bo'yicha nizolarni hal qildi. U harbiy jinoyatlarni rejalashtirishda yordam berdi.^[39]

Hukumatning qattiq nazorati ostida bo'lgan ommaviy axborot vositalari uni Yaponiya shaharlari 1944-45 yillarda kuchli havo hujumiga uchragan va oziq-ovqat va uy-joy etishmovchiligi yuzaga kelgan bo'lsa ham, uni bir necha bor mashhur ruhiy holatni ko'targan deb tasvirlashgan. Yaponlarning chekinishi va mag'lubiyatlari ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan "Muayyan g'alaba" ni ko'rsatadigan muvaffaqiyat sifatida nishonlandi.^[40] AQSh suvosti kemalari yapon kemalarini yo'q qila boshlagach, oziq-ovqat, dori-darmon va yoqilg'i etishmovchiligining o'sib borishi sababli vaziyat juda og'ir ekanligi yapon xalqiga asta-sekin ayon bo'ldi. 1944 yil o'rtalaridan boshlab Yaponiyaning yirik shaharlaridagi Amerika reydlari g'alabaning tugamaydigan ertaklarini masxara qildi. O'sha yili Tojo hukumati qulashi bilan yana ikki bosh vazir urush harakatlarini davom ettirish uchun tayinlandi, Kuniaki Koiso va Kantaru Suzuki - Imperatorning rasmiy roziligi bilan har biri. Ikkalasi ham muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va Yaponiya halokatga yaqinlashdi.^[41]

Taslim bo'lish

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Xirohito"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2017 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Harbiy kemada Yaponiya imperatori Xirohito yoki Shova imperatori Musashi, 1943 yil 24-iyun. Ushbu kema Leyte ko'rfazidagi jang 1944 yilda.

1945 yil boshida, yo'qotishlar ortidan Leyte jangi, Imperator Xirohito hukumatning yuqori lavozimli mulozimlari bilan urushning borishini ko'rib chiqish uchun bir qator individual uchrashuvlarni boshladi. Sobiq Bosh vazir Fumimaro Konoyedan ​​boshqa hamma urushni davom ettirishga maslahat bergan. Konoe kommunistik inqilobdan urushda mag'lub bo'lishdan ham ko'proq qo'rqardi va muzokaralar bilan taslim bo'lishga undaydi. 1945 yil fevralda imperator bilan birinchi shaxsiy auditoriya paytida unga uch yil ichida ruxsat berildi,^[42] Konoe Xirohitodan urushni tugatish bo'yicha muzokaralarni boshlashni maslahat berdi. Buyuk Chemberlenning so'zlariga ko'ra Hisanori Fujita, imperator, hali ham a qidirmoqda tennozan (katta g'alaba) savdoning yanada mustahkam pozitsiyasini ta'minlash uchun Kononing tavsiyasini qat'iyan rad etdi.^[43]

O'tgan haftada g'alaba ehtimoli kamroq bo'ldi. Aprel oyida Sovet Ittifoqi betaraflik to'g'risidagi shartnomani uzaytirmasligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdi. 1945 yil may oyining boshida Yaponiyaning ittifoqchisi Germaniya taslim bo'ldi. Iyun oyida vazirlar mahkamasi urush strategiyasini qayta ko'rib chiqdi, faqat oxirgi odam bilan jang qilish to'g'risida har qachongidan ham qat'iyroq qaror qabul qildi. Ushbu strategiya Imperator kengashining qisqacha yig'ilishida rasman tasdiqlangan bo'lib, unda odatdagidek imperator gapirmadi.

Ertasi kuni, Maxfiy muhrni himoya qiluvchi Lord Kyichi Kido umidsiz harbiy vaziyatni umumlashtirgan va muzokaralar yo'li bilan hal qilishni taklif qilgan hujjat loyihasini tayyorladi. Yaponiyada ekstremistlar ham "o'limga qadar sharmandalikdan oldin ommaviy o'z joniga qasd qilishga chaqirishmoqda.47 Ronin "voqea. 1945 yil iyun oyining o'rtalariga kelib, vazirlar mahkamasi Sovet Ittifoqiga muzokaralar asosida taslim bo'lish uchun vositachi sifatida murojaat qilishga kelishib oldilar, ammo Yaponiyaning kutilgan Yaponiya materiklariga bostirib kirishi bilan Yaponiyaning kelishuv pozitsiyasi yaxshilanmasdan oldin.

22 iyun kuni imperator vazirlari bilan uchrashdi: "Men urushni tugatish bo'yicha aniq rejalar, mavjud siyosat bilan to'sqinlik qilmasdan, tezda o'rganib chiqishni va ularni amalga oshirish uchun harakatlarni amalga oshirishni istayman" dedi. Sovet Ittifoqi orqali tinchlik to'g'risida muzokaralar olib borishga urinish hech narsaga erishmadi. Har doim ekstremistlar to'ntarish yoki boshqa zo'ravonliklarni keltirib chiqarish xavfi mavjud edi. 1945 yil 26-iyulda Ittifoqchilar Potsdam deklaratsiyasi talabchan so'zsiz taslim bo'lish. Yaponiya hukumat kengashi, Katta oltilik, ushbu variantni ko'rib chiqdi va imperatorga faqat bitta to'rt shartlar kelishilgan taqdirda, shu jumladan imperatorning davomiy pozitsiyasining kafolati bilan qabul qilinishini tavsiya qildi. Yaponiya jamiyati. Imperator taslim bo'lmaslikka qaror qildi.

Bu keyin o'zgargan Xirosima va Nagasakining atom bombalari va Sovet tomonidan urush e'lon qilinishi. 9 avgust kuni imperator Xirohito aytdi Kyichi Kido: "Sovet Ittifoqi urush e'lon qildi va bugun bizga qarshi urush boshladi".^[44] 10 avgustda vazirlar mahkamasi "Urushni tugatgan imperatorlik bayonoti "imperatorning deklaratsiya uning suveren hukmdor sifatida imtiyozlariga zarar etkazadigan har qanday talabni buzmasligini ko'rsatganidan keyin.

1945 yil 12-avgustda imperator imperator oilasiga taslim bo'lish to'g'risidagi qarorini ma'lum qildi. Uning tog'alaridan biri, Shahzoda Yasuxiko Asaka, agar urush davom ettiriladimi, deb so'radi kokutay (milliy siyosat) saqlanib bo'lmadi. Imperator shunchaki "Albatta" deb javob berdi.^[45] 14-avgustda Suzuki hukumati ittifoqchilarni qabul qilganligi to'g'risida xabardor qildi Potsdam deklaratsiyasi.

15 avgustda imperatorning taslim bo'lganligi haqidagi yozuv ("Gyokuon-hōsō", so'zma-so'z "Jewel Voice Broadcast" ) radio orqali eshittirildi (birinchi marta imperatorni yapon xalqi radioda eshitgan) Yaponiyaning Potsdam deklaratsiyasini qabul qilganligi to'g'risida e'lon qildi. Tarixiy eshittirish paytida Imperator shunday dedi: "Bundan tashqari, dushman yangi va eng shafqatsiz bombani ishga sola boshladi, uning kuchi zarar etkazishi haqiqatan ham behisob, ko'plab begunoh insonlarning hayotiga zomin bo'lmoqda. Biz kurashishda davom etamizmi? , bu nafaqat yapon millatining yakuniy qulashi va yo'q qilinishiga olib keladi, balki insoniyat tsivilizatsiyasining butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketishiga olib keladi ". Nutqda, shuningdek, "urush holati, albatta, Yaponiyaning manfaati uchun rivojlanmaganligi" ta'kidlandi va yaponlarga "tuzatib bo'lmaydiganga chidashni" buyurdi. Rasmiy, arxaik yapon tilidan foydalangan holda nutqni ko'pchilik oddiy odamlar tushunmagan. Tarixchi Richard Storri so'zlariga ko'ra Zamonaviy Yaponiya tarixi, Imperator odatda "faqat yaxshi ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan tilning shakli" va an'anaviyroq bo'lgan samuray oilalar.^[46]

Taslim bo'lishga qarshi bo'lgan armiyaning bir qismi a Davlat to'ntarishi efirga chiqishdan oldin, 14 avgust kuni kechqurun. Ular Imperator saroyini egallab oldilar Kyūjō voqeasi ), ammo imperator nutqining jismoniy yozuvi yashiringan va bir kechada saqlanib qolgan. Ertasi kuni ertalab davlat to'ntarishi bostirildi va nutq efirga uzatildi.^[47]

1975 yilda Tokioda bo'lib o'tgan birinchi matbuot anjumanida undan Xirosimani bombardimon qilish to'g'risida nima deb o'ylashini so'rashganda, imperator shunday javob berdi: "Yadro bombalari tashlangani juda achinarli va men Xirosima fuqarolariga achinaman, ammo bu mumkin emas yordam berilmadi, chunki bu urush davrida bo'lgan "(shikata ga nai, "unga yordam berish mumkin emas" degan ma'noni anglatadi).^[48]

Yaponiyadagi harbiy jinoyatlar uchun javobgarlik

Imperator Xirohitoning urush mas'uliyati masalasi ziddiyatli masala.^[4] Olimlar o'rtasida kelishuv mavjud emas. Urush davrida ittifoqchilar tenglashtirish uchun tez-tez Xirohitoni tasvirlaydi Gitler va Mussolini uchtasi kabi Eksa diktatorlar.^[49] Xirohitoning urush davri siyosatida hech qanday aloqasi bo'lmagan holda "kuchsiz shaxs" bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydigan apolog dissertatsiyasi 1989 yilgacha urushdan keyingi asosiy rivoyat edi.^[50][51] Xirohito vafotidan keyin tanqidchi tarixchilar^[52] Xirohito ilgari ishonilganidan ko'ra ko'proq kuchga ega edi,^[49][52][53] va u urushni boshlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishda, shuningdek boshqa siyosiy va harbiy qarorlarda faol ishtirok etgan.^[54] Mo''tadillar Xirohitoning biron bir aloqasi borligini ta'kidlaydilar, ammo uning hokimiyati kabinet a'zolari, vazirlar va boshqa harbiy oligarxiya odamlari tomonidan cheklangan edi.^[55]

Muhim tezis

Ushbu tezisga amal qilgan tarixchilar imperator Xirohitoning bevosita javobgarligiga ishonishadi imperator kuchlari tomonidan qilingan vahshiyliklar Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushida va Ikkinchi Jahon urushida. Ular u va uning ukasi kabi imperator oilasining ba'zi a'zolari deb o'ylashadi Shahzoda Chichibu, uning amakivachchalari Shahzoda Takeda va Shahzoda Fushimi va uning amakilari Shahzoda Kan'in, Shahzoda Asaka va Shahzoda Xigashikuni, uchun sud qilinishi kerak edi harbiy jinoyatlar.^[56][57]

Xirohitoning harbiy jinoyatlar uchun javobgarligi to'g'risidagi munozaralar imperatorning ikki urush paytida Yaponiya harbiylari ustidan naqadar aniq nazorat o'rnatganligi bilan bog'liq. Rasmiy ravishda imperatorlik konstitutsiyasi ostida qabul qilingan Imperator Meyji, imperatorga to'liq kuch berdi. 4-moddada "Imperator - bu suverenitet huquqlarini o'zida mujassam etgan va amaldagi Konstitutsiya qoidalariga binoan ularni amalga oshiradigan imperiyaning boshlig'i", deb belgilab qo'yilgan bo'lsa, 6-moddasiga binoan "Imperator qonunlarga sanktsiya beradi. va ularni e'lon qilishni va qatl etishni buyuradi "va 11-moddasida" Imperator armiya va dengiz flotining oliy qo'mondonligiga ega ". Imperator shu tariqa etakchi bo'lgan Imperatorning bosh shtabi.^[58]

Kabi zaharli gaz qurollari fosgen tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan 731-birlik va Xirohitoning o'zi tomonidan berilgan, armiya shtabi boshlig'i tomonidan berilgan aniq buyruqlar bilan vakolat berilgan. Masalan, Xirohito 375 marta zaharli gazdan foydalanishga ruxsat bergan Vuxan jangi 1938 yil avgustdan oktyabrgacha.^[4]

Kabi tarixchilar Gerbert Bix, Akira Fujivara, Piter Vetsler va Akira Yamada Urushdan keyingi imperiya konferentsiyalariga bag'ishlangan qarash imperator, uning shtab boshliqlari va vazirlar mahkamasi o'rtasida haqiqiy qarorlar qabul qilingan ko'plab "xrizantema parda ortida" uchrashuvlarning ahamiyatini e'tiborsiz qoldiradi. Fujivara kabi tarixchilar^[59] va Vetsler,^[60] asosiy manbalar va Shiro Xaraning monumental asari asosida,^[c] Imperator vositachilar orqali harbiylar ustidan katta nazoratni amalga oshirish uchun ish olib borganligi va bemalol ham, pasifist ham emas, balki plyuralistik qarorlarni qabul qilish jarayonida boshqargan fursatchi ekanligi haqida dalillar keltirgan. Amerika tarixchisi Herbert P. Bix Imperator Xirohito ikki urushdagi aksariyat voqealarning bosh harakatlantiruvchisi bo'lishi mumkin deb ta'kidlaydi.^[57]

Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan so'ng darhol Yaponiya imperatorlik saroyi va Amerika ishg'ol kuchlari tomonidan ilgari surilgan qarash imperator Xirohitoni kuchsiz sifatida tasvirladi boshcha qaror qabul qilish jarayonidan uzoqroq joyda turib, o'zingizni qat'iy ravishda protokolga muvofiq tuting. Ushbu qarash Bosh vazir tomonidan ma'qullandi Noboru Takeshita Xirohitoning vafot etgan kunidagi nutqida Takeshita "urush [Xirohitoning] xohishlariga qarshi boshlandi" deb ta'kidladi. Takeshitaning bayonoti Sharqiy Osiyo va Buyuk Britaniya, Kanada, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya singari Hamdo'stlik davlatlarida g'azabga sabab bo'ldi.^[61] Tarixchi Fujivaraning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Imperator mas'uliyat organi sifatida vazirlar mahkamasi qarorini o'zgartira olmaganligi haqidagi tezis afsona urushdan keyin to'qilgan ".^[62] Tarixchi Yinan U Fujivaraning fikriga qo'shilib, imperatorni oqlash ko'plab urush davridagi siyosiy aktyorlarning, shu jumladan Xirohitoning sherikligini oqartirish uchun ishlatilgan afsonada mujassam bo'lganini aytdi.^[51]

Yaponiyada imperatorning mas'uliyati haqidagi bahslar u tirikligida tabu bo'lgan. Ammo vafotidan keyin uning ishtiroki va shu sababli uning aybdorligi to'g'risida bahslar boshlandi.^[61]

Xirohitoning o'limidan bir necha yil o'tgach, Yaponiyada munozaralar juda qattiq bo'lgan. Syuzan Chira "Marhum imperatorga qarshi gapirgan olimlar Yaponiyaning ekstremistik o'ng qanotidan tahdidli telefon qo'ng'iroqlarini oldilar".^[61] Haqiqiy zo'ravonliklardan biri 1990 yilda Nagasaki meri, Xitoshi Motoshima, ultratovushli guruh a'zosi tomonidan otib o'ldirilgan va og'ir tan jarohati olgan, Seikijuku. Bir yil oldin, 1989 yilda Motoshima Ikkinchi Jahon urushi uchun imperator Xirohito javobgarligini ta'kidlab, "[Yaponiyaning] eng nozik tabularidan biri" deb ta'riflangan narsani buzdi.^[63]

Kentaru Awaya urushdan keyingi davrda Yaponiyaning imperatorni himoya qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi jamoatchilik fikriga AQShning imperatorning yapon xalqi bilan birga harbiylar tomonidan aldanganligi haqidagi qarashlarini targ'ib qilganligi ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[64]

Xirohitoning sudgacha suddan ozod qilinishi to'g'risida Uzoq Sharq xalqaro harbiy tribunali, fikrlar bir xil emas edi. Ser Uilyam Uebb, tribunal prezidenti shunday deb e'lon qildi: "Imperatorning bu daxlsizligi uning Tinch okeanida urushni boshlashdagi ishtiroki bilan farq qiladi, menimcha, sud jazo tayinlashda buni e'tiborga olishi kerak".^[65]

Ichki ishlar vaziri o'rinbosari 1941 yilda Michio Yuzavaning yozishicha, Xirohitoning "erkin" bo'lganligi Perl-Harborga hujum "bir marta u qaror qabul qildi."^[66]

Ichki ishlar vazirining o'rinbosari Yuzavaning Xirohitoning Perl-Harbor reydidagi roli to'g'risidagi bayonoti

In late July 2018, the bookseller Takeo Hatano, an acquaintance of the descendants of Michio Yuzawa (Japanese Vice Interior Minister in 1941), released to Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper a memo by Yuzawa that Hatano had kept for nine years since he received it from Yuzawa's family. The bookseller said: "It took me nine years to come forward, as I was afraid of a backlash. But now I hope the memo would help us figure out what really happened during the war, in which 3.1 million people were killed."^[66]

Takahisa Furukawa, expert on wartime history from Nihon University, confirmed the authenticity of the memo, calling it "the first look at the thinking of Emperor Hirohito and Prime Minister Hideki Tojo on the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor."^[66]

In this document, Yuzawa details a conversation he had with Tojo a few hours before the attack. The Vice Minister quotes Tojo saying:

"The Emperor seemed at ease and unshakable once he had made a decision."^[66]

"If His Majesty had any regret over negotiations with Britain and the U.S., he would have looked somewhat grim. There was no such indication, which must be a result of his determination. I'm completely relieved. Given the current conditions, I could say we have practically won already."^[66]

Historian Furukawa concluded from Yuzawa's memo:

"Tojo is a bureaucrat who was incapable of making own decisions, so he turned to the Emperor as his supervisor. That's why he had to report everything for the Emperor to decide. If the Emperor didn't say no, then he would proceed."^[66]

Shinobu Kobayashi's diary

In August 2018 the diary of Shinobu Kobayashi, the Emperor's chamberlain between 1974 and 2000, was released.^[67] This diary contains numerous quotes from Hirohito (see below).

Jennifer Lind, associate professor of government at Darthmouth College and specialist in Japanese war memory, concluded from these quotes:

"Over the years, these different pieces of evidence have trickled out and historians have amassed this picture of culpability and how he was reflecting on that."^[68]

"This is another piece of the puzzle that very much confirms that the picture that was taking place before, which is that he was extremely culpable, and after the war he was devastated about this."^[68]

Similarly, historian Takahisa Furukawa concluded:

"(The Emperor) has long assumed responsibility for the war; as he got older, that feeling became stronger."^[69]

The moderate thesis

After the death of Emperor Showa, on 14 February 1989 (Heisei 1), the Vazirlar Mahkamasi qo'mitasi ning Kengashchilar uyi at the time (Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita, Cabinet of Takeshita), Secretary-General of the Vazirlar Mahkamasining qonunchilik byurosi, Mimura Osamu (味村治) said, "There are no responsibilities for war under domestic law or international law due to the two points of no response and no prosecution in the Uzoq Sharq bo'yicha xalqaro harbiy tribunal ga binoan 3-modda of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan."

It is also argued that the Emperor did not defy the military oligarchy that got Japan into Ikkinchi jahon urushi birinchisiga qadar atomic bomb fell on Hiroshima. This is supported by Hirohito's personal statements during interviews. It is also pointed out that the Imperatorlar had for millennia been a great symbolic authority, but had little political power. Thus Hirohito had little reason to defy the military oligarchy. The Emperor could not defy cabinet's decision to start World War II and he was not trained or accustomed to do so. Hirohito said he only received reports about military operations after the military commanders made detailed decisions. Hirohito stated that he only made his own decisions twice: for the 26-fevral voqea va Ikkinchi Jahon urushining oxiri.

The declassified January 1989 British government assessment of Hirohito describes him as "too weak to alter the course of events" and Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with Hitler are "ridiculously wide off the mark." Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military and if he asserted his views too much he would have been replaced by another member of the royal family.^[55]

There are scholars who support that Hirohito was exempted from the Uzoq Sharq bo'yicha xalqaro harbiy tribunal. Masalan Hind huquqshunos Radxabinod pal opposed the International Military Tribunal and made a 1,235-page judgment.^[70] He found the entire prosecution case to be weak regarding the conspiracy to commit an act of aggressive war with brutalization and subjugation of conquered nations. Pal said there is "no evidence, testimonial or circumstantial, concomitant, prospectant, restrospectant, that would in any way lead to the inference that the government in any way permitted the commission of such offenses,".^[71] He added that conspiracy to wage aggressive war was not illegal in 1937, or at any point since.^[71] Pal supported the acquittal of all of the defendants. He considered the Japanese military operations as justified, because Chiang Qay-shek supported the boycott of trade operations by the Western Powers, particularly the United States boycott of oil exports to Japan. Pal argued the attacks on neighboring territories were justified to protect the Japanese Empire from an aggressive environment, especially the Sovet Ittifoqi. He considered that to be self-defense operations which are not criminal. Pal said "the real culprits are not before us" and concluded that "only a lost war is an international crime".

The Emperor's own statements

8 September 1975 TV interview with NBC, AQSH^[72]

Muxbir: "How far has your Majesty been involved in Japan's decision to end the war in 1945? What was the motivation for your launch?"

Emperor: "Originally, this should be done by the Cabinet. I heard the results, but at the last uchrashuv I asked for a decision. I decided to end the war on my own. (...) I thought that the continuation of the war would only bring more misery to the people."

Suhbat Newsweek, USA, 20 September 1975^[73]

Muxbir: "(Abbreviation) How do you answer those who claim that your Majesty was also involved in the decision-making process that led Japan to start the war?"

Emperor: "(Omission) At the start of the war, a cabinet decision was made, and I could not reverse that decision. We believe this is consistent with the provisions of the Imperial Constitution."

22 September 1975-Press conference with Foreign Correspondents^[74]

Muxbir: "How long before the Perl-Harborga hujum did your Majesty know about the attack plan? And did you approve the plan?"

Emperor: "It is true that I had received information on military operations in advance. However, I only received those reports after the military commanders made detailed decisions. Regarding issues of political character and military command, I believe that I acted in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution."

On 31 October 1975, a press conference was held immediately after returning to the United States after visiting Japan.^[75][76]

Savol: "Your majesty, at your oq uy banquet you said, 'I deeply deplore that unfortunate war.' (Shuningdek qarang Emperor Showa's Theory of War Responsibility.) Does your majesty feel responsibility for the war itself, including the opening of hostilities? Also, what does your majesty think about so-called war responsibility?" (The Times reporter)

Emperor: "I can't answer that kind of question because I haven't thoroughly studied the adabiyot in this field, and so don't really appreciate the nuances of your words."

Savol: "How did you understand that the atomic bomb was dropped kuni Xirosima da urush tugashi ?" (RCC Broadcasting Reporter)

Emperor: "I am sorry that the atom bombasi was dropped, but because of this war, I feel sorry for the citizens of Hiroshima, but I think it is unavoidable."

17 April 1981 Press conference with the presidents of the press^[77]

Muxbir: "What was the most enjoyable of your memories of eighty years?"

Emperor: "Since I saw the constitutional politics of Britain as the Valiahd shahzoda, I felt strongly that I must adhere to the constitutional politics. But I was too particular about it to prevent the war. I made my own decisions twice (26-fevral voqea va Ikkinchi Jahon urushining oxiri )."

British government assessment of Hirohito

A January 1989 declassified British government assessment of Hirohito said the Emperor was "uneasy with Japan's drift to war in the 1930s and 1940s but was too weak to alter the course of events." The dispatch by John Whitehead, former ambassador of the United Kingdom to Japan, to Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe was declassified on Thursday 20 July 2017 at the Milliy arxivlar in London.Britain's ambassador to Japan John Whitehead stated in 1989:^[55]

"By personality and temperament, Hirohito was ill-suited to the role assigned to him by destiny. The successors of the men who had led the Meiji Restoration yearned for a charismatic warrior king. Instead, they were given an introspective prince who grew up to be more at home in the science laboratory than on the military parade ground. But in his early years, every effort was made to cast him in a different mould."^[55]

"A man of stronger personality than Hirohito might have tried more strenuously to check the growing influence of the military in Japanese politics and the drift of Japan toward war with the western powers." "The contemporary diary evidence suggests that Hirohito was uncomfortable with the direction of Japanese policy." "The consensus of those who have studied the documents of the period is that Hirohito was consistent in attempting to use his personal influence to induce caution and to moderate and even obstruct the growing impetus toward war."^[55]

Whitehead concludes that ultimately Hirohito was "powerless" and comparisons with Gitler are "ridiculously wide off the mark." If Hirohito acted too insistently with his views he could have been isolated or replaced with a more pliant member of the royal family. Urushgacha Meiji konstitutsiyasi defined the emperor as "sacred" and all-powerful, but according to Whitehead, Hirohito's power was limited by ministers and the military. Whitehead explained after World War II that Hirohito's humility was fundamental for the Japanese people to accept the new 1947 constitution and allied occupation.^[55]

Hirohito's quotes in chamberlain Kobayashi's diary

Shinobu Kobayashi was the Emperor's chamberlain from April 1974 until June 2000, when Empress Kojun vafot etdi. Kobayashi kept a diary with near-daily remarks of Hirohito for 26 years. It was made public on Wednesday 22 August 2018. The rare diary was borrowed from Kobayashi's family by Kyodo yangiliklari and analyzed by Kyodo News with writer and history expert of the Showa era Kazutoshi Hando and nonfiction writer Masayasu Hosaka.^[67] Here are some quotes from the diary:

On 27 May 1980, the Emperor wanted to express his regret about the Xitoy-yapon urushi to former Chinese Premier Xua Guofeng who visited at the time, but was stopped by senior members of the Imperial uy agentligi due to fear of backlash from far right groups.^[67]

On 7 April 1987, two years before his death, this diary entry shows the Emperor was haunted by perceived discussions about World War 2 responsibility and lost the will to live.^[67] Shahzoda Takamatsu died in February 1987.

There is no point in living a longer life by reducing my workload. It would only increase my chances of seeing or hearing things that are agonizing,^[67]

I have experienced the deaths of my brother and relatives and have been told about my war responsibility,^[67]

Kobayashi tried to soothe the Emperor by saying:

"Only a few people talk about (your) war responsibility." "Given how the country has developed today from postwar rebuilding, it is only a page in history. You do not have to worry,"^[67]

Senior chamberlain, Ryogo Urabe's diary entry of the same day supports the remarks stating that Kobayashi "tried to soothe" the Emperor, when he said "there is nothing good in living long,"^[67]

Postwar reign

Gaetano Faillace 's photograph of General MacArthur and the Emperor at Allied General Headquarters in Tokyo, 27 September 1945

As the Emperor chose his uncle Shahzoda Xigashikuni as prime minister to assist the American occupation, there were attempts by numerous leaders to have him put on trial for alleged harbiy jinoyatlar. Many members of the imperial family, such as Princes Chichibu, Takamatsu, and Higashikuni, pressured the Emperor to abdicate so that one of the Princes could serve as regent until Crown Prince Akixito voyaga yetdi.^[78] On 27 February 1946, the Emperor's youngest brother, Shahzoda Mikasa (Takahito), even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged the Emperor to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. According to Minister of Welfare Ashida's diary, "Everyone seemed to ponder Mikasa's words. Never have I seen His Majesty's face so pale."^[79]

AQSh generali Duglas Makartur insisted that Emperor Hirohito retain the throne. MacArthur saw the Emperor as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. Some historians criticize the decision to exonerate the Emperor and all members of the imperial family who were implicated in the war, such as Shahzoda Chichibu, Shahzoda Asaka, Prince Higashikuni, and Prince Xiroyasu Fushimi, from criminal prosecutions.^[80]

Before the war crime trials actually convened, the Ittifoqdosh kuchlarning oliy qo'mondoni, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and Japanese officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the Imperial family from being indicted, but also to influence the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Japanese government collaborated with Allied General Headquarters in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as A sinf suspects and incarcerated solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.^[81] Thus, "months before the Tokio sudi commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor ga Hideki Tōjō "^[82] by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment."^[83] Ga binoan John W. Dower, "This successful campaign to absolve the Emperor of war responsibility knew no bounds. Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal, he was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war."^[84] According to Bix, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war."^[85]

Imperial status

Hirohito was not put on trial, but he was forced^[86] ga aniq rad etish the quasi-official claim that the Emperor of Japan was an araxitogami, i.e., an incarnate divinity. This was motivated by the fact that, according to the Japanese constitution of 1889, the Emperor had a divine power over his country which was derived from the Sinto belief that the Japanese Imperial Family were the descendants of the sun goddess Amaterasu. Hirohito was however persistent in the idea that the Emperor of Japan should be considered a descendant of the gods. In December 1945, he told his vice-grand-chamberlain Michio Kinoshita: "It is permissible to say that the idea that the Japanese are descendants of the gods is a false conception; but it is absolutely impermissible to call kimerik the idea that the Emperor is a descendant of the gods."^[87] In any case, the "renunciation of divinity" was noted more by foreigners than by Japanese, and seems to have been intended for the consumption of the former.^[d] The theory of a constitutional monarchy had already had some proponents in Japan. In 1935, when Tatsukichi Minobe advocated the theory that sovereignty resides in the state, of which the Emperor is just an organ (the tennō kikan setsu), it caused a furor. He was forced to resign from the House of Peers and his post at the Tokyo Imperial University, his books were banned, and an attempt was made on his life.^[88] Not until 1946 was the tremendous step made to alter the Emperor's title from "imperial sovereign" to "konstitutsiyaviy monarx."

Although the Emperor had supposedly repudiated claims to divinity, his public position was deliberately left vague, partly because Umumiy Makartur thought him probable to be a useful partner to get the Japanese to accept the occupation and partly due to behind-the-scenes maneuvering by Shigeru Yoshida to thwart attempts to cast him as a European-style monarch.

Nevertheless, Hirohito's status as a limited constitutional monarch was formalized with the enactment of the 1947 yil Konstitutsiyasi –officially, an amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It defined the Emperor as "the symbol of the state and the unity of the people," and stripped him of even nominal power in government matters. His role was limited to matters of state as delineated in the Constitution, and in most cases his actions in that realm were carried out in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet.

Keyingi Eron inqilobi and the end of the short-lived Markaziy Afrika imperiyasi, both in 1979, Hirohito found himself the last monarch in the world to bear any variation of the highest royal title "emperor."

Jamiyat arbobi

Emperor Hirohito visiting Xirosima in 1947. The domed Xirosima tinchlik yodgorligi orqa fonda ko'rish mumkin.

For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional davlat rahbari. He and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts and making public appearances on special events and ceremonies. For example, in 1947, the Emperor made a public visit to Hiroshima and held a speech in front of a massive crowd encouraging the city's citizens. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including Queen Yelizaveta II (1971) and President Jerald Ford (1975). He was not only the first reigning emperor to travel beyond Japan, but also the first to meet a President of the United States.^[89] His status and image became strongly positive in the United States.^[90]

The 124th visit to a foreign country during the reign of Emperor Showa.^[91]

Yil	Chiqish	Qaytish	Tashrif buyurdi	Hamrohlik	Izohlar
1971 （Showa 46）	27 sentyabr	14 oktyabr	Belgiya,  Birlashgan Qirollik,  Germaniya, ( Qo'shma Shtatlar ),  Daniya,  Frantsiya,  Gollandiya,   Shveytsariya	Empress Kojun	Xalqaro do'stlik
1975 （Showa 50）	30 sentyabr	14 oktyabr	Qo'shma Shtatlar	Empress Kojun	Xalqaro do'stlik

Evropaga tashrif

AQSh prezidenti Richard Nikson with Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun yilda Anchorage (27 September 1971)

Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun arrived in the Gollandiya (8 October 1971).

In 1971 (Showa 46), the Emperor visited seven European countries, including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Switzerland again, for 17 days from 27 September to 14 October. In this case, a special aircraft Duglas DC-8 ning Japan Airlines was used unlike the previous visit by ship. Although not counted as a visit, at that time, the Emperor stopped by Anchorage, Alaska as a stopover, and met with United States President Richard Nixon from Vashington, DC, at the Alaska District Army Command House at Elmendorf aviabazasi.

The talks between Emperor Showa and President Nixon were not planned at the outset, because initially the stop in the United States was only for refueling to visit Europe. However, the meeting was decided in a hurry at the request of the United States. Although the Japanese side accepted the request, Tashqi ishlar vaziri Takeo Fukuda made a public telephone call to the Japanese ambassador to the United States Nobuhiko Ushiba, who promoted talks, saying, "that will cause me a great deal of trouble. We want to correct the perceptions of the other party." At that time, Foreign Minister Fukuda was worried that President Nixon's talks with the Emperor would be used to repair the deteriorating Japan-U.S. Relations, and he was concerned that the premise of the symbolic emperor system could fluctuate.^[92][93]

There was an early visit, with deep royal exchanges in Denmark and Belgium, and in France they were warmly welcomed. In France, Hirohito reunited with Edvard VIII, kim bor edi taxtdan voz kechdi in 1936 and was virtually in exile, and they chatted for a while. However, protests were held in Britain and the Netherlands by veterans who had served in the Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo teatri. In the Netherlands, raw eggs and vacuum flasks were thrown by right-wing forces. The protest was so severe that Empress Kojun, who accompanied the Emperor, was exhausted. In the United Kingdom, protestors stood in silence and turned their backs when the Emperor's carriage passed them while others wore red gloves to symbolize the dead.^[94] The satirical magazine Maxsus ko'z used a racist ikki ishtirokchi to refer to the emperor's visit ("nasty Nip in the air").^[95]

Regarding these protests and opposition, Emperor Showa was not surprised to have received a report in advance at a press conference on 12 November after returning to Japan and said that "I do not think that welcome can be ignored" from each country.^[96] Also, at a press conference following their golden wedding anniversary three years later, along with the Empress, he mentioned this visit to Europe as his most enjoyable memory in 50 years.^[96]

Qo'shma Shtatlarga tashrif

The Empress, First Lady Betti Ford, the Emperor, and Prezident Jerald Ford at the White House before a state dinner held in honor of the Japanese head of state for the first time. 1975 yil 2 oktyabr.

In 1975, the Emperor was invited to visit the United States for 14 days from 30 September to 14 October, at the invitation of President Gerald Ford. The visit was the first such event in US–Japanese history.^[e] The United States Army, Navy and Air Force, as well as the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard honored the state visit. Before and after the visit, a series of terrorist attacks in Japan were caused by anti-American left-wing organizations such as the Sharqiy Osiyo Yaponiyaga qarshi qurolli fronti.

Kirgandan keyin Uilyamsburg, Emperor Showa stayed in the United States for two weeks, overturning prior expectations^{[iqtibos kerak ]} and was greatly welcomed in places he visited, including Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. The official meeting with President Ford was on 2 October, the offering of flowers to the graves of unknown soldiers at Arlington milliy qabristoni occurred on 3 October, visiting Rockefeller House in New York was on 4 October with US media. Then, the front page of newspapers^{[iqtibos kerak ]} had a photograph of Emperor Showa. When visiting New York, the Pearl Harbor omon qolganlar assotsiatsiyasi, which consists of survivors of the Pearl Harbor-ga hujum, adopted the Emperor's Welcome Resolution^{[iqtibos kerak ]}. During his visit, he seemed to be a scholar^{[iqtibos kerak ]}, with many occasions at botanical gardens.

In a speech at the White House state dinner, Hirohito read, "Thanks to the United States for helping to rebuild Japan after the war." During his stay in Los Angeles, he visited Disneyland, and a smiling photo next to Mickey Mouse adorned the newspapers^{[iqtibos kerak ]}, and there was talk about the purchase of a Mickey Mouse watch. Two types of commemorative stamps and stamp sheets were issued on the day of their return to Japan^{[iqtibos kerak ]} which demonstrated that the visit had been a significant undertaking. This was the last visit of Emperor Showa to the United States. The official press conference held by the Emperor and Empress before and after their visit also marked a breakthrough.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Dengiz biologiyasi

Emperor Showa in his laboratory (1950)

The Emperor was deeply interested in and well-informed about marine biology, and the Imperator saroyi contained a laboratory from which the Emperor published several papers in the field under his personal name "Hirohito."^[97] His contributions included the description of several dozen species of Gidrozoa new to science.^[98]

Yasukuni ibodatxonasi

The Emperor maintained an official boycott of the Yasukuni ibodatxonasi after it was revealed to him that Class-A war criminals had secretly been enshrined after its post-war rededication. This boycott lasted from 1978 until his death. The boycott was continued by his son, Akixito.

On 20 July 2006, Nihon Keizai Shimbun published a front-page article about the discovery of a memorandum^{[iqtibos kerak ]} detailing the reason that the Emperor stopped visiting Yasukuni. The memorandum, kept by former chief of Imperial uy agentligi Tomohiko Tomita, confirms for the first time that the enshrinement of 14 A sinfidagi urush jinoyatchilari in Yasukuni was the reason for the boycott. Tomita recorded in detail the contents of his conversations with the Emperor in his diaries and notebooks^{[iqtibos kerak ]}. According to the memorandum, in 1988, the Emperor expressed his strong displeasure at the decision made by Yasukuni Shrine to include Class-A war criminals in the list of war dead honored there by saying, "At some point, Class-A criminals became enshrined, including Matsuoka va Shiratori. I heard Tsukuba acted cautiously." Tsukuba is believed to refer to Fujimaro Tsukuba, the former chief Yasukuni priest at the time, who decided not to enshrine the war criminals despite having received in 1966 the list of war dead compiled by the government. "What's on the mind of Matsudaira's son, who is the current head priest?" "Matsudaira had a strong wish for peace, but the child didn't know the parent's heart. That's why I have not visited the shrine since. This is my heart." Matsudaira is believed to refer to Yoshitami Matsudaira, who was the grand steward of the Imperial Household immediately after the end of World War II. His son, Nagayoshi, succeeded Fujimaro Tsukuba as the chief priest of Yasukuni and decided to enshrine the war criminals in 1978.^[99] Nagayoshi Matsudaira died in 2006, which some commentators^{[iqtibos kerak ]} have speculated is the reason for release of the memo.

O'lim va davlat dafn marosimi

Hirohito's tomb in the Musashi Imperial qabristoni, Xachiji, Tokio

On 22 September 1987, the Emperor underwent surgery on his oshqozon osti bezi after having digestive problems for several months. The doctors discovered that he had o'n ikki barmoqli ichak saratoni. The Emperor appeared to be making a full recovery for several months after the surgery. About a year later, however, on 19 September 1988, he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding. On 7 January 1989, the grand steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shoichi Fujimori, announced that the Emperor had died at 6:33 AM and revealed details about his cancer for the first time. Hirohito was survived by his wife, his five surviving children, ten grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.^[12]

At the time of his death he was both the longest-lived and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, as well as the longest-reigning monarch in the world at that time. The latter distinction passed to king Bhumibol Adulyadet of Thailand when he surpassed him in July 2008 until his own death on 13 October 2016.^[100]

The Emperor was succeeded by his son, the Emperor Akixito, kimning enthronement ceremony was held on 12 November 1990.

The Emperor's death ended the Shuva davri. On the same day a new davr boshlandi: Heisei davri, effective at midnight the following day. From 7 January until 31 January, the Emperor's formal appellation was "Departed Emperor." His definitive vafotidan keyingi ism, Shōwa Tennō, was determined on 13 January and formally released on 31 January by Toshiki Kayfu, the prime minister.

On 24 February, the Emperor's state funeral was held, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was formal but not conducted in a strictly Sinto uslub. A large number of world leaders attended the funeral. Hirohito is buried in the Musashi Imperial qabristoni yilda Hachiōji, alongside his father, Taish imperatori.

Sarlavhalar, uslublar, sharaflar va qurollar

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Hirohito"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2019 yil yanvar) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Uslublari Xirohito
Yo'naltiruvchi uslub	Janobi Oliylari
Og'zaki uslub	Janobi oliylari

Harbiy tayinlash

• Second Lieutenant, IJA and Second Sub-Lieutenant, IJN (9 September 1912)
• Lieutenant, IJA and Sub-Lieutenant, IJN (31 October 1914)
• Captain, IJA and Lieutenant, IJN (31 October 1916)
• Major, IJA and Lieutenant-Commander, IJN (31 October 1920)
• Lieutenant-Colonel, IJA and Commander, IJN (31 October 1923)
• Colonel, IJA and Captain, IJN (31 October 1924)
• Grand Marshal and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Empire of Japan (25 December 1926; upon ascending the throne)^[101]

Foreign military appointments

•  Birlashgan Qirollik: Honorary Umumiy ichida Britaniya armiyasi; appointed in May 1921^[102][103]
•  Birlashgan Qirollik: Feld-marshal ning Muntazam armiya ichida Britaniya armiyasi; appointed in June 1930^[104]

Milliy sharaf

• Collar and Grand Cordon of the Xrizantema oliy ordeni
• Buyuk Kordon Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Blossoms
• Buyuk Kordon Oltin uçurtma ordeni (abolished in 1947)
• Buyuk Kordon Muqaddas xazina ordeni

Chet el mukofotlari

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. (Avgust 2020) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Emblem of Hirohito as knight of the Spanish branch of the Oltin Fleece ordeni

•  Germaniya: Grand Cross maxsus sinf Germaniya Federativ Respublikasining xizmatlari uchun ordeni
•  Finlyandiya: Yoqa bilan katta xoch Finlyandiyaning "Oq gul" ordeni; conferred in 1942^[105] (Finlyandiya and Japan were, for a time, on the same side in World War II 1941–1944), the svastika collar was replaced by archa cross collar^{[iqtibos kerak ]} within the state visit^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} ning Finlyandiya prezidenti Mauno Koivisto 1986 yilda
•  Norvegiya: Yoqa bilan katta xoch Sankt-Olav ordeni
•  Shvetsiya: Yoqa bilan ritsar Serafimlarning qirollik ordeni (8 May 1919)^[106]
•  Daniya: The Knight Fil ordeni (24 January 1923)^[107]
•  Polsha: The Knight Oq burgut ordeni (1922)^[108]
•  Tailand: The Knight Rajamitrabhorn ordeni (27 May 1963)^[109]
•  Thailand: Knight of the Chakri Qirollik uyining buyrug'i (30 January 1925)^[110]
•    Nepal: A'zosi Ojasvi Rajanyaning buyrug'i (19 April 1960)^[111]
•  Filippinlar: Buyuk yoqa Sikatuna ordeni (28 September 1966)^[112]
•  Braziliya: Katta xoch Janubiy xoch buyrug'i (1955)^[113]
• Italiya qirollik oilasi: The Knight Eng muqaddas e'lonning oliy ordeni (31 October 1916)^[114]
•  Italiya: Buyuk xochli ritsar Italiya Respublikasining xizmatlari uchun ordeni (9 mart 1982 yil)^[115]
•  Belgiya: Buyuk Kordon Leopold ordeni
•  Tonga: Buyuk xochli ritsar Pouono qirollik ordeni^[116]
•  Birlashgan Qirollik: Faxriy ritsar Buyuk Xoch Qirollik Viktoriya ordeni (GCVO) – conferred in May 1921
•  United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Hammom tartibi (civil division) (GCB) – conferred in May 1921^[117]
•  Birlashgan Qirollik: Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG); conferred in 1929, revoked in 1941, restored in 1971^[118]
•  United Kingdom: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1971^[119]
•  Bruney: 1st Class of the Order of the Crown of Brunei
•  Ispaniya: The Knight Oltin Fleece ordeni (1928 yil 6-oktyabr)^[120][121]
• Spain: Grand Cross with Collar of the Charlz III ordeni (4 June 1923)^[122]
• Yunoniston qirollik oilasi: Katta xoch Qutqaruvchining ordeni
• Greek Royal Family: Collar of the Azizlar Jorj va Konstantinning buyrug'i
•  Chexoslovakiya: Yoqa Oq sher ordeni (1928)^[123]
• Ethiopian Imperial Family: Yoqa Sulaymon ordeni^[124]

Nashr

Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun had seven children, two sons and five daughters.

Ajdodlar

^{[125][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]}

Ilmiy nashrlar

• (1967) Clathrozonidae oilasiga oid gidroidlarni Yaponiyadan kelgan yangi tur va turlarning tavsifi bilan tanishtirish.^[126]
• (1969) Amakusa orollaridan ba'zi gidroidlar.^[127]
• (1971) Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer haqida qo'shimcha eslatmalar.^[128]
• (1974) Bonin orollarining ba'zi gidrozoanlari.^[129]
• (1977) Oqaba ko'rfazidan, Qizil dengizdan beshta gidroid turi.^[130]
• (1983) Izu Oshima va Nijimadan gidroidlar.^[131]
• (1984) Yangi gidroid Hydrocinia bayeri n. sp. (Hydractiniidae oilasi) Panama ko'rfazidan.^[132]
• (1988) Yaponiya imperatori hazratlari tomonidan to'plangan Sagami ko'rfazidagi gidroidlar.^[133]
• (1995) Sagami ko'rfazining II gidroidlari. (o'limdan keyin)^[134]

Shuningdek qarang

• Yapon millatchiligi
• Otoya Yamaguchi
• Quyosh - imperator haqidagi biografik film

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Manbalar

Tashqi video
Herbert Bix tomonidan taqdimot Xirohito va zamonaviy Yaponiyaning yaratilishi, 2000 yil 15 sentyabr
Kitoblar Herbert Bix bilan intervyu Xirohito va zamonaviy Yaponiyaning yaratilishi, 2001 yil 2 sentyabr, C-SPAN
John Dower tomonidan taqdimot Mag'lubiyatni quchoqlash, 1999 yil 1 aprel, C-SPAN
Kitoblar John Dower bilan intervyu Mag'lubiyatni quchoqlash, 2000 yil 26 mart, C-SPAN

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Brendlar, hal. "Imperatorning yangi kiyimi: Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin Xirohitoning Amerika qarashlari". Tarixchi 68 №1 1-28 betlar. onlayn
• Makartni, Aleks F. "Reyndagi Xirohitler: Yaponiya imperatorining 1971 yilgi G'arbiy Germaniya davlat tashrifiga qarshi transmilliy norozilik". Zamonaviy tarix jurnali (2020) 55 # 3 622-644 bet. DOI: 10.1177 / 0022009420907666
• Uilson, Sandra. "Xirohitoning taxtga o'tirishi: 1920 yilgi Yaponiyada madaniyat va millat" Yapon tadqiqotlari jurnali 37 # 2 (2011), 289-323 betlar. onlayn

Tashqi havolalar

• Bilan bog'liq kotirovkalar Xirohito Vikipediyada
• Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Shova imperatori Vikimedia Commons-da
• Imperator Shwa va Empress Empress Kjjun Imperial Uy agentligi veb-saytida
• Imperator Xirohitoning o'limi haqidagi mulohazalar
• Xirohito kuni IMDb
• Xirohito haqidagi gazetalar ichida 20-asr matbuot arxivi ning ZBW